CHAPTER SIX

GRAMMAR MOSAIC 2

PART ONE

Clauses and Related Structures of Contrast:

Concession

Clauses, phrases and transitions that are used to express ideas or information that is different from our expectations.

We will discuss

Adverb Clause

In a sentence with an adverb clause or phrase, the focus is on the main clause.

Reminder: Adverb Clause

An adverb clause is a group of words that function as an adverb. The clause can modify verbs, adverbs and adjectives by telling when, where, why, how, how much and under what condition. They begin with a subordinating conjunction (such as after, if, because and although) and they contain a subject and a predicate.

Transition

If a transition is used and there are two main clauses, each clause has equal focus.

Comma ,A comma normally follows

introductory clauses and phrases.

Transitions are normally followed by commas.

Commas are also used occasionally with although, even though, though, in spite of the fact that and despite the fact that when they appear in the middle of a sentence.

6.1 Connecting Words Explanations Examples

With Clauses

Although

Even though

Though

In spite of the fact (that)

Despite the fact (that)

A comma normally follows introductory clauses and phrases.

Commas are also used occasionally with although, even though, though, in spite of the fact that and despite the fact that when they appear in the middle of a sentence

Even though the child hadn’t seen the truck, he managed to avoid it.

The child managed to avoid the truck although he hadn’t seen it.

The child managed to avoid the truck in spite of the fact that he hadn’t seen it.

6.1With Phrases

Connecting Words Explanations Examples

Despite

In spite of

Regardless of

A comma normally follows introductory clauses and phrases.

Despite living next to a freeway, she was always able to sleep.

She was able to sleep in spite of the noise.

She always sleeps well regardless of the noise.

6.1Transitions

Connecting Words Explanations Examples

All the same

Even so

However

Nevertheless

Still

Transitions are normally followed by commas.

His doctor had warned him not to take more than two. Nevertheless, he took four.

Steve took four pills altogether, even so, he didn’t sleep well.

Practice 3 page 255

Use in spite of the fact that, despite the fact that, in spite of, or despite

1. …………..years of study, no one knows for certain why humans and animals sleep.

2. ………….scientists have been studying sleep for years, no one knows for certain why humans and animals sleep.

Practice 3 page 255

3. …………..most adults like to sleep approximately eight hours a day, some people can survive comfortably on half that much.

…………..the desire that most adults have for about eight hours a sleep a day, some people can survive comfortably on half that much.

Practice 3 page 255

4. Some insomniacs lead happy, productive lives………………they sleep only one or two hours a night.

Some insomniacs lead happy, productive lives…………………..sleeping only one or two hours a night.

Practice 4 page 256

Provide an appropriate connecting word of contrast in each of the blanks that follow.

1. Memories come from the sights and sounds of the world……………the eye may see an image for less than one second this image can be stored for a lifetime.

Practice 4 page 256

2. Scientists realized years ago that memories were saved through the use of electrical impulse.

. ………….today they know that chemicals also play an important role.

Practice 4 page 256

3. How exactly does memory work? ……… the question cannot be answered this much is known: The memory image moves from the eye to the brain in electrical form.

………..this provides for only short-term memory and the image may be forgotten within moments.

Part Two

Clauses and Related Structures of Contrast:

Opposition

We will discuss

The clauses, phrases, and transitions used to express opposite views about something.

Comma ,

Note that a comma normally follows an introductory phrase or clause or a transition.

Commas may also be used with while, where, and whereas when they appear in the middle of a sentence.

6.2With Clauses

Connecting Words Explanations Examples

Where

Whereas

While

Whereas, where, and while are often used to contrast direct opposites.

Whereas is used in formal English.

Whereas the right hemisphere of the brain is much older in terms of human evolution, the left hemisphere is more highly developed.

With Phrases

Connecting Words Explanations Examples

Different from

Similar to

Like

Unlike

Instead of

Different from, unlike, and instead of contrast opposites. Similar to and like compare related ideas. Noun or gerund phrases normally follow these expressions.

Instead of can be followed by a variety of forms; adjectives, adverbs, noun phrases, or gerunds.

The right side of the brain seems quite different from the left side. The right side is apparently not very similar to the left.

Unlike the left hemisphere, which is responsible for language, the right hemisphere specializes in body image and recognition of faces.

The right hemisphere tends to process a variety of information simultaneously instead of sequentially.

Transitions

Connecting Words Explanations Examples

In contrast

On the other hand

On the contrary

In contrast and on the other hand relate different points that are not necessarily directly opposite.

On the contrary is used differently from other transitions of contrast. It indicates that the opposite of some idea is true. It often reinforces the negative idea in the preceding sentence or can be used to answer a question.

The left hemisphere seems to process information in sequential order; in contrast the right hemisphere handles different types of data simultaneously.

The right side of the brain is not primarily analytical; on the contrary, it is responsible for the artistic aspects of the mind.

Practice 2 page 263

Rewrite the following sentences, using the connecting words in parenthesis to replace the connecting word already there.

Practice 2 page 2631. An adult brain is more specialized, on

the other hand, a child’s brain has large areas that are uncommitted. (while)

2. While children can learn many things easily, adults often have a much hard time. (in contrast)

3. Few adults can learn to use a new language without mistakes or accent; on the other hand, children frequently become completely fluent in new languages. (whereas)

Practice 2 page 263

4. Whereas most children do not favor either hand until they are about five years old, most adults are either right-handed or left-handed. (in contrast)

5. Some functions, such as smell, are located in specific areas in the brain; while others are handled throughout the brain. (on the other hand)

6. Considerable research is being done on the “geography” of the brain; however, only a few areas have actually been “mapped”. (while)

Part Three

Clauses and Phrases of Purpose

We will discuss

Clauses with so that and in order and phrases with in order to show the intention or purpose of something.

Few simple rules

Clauses with so that and in order that do not begin sentences.

Commas are not normally used with either.

Commas are used with in order to when it begins a sentence.

6.3With Clauses

Structures Explanations Examples

In order that

So (that)

So (that) and in order that are usually used between two clauses. A modal auxiliary (can, will: present/future; could, would: past) is normally used in the dependant clause.

Scientists are studying the brain so (that) they can understand more about learning.

6.3With Phrases

Structures Explanations Examples

In order to In written English, in order to is used more frequently than so that. In order to + verb and to + verb are considered better stylistically.

Scientists are studying the brain in order to understand more about learning.

Practice 3 page 271

Answer the following questions

Include so that, in order that OR in order to in your answers

Come up with at least 3 answers for each questions!

Example

Question: Why did you take a sleeping pill last night?

Answer: I took a sleeping pill so that I could get a good nights rest.

Practice 3 page 271

1. Why do you have a physical checkup every year?

2. Why did you shave your head?3. Why do you study so much?4. Why didn’t you go to the party last

weekend?5. Why don’t you eat meat?6. Why do you sing in the shower?7. Why didn’t you go to the movies with me

last weekend?8. Why are you studying English?