chapter resources for differentiated instruction ... · chapter resources for differentiated...

Chapter Resources for Differentiated InstructionReproduction and Development

Title Page Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Level

Get Ready to Read 1 all students

Quick Vocabulary 3 all students

Student Lab Safety Form 5 all students

Launch Lab 8 25 all students

Content Vocabulary ELL 9 26 all students

Lesson Outline ELL 10 27 all students

MiniLab 12 29 all students

Content Practice A 13 30 AL OL BL

Content Practice B 14 31 AL OL BL

Language Arts Support 32 all students

Math Skills 34 all students

School to Home 15 35 all students

Key Concept Builders 16 36 AL OL BL

Enrichment 20 40 all students

Challenge 21 41 AL OL BL

Lesson Quiz A 22 42 AL OL BL

Lesson Quiz B 23 43 AL OL BL

Lab A 44–46 AL OL BL

Lab B 47–49 AL OL BL

Lab C 50 AL OL BL

Chapter Key Concepts Builder 51 AL OL BL

Chapter Test A 52–54 AL OL BL

Chapter Test B 55–57 AL OL BL

Chapter Test C 58–60 AL OL BL

Answers (with Lesson Outlines) T2–T12

AL Approaching Level OL On Level BL Beyond Level ELL English-Language Learner

Teacher evaluation will determine which activities to use or modify to meet any ELL student’s proficiency level.

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Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to reproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such materials be reproduced only for classroom use; be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with the Glencoe Middle School Science program. Any other reproduction, for sale or other use, is expressly prohibited.

Send all inquiries to:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill8787 Orion PlaceColumbus, OH 43240-4027

ISBN: 978-0-07-891465-2MHID: 0-07-891465-5

Printed in the United States of America.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 HES 15 14 13 12 11 10

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Reproduction and Development iii

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iii

To The Teacher This book contains reproducible pages that support the Student Edition. Descriptions and frequencies of these resources are listed in the table that follows.

Title Frequency Overview Appropriate For

Get Ready to Read: What do

you think?

1/Chapter

Using the Get Ready to Read anticipation guide in the Student Edition? This page matches the anticipation guide in the Student Edition. Students can complete this at the beginning of a chapter and check their responses at the end.

all students

Quick Vocabulary

1/Chapter

Need some options to preteach vocabulary and help students with vocabulary development ? By folding the Quick Vocabulary sheet in half, students will have an easy reference tool. Lesson vocabulary, along with academic vocabulary, review vocabulary, or multiple-meaning words, are listed and defined. Students can add other words that they need to remember as well.

all students

Student Lab Safety Form

1/Chapter

Need a standard lab safety form? Each FastFile includes this form that students can complete prior to each lab. Students indicate that they understand all aspects of the lab. There is a place for the student and you to sign it.

all students

Launch Lab 1/Lesson

Want a lab recording page for Student Edition Launch Labs ? Each recording page matches the Student Edition Launch Labs, so students do not need to use their textbooks in the lab.

all students

Content Vocabulary*

1/Lesson

Want to help students who need more vocabulary practice? Content Vocabulary pages provide review and reinforcement activities. Use these pages to help students master content terms.

all students

Lesson Outline*

1/Lesson

Want an outline of the chapter for a substitute teacher, for absent students, or for students to use for review ? Lesson outlines follow the head and subhead structure of the Lesson, emphasizing the major content objectives. They can be used in many ways. In addition to those listed above, they can help you organize teaching notes and accompany student reading.

all students

MiniLab 1/Lesson

Want a lab recording page for Student Edition MiniLabs ? This recording page matches the Student Edition MiniLab, so students do not need to use their textbooks in the lab.

all students

AL Approaching Level OL On Level BL Beyond Level * ELL English-Language Learner


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iv Reproduction and Development

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Content Practice

(Leveled)1/Lesson

Need more options for content review? Content Practice A is designed to help students who have difficulties learning and understanding the vocabulary and Key Concepts of each lesson:

• Form A—helps struggling students grasp lesson content

• Form B—provides on-level and beyond-level reinforcement of lesson content

AL AL AL

AL OL BL

Language Arts

Support1/Chapter

Looking for a way to help students build reading and writing skills in science? Language Arts Support pages provide practice using vocabulary, language structure clues, and writing skills with science content.

all students

Math Skills 1/ChapterWant help for students who need to practice math skills ? This page provides additional practice of the Math Skill in the Student Edition.

all students

School to Home

1/Lesson

Looking for a way to help students with the content ? The School to Home page provides support for a home-learning partner to help a student better understand the Big Idea of a chapter.

all students

Key Concept Builders

4/Lesson

Have students who need more practice with Key Concepts ? Key Concept Builders present the content in a context different from the Student Edition. These pages can be used whenever a student is struggling with any of the lesson’s Key Concepts.

AL AL AL

Enrichment 1/Lesson

Looking for ways to help students to broaden their understanding of lesson concepts ? Use Enrichment pages to further explore information and Key Concepts introduced in a lesson.

all students

Challenge 1/Lesson

Want to motivate the independent learner ? The Challenge activity extends information in the Student Edition and challenges a student’s abilities. The activity can be completed in class or at home.

AL AL BL

Lesson Quiz

(Leveled)1/Lesson

Need options to evaluate students after each lesson? These quizzes are developed around the Key Concepts of a lesson:

• Quiz A—provides more guided questions

• Quiz B—provides more short-answer and completion questions

AL

AL OL BL



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Reproduction and Development v

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Lab (Leveled)

1/Chapter

Want leveled lab recording pages for the Lab in the Student Edition? These pages provide leveled versions of the Student Edition Lab. Write-on lines are included for answers. Tables/charts/graphs are often included for recording observations, or space is provided for creating tables/charts/graphs:

• Version A—This version follows the student edition lab but each step of the procedure is broken down sentence by sentence. Included are check-off boxes that provide easier processing for struggling learners.

• Version B—This version is the student edition lab.

• Version C—This version is designed to be a challenge for independent learners. Students must complete version B before doing version C.

AL AL AL

AL OL BL

AL AL BL

Chapter Key Concepts

Builder1/Chapter

Have students who need more practice with Key Concepts related to the Big Idea? This practice page is designed to reinforce chapter content for struggling students before they take the chapter test.

AL AL AL

Chapter Test

(Leveled)1/Chapter

Need options to assess each student according to his or her abilities ? These leveled chapter tests accommodate all students:

• Version A—provides students with more guided questions

• Version B—more short-answer and completion questions

• Version C—challenges students with more difficult and open-ended questions

AL AL AL

AL OL AL

AL AL BL

Teacher Pages

Want all the answers in one place? These pages contain the answers for all the practice pages.



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Reproduction and Development 1

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Name Date Class

Reproduction and Development What do you think?Before you read, decide if you agree or disagree with each of these statements. On the line before each statement, place an A if you agree or a D if you disagree. As you read this chapter, see if you change your mind about any of the statements.

Before You Read Statements After You

Read

1. Reproduction ensures that a species survives.

2. The male reproductive system has internal and external parts.

3. The menstrual cycle occurs in males and females.

4. Eggs are fertilized in the ovary.

5. Lead is a nutrient that helps a fetus develop.

6. Puberty occurs during adolescence.

What have you learned?After you read each lesson, return to this worksheet to see if you have changed your mind about any of the statements related to that lesson. Place a C after each statement that is correct or an I for those that are incorrect.

Get Ready to Read

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Name Date Class

Quick Vocabulary

Lesson 1

egg female reproductive cell

fertilization joining of an egg and a sperm

menstrual cycle prepares the ovaries and uterus for new offspring

ovary organ in females where oocytes are stored and reach maturity

ovulation process in which an egg is released from the ovary

penis tubelike structure that delivers sperm to the female reproductive system

semen mixture of sperm and other fluids

sperm male reproductive cells

structure cells and tissues arranged in a definite pattern

testis one of the two male reproductive organs that produce sperm

vagina part of the female reproductive system that connects the uterus to the outside of the body

Lesson 2

affect to influence or alter an outcome

cervix small structure between the uterus and the vagina

embryo term used to name a zygote—from the time it attaches to the uterus until the end of the eighth week of pregnancy

fetus term used to name a developing embryo––from the time between nine weeks and birth

meiosis process in which one diploid cell divides to form four haploid cells

placenta organ formed from the outer cells of the zygote and cells from the uterus

pregnancy period of development from fertilized egg to birth

puberty process in which the reproductive system matures; occurs during adolescence

umbilical cord ropelike structure that is formed from outer zygote cells and that attaches the developing offspring to the placenta

zygote fertilized egg

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Student Lab/Activity Safety Form

Student Name: Date:

Lab/Activity Title:

• Carefully read the entire lab and answer the following questions.

• Return this completed and signed safety form to your teacher to initial before you begin the lab/activity.

1. Describe what you will be doing during this lab/activity. Ask your teacher any questions you might have regarding the lab/activity.

2. Will you be working alone, with a partner, or with a group? (Circle one.)

3. What safety precautions should you take while doing this lab/activity?

4. Write any steps in the procedure, additional safety concerns, or lab safety symbols that you do not understand.

Student Signature

Date of Approval

Teacher Approval Initials

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Lesson 1 | The Reproductive System

Student Labs and Activities Page Appropriate For:

Launch Lab 8 all students

Content Vocabulary ELL 9 all students

Lesson Outline ELL 10 all students

MiniLab 12 all students

Content Practice A 13 AL AL AL

Content Practice B 14 AL OL BL

School to Home 15 all students

Key Concept Builders 16 AL AL AL

Enrichment 20 all students

Challenge 21 AL AL BL

Assessment

Lesson Quiz A 22 AL AL AL

Lesson Quiz B 23 AL OL BL

Teacher Support

Answers (with Lesson Outlines) T2



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8 Reproduction and Development

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Name Date Class

Launch Lab LESSON 1: 15 minutes

How do male and female gametes compare? At some point in their lives, except in rare instances, humans will all make sex cells, or gametes. Males produce sperm, and females produce eggs. When a sperm cell and an egg cell unite, fertilization occurs.

Procedure 1. Read and complete a lab safety form.

2. Obtain a microscope and prepared slides of sperm cells and egg cells.Carefully handle the microscope according to your teacher’s instructions.

Data and Observations

Think About This 1. Compare and contrast the appearance of an egg cell and the appearance of a sperm cell.

2. Key Concept Why do you think there is a difference in the appearance of the male and female reproductive cells?

3. Observe the slides under the magnification power specified by your teacher.

4. Sketch a sperm cell and an egg cell in the Data and Observations section below.

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Name Date Class

Content Vocabulary

The Reproductive SystemDirections: Use the clues and the terms listed below to complete the puzzle. NOTE: There is no empty square in the puzzle between the words of two-word terms .

egg fertilization menstrual cycle ovary ovulation

penis semen sperm structure testis vagina

Across 3. mixture of sperm and other fluids

4. cells and tissues arranged in a definite pattern

7. male reproductive organ that produces sperm

8. prepares the uterus for an offspring

10. structure that connects the uterus to the outside of the body

11. structure that delivers sperm to the female reproductive system

Clues

LESSON 1

Down 1. joining of an egg and sperm

2. female reproductive organ where eggs are stored and reach maturity

5. male reproductive cells

6. release of an egg from an ovary

9. female reproductive cell

10

9

7

8

5

6

4

3

1 2

11



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The Reproductive SystemA. Functions of the Reproductive System

1. The is a group of tissues and organs that enables the male and female reproductive cells to join and form new offspring.

2. Human males make reproductive cells called . Human

females make reproductive cells called .

3. During , a sperm joins with an egg. After they are

joined, part of the reproductive system nourishes the developing offspring.

B. The Male Reproductive System

1. The main function of the male reproductive system is to produce and transport

to the female reproductive system.

2. The are the male reproductive organs that produce sperm.

3. The two testes are inside an external saclike structure called

the .

4. As sperm move through the male reproductive system, they mix with fluids

produced by . This mixture of sperm and fluids is

called .

5. The is a tubelike structure that delivers sperm to the female reproductive system.

6. A mature sperm cell has three main parts—a head, a(n) , and a tail.

7. A sperm’s head contains and substances that help the sperm join with an egg.

C. The Female Reproductive System

1. The female reproductive system produces immature egg cells

called .

2. The is the organ where oocytes are stored and mature.

3. A mature oocyte is called an egg, or .

Lesson Outline LESSON 1



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Lesson Outline continued

4. About once each , an ovary releases an egg. It travels to

the .

5. The connects the uterus to the outside of the body.

6. The vagina is called the canal because babies leave their mother’s body through this structure.

7. The provides a nourishing environment for the offspring’s development.

8. Eggs contain and nourishment.

a. A female usually releases egg at a time.

b. An egg is produced only when the is prepared to nourish an offspring.

9. To prepare for new offspring, the ovaries and uterus go through changes called

the .

a. During phase 1, or , tissue, fluid, and blood cells pass from the uterus through the vagina and leave the body.

b. Near the end of phase 2, hormones cause the egg to leave the ovary

during .

c. During phase 3, if the egg encounters a sperm, it will join with the sperm

during .

10. During , the reproductive system stops releasing eggs, and the menstrual cycle stops.

D. The Reproductive System and Homeostasis

1. The does not play a part in homeostasis.

2. The reproductive system and the system work together and control when the sperm and eggs mature.



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MiniLab LESSON 1: 25 minutes

What occurs in menstrual cycle phases?Because the function of the reproductive system is to produce a new human, an ovary releases an egg only when the uterus is prepared to nourish it.

Procedure 1. Divide a sheet of paper into three

columns. Label the three columns Phase 1, Phase 2, and Phase 3.

2. Begin the activity at the lab station assigned by your teacher. Read the description of one phase of the menstrual cycle at that lab station.

Analyze and Conclude 1. Summarize what happens in the first, second, and third phases of the menstrual

cycle.

2. Compare and contrast what happens in the menstrual cycle when the egg is fertilized versus when the egg is not fertilized.

3. Key Concept How do the parts of the female reproductive system work together so a baby can develop?

3. Decide whether the description is a part of the first, second, or third phase of the menstrual cycle. Use your textbook and your lesson Foldable if necessary to help you.

4. Write the lab station information in the appropriate column on your paper.



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Name Date Class

The Reproductive SystemDirections: Label these diagrams by writing the letter of the correct term from the word bank on each line. Some terms may be used more than once.

Content Practice A

2.

1. 3.

7.

4.

5.

6.

8.

9.

12.

13.

11.

10.

A. cervix

B. fallopian tubes

C. glands

D. ovary

E. penis

F. scrotum

LESSON 1

G. testis

H. tube

I. urethra

J. urinary bladder

K. uterus

L. vagina



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The Reproductive SystemDirections: Use the clues and the terms listed below to complete the puzzle.

eggs endometrium midpiece oocytes ovary

oviduct ovulation semen sperm uterus

Content Practice B

Clues Across 1. immature eggs

4. where an offspring develops

6. organ where oocytes are stored

8. center section of sperm

9. the tissue lining the uterus

3

1

4 5

2

6 7

9

8

LESSON 1

Down 2. the release of an egg from an ovary


5. mixture of sperm and fluids

7. what an egg is released into

9. female reproductive cells



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Name Date Class

The Reproductive SystemDirections: Use your textbook to complete each table.

Male Reproductive System

Structure Function

Scrotum 1.

Testis 2.

Penis 3.

Female Reproductive System

Structure Function

Ovary 4.

Fallopian tubes 5.

Uterus 6.

Vagina 7.

School to Home LESSON 1

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The Reproductive SystemKey Concept What does the reproductive system do?

Directions: Complete these paragraphs by choosing terms from the word bank and writing them in the correct spaces. Each term is used only once.

eggs external fertilization internal menstruation oocytes

organs ovaries ovulation penis produce

sperm testes transport uterus vagina

The human reproductive system is made of a group of tissues and

(1.) in males and females. Male reproductive cells called

(2.) and female reproductive cells called

(3.) join in a process called (4.) .

The main purpose of the male reproductive system is to (5.)

and (6.) sperm to the female reproductive system.

The male reproductive system has several parts for this purpose, including the

(7.) where sperm is produced, glands that produce

fluids that help move the semen along, and a(n) (8.) for

delivering the sperm. Sperm enters the female reproductive system through

the (9.) .

Although the male reproductive system has internal and (10.)

parts, all the parts of the female reproductive system are (11.) .

Females produce eggs, or (12.) , which are stored and mature in

special organs called (13.) . Once each month, usually one egg

is released from an ovary. This is called (14.) . The egg travels

through the fallopian tube to the (15.) . If a sperm has joined

with the egg, it remains in the uterus where it is nourished. If fertilization has not occurred,

(16.) occurs.

Key Concept Builder LESSON 1

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Name Date Class

The Reproductive SystemKey Concept How do the parts of the male reproductive system work together?

Directions: On the line before each description, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Each term is used only once.

Key Concept Builder

1. organs where sperm are produced

2. an external saclike structure that hold the testes

3. contain nutrients that provide sperm with energy

4. release energy that enables movement of a sperm’s tail

5. tubelike structure that delivers sperm to the female reproductive system

6. produce fluids that become semen


8. part of sperm that contains DNA

9. part of sperm that contains mitochondria

10. long, slender part of sperm that whips back and forth

A. glands

B. head

C. midpiece

D. mitochondria

E. penis

F. scrotum

G. semen

H. sperm

I. tail

J. testes

LESSON 1



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Name Date Class

The Reproductive SystemKey Concept How do the parts of the female reproductive system work together?

Directions: On the line before each statement, write T if the statement is true or F if the statement is false.

1. The menstrual cycle refers to changes in the ovaries and uterus.

2. Oocytes are stored, but do not mature, in the ovaries.

3. A matured oocyte is called an ovum.

4. Another term for the vagina is the fallopian tube.

5. After the ovary releases an egg, it is moved by cilia through the fallopian tube.

6. An egg is about 2,000 times smaller than a sperm.

7. An egg contains nourishing substances, but not DNA.

8. Normally, more than one egg is released at a time.

9. Follicle cells release hormones that help oocytes mature.

10. Each menstrual cycle is about 40 days long.

11. Ovulation occurs during Phase 3 of the menstrual cycle.

12. Menstruation usually lasts about five days.




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Name Date Class

LESSON 1Key Concept Builder

The Reproductive SystemKey Concept How does the reproductive system interact with other body systems?

Directions: Answer each question in the space provided.

Male Reproductive System Female Reproductive System

1. What is the main function of the male reproductive system?

2. What role does temperature play in sperm development?

3. How does placement of the scrotum assist sperm development?

4. What are the three parts of sperm?

5. What function does the whipping motion of sperm play?

6. Where does sperm enter the female reproductive system?

7. What is similar between an egg and a sperm?

8. How often is an egg released from an ovary?

9. What happens during Phase 1 of the menstrual cycle?



Homeostasis

12. What is the function of the reproductive system?

13. What regulates the male and female reproductive systems?

14. Which other body system does the reproductive system work with to control when sperm and eggs mature?



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When you hear the word steroids, you probably think of drugs taken by athletes to improve their muscle tone or athletic performance. Those kinds of steroids are synthetic drugs that can increase muscle mass. But steroids are also hormones made by the body. These kinds drive the development of the reproductive system.

Sex HormonesEstrogen and progesterone are female

sex hormones that help produce and maintain female sexual traits. They also regulate the menstrual cycle. Testosterone is a male sex hormone that helps produce and maintain male sexual traits. It also helps produce sperm.

These sex hormones are steroids, fat-soluble organic compounds derived from cholesterol. They cause adolescents to experience physical changes during puberty, such as the growth of hair under the arms and in the pubic area. But when these hormones are manufactured and taken as supplements, they can severely disrupt a person’s physical and emotional health.

Synthetic SteroidsSynthetic steroids are sometimes

prescribed for medical conditions such as delayed puberty or the loss of muscle mass associated with diseases such as AIDS.

Steroids

LESSON 1Enrichment

Applying Critical-Thinking SkillsDirections: Answer each question.

1. Infer In terms of physical effects, why does the abuse of synthetic steroids primarily affect the reproductive system?

2. Evaluate Given their potential for abuse, should synthetic steroids be banned? Why or why not?

However, synthetic steroids have been abused by people in their efforts to look more muscular or to increase athletic performance. Studies indicate that abuse of steroids can lead to emotional problems such as extreme mood swings, violence, paranoid jealousy, extreme irritability, delusions, and impaired judgment.

The physical effects of steroid abuse are just as devastating. Males can develop breasts, become bald, produce less sperm, and experience shrinking of the testicles. Females can grow facial hair, become bald, and stop menstruating. Severe steroid abuse can cause heart attacks or liver damage.

Treatment and PreventionAbrupt withdrawal from steroids can

cause depression and suicidal tendencies. Thus doctors try to wean addicts from steroids over a period of time. Medications are often given to help restore the balance of the reproductive system.

In 2000, the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) launched an educational program warning students of the dangers of steroid abuse. According to the NIDA, use of steroids among students dropped significantly in 2001 and has remained steady at about 2 percent over the past several years.

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Create a Time LineA menstrual cycle is about 28 days long and is divided into three phases. In the space

below, make a time line plotting the events that occur during each phase of the menstrual cycle. Your time line should include the following events in the proper order:

• The tissue lining the uterus thickens.

• Tissue, fluid, and blood cells pass from the uterus through the vagina.

• Fertilization can occur if the egg encounters a sperm.

• The egg moves to the uterus.

• Several oocytes begin to mature.

• The egg is released from the ovary.

LESSON 1Challenge



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The Reproductive SystemMultiple Choice Directions: On the line before each question, write the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which function applies to the reproductive system? A. ensure species survival B. provide the body with energy C. produce DNA in chromosomes

2. What is the menstrual cycle? A. the stages of human development B. the periodic formation of sperm for reproduction C. changes in the uterus and ovaries to prepare for offspring

MatchingDirections: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Each term is used only once.

Lesson Quiz A LESSON 1

3. male reproductive cell

4. female reproductive cell

5. makes sperm cells

6. delivers sperm to the female reproductive system

7. stores immature eggs

8. connects the uterus to the outside of the body

9. the tissue lining the uterus

10. mixture of sperm and fluids

A. egg

B. ovary

C. penis

D. sperm

E. testis

F. vagina

G. semen

H. endometrium

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The Reproductive SystemCompletionDirections: On each line, write the term that correctly completes each sentence.

1. Male reproductive cells are .

2. Female reproductive cells are .

3. The produce sperm.

4. The delivers sperm to the female reproductive system.

5. Oocytes are stored and mature in the .

6. The connects the uterus to the outside of the body.

7. The tissue lining the uterus is the .

8. is a mixture of sperm and fluids.

Short Answer Directions: Respond to each statement on the lines provided.

9. Explain the purpose of the reproductive system.

10. Relate the way the menstrual cycle aids reproduction.

Lesson Quiz B LESSON 1



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Lesson 2 | Human Growth and Development

Student Labs and Activities Page Appropriate For:

Launch Lab 25 all students

Content Vocabulary ELL 26 all students

Lesson Outline ELL 27 all students

MiniLab 29 all students

Content Practice A 30 AL AL AL

Content Practice B 31 AL OL BL

Language Arts Support 32 all students

Math Skills 34 all students

School to Home 35 all students

Key Concept Builders 36 AL AL AL

Enrichment 40 all students

Challenge 41 AL AL BL

Lab A 44 AL AL AL

Lab B 47 AL OL BL

Lab C 50 AL AL BL

Chapter Key Concepts Builder 51 AL AL AL

Assessment

Lesson Quiz A 42 AL AL AL

Lesson Quiz B 43 AL OL BL

Chapter Test A 52 AL AL AL

Chapter Test B 55 AL OL AL

Chapter Test C 58 AL AL BL

Teacher Support

Answers (with Lesson Outlines) T4



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How does a fetus develop in the uterus?Just as humans have several stages of development after birth, scientists have given names to the developmental stages from fertilization to birth.

Procedure

Launch Lab LESSON 2: 15 minutes

1. Observe the copy of a sonogram provided by your teacher.

Think About This 1. What were the most difficult structures to identify? Why?

2. What questions do you have about fetal development?

3. Key Concept How do you think the stages of development after birth compare to the stages of development before birth?

2. Match the numbered structures on the sonogram to the list of body parts that your teacher has given you. Record your answers in your Science Journal.



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Human Growth and DevelopmentDirections: Answer each question or respond to each statement on the lines provided. You must include at least one term below in each answer or response.

affect cervix embryo fetus meiosis

placenta pregnancy puberty umbilical cord zygote

1. Identify the type of cells produced through meiosis.

2. What is the relationship among the terms embryo, fetus, and zygote?

3. What are the functions of the placenta and the umbilical cord?

4. How long does human pregnancy last?

5. What are two examples of factors that can negatively affect a fetus’s growth and development?

6. What happens to the cervix during labor?

7. What are two examples of body changes that occur during puberty?

Content Vocabulary LESSON 2



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Human Growth and DevelopmentA. Stages of Development

1. People go through stages of development after birth—infancy, childhood,

adolescence, and .

2. The time before birth is divided into stages beginning

with .

B. Fertilization

1. When the nucleus of the sperm joins with the nucleus of the egg,

is complete.

2. A fertilized egg is called a(n) .

3. As it moves toward the uterus, the zygote undergoes and cell division, developing into a ball of cells.

4. twins develop when the inner cell mass of a zygote divides in two.

5. When two eggs are released and fertilized—each by a different sperm—the result is

twins.

C. Development Before Birth

1. is the period of development from fertilized egg to birth.

2. After the zygote attaches to the uterus, the outer cells of the zygote and cells from

the uterus form an organ called the .

3. The placenta exchanges materials between the and the mother.

4. The outer zygote cells form a ropelike structure called the

that attaches the developing offspring to the placenta.

5. From the time a zygote attaches to the uterus until the end of the eighth week of

pregnancy, it is called a(n) .

6. Between nine weeks and birth, the embryo is a(n) .

7. A fetus receives all from its mother.

8. Other factors in a pregnant woman’s , such as smoke or chemicals, can also affect a fetus’s growth and development.

Lesson Outline LESSON 2



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D. Birth

1. A fetus leaves the mother’s body and enters the world through a process

called .

2. begins when hormones released by the endocrine system cause muscles in the uterus to contract.

3. During labor, a small structure between the uterus and the vagina, called the

, opens to allow the fetus to emerge.

4. After the fetus is delivered, the breaks away from the uterus and exits the woman’s body.

5. Sometimes doctors deliver a fetus by a surgical process called a(n)

, or C-section.

E. Infancy

1. The first two years of a newborn’s life are called .

2. During infancy, the brain continues to develop, teeth form, and

grow and get harder.

F. Childhood

1. The period between infancy and sexual maturity is .

2. During childhood, the continues to grow and develop, and the child grows taller.

G. Adolescence

1. Following childhood is a period of growth called .

2. Males and females grow taller as muscles and continue to grow.

3. The reproductive system matures in a process called .

H. Adulthood and Aging

1. At the end of adolescence, a person enters , which continues through old age.

2. is the process of changes in the body over time.



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How do life stages after birth differ?People go through several stages of development after birth—infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. These stages are based on major developments that take place during those years.

Procedure

MiniLab LESSON 2: 25 minutes

1. Read the information on the small construction-paper shape given to you by your teacher.

2. Discuss with other students in your group when exactly in a person’s lifetime the event on your paper occurs.

Analyze and Conclude 1. Where do the most events fall on the Human Life Continuum? Explain why this is so.

2. Where do the fewest events fall on the Human Life Continuum? Explain why this is so.

3. Key Concept Summarize how the life stages after birth differ from one another.

Decide where the paper should be placed on the “Human Life Continuum.”

3. When your teacher calls upon your group, place the paper in the appropriate spot on the Human Life Continuum.



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Human Growth and DevelopmentDirections: On each line, write the term from the word bank that correctly completes each sentence. Each term is used only once.

adolescence adulthood aging birth childhood

embryo fertilization fetus infancy zygote formation

Content Practice A LESSON 2

10. : when hair turns gray and vision and hearing decline

3. : the time from fertilization to eight weeks when the zygote attaches to the uterus

9. : when adolescence ends and growing taller stops

4. : the time from nine weeks to birth when all organ systems begin to function

5. : when the baby leaves the mother’s body

6. : when the baby learns to sit up, stand, walk, and talk

2. : when a fertilized egg undergoes mitosis and cell division

7. : the time between infancy and sexual maturity when the brain continues to grow and muscle strength increases

8. : when the reproductive system matures and boys and girls develop pubic and underarm hair

1. : when the nucleus of the sperm joins with the nucleus of the egg



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Human Growth and DevelopmentDirections: Answer each question or respond to each statement on the lines provided. Use complete sentences.

1. What does the phrase development before birth refer to?

2. What is the birthing process? Explain the process in the proper sequence.

3. What are the four main stages in life after birth? Give a milestone of each.

Content Practice B LESSON 2



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Readers’ Theater

CHARACTERS: Dr. Chin, Nurse Robins, Mr. Alvarez, Mrs. AlvarezSETTING: A meeting with an obstetrician, a nurse, and a couple who have just learned that they are going to have a baby. At the meeting, the doctor explains fetal development and the importance of good care before birth.

Nurse Robins: Congratulations Mr. and Mrs. Alvarez! I know you’re excited about being parents for the first time.

Mrs. Alvarez: We are very excited, and we want to do everything we can to make sure our baby is healthy.

Dr. Chin: I’m glad to hear you say that, Mrs. Alvarez. Everything that happens in a woman’s body during her pregnancy has an effect on the developing baby.

Mr. Alvarez: I have to confess that I don’t know very much about how the baby is developing right now.

Mrs. Alvarez: Neither do I. I think I know how to take care of our baby after she or he is born, but can you tell us more about how the baby develops before birth?

Nurse Robins: Your baby began as a zygote, which is the term we give to the fertilized egg. The cells of the zygote begin to divide as early as 24 hours after fertilization.

Dr. Chin: About a week later, the zygote develops into a larger group of cells called the embryo. In about two weeks, this embryo arranges itself into three layers from which the different body structures form.

Mr. Alvarez: So much happens in just two weeks! And pregnancy can last about 38 to 40 weeks! It seems like such a long time.

Nurse Robins: It’s helpful if you think of the time divided into trimesters, or three stages of approximately three months each.

Mrs. Alvarez: A friend of mine said that by the end of the first three months, my baby will already have a heartbeat and will be able to move his or her arms and legs.

Dr. Chin: That’s correct, and sometime during the second three months, or second trimester, you’ll begin to feel the baby move within you. At this stage, we call the baby a fetus.

Mr. Alvarez: That’s a term I’ve heard before. Is it true that during the last trimester the fetus will almost triple in size?

Language Arts Support LESSON 2

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Readers’ Theater continued

Nurse Robins: That’s correct. Although, when babies are born before their development is complete, they will have low birth weight and lungs that are not fully developed. But with proper care in the hospital, most babies do well.

Dr. Chin: As the fetus develops inside you, Mrs. Alvarez, oxygen and nutrients from you will pass through a disk-shaped organ called the placenta.

Mr. Alvarez: Doesn’t the umbilical cord carry the nutrients and oxygen from the placenta to the fetus?

Dr. Chin: Yes, it does. Carbon dioxide and wastes also go from the fetus to the placenta through the cord. When the baby is born, the umbilical cord is cut because the baby will get nutrients and oxygen outside the mother’s body.

Mrs. Alvarez: So basically everything that I do will have an effect on my baby. All the energy and nutrients he or she needs to form bones, skin, and organs will come from me.

Nurse Robins: It is important that you eat healthy foods and get plenty of folic acid and other vitamins. You also need to avoid alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drugs. These can endanger the baby.

Mrs. Alvarez: I realize that I need to eat nutritious food, but what does folic acid do?

Dr. Chin: Folic acid helps the spinal cord develop normally. There are also substances in your home that you need to avoid. Don’t use pesticides or spray insect repellant directly on your skin.

Mr. Alvarez: And I know that we have to avoid lead-based paints.

Mrs. Alvarez: Our neighbor has young children, so I have to watch out for chicken pox. That’s a virus right?

Nurse Robins: Yes, chicken pox is a virus that all pregnant women need to avoid. It can also have a serious effect on the fetus.

Mr. Alvarez: This has been very informative. Thank you for talking to us about our baby’s development.

Dr. Chin: It’s been a pleasure. I’m sure you will do all that you can to make sure your baby is healthy.

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Math Skills LESSON 2

Use PercentagesA percentage compares a partial amount to a whole amount. A whole amount is equal to 100%. To calculate percentage, change a ratio to a decimal, multiply by 100, and then add a percent sign. For example, 1 __ 4 is equal to 0.25 and to 25%.

In 2005, the average life expectancy in the United States was 77.8 years. If infancy lasts for 2 years, what percentage of the average life span is infancy?

Step 1 Identify the ratio and write it as a fraction. The numerator of the ratio shows the partial amount and the denominator shows the whole amount.

2 ____ 77.8

Step 2 Divide to change the ratio to a decimal. 2 ____ 77.8 = 0.026

Step 3 Multiply by 100 and add the percent sign.0.026 × 100 = 2.6%

Infancy represents 2.6% of the average life span for 2005 in the United States.

Practice 1. In 2004, 42 out of 1,000 women

aged 15 to 17 were pregnant. What percentage of women aged 15–17 was pregnant in 2004?

2. In 2004, 135 out of 1,000 women aged 30 to 34 were pregnant. What percentage of women aged 30–34 was pregnant in 2004?

3. In 1910, 40 people out of 100,000 lived to age 100 in the United States. In 1910, what percentage of people lived to age 100?

4. In 1960, 183 people out of 100,000 lived to age 100 in the United States. In 1960, what percentage of people lived to age 100?

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School to Home LESSON 2

Human Growth and DevelopmentDirections: Use your textbook to answer each question or respond to each statement.

1. The zygote is the first stage in the development of a human offspring.

How does a zygote form?

2. The umbilical cord attaches the developing offspring to the placenta.

What is the function of the umbilical cord?

3. An embryo is the developing offspring from the time the zygote attaches to the uterus to the eighth week of pregnancy. From nine weeks until birth, the offspring is a fetus.

What is the difference between the development of an embryo and the development of a fetus?

4. Aging is the process of change that occurs in the body over time.

What are the stages of human development that occur after birth as the body ages? Give an example of a change in the body that occurs at each stage.

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Human Growth and Development Key Concept What happens during fertilization of a human egg?

Directions: Answer each question on the lines provided.

1. Where does fertilization occur?

2. What happens to the cell membrane of an egg after a sperm enters the egg?

3. When is fertilization complete?

4. How many chromosomes does a human zygote contain?

5. Why is a human zygote considered to be a diploid cell?

6. What part of the zygote develops into a baby?

7. What happens when a zygote contains two inner cell masses?

8. What results in fraternal twins?

9. What organ forms from the outer cells of the zygote?

10. What is the purpose of the placenta?

11. What attaches the developing offspring to the placenta?




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Human Growth and Development Key Concept What are the major stages in the development of an embryo and a fetus?

Directions: Respond to each statement in the space provided.

Embryo: the First Eight Weeks

1. List five changes that occur as the embryo grows and develops.

•

•

•

•

•

Health During Pregnancy

3. List four factors that affect the development of a fetus.

•

•

•

•

4. Identify which nutrients are needed for the development of bones and the nervous system.

5. Explain what can result when a pregnant woman is exposed to smoke, chemicals, and metals such as lead and mercury.

Fetus: Nine Weeks to Birth

2. List five changes that occur as the fetus grows and develops.

•

•

•

•

•




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Human Growth and Development Key Concept What are the major stages in the development of an embryo and a fetus?

Directions: Answer each question on the lines provided.

1. What controls the menstrual cycle and the birthing process?

2. What is the cervix?

3. When does pregnancy begin and end?

4. Number the statements from 1 to 9 to show the correct order in the birthing process.

a. The cervix opens wider to enable the fetus to leave the body.

b. The placenta breaks away.

c. Contractions in the uterus push the baby into the birth canal.

d. The baby is pushed from the body.

e. Hormone changes cause the uterus to contract.

f. The placenta exits the woman’s body.

g. The cervix begins to open.

h. The head of the baby is pushed toward the cervix.

i. Muscles in the uterus contract faster and stronger.




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Human Growth and Development Key Concept How do the life stages differ after birth?

Directions: Complete this chart by writing the developmental changes that occur during each stage of life.

Infancy

1.

Childhood

2.

Adolescence

3.

Adulthood and Aging

4.



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LESSON 2

The United States is one of the richest countries in the world. But when it comes to life expectancy, the United States ranks 46th in the world. A person born in 2008 in the United States can expect to live 78.14 years.

Macao, an island in the South China Sea, has the longest life expectancy. People there have a life expectancy of 84.33 years. The residents of Macao have a high standard of living. Its government has invested a lot of money in health care.

Long-Life ConditionsThe countries with the longest life

expectancies share certain characteristics. For example, Andorra is a small country located between France and Spain in the Pyrenees mountains. It gets much of its revenue through tourism. The residents of Andorra also have a high standard of living, making an average of about $38,800 per year. They have access to health care, clean water, and sanitation systems. The unemployment rate is near zero.

Short-Life Conditions Swaziland, an African country, has the

world’s lowest life expectancy: 32 years. Its residents have an average income of about $5,300 per year, and nearly 70 percent live in poverty. Fewer than half of rural residents in Swaziland have access to clean

Who lives longest?

Enrichment

Applying Critical-Thinking SkillsDirections: Respond to each statement.

1. Summarize the conditions that contribute to a long life.

2. Plan Think about the different problems that affect countries that have a low life expectancy. Propose a program to help ease one of these problems. Describe details of your program, such as how it would be funded and why it would impact life expectancy.

water. Swaziland differs from Andorra: It has been greatly affected by AIDS, a disease that attacks the immune system. An estimated 38 percent of adults in Swaziland have been diagnosed with AIDS or HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.

Highest Life Expectancies (Years)

84 Macao

82 Andorra, Japan

81 Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, San Marino, Singapore

80 France, Israel, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland

79 Greece, Monaco, Norway, Spain

78 Bosnia, Finland, Puerto Rico, United Kingdom, United States

Lowest Life Expectancies (Years)

32 Swaziland

38 Angola, Zambia

40 Lesotho, Sierra Leone

41 Liberia, Mozambique

43 Djibouti, Malawi

44 Afghanistan, Central African Republic, Niger, Zimbabwe

Other Factors Diet, exercise, healthy habits, and genes

help determine life expectancy. However, even the best genes cannot overcome certain social and environmental factors. A society that helps ease poverty and other social ills leads to longer, healthier lives.



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LESSON 2

Multiple BirthsAn egg and sperm join together to form a fertilized egg, or zygote. A zygote undergoes

mitosis and cell division, developing into a ball of cells with a group of cells on the inside. This group of cells, called the inner cell mass, can develop into one or more fetuses.

Create a FlowchartIn the space below, use boxes, arrows, and labels to create flowcharts showing how eggs

and sperm join into zygotes to form

• identical twins;

• fraternal twins;

• identical triplets;

• fraternal triplets;

• triplets with two identical twins and one fraternal twin.

Challenge



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Human Growth and DevelopmentMultiple Choice Directions: On the line before the question, write the letter of the correct answer.

1. When does puberty normally occur? A. childhood B. adulthood C. adolescence

MatchingDirections: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Each term is used only once.

Lesson Quiz A LESSON 2

Matching Set 1

2. fertilized egg

3. the first eight weeks in the development of a human offspring

4. from nine weeks until birth

5. site of fertilization

Matching Set 2

6. first two years after birth

7. from two years until adolescence

8. time when a person becomes physically able to reproduce

9. time when a person reaches peak physical development

A. embryo

B. fetus

C. fallopian tube

D. zygote

E. adolescence

F. adulthood

G. childhood

H. infancy



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Human Growth and DevelopmentMultiple ChoiceDirections: On the line before the question, write the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which characteristic does NOT occur during puberty in males? A. deepening voice B. increase in muscle mass C. fat gain in buttocks and thighs D. appearance of hair on face and armpits

CompletionDirections: On each line, write the term that correctly completes each sentence.

2. Another name for a fertilized egg is a(n) .

3. From the time it attaches to the uterus until the end of eight weeks, a developing

human offspring is a(n) .

4. From nine weeks until birth, a developing human offspring is

a(n) .

5. The site of fertilization is a(n) .

6. The first two years after birth, a newborn is said to be in the stage

of .

7. From two years old until sexual maturity, a person is in the stage

of .

8. The time when a person becomes physically able to reproduce

is .

9. The time when a person reaches peak physical development

is .

Lesson Quiz B LESSON 2



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Educating Extraterrestrials About Human DevelopmentImagine you are an astronaut whose ship has landed on a faraway planet. Upon stepping out of your spaceship, you meet a friendly mob of aliens. They all look very similar. They are all approximately the same height, their extremities are all the same length, and their body shapes and proportions are all the same. You are surprised to find out that the aliens differ drastically in ages. They are very curious about you and your crew because you don’t look alike. The aliens ask you and your crew to educate them on the human race, specifically how humans develop after birth.

QuestionHow do the bodies of humans change as they develop from infancy to adulthood?

Materialsindex cards

construction paper

small plastic bag of pictures

markers

Procedure 1. Using knowledge about yourself, as well as observations of other humans, make four

sketches of yourself for the aliens to see. Use the boxes for drawing.

Sketch yourself in each of the following stages of development—infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood—noting any obvious physical characteristics of that stage. Be sure to think about physical characteristics of each stage, such as length of the extremities, head size in relation to body size, muscle mass, body shape, and any other physical changes you have observed in each stage of development (e.g., losing teeth, acne, gray hair).

Lab A 45 minutes

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2. Obtain the copies of pictures from your teacher. Place the photographs in the correct chronological order from infancy through childhood and adolescence and into adulthood.

Compare and contrast the physical traits you observe in each of the photos.

Analyze and Conclude 3. Compare and contrast the physical characteristics of an infant and an adult.

4. Compare and contrast the physical characteristics of a child and an adolescent.

Lab A continued



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Lab A continued

5. The Big Idea Explain how human bodies change as we go through the stages of development from infancy to adulthood. Describe the trends seen in body shape, extremity length, muscle mass, body proportions, and any other details you wish to include.

Communicate Your ResultsRecord a newscast or write a newspaper article detailing your expedition. Be sure to include information regarding where you went, who you encountered there, and what you taught them about your species.

Remember to use scientific methods.

Ask a Question

Form a Hypothesis

Test your Hypothesis

Analyze and Conclude

Communicate Results

Make Observations



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Lab B 45 minutes

Educating Extraterrestrials About Human DevelopmentImagine you are an astronaut whose ship has landed on a faraway planet. Upon stepping out of your spaceship, you meet a friendly mob of aliens. They all look very similar. They are all approximately the same height, their extremities are all the same length, and their body shapes and proportions are all the same. You are surprised to find out that the aliens differ drastically in ages. They are very curious about you and your crew because you don’t look alike. The aliens ask you and your crew to educate them on the human race, specifically how humans develop after birth.

QuestionHow do the bodies of humans change as they develop from infancy to adulthood?

Materialsindex cards

construction paper

small plastic bag of pictures

markers

Procedure 1. Using knowledge about yourself, as well as observations of other humans, make four

sketches of yourself for the aliens to see. Use the boxes below for drawing. Sketch yourself in each of the following stages of development—infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood—noting any obvious physical characteristics of that stage. Be sure to think about physical characteristics of each stage, such as length of the extremities, head size in relation to body size, muscle mass, body shape, and any other physical changes you have observed in each stage of development (e.g., losing teeth, acne, gray hair).



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2. Obtain the copies of pictures from your teacher. Place the photographs in the correct chronological order from infancy through childhood and adolescence and into adulthood. Compare and contrast the physical traits you observe in each of the photos.

Analyze and Conclude 3. Compare and contrast the physical characteristics of an infant and an adult.

4. Compare and contrast the physical characteristics of a child and an adolescent.

Lab B continued



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5. The Big Idea Explain how human bodies change as we go through the stages of development from infancy to adulthood. Describe the trends seen in body shape, extremity length, muscle mass, body proportions, and any other details you wish to include.

Communicate Your ResultsRecord a newscast or write a newspaper article detailing your expedition. Be sure to include information regarding where you went, who you encountered there, and what you taught them about your species.

Lab B continued

Think of a question you have regarding a specific stage of development. Design a controlled experiment or an observational study to investigate your question.

Extension

Remember to use scientific methods.

Ask a Question

Form a Hypothesis

Test your Hypothesis

Analyze and Conclude

Communicate Results

Make Observations



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Comparing Family PhotosUse the information and data from the Lab Educating Extraterrestrials About Human Development to perform this lab.

You have made sketches of yourself in each of the main stages of development—infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. You also placed a set of photos in order and compared and contrasted the physical characteristics of people at different stages of development. Design a procedure to collect and compare photographs of different members of your family. Try to get photos of at least four different family members, as well as photos of the same family members at different stages of their lives.

Please note that you must complete Lab B before beginning Lab C. Also, have your teacher approve your design and safety procedures before beginning your experiment.

Lab C



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Chapter Key Concepts Builder

Reproduction and Development End-of-Chapter PracticeDirections: Work with a partner to create a development time line. Here is what you need to do to complete this activity:

• List the main points and length of time for each stage of human development on a separate sheet of paper.

How will you divide time on the time line?

How will you add drawings or other visuals to your time line?

How will you add information on developmental milestones on your time line?

• Create your time line.

Materials you will need: Individual responsibilities: Working schedule:

• Present your time line to your class. Explain how one stage of development transitions to the next stage of development. Be prepared to answer questions from your teacher and classmates.

Your time line should be

• well organized,

• visually interesting,

• accurate and informative.

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Reproduction and DevelopmentMatchingDirections: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Each term is used only once.

Chapter Test A

Matching Set 1

1. process in which tissues, fluid, and blood cells leave the body through the vagina

2. release of an egg by an ovary

3. joining of an egg cell and a sperm cell

4. surgical delivery of a fetus

5. attaching of a zygote to a uterus wall

Matching Set 2

6. place where eggs are fertilized

7. provides nutrients and oxygen from the mother to a developing offspring

8. period of development from a fertilized egg until birth

9. ropelike structure that attaches a developing offspring to the placenta

10. period during which the reproductive system becomes mature

11. mixture of sperm and other fluids

A. cesarean section

B. fertilization

C. implantation

D. menstruation

E. ovulation

F. pregnancy

G. placenta

H. puberty

I. semen

J. umbilical cord

K. fallopian tube

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Multiple ChoiceDirections: On the line before each question, write the letter of the correct answer.

12. Which situation does NOT describe a function of the reproductive system? A. ensures species survival B. regulates the menstrual cycle C. allows sperm and eggs to combine

13. Where does fertilization occur? A. uterus B. vagina C. fallopian tube

Interpreting DiagramsDirections: Use the diagrams to respond to each statement.

Chapter Test A continued

c.b.

a.

f.

Fallopian tubes

d.e.

14. Label the diagram of the male reproductive system by writing the correct term from the word bank on each line. Each term is used only once.

penis scrotum testis

15. Label the diagram of the female reproductive system by writing the correct term from the word bank on each line. Each term is used only once.

ovary uterus vagina



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Short AnswerDirections: Respond to each statement on the lines provided.

16. Describe one way in which the endocrine system works with the female reproductive system.

17. Define menopause and tell when it usually occurs.

18. State the difference between an embryo and a fetus.

Concept ApplicationDirections: Respond to each statement on the lines provided. Use complete sentences.

19. Summarize the four life stages that follow birth.

20. Explain one way that twins can be produced.

Chapter Test A continued



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Chapter Test B

Reproduction and DevelopmentMatchingDirections: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Not all terms are used.

1. process during which tissues, fluid, and blood cells leave the body through the vagina

2. process during which an ovary releases an egg

3. process in which an egg and a sperm join together

4. surgical delivery of a fetus

5. process during which a zygote attaches to the uterine wall

6. organ that provides nutrients and oxygen from the mother to a developing offspring

7. period of development from a fertilized egg until birth

8. ropelike structure that attaches a developing offspring to the placenta

9. period of development in which the reproductive system becomes mature

10. mixture of sperm and other fluids

A. cervix

B. cesarean section

C. fertilization

D. implantation

E. menstruation

F. ovulation

G. pregnancy

H. placenta

I. puberty

J. semen

K. umbilical cord

Multiple ChoiceDirections: On the line before each the question, write the letter of the correct answer.

11. What happens immediately after a sperm enters an egg? A. The egg and sperm divide. B. The sperm’s nucleus is absorbed. C. The egg’s cell membrane changes. D. The sperm travels toward the uterus.



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12. Which procedure is involved in the development of the fetus? A. formation of a zygote B. the start of menstruation C. formation of organ systems D. muscle contractions in the uterus

13. Which process is NOT a part of pregnancy? A. fertilization B. implantation C. menstruation D. zygote formation

Interpreting DiagramsDirections: Use the diagrams to respond to each statement.

d.

a.

b.

c.

Chapter Test B continued

14. Label the diagram of the male reproductive system by writing the correct term from the word bank on each line. Not all terms are used.

glands penis scrotum testis urethra

15. Label the diagram of the female reproductive system by writing the correct term from the word bank on each line. Not all terms are used.

cervix ovary fallopian tubes uterus vagina

e.

f.

g.

h.



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16. State the purpose of the menstrual cycle and tell which body system regulates it.

17. Relate the connection between menopause and hormones.


18. Distinguish between an embryo and a fetus. Give an example of a major change that occurs during each stage of development.

19. Differentiate between the human life stages of childhood and adolescence.

20. Contrast fraternal and identical twins and explain how each is produced.

Chapter Test B continued



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Chapter Test C

Reproduction and DevelopmentMultiple ChoiceDirections: On the line before each question, write the letter of the correct answer.

1. Why does an egg’s cell membrane change after a sperm has entered it? A. to slow down implantation B. to initiate cell division in the egg C. to prevent other sperm from entering D. to ensure that the sperm does not leave

2. Which list shows the correct sequence of development? A. egg→zygote→embryo→fetus B. zygote→egg→embryo→fetus C. egg→embryo→zygote→fetus D. embryo→egg→zygote→fetus

3. Why is it important that fertilization occur before implantation? A. to regulate menstruation B. to prevent zygote formation C. to stop the division of inner cell masses D. to ensure that there is a zygote to develop

CompletionDirections: On each line, write the term that correctly completes each sentence.

4. The process during which tissues, fluid, and blood cells leave the body through

the vagina is called .

5. The process during which hormones cause an ovary to release an egg is

called .

6. The process during which an egg cell and a sperm cell join is

called .

7. The surgical delivery of a fetus from the uterus is a(n) .

8. The process during which a zygote attaches to the thickened endometrium in the

uterus is called .

9. The organ that is formed by cells from the zygote and the uterus and that provides nutrients and oxygen from the mother to a developing offspring is called

the .



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10. The period of development from a fertilized egg until birth is

called .

11. A ropelike structure that attaches a developing offspring to the mother’s uterus is

called the .

12. The period during which the reproductive system matures is

called .

13. The mixture of sperm and other fluids that leaves the body through the penis is

called .

Interpreting DiagramsDirections: Label the diagrams by writing the correct term on each line.

14. Male Reproductive System 15. Female Reproductive System

d.

a.

b.

c.

Chapter Test C continued

e.

h.

f.

g.

i.


16. Break down the menstrual cycle into its three phases and explain how the cycle is regulated.



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17. State what happens when a woman’s body stops producing reproductive hormones.

18. Differentiate between an embryo, a fetus, an infant, and a zygote.


19. Compose a paragraph in which you explain the importance of childhood and adolescence as stages of human development.

20. Evaluate whether a boy and a girl who are twins are identical or fraternal. Explain the process of fertilization that produced the twins.

Chapter Test C continued


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Reproduction and Development T1

Teacher PagesLesson Outlines for Teaching T2

Answers T6

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Lesson Outline for TeachingLesson 1: The Reproductive SystemA. Functions of the Reproductive System

1. The reproductive system is a group of tissues and organs that enables the male and female reproductive cells to join and form new offspring.

2. Human males make reproductive cells called sperm. Human females produce reproductive cells called eggs.

3. During reproduction, a sperm joins with an egg. After they are joined, part of the female reproductive system nourishes the developing offspring.

B. The Male Reproductive System

1. The main function of the male reproductive system is to produce and transport sperm to the female reproductive system.

2. The testes are the male reproductive organs that produce sperm.

3. The two testes are inside an external saclike structure called the scrotum.

4. As sperm move through the male reproductive system, they mix with fluids produced by glands. This mixture of sperm and fluids is called semen.

5. The penis is a tubelike structure that delivers sperm to the female reproductive system.

6. A mature sperm cell has three main parts—a head, a(n) midpiece, and a tail.

7. A sperm’s head contains DNA and substances that help the sperm join with an egg.

C. The Female Reproductive System

1. The female reproductive system produces immature egg cells called oocytes.

2. The ovary is the organ where oocytes are stored and mature.

3. A mature oocyte is called an egg, or ovum.

4. About once each month, an ovary releases an egg. It travels to the uterus.

5. The vagina connects the uterus to the outside of the body.

6. The vagina is called the birth canal because babies leave their mother’s body through this structure.

7. The uterus provides a nourishing environment for the offspring’s development.

8. Eggs contain DNA and nourishment.

a. A female usually releases one egg at a time.

b. An egg is produced only when the uterus is prepared to nourish an offspring.

T2 Reproduction and Development

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9. To prepare for new offspring, the ovaries and uterus go through changes called the menstrual cycle.

a. During phase 1, or menstruation, tissue, fluid, and blood cells pass from the uterus through the vagina and leave the body.

b. Near the end of phase 2, hormones cause the egg to leave the ovary during ovulation.

c. During phase 3, if the egg encounters a sperm, it will join with the sperm during fertilization.

10. During menopause, the reproductive system stops releasing eggs, and the menstrual cycle stops.

D. The Reproductive System and Homeostasis

1. The reproductive system does not play a part in homeostasis.

2. The reproductive system and the endocrine system work together and control when the sperm and eggs mature.

Discussion QuestionWhat happens during the menstrual cycle?

During phase 1 (menstruation), tissue, fluid, and blood cells pass from the uterus through the vagina and leave the body. Near the end of phase 2, hormones cause the egg to leave the ovary during ovulation. During phase 3, if the egg encounters a sperm, it will join with the sperm during fertilization.



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Lesson Outline for TeachingLesson 2: Human Growth and DevelopmentA. Stages of Development

1. People go through stages of development after birth—infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.

2. The time before birth is divided into stages beginning with fertilization.

B. Fertilization

1. When the nucleus of the sperm joins with the nucleus of the egg, fertilization is complete.

2. A fertilized egg is called a(n) zygote.

3. As it moves toward the uterus, the zygote undergoes mitosis and cell division, developing into a ball of cells.

4. Identical twins develop when the inner cell mass of a zygote divides in two.

5. When two eggs are released and fertilized—each by a different sperm—the result is fraternal twins.

C. Development Before Birth

1. Pregnancy is the period of development from fertilized egg to birth.

2. After the zygote attaches to the uterus, the outer cells of the zygote and cells from the uterus form an organ called the placenta.

3. The placenta exchanges materials between the zygote and the mother.

4. The outer zygote cells form a ropelike structure called the umbilical cord that attaches the developing offspring to the placenta.

5. From the time a zygote attaches to the uterus until the end of the eighth week of pregnancy, it is called a(n) embryo.

6. Between nine weeks and birth, the embryo is a(n) fetus.

7. A fetus receives all nutrients from its mother.

8. Other factors in a pregnant woman’s environment, such as smoke or chemicals, can also affect a fetus’s growth and development.

D. Birth

1. A fetus leaves the mother’s body and enters the world through a process called birth.

2. Labor begins when hormones released by the endocrine system cause muscles in the uterus to contract.

3. During labor, a small structure between the uterus and the vagina, called the cervix, opens to allow the fetus to emerge.



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4. After the fetus is delivered, the placenta breaks away from the uterus and exits the woman’s body.

5. Sometimes doctors deliver a fetus by a surgical process called a(n) cesarean section, or C-section.

E. Infancy

1. The first two years of a newborn’s life are called infancy.

2. During infancy, the brain continues to develop, teeth form, and bones grow and get harder.

F. Childhood

1. The period between infancy and sexual maturity is called childhood.

2. During childhood, the brain continues to grow and develop, and the child grows taller.

G. Adolescence

1. Following childhood is a period of growth called adolescence.

2. Males and females grow taller as muscles and bones continue to grow.

3. The reproductive system matures in a process called puberty.

H. Adulthood and Aging

1. At the end of adolescence, a person enters adulthood, which continues through old age.

2. Aging is the process of changes in the body over time.

Discussion QuestionHow do identical and fraternal twins develop?

Identical twins develop when the inner cell mass of a zygote divides in two. Fraternal twins develop when two eggs are released and fertilized—each by a different sperm.



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What do you think? (page 1) 1. Agree

2. Agree

3. Disagree; the menstrual cycle occurs only in females.

4. Disagree; eggs mature in the ovary and are fertilized in one of the fallopian tubes.

5. Disagree; lead is a heavy metal that can harm the normal development of a fetus.

6. Agree

Lesson 1Launch Lab (page 8) 1. Answers will vary. Students should note that

sperm cells have a “tail” (flagellum) and are much smaller than egg cells.

2. Answers will vary. Accept all reasonable responses.

Content Vocabulary (page 9) 1. fertilization

2. ovary

3. semen

4. structure

5. sperm

6. ovulation

7. testis

8. menstrual cycle

9. egg

10. vagina

11. penis

MiniLab (page 12) 1. In the first phase of the menstrual cycle,

menstruation occurs. This is the passing of tissue, fluid, and blood cells from the uterus through the vagina. During the second phase, the lining of the uterus thickens. In the ovary, several oocytes begin maturing at the same time. After about a week, usually only one egg (ovum) survives. Near the end of this phase, hormones cause the egg to release from the ovary in a process called ovulation. During the third phase, the lining of the uterus continues to thicken. If the egg encounters a sperm, it will join with the sperm in a process called fertilization.

2. Because fertilization occurs in the third phase of the menstrual cycle, a female will undergo all three phases before fertilization occurs. If the egg is not fertilized, menstruation will occur and the uterine lining is shed. If fertilization does occur, the uterine lining is not shed but is kept to nourish the

development of the fertilized egg, or zygote, into an embryo.

3. Eggs are made in the ovaries and are transferred to the fallopian tubes, where they are fertilized. If an egg is not fertilized, it is expelled through the vagina along with other tissue and blood during menstruation.

Content Practice A (page 13) 1. C

2. J

3. H

4. I

5. E

6. G

7. F

8. D

9. B

10. D

11. K

12. A

13. L

Content Practice B (page 14) 1. oocytes

2. ovulation

3. sperm

4. uterus

5. semen

6. ovary

7. oviduct

8. midpiece

9. (across) endometrium; (down) eggs

School to Home (page 15) 1. saclike structure that holds the testes

2. organ that produces sperm

3. tubelike structure that delivers sperm to the female reproductive system

4. organ where oocytes, or immature eggs, are stored and mature

5. structure that connects an ovary to the uterus

6. organ in which offspring develop

7. structure that connects the uterus to the outside of the body

Key Concept Builder (page 16) 1. organs

2. sperm

3. eggs


Answers

C246_066_074_CRF_Ans_891465.indd66 66C246_066_074_CRF_Ans_891465.indd66 66 9/29/09 10:38:38 AM9/29/09 10:38:38 AM

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Answers continued 4. fertilization

5. produce

6. transport

7. testes

8. penis

9. vagina

10. external

11. internal

12. oocytes

13. ovaries

14. ovulation

15. uterus

16. menstruation

Key Concept Builder (page 17) 1. J

2. F

3. G

4. D

5. E

6. A

7. H

8. B

9. C

10. I

Key Concept Builder (page 18) 1. T

2. F

3. T

4. F

5. F

6. F

7. F

8. F

9. T

10. F

11. F

12. T

Key Concept Builder (page 19) 1. to produce and transport sperm

2. It must be lower than body temperature.

3. It keeps sperm cool.

4. head, midpiece, tail

5. helps sperm move

6. through the vagina

7. Both contain DNA.

8. once each month

9. Menstruation occurs.

10. The tissue lining the uterus thickens, and ovulation occurs.

11. The tissue lining the uterus thickens and begins nourishing an egg if it has been fertilized.

12. survival of the human species

13. hormones

14. endocrine system

Enrichment (page 20) 1. Synthetic steroids are based on the sex

hormones produced by the body to develop and maintain the reproductive system. Thus, the abuse of these drugs primarily affects the reproductive system.

2. Possible answer: No; they can help people who are suffering from delayed puberty or the loss of muscle mass associated with some diseases.

Challenge (page 21)Time lines should be divided into 28 days. Phase 1, day 1 to day 5: Menstruation occurs. Tissue, fluid, and blood cells pass from the uterus through the vagina. Phase 2, day 6 to day 15: The tissue lining the uterus thickens, several oocytes begin to mature, and the ovary releases an egg. Phase 3, day 16 to day 28: The egg moves to the uterus. Fertilization can occur if the egg encounters a sperm.

Lesson Quiz A (page 22)Multiple Choice 1. A

2. C

Matching 3. D

4. A

5. E

6. C

7. B

8. F

9. H

10. G

Lesson Quiz B (page 23)Completion 1. sperm

2. eggs

3. testes

4. penis

5. ovaries

6. vagina



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Answers continued 7. endometrium

8. Semen

Short Answer 9. The main function of the reproductive system

is to ensure the survival of the human species.

10. It involves changes in the uterus and ovaries that allow the female reproduction system to prepare for new offspring, if fertilization occurs.

Lesson 2Launch Lab (page 25) 1. Answers will vary.

2. Answers will vary.

3. Developmental stages before birth are much shorter than the developmental stages following birth. Students might be able to name some of the postnatal stages of development: infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.

Content Vocabulary (page 26) 1. Meiosis produces reproductive cells, which are

haploid.

2. A zygote is a fertilized egg. A zygote is called an embryo from the time it attaches to the uterus until the end of the eighth week of pregnancy. Fetus is the term used to name a developing embryo––from the time between nine weeks and birth.

3. Nutrients and other materials are exchanged between the mother and zygote through the placenta. The umbilical cord attaches the developing offspring to the placenta.

4. Human pregnancy lasts approximately nine months.

5. Answers will vary. Possible response: Poor nutrition and exposure to harmful chemicals can negatively affect fetal health.

6. During labor, the cervix begins to open.

7. Answers will vary. Possible response: In males, the voice deepens. In females, breasts develop.

MiniLab (page 29) 1. Most events occur in infancy. Infancy is a

period of rapid development of the nervous and muscular systems.

2. The fewest events occur in adulthood. Adulthood is the last stage; growth stops, the sensory and skeletal systems decrease in function, vision and hearing decline, the digestive system becomes slower, and bones become weaker.

3. The stages of infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood are based on major

developments that take place. Earlier in life, there is rapid development of body systems, especially the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems. During adolescence, individuals become sexually mature. In adulthood, growth of the muscular and skeletal systems stops. There is a gradual physical decline.

Content Practice A (page 30) 1. fertilization

2. zygote formation

3. embryo

4. fetus

5. birth

6. infancy

7. childhood

8. adolescence

9. adulthood

10. aging

Content Practice B (page 31) 1. Possible answer: Development before birth

refers to the growth of an offspring inside the uterus; it ends with birth.

2. Possible answer: Labor begins when hormones that are released by the endocrine system cause the uterus to contract. The cervix widens. As the uterus contracts, the baby is pushed into the birth canal and out of the body. After the baby is born, the placenta breaks off and is pushed from the body.

3. Possible answer: The four main stages are infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood and aging. In infancy the child learns to walk and talk. In childhood, the child develops thinking skills, and its muscles and bones grow. During adolescence, the reproductive system matures. In adulthood and aging, more physical changes occur, such as graying of hair and the decline in effectiveness of some organ systems.

Math Skills (page 34) 1. 4.2%

2. 13.5%

3. 0.04%

4. 0.18%

School to Home (page 35) 1. A zygote forms when the nucleus of a sperm

cell and the nucleus of an egg cell combine.

2. The developing offspring and the mother exchange materials through the umbilical cord. Nutrients and oxygen from the mother pass to the developing offspring, and waste and carbon dioxide are removed from it.



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Answers continued 3. During the development of an embryo,

specific organs and organ systems begin to form. During the development of the fetus, the organs and organ systems grow and develop in preparation for birth.

4. The stages of human development are infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood and aging. Possible changes at each stage: 1) Infancy—brain develops; teeth form; bones harden; baby crawls and walks for the first time; 2) Childhood—brain continues to develop; muscles strengthen; arms and legs strengthen; 3) Adolescence—muscles and bones continue growth; reproductive system matures; 4) Adulthood and Aging—physical changes in body mass can occur

Key Concept Builder (page 36) 1. in the fallopian tubes

2. It changes rapidly so other sperm cannot enter the egg.

3. when the nucleus of the sperm joins with the nucleus of the egg

4. 46

5. because it contains two sets of chromosomes

6. the inner cell mass

7. Identical twins can develop.

8. multiple eggs, each fertilized by a different sperm

9. the placenta

10. to exchange materials between the zygote and the mother

11. the umbilical cord

Key Concept Builder (page 37) 1. brain begins to form; heart begins to form;

limbs start to form; circulatory system develops; reproductive tissues begin to develop

2. organ systems begin to function; fetus can move its arms and legs; heartbeat becomes louder; able to respond to sounds from the outside the uterus; range of facial expressions

3. nutrition, environmental factors, drugs, alcohol consumed by the mother

4. vitamin D, folic acid, zinc

5. The fetus is harmed; its growth and development are affected.

Key Concept Builder (page 38) 1. hormones

2. a small structure between the uterus and the vagina

3. begins with fertilization and ends at birth

4. a. 4; b. 8; c. 6; d. 7; e. 1; f. 9; g. 3; h. 2; i. 5

Key Concept Builder (page 39) 1. Possible answer: An infant begins functioning

on its own. It uses its respiratory system and digestive system and begins to eat solid food. Its brain continues to develop, teeth form, and bones grow and get harder. It also learns to crawl, sit, walk, and speak.

2. Possible answer: Childhood is the time between infancy and sexual maturity. During childhood the brains continues to grow and develop. Thinking improves. Muscles and bones grow longer and stronger.

3. Possible answer: Puberty, or the maturing of the reproductive system, occurs during adolescence. Hormonal changes cause pubic and underarm hair to grow. The voice deepens in males and muscles increase in size. Facial hair develops. Breasts develop in females and fatty tissue is added to the buttocks and thighs. Males and females grow taller.

4. Possible answer: Physical changes occur during adulthood, though adults do not grow taller. In aging, hair can turn gray or stop growing. The skin wrinkles. Organs systems can decline or cease to function.

Enrichment (page 40) 1. The conditions that contribute to a long life

include access to education, health care, clean water, and sanitation systems. They also include a good income, balanced diet, healthy personal habits, and good genes.

2. Possible answer: A program could be created to help build sewer systems in a developing country. The program could be funded by donations from students around the world. International and local volunteers could help build the sewer systems. The program would increase life expectancy by decreasing the spread of diseases caused by poor sanitation.

Challenge (page 41)For identical twins, one egg and one sperm form a zygote. The inner cell mass of the zygote divides in two, eventually forming two fetuses. For fraternal twins, two eggs and two sperm form two zygotes that develop into two fetuses. For identical triplets, one egg and one sperm form a zygote. The inner cell mass of the zygotes divides in three, eventually forming three fetuses. For fraternal triplets, three eggs and three sperm form three zygotes that develop into three fetuses. For triplets with two identical twins and one fraternal twin, one egg and one sperm form a zygote; the inner cell mass of the zygote divides in two, eventually forming identical twins. In addition, a second egg and sperm form a zygote that develops into the fraternal twin.



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Answers continuedLesson Quiz A (page 42)Multiple Choice 1. C

Matching Set 1 2. D

3. A

4. B

5. C

Matching Set 2 6. H

7. G

8. E

9. F

Lesson Quiz B (page 43)Multiple Choice 1. C

Completion 2. zygote

3. embryo

4. fetus

5. fallopian tube

6. infancy

7. childhood

8. adolescence or puberty

9. adulthood

Labs A and B (pages 44, 47) 2. After students have sequenced the photograph

copies, have them glue or tape the copies onto construction paper in the correct order. Each photo should be labeled with its correct life stage.

3. Answers will vary but should include most of the following: Infants have smaller bodies, shorter extremities, larger heads in proportion to their bodies, and rounder body shapes due to baby fat. During infancy, teeth emerge, hair grows, and bones get harder. Adults have much larger bodies, longer extremities, heads proportionate to body sizes, and more muscle mass (until later adulthood). Adults might begin to lose teeth, skin will wrinkle, bones might weaken, and hair might turn gray or fall out. During adulthood, the female body shape is different from an infant as breasts develop and more fatty tissue is deposited in the buttocks, thighs, and hips.

4. Answers will vary but should include most of the following: During childhood, muscle strength increases, extremities increase in length, body increases in height, the head becomes more proportionate to the body,

baby teeth are replaced with adult teeth, and the face becomes more elongated as compared to infancy. During adolescence, male voices deepen; muscles increase in size; facial, pubic, and underarm hair grow; and sex organs develop and get larger. In females, pubic and underarm hair grows; fatty tissue is added to the buttocks and thighs and breasts develop. In both sexes acne is common, the body increases in height, and head size becomes more proportionate to body size.

5. Answers will vary but should include most of the following: Body shape: Body shape in infancy is more rounded due to deposition of more baby fat. As one develops into adulthood, the body shape generally becomes longer and leaner. Extremity length: Legs and arms generally get longer throughout development until later adolescence or early adulthood, when the long bones stop growing. Muscle mass: Infants have little muscular strength, but as they develop through childhood and into adolescence, their muscle mass and strength increase. Adults tend to lose muscle mass and strength in later years. Body proportions: Infants have large heads relative to their bodies. As one develops, the head and body become more proportionate.

Communicate Your Results Newscasts or articles can be creative but should stick to the topic of human development.

B. Extension As an extension, you can present the following as an activity: You have educated your new alien friends on the topic of human development. They are excited to tell you there is a planet close by that has a species that develops in much the same way as humans do. After your new alien friends fuel up your rocket with their high-powered extraterrestrial fuel, you decide to take a field trip to the neighboring planet they describe. Upon landing in a desolate part of the planet, you discover just one lonely alien. Draw a picture of this alien and classify it as an infant, child, adolescent, or adult. Then draw this alien in the three other stages of development. Remember, this alien’s body develops much the same as your human body develops. Be sure to include all the physical differences this alien displays in each phase of its development.

Lab C (page 50)Please note:

• Students must complete Lab B before they are assigned Lab C.

• The procedure given below is just one possibility of many.

• If you have students perform the labs they



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Answers continueddesign, make sure proper safety precautions are included before allowing them to proceed.

Sample procedure:

Ask a Question What stages of development are different members of a family in?

Form a Hypothesis Student hypotheses will vary, but the following is an example: If I compare the physical traits of the people in the photos, then I can put the photos in chronological order because the physical traits I observe will help me determine the stage of development of the person in the photo.

Test Your Hypothesis Testing procedures will vary, but the following is an example: • Take or collect photographs of at least four

family members, including photographs of the same people at different ages.

• Look at the photographs you collected. For sets of photographs of the same person, place the photographs in the correct chronological order from infancy through childhood and adolescence and into adulthood. Compare and contrast the physical traits you observe in each of the photos.

• Look at the remaining photographs. Sort the photographs into groups according to whether they show infancy, childhood, adolescence, or adulthood. Compare and contrast the physical traits you observe in each of the photos.

Analyze and Conclude Students should present an analysis of their data and some conclusion.

Chapter Key Concepts Builder (page 51)Students should work cooperatively to complete the activity. Students’ time lines should accurately reflect the stages of development—zygote, embryo, fetus, infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Students should include drawings or other images on their time lines and include developmental milestones for each stage of development. Students should accurately answer questions posed to them during their oral presentations.

Chapter Test A (page 52)Matching Set 1 1. D

2. E

3. B

4. A

5. C

Matching Set 2 6. K

7. G

8. F

9. J

10. H

11. I

Chapter Test A (page 53)Multiple Choice 12. B

13. C

Interpreting Diagrams 14. a. penis; b. testis; c. scrotum

15. d. ovary; e. uterus; f. vagina

Chapter Test A (page 54)Short Answer 16. Possible answers: The endocrine system

produces hormones that cause the menstrual cycle, the release of eggs from the ovaries, and the uterine contractions that aid childbirth.

17. Menopause is the point when the female reproductive system stops releasing eggs and the menstrual cycle stops. This usually occurs between 45 and 55 years of age.

18. An embryo is a developing offspring from the time the fertilized egg attaches to the uterus until it is eight weeks old. A fetus is a developing offspring from nine weeks until birth.

Concept Application 19. The life stages include infancy, childhood,

adolescence, and adulthood and aging. During infancy, teeth form, bones harden, and a child learns to walk and speak. During childhood, a child’s muscles and brain continue to develop. During adolescence, the body goes through puberty, and the reproductive system matures. During adulthood, a person reaches maximum physical development and then moves toward old age.

20. Possible answers: The inner cell mass of one zygote can divide in two, producing identical twins. More than one egg can be released, with each egg undergoing fertilization by different sperm to produce fraternal twins.

Chapter Test B (page 55)Matching 1. E

2. F

3. C

4. B

5. D

6. H

7. G

8. K

9. I

10. J



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Answers continuedMultiple Choice 11. C

Chapter Test B (page 56) 12. C

13. C

Interpreting Diagrams 14. a. urethra; b. penis; c. testis; d. scrotum

15. e. fallopian tubes; f. ovary; g. uterus; h. vagina

Chapter Test B (page 57)Short Answer 16. The menstrual cycle is a series of monthly

changes in the uterus and ovaries that prepare the body for new offspring. Hormones released by the endocrine system cause the menstrual cycle.

17. Menopause occurs because the ovaries produce fewer hormones as a woman ages. Without sufficient hormones, oocyte maturation and ovulation end.

Concept Application 18. Possible answers: An embryo is a developing

offspring from the time the fertilized egg attaches to the uterus until it is eight weeks old. During this stage, the heart and other organs develop, limbs start to form, and the placenta forms. A fetus is a developing offspring from nine weeks until birth. During this stage, organ systems start to function, the fetus increases in size, and the fetus begins to respond to external stimuli.

19. During childhood, size and muscle strength increase and thinking improves. During adolescence, the body goes through puberty and the reproductive system matures.

20. Fraternal twins are produced when two eggs are released and fertilized by different sperm. Fraternal twins are not identical and can be of different genders. Identical twins occur when the inner cell mass of a zygote divides. This results in two genetically identical twins of the same gender.

Chapter Test C (page 58)Multiple Choice 1. C

2. A

3. D

Completion 4. menstruation

5. ovulation

6. fertilization

7. cesarean section or C-section

8. implantation

9. placenta

Chapter Test C (page 59) 10. pregnancy

11. umbilical cord

12. puberty or adolescence

13. semen

Interpreting Diagrams 14. a. urethra; b. penis; c. testis; d. scrotum

15. e. fallopian tubes; f. ovary; g. uterus; h. cervix; i. vagina

Short Answer 16. The three phases of the menstrual cycle

are (1) menstruation, during which tissue, blood, and fluids from the uterus leave the body through the vagina; (2) thickening of the uterine lining and ovulation; and (3) continued thickening of the tissue lining the uterus in preparation for the possibility of implantation of a fertilized egg. The endocrine system produces hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle.

Chapter Test C (page 60) 17. Without sufficient hormones, menopause

occurs. In menopause, the menstrual cycle, oocyte maturation, and ovulation stop.

18. The zygote, embryo, and fetus are stages in human offspring development before birth. An infant is the offspring following birth. A zygote is a fertilized egg. An embryo is a developing offspring from the time the fertilized egg attaches to the uterus until it is eight weeks old. A fetus is a developing offspring from nine weeks until birth. An infant is a child from birth to two years of age.

Concept Application 19. Answers will vary but should contain the

concept that the physical and mental development in childhood and adolescence prepare a human being to be a fully functioning adult. Students can include examples from the childhood stage (brain develops, thinking improves, muscles strengthen) and the adolescent stage (reproductive system matures, physical changes occur that signal adulthood).

20. They are fraternal twins because identical twins are always the same gender. Fraternal twins develop when two eggs join with two separate sperm during fertilization.



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