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Chapter Presentation

Transparencies

Image and Math Focus Bank

Bellringers

Standardized Test Prep

Visual Concepts

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

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The Nature of Science

Section 1 Science and Scientists

Section 2 Scientific Methods and Inquiry

Section 3 Tools and Measurement

Section 4 Safety in Science

Chapter 1

Table of Contents




Bellringer

Think of five questions about the natural world.

Write your responses in your science journal.

Chapter 1




• Describe similarities and differences between science disciplines.

• Describe three methods of investigation.

• Identify some benefits of science.

• Describe how scientific knowledge may be modified.

• Describe five jobs that use or contribute to science.

Objectives

Chapter 1




Start with a Question

• Science is the knowledge gained by observing the natural world. Asking questions can help you gather knowledge.

• In Your Own Neighborhood What questions can you ask about your surroundings?

• The World and Beyond What questions can you ask about deserts, forests, or beaches? What type of plants and animals live in each of these places?

Chapter 1




Investigation: The Search for Answers

• Research Look up information in textbooks, encyclopedias, and magazines. Search the Internet.

• Observation Take a look around to find answers to your question. Watch your subject.

• Experimentation Try an experiment to learn the answers to your question. Test your hypothesis.

Chapter 1

ResearchResearch

Experimentation




Scientists All Around You

• Zoologist A person who studies the lives and needs of animals.

• Geochemist A person who specializes in the chemistry of rocks, minerals, and soil.

• Mechanic A person who uses science to solve problems with machines.

Chapter 1




Scientists All Around You, continued

• Oceanographer A person who studies the ocean, including waves, currents, plants, animals, and the ocean floor.

• Volcanologist A person who studies one of Earth’s most interesting processes—volcanoes.

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Why Ask Questions? (Benefits of Science)

• Fighting Diseases• Answering Society’s Questions• Saving Resources• Advancing Scientific Knowledge

Chapter 1



You are a scientist (pick a kind) facing government cutbacks and you need to write a letter to the president of the United States explaining how your job is helping to answer some of society’s important questions.




Bellringer

Which is more important, imagination or knowledge?

Record your answers in your science journal.

Chapter 1




• Describe what can be learned by studying scientific methods.

• Describe why accurate record keeping, openness, and replication of results are important.

• Explain why changing variables affect controlled experiments.

• Use information in tables and graphs to analyze experimental results.

• Explain what happens when similar investigations give different results.

Objectives

Chapter 1




What Are Scientific Methods?

• Scientific methods are the ways in which scientists answer questions and solve problems.

• The following Visual Concepts presentation shows some of the steps scientists use to answer questions.

Chapter 1




Scientific Methods

Chapter 1



Video Library- Scientific Method




Ask a Question• Asking a

question helps focus the purpose of the investigation.

• Scientists often ask a question after making an observation.

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Make Observations

• Accurate Observations Any information that you gather through your senses is an observation.

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Form a Hypothesis• A hypothesis is a

possible explanation or answer to a question that is based on observation and can be tested.

• Predictions statement of cause and effect that can be used to set up a test for a hypothesis is called a prediction.

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Test the Hypothesis• A controlled experiment tests only one factor at a time and consists of a control group and one or more experimental groups.

• All of the factors for the control group and the experimental groups are the same except for one. The one factor that differs is called the variable.

Chapter 1




Controlled Experiment and Variable

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Test the Hypothesis, continued• Designing an Experiment Designing a good experiment requires planning and a consideration of all factors.

• Collecting Data Scientists keep clear, accurate, honest records of their data so that other scientists can repeat the experiment and verify the results.

Chapter 1




Test the Hypothesis, continued

• Testing Without Experiments Sometimes, it is not possible to use a controlled experiment to test something.

• By observing nature, scientists can often collect large amounts of data about their hypotheses.

• When large amounts of data support a hypothesis, the hypothesis is probably valid.

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Analyze the Results• After they finish their tests, scientists must analyze the results.

• Analyzing the results helps scientists explain and focus on the effect of the variable.

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Draw Conclusions• Scientists must conclude if the results of their tests support the hypothesis.

• Proving that a hypothesis is not true can be as valuable as proving that it is true.

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Communicate Results• After finishing an investigation, scientists communicate their results.

• Sharing allows other scientists to repeat experiments to see if they get the same results.

• Sometimes, new data lead scientists to change their hypotheses.

Chapter 1



Section 2 Scientific Methods and InquiryChapter 1



Prepare for quiz on Science & ScientistsPrepare for quiz on Science & Scientists




Bellringer

Answer the following questions:

Why do you think scientists use tools such asgraduated cylinders and stopwatches?Do all tools measure? Is a computer a tool?Is a pencil considered a tool? Why or why not?

Write your response in your science journal.

Chapter 1




• Describe tools that can be used to collect and analyze data.

• Explain the importance of the International System of Units.

• Calculate area and density.

• Describe what scientists need to do when making measurements of living things.

Objectives

Chapter 1




Tools for Measuring

Some tools you can use to make measurements:

• stopwatch

• meterstick

• balance

• thermometer

• spring scale

• graduated cylinder

Chapter 1



Three-Beam Balance



Gradated Cylinder



Beaker



Thermometer



Flask




Tools for Measuring, continued

Chapter 1




Tools for Analyzing

Some tools you can use to analyze your data:

• calculators

• computers

• pencil and paper

Chapter 1

AnalyzingAnalyzing

Not Measuring!




Units of Measurement

• The International System of Units Begun by the French Academy of Sciences in the late 1700s, the SI is used by almost all countries in the world.

• All SI units are based on the number 10, which makes conversion from one unit to another easy.

Chapter 1

makes conversion from one unit to another easy




Measurement

• Length The basic unit of length in the SI is the meter.

• Area The measure of how much surface an object has. Use the following equation:

area length width

• Mass A measure of the amount of matter in an object.

Chapter 1




Measurement, continued

• Volume The measure of the size of a body or region in three-dimensional space.

• Temperature The measure of how hot (or cold) something is.

• Density The ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of the substance. Use the following equation:

density mass

volume

Chapter 1



Section 3 Tools and MeasurementChapter 1




Measurements and Living Things

• When making measurements of living things, scientists must take special precautions.

• When research involves human subjects, science ethics require that potential subjects be fully informed about the risks and benefits associated with the research.

• Science ethics also demand that scientists must not knowingly subject coworkers, students, the neighborhood, or the community to health risks or properties risks.

Chapter 1




Bellringer

You probably follow safety rules every day. Forexample, “look both ways before crossing the street” is a safety rule that you follow without thinking about it. Write three safety rules in your science journal. After each safety rule, write why these rules were created.

Chapter 1




• Explain why safety rules are important.

• Describe five elements of safety.

• Explain how to handle animals used in scientific research.

• List the four steps to follow after an accident happens.

• Describe five simple first aid procedures.

Objectives

Chapter 1




The Importance of Safety Rules

• Preventing Accidents The directions of a science activity are designed to help you avoid accidents. Following directions will also make your work easier, and you will get better results.

• Preventing Injury Following safety rules after an accident can help avoid or reduce injuries.

Chapter 1




5 Elements of Safety

• Safety Symbols Know the meaning of the following safety symbols.

Chapter 1




5 Elements of Safety, continued

• Reading and Following Directions Read all of the instructions very carefully before doing any science activity. If you do not understand the directions, ask your teacher to explain them.

• Neatness Counts Neatly prepare your data tables and gather needed equipment before starting an activity. During an experiment, keep your table or desk tidy. Arrange your equipment and materials.

Chapter 1




5 Elements of Safety, continued

• Using Proper Safety Equipment Safety equipment can protect you from injury. Safety equipment that you may use in a science lab include goggles, gloves, and aprons.

• Proper Clean-Up Procedures At the end of a science activity you must always clean up your work area.

Chapter 1




Proper Accident Procedures

• Remain calm and assess the situation. Look around and do your best to determine what happened.

• Secure the area around the accident. Make sure that you are safe and that no one else is in danger.

• Tell your teacher or call for help. Always tell your teacher if an accident happens, even if the accident is very minor.

• Assist your teacher with cleanup or giving aid. Do exactly what your teacher tells you to do.

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Proper First Aid Procedures

• When treating an injury in the lab, your teacher will use first aid.

• First aid is temporary emergency medical care for someone who has been hurt.

• You should not perform first aid unless you are properly trained.

Chapter 1




Proper First Aid Procedures, continued

Chapter 1



The Nature of Science

Concept Mapping

Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide.

variablehypothesisobservations

controlled experimentsquestionspredictions

Chapter 1



The Nature of ScienceChapter 1

variablehypothesisobservations

controlled experimentsquestionspredictions



The Nature of ScienceChapter 1

End of Chapter 1 Show





FCAT

For the following questions, write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

Standardized Test PreparationChapter 1



1. Jana knows that there are many jobs that require the use of scientific knowledge and inquiry. She wants to work in the hotel and restaurant business in a position where she can use science research and the processes of inquiry. Which one of the following careers would be a good choice for Jana?

A. waitress

B. desk clerk

C. bookkeeper

D. bakery chef




2. Dr. Yan wants to test the effectiveness of a new drug he has developed for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. After identifying some people he would like to try his new drug on, he told the subjects what the drug is supposed to do to help their condition. He also told them that some of them would be in the control group and would not receive the drug. Finally, Dr. Yan told them about any risks or dangerous side effects they may experience from the drug. What else should Dr. Yan have told the subjects?

Continued on the next slide




Question 2, continued

F. the names of the other subjects in the study

G. what year Dr. Yan received his medical degree

H. the detailed chemical composition of the drug

I. that they have the right to refuse to participate






F. the names of the other subjects in the study

G. what year Dr. Yan received his medical degree

H. the detailed chemical composition of the drug

I. that they have the right to refuse to participate



3. If a drug company found from experimental research that cancer cells form and develop in a different way than described in current theories, how should the scientific community react? What should the scientific community do to evaluate the claims made by the drug company?




3. If a drug company found from experimental research that cancer cells form and develop in a different way than described in current theories, how should the scientific community react? What should the scientific community do to evaluate the claims made by the drug company?

Full-credit answers should include the following points: The scientific community should question current theories about the way cancer cells are formed and develop. Theories may need to be modified because of the new information. Other scientists should repeat the experiments to verify the results. If the results can be replicated, then scientists can be more confident that the results are accurate and reliable.




4. Susan is testing how seaweed fertilizer and fish emulsion fertilizer affect the growth of bean plants. She put three bean plants in a sunny window and waters one with plain water, one with water containing seaweed fertilizer, and one with water containing fish emulsion fertilizer. Every three days she checks the growth of the bean plants. She measures plant growth by comparing the plants to the length of her thumb. In her journal, Susan records the height of each plant in thumb lengths. What change could Susan have made to improve her experiment? Why would this change make the experiment easier for others to verify?





Full-credit answers should include the following points: Susan should have used a standard unit to measure the height of each plant. The length of Susan’s thumb differs from the length of other people’s thumbs. Therefore, other people doing the experiment will not get the same results as Susan did. If Susan had used a standard unit of measurement, other people could repeat the experiment and could compare their results to Susan’s results more easily.




5. Kena concluded her experiment on the cause of deformities in frogs. She tested the hypothesis that deformities are caused by the length of time that frog eggs are exposed to UV light. Her experimental conditions are shown in the table below. The last column in the table shows the number of deformed frogs she found in each sample.

Standardized Test Preparation

Continued on next slide

Chapter 1



5. Which of the following is the most likely number of deformed frogs Kena would find in Group #4?

A. 15 frogs

B. 30 frogs

C. 47 frogs

D. 60 frogs




6. The diagram below shows the steps of scientific methods. Which step relates to the inquiry process where scientists propose possible answers to questions?

A. Analyze the Results

B. Form a Hypothesis

C. Make Observations

D. Test the Hypothesis




Chapter 1 Section 1 Science and Scientists



Chapter 1 Section 4 Safety in Science

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