chapter chapter 1 biology: exploring life - · pdf file01.01.2016 · chapter...

Chapter Chapter 11 Biology: Exploring Life

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

PowerPoint Lectures for

Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition

Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey

Lecture by Richard L. MyersTranslated by Prof. Dr. Nabih A. Baeshen

Introduction: Getting Acquainted with Biology

� Biology is the science of life in all its living forms, plants, animals and microorganisms including man

� The term “Biology” derived from bios = life and logos = science

� Living organisms have many attributes that distinguish them from non-living objectsdistinguish them from non-living objects

� It comes in the first place the characteristic of adaptation: the innate fitness of an organism for its environmental condition

� The leopard is an excellent example of an organism adapted to its environment

Introduction: Adaptation

– It survives because of adaptations to its environment

– Examples are coat camouflage and hunting and climbing ability

–– AdaptationsAdaptations are the result of evolution–– AdaptationsAdaptations are the result of evolution

–– EvolutionEvolution is the process of change that transforms life

–– BiologyBiology is the scientific study of life


THEMES IN THE STUDY OF BIOLOGYTHEMES IN THE STUDY OF BIOLOGY

�� OrganizationOrganizationOrganizationOrganizationOrganizationOrganizationOrganizationOrganization is another important attribute of living organisms is another important attribute of living organisms is another important attribute of living organisms is another important attribute of living organisms that define the themes in the study of biology that define the themes in the study of biology that define the themes in the study of biology that define the themes in the study of biology

� Constituents of living organisms are organized in several levels Constituents of living organisms are organized in several levels Constituents of living organisms are organized in several levels Constituents of living organisms are organized in several levels


� Constituents of living organisms are organized in several levels Constituents of living organisms are organized in several levels Constituents of living organisms are organized in several levels Constituents of living organisms are organized in several levels of increasing complexity best described as a hierarchy of lifeof increasing complexity best described as a hierarchy of lifeof increasing complexity best described as a hierarchy of lifeof increasing complexity best described as a hierarchy of life

�� AtomsAtomsAtomsAtomsAtomsAtomsAtomsAtoms are organized into are organized into are organized into are organized into moleculesmoleculesmoleculesmoleculesmoleculesmoleculesmoleculesmolecules ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ organellsorganellsorganellsorganellsorganellsorganellsorganellsorganells ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ cellscellscellscellscellscellscellscells ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ tissuestissuestissuestissuestissuestissuestissuestissues ⇒⇒⇒⇒organsorgansorgansorgansorgansorgansorgansorgans ⇒⇒⇒⇒systemssystemssystemssystemssystemssystemssystemssystems ⇒⇒⇒⇒organismorganismorganismorganismorganismorganismorganismorganism ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ populationpopulationpopulationpopulationpopulationpopulationpopulationpopulation ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ communitycommunitycommunitycommunitycommunitycommunitycommunitycommunity ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ ecosystemecosystemecosystemecosystemecosystemecosystemecosystemecosystem ⇒ biosphere⇒ biosphere⇒ biosphere⇒ biosphere

Biosphere المحيط الحيويكل ا نظمة البيئية على الكرة ا رضية

Ecosystem النظام البيئي

جميع العشائر المختلفة المتفاعلة مع ما يحيطبھا من ماء وھواء وتربة ومناخ في منطقة

Florida coastمعينة مثل ساحل فلوريدا

Community, All organisms onthe Florida coast

كل الكائنات المكونة للعشائر: الجماعةالمختلفة في منطقة معينة مثل ساحل فلوريدا

Population, Groupof brown pelicans

مجموعة من الكائنات: العشيرةالحية من نفس النوع تتزاوج فيما بينھا مثل البجع البني

Organism الكائن

Life’s hierarchy of organizationمنظومة مراتب الحياة

The upper The upper The upper The upper tiertiertiertier

Nucleusالنواة

Nerveعصب

Spinal cordالحبل الشوكي

Cell الخليةNerve cellخلية عصبية

Tissue نسيجNervous tissue

النسيج العصبي

Organ العضو Brain الدماغ

Organelleعضية

Nucleusنواة

MoleculeجزيئDNAدنا

Atomذرة

Organism الكائنBrown pelican البجع البني

Organ system الجھاز العضويNervous system الجھاز العصبي

Brainالدماغ

The lower The lower The lower The lower tiertiertiertier

The middle The middle The middle The middle tiertiertiertier

1.1 In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level

� The upper tier is a global perspective of lifeThe upper tier is a global perspective of lifeThe upper tier is a global perspective of lifeThe upper tier is a global perspective of life•• BiosphereBiosphereBiosphereBiosphereBiosphereBiosphereBiosphereBiosphere ---- all the environments (ecosystems) on all the environments (ecosystems) on all the environments (ecosystems) on all the environments (ecosystems) on

Earth that support lifeEarth that support lifeEarth that support lifeEarth that support life•• EcosystemEcosystemEcosystemEcosystemEcosystemEcosystemEcosystemEcosystem -------- all the organisms (communities) living in a all the organisms (communities) living in a all the organisms (communities) living in a all the organisms (communities) living in a

particular areaparticular areaparticular areaparticular areaparticular areaparticular areaparticular areaparticular area•• CommunityCommunityCommunityCommunityCommunityCommunityCommunityCommunity -------- the array of organisms (different the array of organisms (different the array of organisms (different the array of organisms (different

populations) living in a particular ecosystempopulations) living in a particular ecosystempopulations) living in a particular ecosystempopulations) living in a particular ecosystem•• Population Population Population Population Population Population Population Population -------- all the individuals of a species only all the individuals of a species only all the individuals of a species only all the individuals of a species only

interbreadinterbreadinterbreadinterbread with each other within a specific areawith each other within a specific areawith each other within a specific areawith each other within a specific area


�The middle tier is characterized by the organism, The middle tier is characterized by the organism, The middle tier is characterized by the organism, The middle tier is characterized by the organism, an individual living thing, which is composed ofan individual living thing, which is composed ofan individual living thing, which is composed ofan individual living thing, which is composed of•• Organ systemsOrgan systemsOrgan systemsOrgan systemsOrgan systemsOrgan systemsOrgan systemsOrgan systems ---- have specific functions; are have specific functions; are have specific functions; are have specific functions; are

composed of organscomposed of organscomposed of organscomposed of organscomposed of organscomposed of organscomposed of organscomposed of organs•• Organs Organs Organs Organs Organs Organs Organs Organs -------- provide specific functions for the provide specific functions for the provide specific functions for the provide specific functions for the

organismorganismorganismorganism•• TissuesTissuesTissuesTissuesTissuesTissuesTissuesTissues -------- made of groups of similar cellsmade of groups of similar cellsmade of groups of similar cellsmade of groups of similar cells



� Life emerges at the level of the cell, the lower Life emerges at the level of the cell, the lower Life emerges at the level of the cell, the lower Life emerges at the level of the cell, the lower tier, which is composed oftier, which is composed oftier, which is composed oftier, which is composed of•• MoleculesMoleculesMoleculesMoleculesMoleculesMoleculesMoleculesMolecules ---- clusters of atomsclusters of atomsclusters of atomsclusters of atoms•• OrganellesOrganellesOrganellesOrganellesOrganellesOrganellesOrganellesOrganelles - membranemembranemembranemembrane----bound structures bound structures bound structures bound structures

with specific functionswith specific functionswith specific functionswith specific functions•• CellsCellsCellsCellsCellsCellsCellsCells ---- living entities distinguished from living entities distinguished from living entities distinguished from living entities distinguished from

their environment by a membrane their environment by a membrane their environment by a membrane their environment by a membrane



Atoms are organized into molecules ⇒⇒⇒⇒organells ⇒⇒⇒⇒ cells ⇒⇒⇒⇒ tissues ⇒⇒⇒⇒organs ⇒⇒⇒⇒ systems ⇒⇒⇒⇒organism ⇒⇒⇒⇒ population ⇒⇒⇒⇒

community ⇒⇒⇒⇒ ecosystem ⇒⇒⇒⇒ biosphere


⇒⇒⇒⇒ ⇒⇒⇒⇒ ⇒⇒⇒⇒ ⇒⇒⇒⇒

⇒⇒⇒⇒ ⇒⇒⇒⇒ ⇒⇒⇒⇒

community ⇒⇒⇒⇒ ecosystem ⇒⇒⇒⇒ biosphere

1.2 Living organisms interact with their environments, exchanging matter and energy

� Life requires interactions between living and Life requires interactions between living and Life requires interactions between living and Life requires interactions between living and nonliving components.nonliving components.nonliving components.nonliving components.� The The The The nonliving components nonliving components nonliving components nonliving components are chemical and are chemical and are chemical and are chemical and

nutrients required for life.nutrients required for life.nutrients required for life.nutrients required for life.� to be living, a thing must be capable of growth, reproduction and metabolism....– Photosynthetic organisms provide food and are Photosynthetic organisms provide food and are Photosynthetic organisms provide food and are Photosynthetic organisms provide food and are called called called called producersproducersproducersproducersproducersproducersproducersproducers– Others eat plants (or animals that profit from Others eat plants (or animals that profit from Others eat plants (or animals that profit from Others eat plants (or animals that profit from plants) and are called plants) and are called plants) and are called plants) and are called consumersconsumersconsumersconsumersconsumersconsumersconsumersconsumers


Ecosystem

Producers(such as plants)

Sunlight

Cyclingof

chemicalNutrients

Chemical energy

Heat

Consumers(such as animals)

( Heat

The cycling of nutrients and flow of energy

in an ecosystem

1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life

� Form generally fits functionForm generally fits functionForm generally fits functionForm generally fits function 1.1.1.1. By studying a By studying a By studying a By studying a biological structurebiological structurebiological structurebiological structure, you , you , you , you determine what it does and how it worksdetermine what it does and how it worksdetermine what it does and how it worksdetermine what it does and how it works2.2.2.2. Life emerges from Life emerges from Life emerges from Life emerges from interactions of interactions of interactions of interactions of 2.2.2.2. Life emerges from Life emerges from Life emerges from Life emerges from interactions of interactions of interactions of interactions of structures structures structures structures 3.3.3.3. Combinations of structures (components) Combinations of structures (components) Combinations of structures (components) Combinations of structures (components) provide organization called a provide organization called a provide organization called a provide organization called a systemsystemsystemsystemsystemsystemsystemsystem


1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life

� Two distinct groups of cells existTwo distinct groups of cells existTwo distinct groups of cells existTwo distinct groups of cells exist

� Prokaryotic cellsProkaryotic cellsProkaryotic cellsProkaryotic cells1.1.1.1. Genetic material is not surroundedGenetic material is not surroundedGenetic material is not surroundedGenetic material is not surrounded 2.2.2.2. by a nuclear membraneby a nuclear membraneby a nuclear membraneby a nuclear membrane3.3.3.3. Simple and smallSimple and smallSimple and smallSimple and small 3.3.3.3. Simple and smallSimple and smallSimple and smallSimple and small 4.4.4.4. Bacteria are prokaryoticBacteria are prokaryoticBacteria are prokaryoticBacteria are prokaryotic

� Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells1.1.1.1. Genetic material is surrounded by a Genetic material is surrounded by a Genetic material is surrounded by a Genetic material is surrounded by a 2.2.2.2. a nuclear membranea nuclear membranea nuclear membranea nuclear membrane 3.3.3.3. Possess organelles separated by membranesPossess organelles separated by membranesPossess organelles separated by membranesPossess organelles separated by membranes4.4.4.4. Plants, animals, and fungi are eukaryoticPlants, animals, and fungi are eukaryoticPlants, animals, and fungi are eukaryoticPlants, animals, and fungi are eukaryotic


DNA دنا(no nuclear envelop)

Prokaryotic cell

Membrane

Eukaryotic cell

Contrasting the size and

Nucleus (contains DNA surrounded

by nuclear membrane)

Organelles

Contrasting the size andcomplexity of prokaryotic

and eukaryotic cells

1.4 The unity of life: All forms of life have common features

� All living things share common propertiesAll living things share common propertiesAll living things share common propertiesAll living things share common properties•• OrderOrderOrderOrderOrderOrderOrderOrder ---- he complex organization of living thingshe complex organization of living thingshe complex organization of living thingshe complex organization of living things•• RegulationRegulationRegulationRegulationRegulationRegulationRegulationRegulation ---- an ability to maintain an internal an ability to maintain an internal an ability to maintain an internal an ability to maintain an internal

environment consistent with lifeenvironment consistent with lifeenvironment consistent with lifeenvironment consistent with life•• Growth and developmentGrowth and developmentGrowth and developmentGrowth and developmentGrowth and developmentGrowth and developmentGrowth and developmentGrowth and development ---- consistent growth and consistent growth and consistent growth and consistent growth and •• Growth and developmentGrowth and developmentGrowth and developmentGrowth and developmentGrowth and developmentGrowth and developmentGrowth and developmentGrowth and development ---- consistent growth and consistent growth and consistent growth and consistent growth and

development controlled by DNAdevelopment controlled by DNAdevelopment controlled by DNAdevelopment controlled by DNA•• EnergyEnergyEnergyEnergyEnergyEnergyEnergyEnergy processingprocessingprocessingprocessingprocessingprocessingprocessingprocessing ---- acquiring energy and transforming it acquiring energy and transforming it acquiring energy and transforming it acquiring energy and transforming it

to a form useful for the organism through metabolism to a form useful for the organism through metabolism to a form useful for the organism through metabolism to a form useful for the organism through metabolism

1.4 The unity of life: All forms of life have common features

� Common properties continuedCommon properties continuedCommon properties continuedCommon properties continued�� Response to the environment Response to the environment Response to the environment Response to the environment Response to the environment Response to the environment Response to the environment Response to the environment ---- an ability to an ability to an ability to an ability to

respond to environmental stimulirespond to environmental stimulirespond to environmental stimulirespond to environmental stimuli respond to environmental stimulirespond to environmental stimulirespond to environmental stimulirespond to environmental stimuli �� ReproductionReproductionReproductionReproductionReproductionReproductionReproductionReproduction ---- the ability to perpetuate the the ability to perpetuate the the ability to perpetuate the the ability to perpetuate the

speciesspeciesspeciesspecies�� Evolutionary adaptation Evolutionary adaptation Evolutionary adaptation Evolutionary adaptation Evolutionary adaptation Evolutionary adaptation Evolutionary adaptation Evolutionary adaptation ---- acquisition of traits acquisition of traits acquisition of traits acquisition of traits

that best suit the organism to its environmentthat best suit the organism to its environmentthat best suit the organism to its environmentthat best suit the organism to its environment


(3) Growth and development

(4) Energy processing(2) Regulation

(1) Order

Some important properties of life

(5) Response to the environment (6) Reproduction ((77) Evolutionary adaptation) Evolutionary adaptation

pro

per

ties

of

life All living things

exhibitcomplex but

orderedOrganization, as

seen

(1) OrderSom

e im

po

rtan

t seenin the highly

orderedStructure of a

sunflower


For example, a jackrabbit

can adjust its bodytemperature by

regulating

(2) Regulation

regulatingThe amount of blood

flowing through its ears....when the rabbit’’’’s body

temperature rises, moreblood flows through the

vessel in its ears, allowing

excess heat to be releasedto the air.


Information carried by genesInformation carried by genesInformation carried by genesInformation carried by genesthe units of inheritance thatthe units of inheritance thatthe units of inheritance thatthe units of inheritance that

transmit information from parentstransmit information from parentstransmit information from parentstransmit information from parentsTo offspring To offspring To offspring To offspring –––– controls the controls the controls the controls the

patternpatternpatternpattern

(3) Growth and development

patternpatternpatternpatternof growth and development in allof growth and development in allof growth and development in allof growth and development in all

organisms, including theorganisms, including theorganisms, including theorganisms, including theNile crocodileNile crocodileNile crocodileNile crocodile


Fro example, when thisFro example, when thisFro example, when thisFro example, when thisbear eats the fish, it willbear eats the fish, it willbear eats the fish, it willbear eats the fish, it willuse the chemical energyuse the chemical energyuse the chemical energyuse the chemical energy

stored in the fishstored in the fishstored in the fishstored in the fishto power its own activitiesto power its own activitiesto power its own activitiesto power its own activities

(4) Energy processingMetabolism

to power its own activitiesto power its own activitiesto power its own activitiesto power its own activitiesand chemical reactionsand chemical reactionsand chemical reactionsand chemical reactions

(metabolism)(metabolism)(metabolism)(metabolism)


All organisms respondto environmental stimuli

Fro example, a Venus flytrap

closes its trap in response

(5) Response to the environment

closes its trap in responseto the environmental

stimulusof an insect landing on it


Organisms reproduce theirown kind, by producing offsprings. This emperorPenguins is protecting its

(6) Reproduction

Penguins is protecting its baby.

By reproduction survival ofthe specie, not extinction,

is achieved


Reproduction underlies the capacity of populations tochange (evolve) over time

Fro example, the appearance

(7) Evolutionary adaptation

Fro example, the appearanceof the pygmy seahorseshas evolved in the way

that camouflage the animalin its environment

THE PROCESSTHE PROCESSTHE PROCESSTHE PROCESSTHE PROCESSTHE PROCESSTHE PROCESSTHE PROCESS OF SCIENCEOF SCIENCEOF SCIENCEOF SCIENCEOF SCIENCEOF SCIENCEOF SCIENCEOF SCIENCE


1.7 Scientists use two main approaches to learn about nature

��Two approaches are used to Two approaches are used to Two approaches are used to Two approaches are used to Two approaches are used to Two approaches are used to Two approaches are used to Two approaches are used to understand natural causes for natural understand natural causes for natural understand natural causes for natural understand natural causes for natural understand natural causes for natural understand natural causes for natural understand natural causes for natural understand natural causes for natural phenomenaphenomenaphenomenaphenomenaphenomenaphenomenaphenomenaphenomena–– Discovery science Discovery science Discovery science Discovery science Discovery science Discovery science Discovery science Discovery science ---- uses verifiable observations uses verifiable observations uses verifiable observations uses verifiable observations and measurements to describe scienceand measurements to describe scienceand measurements to describe scienceand measurements to describe scienceand measurements to describe scienceand measurements to describe scienceand measurements to describe scienceand measurements to describe science–– HypothesisHypothesisHypothesisHypothesisHypothesisHypothesisHypothesisHypothesis-------- basedbasedbasedbasedbasedbasedbasedbased sciencesciencesciencesciencesciencesciencesciencescience ---- uses the data from uses the data from uses the data from uses the data from discovery science to explain sciencediscovery science to explain sciencediscovery science to explain sciencediscovery science to explain science

– This requires proposing and testing of This requires proposing and testing of This requires proposing and testing of This requires proposing and testing of hypotheseshypotheseshypotheseshypotheses


1.7 Scientists use two main approaches to learn about nature

�There is a difference between a There is a difference between a There is a difference between a There is a difference between a theorytheorytheorytheorytheorytheorytheorytheoryand a and a and a and a hypothesishypothesishypothesishypothesishypothesishypothesishypothesishypothesis– A A A A hypothesishypothesishypothesishypothesishypothesishypothesishypothesishypothesis is is is is a proposed explanation a proposed explanation a proposed explanation a proposed explanation for a set of observationsfor a set of observationsfor a set of observationsfor a set of observations– AAAA theorytheorytheorytheorytheorytheorytheorytheory is supported by a large and is supported by a large and is supported by a large and is supported by a large and usually growing body of evidenceusually growing body of evidenceusually growing body of evidenceusually growing body of evidence


1.8 With hypothesis-based science, we pose and test hypotheses

� We solve everyday problems by using We solve everyday problems by using We solve everyday problems by using We solve everyday problems by using hypotheseshypotheseshypotheseshypotheses– An example would be the reasoning we use to answer An example would be the reasoning we use to answer An example would be the reasoning we use to answer An example would be the reasoning we use to answer

the question, “the question, “the question, “the question, “Why doesn’t the flashlight work?”Why doesn’t the flashlight work?”Why doesn’t the flashlight work?”Why doesn’t the flashlight work?”– Using deductive reasoning we realize that the problem Using deductive reasoning we realize that the problem Using deductive reasoning we realize that the problem Using deductive reasoning we realize that the problem

is either the (is either the (is either the (is either the (1111) bulb or () bulb or () bulb or () bulb or (2222) batteries.) batteries.) batteries.) batteries.is either the (is either the (is either the (is either the (1111) bulb or () bulb or () bulb or () bulb or (2222) batteries.) batteries.) batteries.) batteries.

– The hypothesis must be testableThe hypothesis must be testableThe hypothesis must be testableThe hypothesis must be testable– The hypothesis must be falsifiableThe hypothesis must be falsifiableThe hypothesis must be falsifiableThe hypothesis must be falsifiable


Hypothesis #1:Dead batteries

Observations

Questionا

Hypothesis #2:Burned-out bulb

An

exa

mp

le o

f -b

ased

sci

ence

Test prediction Test predictionا

Test falsifies hypothesisTest does not falsify hypothesis

Prediction:Replacing batteries

will fix problem

Prediction:Replacing batteries

will fix problem

An

exa

mp

le o

f h

ypo

thes

is-

You should now be able to

1.1.1.1. Describe life’s hierarchy of organizationDescribe life’s hierarchy of organizationDescribe life’s hierarchy of organizationDescribe life’s hierarchy of organization2.2.2.2. 2222. Describe living organisms’ interactions with their environments. Describe living organisms’ interactions with their environments. Describe living organisms’ interactions with their environments. Describe living organisms’ interactions with their environments

3333. Describe the structural and functional aspects of cells. Describe the structural and functional aspects of cells. Describe the structural and functional aspects of cells. Describe the structural and functional aspects of cells

4444. Explain how the theory of evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life . Explain how the theory of evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life . Explain how the theory of evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life . Explain how the theory of evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life 5555. Distinguish between discovery science and hypothesis. Distinguish between discovery science and hypothesis. Distinguish between discovery science and hypothesis. Distinguish between discovery science and hypothesis----based sciencebased sciencebased sciencebased science

6666. Describe ways in which biology, technology, and society are connected. Describe ways in which biology, technology, and society are connected. Describe ways in which biology, technology, and society are connected. Describe ways in which biology, technology, and society are connected


المصطلـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــح تعريف المصطلــــــــــحBiology Is The Science Of Life In All Its Living Forms, Plants, Animals And Microorganisms Including Man

علم الحياة ھو علم دراسة ظاھرة الحياة ممثلة في النبات والحيوان والكائنات الدقيقة وكذا ا&نسان

Biology Is The Scientific Study Of Life علم ا1حياء ھو الدراسة العلمية للحياةThe Term “Biology” Derived From Bios = Life And Logos = ScienceLogos

: مشتق من كلمتين يونانيتين ”Biology“مصطلح Bios وحياة يعني Logos يعني علـــم

Living Organisms الكائنات الحيةوھي التھيؤ وا9ستعداد الفطري للكائن الحي للعيش التكيف

Introduction: Getting Acquainted with Biologyالتعريف بعلم الحياة: مدخل

Adaptationوھي التھيؤ وا9ستعداد الفطري للكائن الحي للعيش التكيف

تحت ظروف بيئته التي يوجد فيھا

Evolutionالتطور ھو عملية التغير المفطور عليھا الكائن التي يكيف

بھا حياته ويحورھا

Organizationتحدد بھاصفة أخرى ھامة للكائنات الحية التعضية

موضوعات الدراسة في علم ا1حياءHierarchy Of Life التنظيم الھرمي للحياةEmergent Properties صفات جديدة تعرف بالصفات الناشئة

Biosphereالداعمة ) ا1نظمة البيئية(كل البيئات –الغMف الجوي

للحياة على ا1رض

Ecosystemكل الجماعات من الكائنات المختلفة التي –النظام البيئي

تعيش في منطقة معينة

Communityالتي ) العشائر المختلفة(كل الكائنات المختلفة –الجماعة

تعيش في نظام بيئي معين

Populationكل أفراد النوع الواحد يتزاوجون فيما بينھم فقط –العشيرة

في منطقة معينةOrgan Systems لھا وظائف محددة وتتألف من أعضاء–ا1جھزة العضوية Organs تؤدي وظائف محددة للكائن–ا1عضاء Tissues مكونة من مجموعة من الخMيا المتشابھة–ا1نسجة Molecules تجمع من الذرات–جزيئات Organelles Organellesتراكيب غشائية ذات وظائف محددة–عضيات تراكيب غشائية ذات وظائف محددة–عضيات Cells كيانات حية تفترق بغشاء عن بيئتھا–خMيا Living And Nonliving Components المكونات الحية والغير الحيةPhotosynthetic Organisms الكائنات القادرة على البناء الضوئيProducersAre Called And Provide Food الُمنتجات توفر الغذاء

Consumersبالُمستھلكات

أو على حيوانات تتغذى على ( كائنات تتغذى على النباتات )النباتات

The Nonliving Componentsالمكونات غير الحية عبارة عن مواد غذائية كيميائية

ضرورية للحياة

Recycle Chemicals إعادة تدوير الكيماوياتNecessary For LifeMove Energy Through The Ecosystem تحريك الطاقة خMل النظام البيئيProkaryotic Cells خMيا أولية النواةGenetic Material Is Not Surrounded By A Nuclear Membrane

المادة الوراثية غير محاطة بغMف نووي

Simple And Small صغيرة وبسيطةBacteriaAre Prokaryotic البكتيريا أولية النواةEukaryotic Cells خMيا حقيقية النواةPossess Organelles Separated By Membranes السيتوبMزممحاطة بأغشية تفصلھا عن عضياتتمتلك Plants, Animals, And Fungi Are Eukaryotic النباتات والحيوانات والفطريات حقيقية النواةNucleus نواةContains DNA Surrounded By Nuclear Membrane

تحتوي على دنا محاط بغMف نووي

Membrane غشاءDNA Is The Genetic (Hereditary) Material Of All Cells

الدنا ھو المادة الوراثية لكل الخMيا

A GeneIs A Discrete Unit Of DNA الدناعبارة عن وحدة مميزة من الجين

Order المعقد للكائنات الحية التعضي–النظام

Regulationالمقدرة على المحافظة على بيئة داخلية متناسقة –التنظيم

مع الحياةGrowth And Development النمو والتطور الجنيني

Energy Processingالطاقة وتحويلھا لصورة نافعة إكتساب–معالجة الطاقة

ا1يضللكائن بممارسة Response To The Environment قدرة ا9ستجابة للمؤثرات البيئي–ا9ستجابة للبيئة Reproduction المقدرة على إكثار النوع–التكاثر

Evolutionary Adaptationاكتساب الصفات ا1كثر تناسباً للكائن –التكيف التطوري

مع بيئتهEvolutionary Adaptation

مع بيئتهDomains عوالـــمThe Three Domains (Groups) Of Life حيوية) مجاميع ( ھناك ثMث عوالم Bacteria - Prokaryotic, And Most Are Unicellular And Microscopic

أولية النواة ، وعادة ما تكون وحيدة الخلية و –البكتيريا مجھرية

Archaea- Like Bacteria, Are Prokaryotic, And Most Are Unicellular And Microscopic

وأولية النواة ، وعادة ما تكون وحيدة الخلية –البدائيات شأنھا شأن البكتيريا مجھرية

Eukarya - Are Eukaryotic And Contain A Nucleus And Organelles

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