chapter five
DESCRIPTION
CHAPTER FIVE. The Structure and Function of Macro Molecules. What are the structure and function of the major macromolecules?. Proteins Fats Carbohydrates Nucleic acids Condensation reaction Hydrolysis. Four Main Classes of Macro Molecules!. Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The Structure and Function of Macro Molecules
Proteins Fats Carbohydrates Nucleic acids Condensation reaction Hydrolysis
Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids
Carbs Simple Sugars, monomers (monosaccharides)
Proteins Amino Acids Nucleic Acids Nucleotides (A-T C-G)
Lipids: NOT considered polymer◦ Glycerol head and 3 hydrocarbon tails
Condensation or dehydration 2 Monomers Polymers
Lose a molecule of water: H from 1, OH from another.
Requires Energy (Enzyme)
In Protein specifically this is a peptide bond.
In carbohydrates this is a glycosidic
Hydrolysis Reaction ..◦ Hydrolysis (Water …… To Break)◦ Polymer 2 monomers◦ H2O Added, Energy Released
Monosaccharide to monosaccharide = glycosidic linkage, dehydration reaction.
Empirical Formula C6H12O6
Carbonyl:◦ Aldehyde: dbl bond at end of chain: glucose◦ Ketone: dble bond in middle: fructose
Rings: form of most sugars Glycosidic linkages: between monomers Polysaccharides: 100’s – 1,000’s of mono’s
Disaccharides:◦ Glucose + glucose = maltose◦ Glucose + fructose = sucrose
Sucrose: table sugar, the form plants use to move sugar from leaf to root.
Starch: polymer of glucose (1-4 alpha) linkage Amylose: simplest starch(no branches)
Amylopectin: more complex (branches)
Glycogen: storage in animals (liver and muscle)
Plastids in plant leaf (chloroplasts)
Alpha configuration
Cellulose: insoluble fiber due to configuration of glucose monomers
Microfibrils: cellulose fibers HYDROGEN bond to each other. Make cables
Wood: rich in cellulose
Cellulose: Straight beta configuration of glucose
Cellulose: most abundant organic material 100billion tons/year.
Who can digest cellulose?◦ Microbes: bacteria in cow’s rumen (1st stomach)◦ Microbes: bacteria in gut of termites◦ Some fungi
Similar to cellulose Contains nitrogen Used to make exoskeleton of
◦ Arthropods◦ Spider◦ Crustaceans◦ Fungi: build with chitin
Fats: ◦ Triglyceride: glycerol + 3 fatty acids (ester
linkage)◦ Glycerol: 3 OH◦ Fatty acid:
Non polar hydrophobic
Phospholipid steroids
Phospholipid:◦ 2 hydrocarbon tails (no charge)◦ 1 phosphate group (negative charge)
◦ The non-polar tails and polar phosphate cause phospholipids to form bilayer when placed in water: hydrophilic phos. Out, tails in.
Steroids: Function at nucleus
of cell Carbon skeleton of
4 fused rings
Monmers: amino acids – polypeptides
Site: Ribosomes in cytosol or attached to endoplasmic reticulum.
DNA in nucleus. mRNA carries information out into cytosol.
1 gene = 1 polypeptide
1. peptide bonds between amino acids 2nd hydrogen bonds btwn R-groups cause
alpha helix and beta pleating 3rd hydrogen, van der waals, disulfide
bonds create globular shape 4th hydrogen, van der waals, disulfide
bonds put multiple polypeptides together.
Enzyme - substrate Tata box binding protein
collagen aquaporin
Nucleic acid made up of nucleotidesnitrogenous basepentose sugar (5 carbon sugar)phosphate
Nitrogenous base:pyrimidine: 1 ring (cytosine, thymine, uracil)purines: 2 rings (adenine, guanine)
Polymer of nucleotides joined byphosphodiester bonds (phos. Of 1 to
sugar of the next)
The order of the nitrogenous bases in a gene specify the amino acid sequence of a protein
3 nitro bases = 1 amino acid
RNA single strand Backbone of phosphate and ribose sugar DNA double strand backbone on outside
bases: hydrogen bonds in middle Always adenine-thymine
guanine- cytosine