Download - CHAPTER FIVE
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The Structure and Function of Macro Molecules
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Proteins Fats Carbohydrates Nucleic acids Condensation reaction Hydrolysis
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Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids
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Carbs Simple Sugars, monomers (monosaccharides)
Proteins Amino Acids Nucleic Acids Nucleotides (A-T C-G)
Lipids: NOT considered polymer◦ Glycerol head and 3 hydrocarbon tails
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Condensation or dehydration 2 Monomers Polymers
Lose a molecule of water: H from 1, OH from another.
Requires Energy (Enzyme)
In Protein specifically this is a peptide bond.
In carbohydrates this is a glycosidic
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Hydrolysis Reaction ..◦ Hydrolysis (Water …… To Break)◦ Polymer 2 monomers◦ H2O Added, Energy Released
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Monosaccharide to monosaccharide = glycosidic linkage, dehydration reaction.
Empirical Formula C6H12O6
Carbonyl:◦ Aldehyde: dbl bond at end of chain: glucose◦ Ketone: dble bond in middle: fructose
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Rings: form of most sugars Glycosidic linkages: between monomers Polysaccharides: 100’s – 1,000’s of mono’s
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Disaccharides:◦ Glucose + glucose = maltose◦ Glucose + fructose = sucrose
Sucrose: table sugar, the form plants use to move sugar from leaf to root.
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Starch: polymer of glucose (1-4 alpha) linkage Amylose: simplest starch(no branches)
Amylopectin: more complex (branches)
Glycogen: storage in animals (liver and muscle)
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Plastids in plant leaf (chloroplasts)
Alpha configuration
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Cellulose: insoluble fiber due to configuration of glucose monomers
Microfibrils: cellulose fibers HYDROGEN bond to each other. Make cables
Wood: rich in cellulose
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Cellulose: Straight beta configuration of glucose
Cellulose: most abundant organic material 100billion tons/year.
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Who can digest cellulose?◦ Microbes: bacteria in cow’s rumen (1st stomach)◦ Microbes: bacteria in gut of termites◦ Some fungi
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Similar to cellulose Contains nitrogen Used to make exoskeleton of
◦ Arthropods◦ Spider◦ Crustaceans◦ Fungi: build with chitin
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Fats: ◦ Triglyceride: glycerol + 3 fatty acids (ester
linkage)◦ Glycerol: 3 OH◦ Fatty acid:
Non polar hydrophobic
Phospholipid steroids
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Phospholipid:◦ 2 hydrocarbon tails (no charge)◦ 1 phosphate group (negative charge)
◦ The non-polar tails and polar phosphate cause phospholipids to form bilayer when placed in water: hydrophilic phos. Out, tails in.
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Steroids: Function at nucleus
of cell Carbon skeleton of
4 fused rings
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Monmers: amino acids – polypeptides
Site: Ribosomes in cytosol or attached to endoplasmic reticulum.
DNA in nucleus. mRNA carries information out into cytosol.
1 gene = 1 polypeptide
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1. peptide bonds between amino acids 2nd hydrogen bonds btwn R-groups cause
alpha helix and beta pleating 3rd hydrogen, van der waals, disulfide
bonds create globular shape 4th hydrogen, van der waals, disulfide
bonds put multiple polypeptides together.
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Enzyme - substrate Tata box binding protein
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collagen aquaporin
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Nucleic acid made up of nucleotidesnitrogenous basepentose sugar (5 carbon sugar)phosphate
Nitrogenous base:pyrimidine: 1 ring (cytosine, thymine, uracil)purines: 2 rings (adenine, guanine)
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Polymer of nucleotides joined byphosphodiester bonds (phos. Of 1 to
sugar of the next)
The order of the nitrogenous bases in a gene specify the amino acid sequence of a protein
3 nitro bases = 1 amino acid
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RNA single strand Backbone of phosphate and ribose sugar DNA double strand backbone on outside
bases: hydrogen bonds in middle Always adenine-thymine
guanine- cytosine