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Chapter Outline
Chapter 27The European Search
for Stability, 1920–1939
Civilization in the West, Seventh Edition by Kishlansky/Geary/O’Brien
Copyright © 2008, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman
I. Geographical Tour: Europe after 1918II. Crisis and Collapse in a World EconomyIII. The Soviet Union’s Separate PathIV. The Rise of Fascist Dictatorship in ItalyV. Hitler and the Third ReichVI. Democracies in Crisis
Chapter 27: The European Search for Stability, 1920–1939
Copyright © 2008, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman
I. Geographical Tour: Europe after 1918
A. New Nation-States, New ProblemsEnd of empires
Ottoman, Russian, Habsburg, German
FinlandBaltic states: Estonia, Latvia,
Lithuania Border DisputesTreaty of Riga
Europe After World War I
Carl Gustav Mannerheim
Chapter 27: The European Search for Stability, 1920–1939
Copyright © 2008, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman
Ignacy Jan Paderewski (November 6, 1860 - June 29, 1941) was a Polish pianist, composer, diplomat, politician, and the third Prime Minister of Poland.
Mustapha Kemal Ataturk
Chapter 27: The European Search for Stability, 1920–1939
Copyright © 2008, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman
I. Geographical Tour: Europe after 1918A. New Nation-States, New Problems
End of empiresOttoman, Russian, Habsburg,
German
FinlandBaltic states: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
Border Disputes
Treaty of Riga
East-Central Europe
Thomas G. Masaryk: 1st President of Czechoslovakia
Chapter 27: The European Search for Stability, 1920–1939
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I. Geographical Tour: Europe after 1918
B. German RecoveryWeimar Republic
Territorial Advantages and GoalsAlsace-Lorraine, Saar
Treaty of Rapallo
Gustav Stresemannrevisions to the Treaty of Versailles
Locarno Treaties
C. France’s Search for SecurityLittle Entente
France, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Romania
Maginot Line
D. The United States in EuropeSecretary of State Frank Kellogg
Kellogg-Briand PactGerma
ny
Chapter 27: The European Search for Stability, 1920–1939
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II. Crisis and Collapse in a World Economy
A. International Loans and Trade Barriers
German reparations$33 billion26% of exports
Dawes plan
Young Plan
B. The Great DepressionAmerican stock market collapse,
October 1929
Dependence on the American EconomySmoot-Hawley Tariff
Political RepercussionsFascists in Germany
Chapter 27: The European Search for Stability, 1920–1939
Definition of TermsAutocracy, Absolutism, AuthoritarianismTotalitarianism: Neither civil nor political rights –
no private sphere. The regime controls all sectors of life totally, often with help of technology. Characteristics include:1. Single party with an ideology (directs “the people”)2. Charismatic leader3. Utopianism (Official view that every sacrifice
towards a bright future was justified.)4. Command economy (incl. currency, travel)5. Control over media and censorship (propaganda)6. Use of state-sponsored terror (monopoly on force)
Chapter 27: The European Search for Stability, 1920–1939
Chapter 27: The European Search for Stability, 1920–1939
Copyright © 2008, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman
Hail to the Workers’ Holiday (1921)
Chapter 27: The European Search for Stability, 1920–1939
Copyright © 2008, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman
The workers of Leningrad are strengthening the
gains of October with their hammers.
Chapter 27: The European Search for Stability, 1920–1939
Copyright © 2008, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman
Celebrating May Day 1920Across the wreckage of capitalism to the world-wide brotherhood of the working class.
Chapter 27: The European Search for Stability, 1920–1939
Copyright © 2008, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman
Chapter 27: The European Search for Stability, 1920–1939
Copyright © 2008, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman
The Last Decisive Battle!
Chapter 27: The European Search for Stability, 1920–1939
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Let the Ruling Classes Tremble Before The
Communist Revolution
Chapter 27: The European Search for Stability, 1920–1939
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III. The Soviet Union’s Separate Path
A. The Soviet Regime at the End of the Civil War
Politburo
B. The New Economic Policy, 1921–1928
1921, New Economic Policy (NEP)
Nikolai Bukharin
Stalin Removes Trotsky and Bukharin Bukharin executed, 1938
Trotsky assassinated, 1940
C. Stalin’s Rise to PowerPeople's commissar for nationalities
General Secretary, Party’s Central Committee
A Blow Against the Interventionists
Industrial Party Trial, 1930
Chapter 27: The European Search for Stability, 1920–1939
Steel Production in Magnitogorsk, 1930s
Chapter 27: The European Search for Stability, 1920–1939
Mission to Moscow
American Propaganda
The OWI* report on Mission to Moscow concluded that it wouldbe a most convincing means of helping Americans to understand their Russian allies. Every effort has been made to show that Russians and Americans are not so very different after all. The Russians are shown to eat well and live comfortably, which will be a surprise to many Americans.[6] The leaders of both countries desire peace and both possess a blunt honesty of address and purpose ... One of the best services performed by this picture is the presentation of Russian leaders, not as wild-eyed madmen, but as far-seeing, earnest, responsible statesmen. They have proved very good neighbors, and this picture will help to explain why, as well as to encourage faith in the feasibility of post-war cooperation.[7]
*Office of War Information
Chapter 27: The European Search for Stability, 1920–1939
Color Transparency 170: The Triumph of Musssolini
Thirty centuries of history allow us to look with supreme
pity on certain doctrines which are preached beyond the Alps by the descendants of those who were illiterate
when Rome had Caesar, Virgil and Augustus. (1/3/25)
Chapter 27: The European Search for Stability, 1920–1939
Arthur Szyk’s The Four Horsemen
Contrast the point of view of the cartoon below with the one to the left. Be sure to support you key point with analysis.
Analyze the visual recordAnalyze the visual record
Chapter 27: The European Search for Stability, 1920–1939
Chapter 27: The European Search for Stability, 1920–1939
Asmara: A Museum of Art Deco/ Futurism
Chapter 27: The European Search for Stability, 1920–1939
Color Transparency 172: Hitler at Nuremburg Stadium
Chapter 27: The European Search for Stability, 1920–1939
Pablo Picasso’s Guernica, 1937
Chapter 27: The European Search for Stability, 1920–1939
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III. The Soviet Union’s Separate Path
D. The First Five-Year PlanStalin’s first Five-Year Plan (1929–1932)
E. The Comintern, Economic Development, and Purges
Communist International (Comintern), 1919
from 1929, non-cooperation
1933, Second Five-Year Plan
The Great Purge, from 1934
1938, Third Five-Year Plan
F. Women and the Family in the New Soviet State
1917, franchise1920, abortion legalized
Chapter 27: The European Search for Stability, 1920–1939
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IV. The Rise of Fascist Dictatorship in Italy
A. Mussolini’s ItalyBenito Mussolini
Fascist Party, 1920s
The March on Rome, October 1922
Giacomo Matteotti
Squadristi
Lateran Treaty
B. Mussolini’s Plans for EmpireEthiopia
Pact of Steel, Germany and Italy
Chapter 27: The European Search for Stability, 1920–1939
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V. Hitler and the Third Reich
A. Hitler’s Rise to PowerAdolf Hitler, Austrian
The Beer Hall Putsch of 1923Mein Kampf
Hitler as Chancellor, January 1933
SA, Storm TroopersSS, protection squad
B. Nazi GoalsLiving Space (lebensraum)
Rearmament
autarky (economic self-sufficiency)
Economic RecoveryFour-Year Plan, 1936
C. Propaganda, Racism, and Culture
Joseph Goebbels, Minister of Propaganda
Youth organizations Enemies of the State
Communists, Jews, mentally ill, disabled
Anti-semitismThe Nuremberg Laws Kristallnacht
Chapter 27: The European Search for Stability, 1920–1939
Copyright © 2008, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman
Chapter 27: The European Search for Stability, 1920–1939
Copyright © 2008, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman
VI. Democracies in Crisis
A. The Failure of the Left in FranceLéon Blum’s Popular Front
Left and Center parties, 1936
1937, fall
B. Muddling Through in Great Britain
Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald Labour government
> Coalition National Government
The British Union of Fascistsfounded, 1932, Sir Oswald Mosley
Governments of Europe, 1940
Diana Mitford Guinness Mosley
Chapter 27: The European Search for Stability, 1920–1939
Meanwhile: The Abdication Crisis
1936
With a blackout on the story in the British press. What did inquiring minds do?
Chapter 27: The European Search for Stability, 1920–1939
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VI. Democracies in Crisis
C. The Spanish Republic as Battleground
1931, democratic republic1936, Popular Front Civil War
Republicans, social revolutionNationalists, Francisco Franco
Soviet Union supports Republicans1939, Franco’s victory
The Spanish Civil War
1940: Himmler and Franco
Chapter 27: The European Search for Stability, 1920–1939
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VI. Democracies in Crisis
C. The Spanish Republic as Battleground1931, democratic republic1936, Popular Front Civil War
Republicans, social revolution (Soviet Union)
Nationalists, Francisco Franco (Italy, Germany)
Italy, Germany supports Franco
1939, Franco’s victory National Income of the Powers in 1937
and Percentage Spent on Defense
Income(Billion dollars)
Percentage to Defense
United States
68 1.5
British Empire
22 5.7
France 10 9.1
Germany 17 23.5
Italy 6 14.5
USSR 19 26.4
Japan 4 28.2