160

Chapter V

Results

161

CHAPTER V

RESULTS

In order to analyze the association of health with cognitive correlates

(cognitive emotion regulation and cognitive distortions) and affective

correlates (emotional experience, emotional expression, emotional

competence, and psychological distress) among male and female doctors,

means, standard deviations, skewness and kurtosis for each of the above-

mentioned variables were computed (see appendix H and I). Product-moment

correlations were computed amongst health and its cognitive and affective

correlates, and stepwise multiple regression analyses were applied. T-test for

(independent samples) was applied to analyze differences between male and

female doctors on the above-mentioned variables.

1. INTER-CORRELATIONS:

In case of female doctors (see table 1), scores on health (with a higher

score depicting poorer health) were positively related with all subscales of

cognitive distortions, viz., self-criticism (r=0.222, p<0.01); self-blame

(r=0.272, p<0.01); hopelessness (r=0.249; p<0.01); helplessness (r=0.397,

p<0.01); and pre-occupation with danger (r=0.290, p<0.01), and

psychological distress (r=0.382, p<0.01). Scores on health were negatively

related with positive expressivity (r=-0.212, p<0.01).

162

TABLE 1: SUMMARY TABLE SHOWING THE CORRELATION+ MATRIX FOR FEMALE DOCTORS (N

=150)

HRI CDS:

sc

CDS:

sb

CDS:

hop

CDS:

hIp

CDS:

pwd

CERQ PA NA

PE NE Comp Distress

HRI - .222

** .272

** .249

** .397

** .290

** .068 -.097 .007 -.212

** .094 .131 .382

**

CDS:sc - - .798

** .558

** .634

** .632

** .097 .016 .290

** -.226

** .170

* .068

.471**

CDS:sb - -

- .598**

.672**

.748**

.130 .093 .253

**

-.042 .041 .059

.468**

CDS:hop

- - - - .770

** .631

** .161

* -.034 .231

** .090 -.089 -.136*

.544**

CDS:hIp - - - - - .658

** .160

* -.085 .352

** -.091 .056 -.032

.587**

CDS: pwd - - - -- - - .044 .010 .355

** .059 .091 -.057 .533

**

CERQ - - - - - - - .101

.112 -.095 -.107 .129

.017

PA - - - - - - - - -.348

** .317

** .131 .090 .072

NA - - - - - - - - - .074 .059 -.386

** .267

**

PE - - - -- - - - - - - .039 -.142

* .025

NE

- - - - - - - - - - .048 .060

Comp - - - - - - - - - - - - -.008

Distress - - - - - - - - -

- - -

-

+ t- one tailed values

* p<0.05

** p<0.01

163

TABLE II: SUMMARY TABLE SHOWING THE CORRELATION+ MATRIX FOR MALE DOCTORS (N

=150)

+ t- one tailed values

* p<0.05

** p<0.01

HRI CDS:

Sc

CDS:

Sb

CDS:

hop

CDS:

hlp

CDS:

pwd

CERQ PA NA PE NE Comp Distress

HRI - .077 .165

* .157

* .063 .083 -.045 -.168

* .162

* .003 .002 0.78 .129

CDS:sc - - .726

** .531

** .721

** .709

** .249

** -.404

** .481

** .055 .064 -.349

** .542

**

CDS:sb - - - .709

** .687

** .736

** .223

** -.357

** .396

** .146

* .031 -.234

** .562

**

CDS:Hop

- - - - .659

** .637

** .309

** -.131 .348

** .048 -.046 -.085 .546

**

CDS:hIp - - - - - .810

** .337

** -.243** .377

** -.034 .013 -.333

** .549

**

CDS: pwd - - - -- - - .316

** -.305** .400

** .082 .019 -.349

** .560

**

CERQ - - - - - - - .143* -.094 -.108 -.032 -.093 .302

**

PA - - - - - - - - -.454

** .321

** .128 .257

** -.300

**

NA - - - - - - - - - -.003 .177

** -.389

** .434

**

PE - - - -- - - - - - - .237

** .135

* .097

NE

- - - - - - - - -

- - .176

* -.059

Comp - - - - - - - - - - - - -.201**

Distress - - - - - - - - - - - -

-

164

Health was unrelated with cognitive emotion regulation,

positive/negative affect, negative expressivity, and emotional competence.

As far the inter-relations amongst predictor variables are concerned,

self-criticism (a subscale of cognitive distortions) was negatively related with

positive expressivity (r=-0.226, p<0.01), and positively with negative affect

(r=.290, p<0.01), negative expressivity (r=0.170, p<0.05), and psychological

distress (r=0.471, p<0.01). Self-blame (a subscale of cognitive distortions)

was positively related with negative affect (r=0.253, p<0.01) and

psychological distress (r=0.468, p<0.01). Hopelessness (a subscale of

cognitive distortions) was positively related with cognitive emotion

regulation (r=0.161, p<0.05), negative affect (r=0.231, p<0.01) and

psychological distress (r=0.544, p<0.01), and negatively related with

emotional competence (r=0.136, p<0.05). Helplessness (another subscale of

cognitive distortions) was positively related with cognitive emotion

regulation (r=0.160, p<0.05), negative affect (r=0.352, p<0.01) and

psychological distress (r=0.587, p<0.01). Pre-occupation with danger (a

subscale of cognitive distortions) was positively related with negative affect

(r=0.355, p<0.01) and psychological distress (r=0.533, p<0.01). Positive

affect was positively related with positive expressivity (r=0.317, p<0.01) and

negatively related with negative affect (r=-0.348, p<0.01). Negative affect

was positively related with psychological distress (r=0.267, p<0.01) and

negatively related with emotional competence (r=-0.386, p<0.1). Positive

165

expressivity was negatively related with emotional competence (r=-0.142,

p<0.05).

Apart from the above, it was interesting to note that all the subscales

of cognitive distortions, viz., self-criticism, self-blame, hopelessness,

helplessness, and pre-occupation with danger were positively related with

each other for female doctors.

The inter-correlation matrix for males doctors (see table 2) revealed

that scores on health (with a higher score depicting poorer health) were

positively related with two subscales of cognitive distortions [viz., self–

blame (r=0.165; p<0.05) and hopelessness (r=0.157, p<0.01)] and negative

affect (r=0.162, p<0.05), and negatively related with positive affect

(r=-0.168, p<0.05).

Health was unrelated with few subscales of cognitive distortions

(viz., self-criticism, helplessness and pre-occupation with danger); cognitive

emotion regulation, positive/negative expressivity, emotional competence,

and psychological distress.

As far the inter-relations amongst predictor variables are concerned,

self-criticism (a subscale of cognitive distortions) was negatively related with

positive affect (r=-0.404, p<0.01), and emotional competence (r=-0.349,

p<0.01), and positively related with cognitive emotion regulation (r=0.249,

p<0.01), negative affect (r=0.481, p<0.01), and psychological distress

166

(r=0.542, p<0.01). Self-blame (a subscale of cognitive distortions) was

positively related with cognitive emotion regulation (r=0.223, p<0.01),

negative affect (r=0.396, p<0.01), positive expressivity (r=0.146, p<0.05),

and psychological distress (r=0.562, p<0.01), and negatively related with

positive affect (r=-0.357, p<0.01), and emotional competence (r=-0.234,

p<0.01). Hopelessness (a subscale of cognitive distortions) was positively

related with cognitive emotion regulation (r=0.309, p<0.01), negative affect

(r=0.348, p<0.01), and psychological distress (r=0.546, p<0.01).

Helplessness (another subscale of cognitive distortions) was positively

related with cognitive emotion regulation (r=0.337, p<0.01), negative affect

(r=0.377, p<0.01), and psychological distress (r=0.549, p<0.01), and

negatively related with emotional competence (r=-0.333, p<0.01) and

positive affect (r=-.243, p<0.01). Pre-occupation with danger (a subscale of

cognitive distortions) was positively related with cognitive emotion

regulation (r=0.316, p<0.01), negative affect (r=0.400, p<0.01), and

psychological distress (r=0.560, p<0.01), and negatively related with

emotional competence (r=-0.349, p<0.01). Cognitive emotion regulation was

positively related with positive affect (r=0.143, p<0.05), and psychological

distress (r=0.302, p<0.01). Positive affect was negatively related with

negative affect (r=-0.454, p<0.01), and psychological distress (r=-0.300,

p<0.01); and positively related with positive expressivity (r=0.321, p<0.01),

and emotional competence (r=0.257, p<0.01). Negative affect was positively

related with negative expressivity (r=0.177, p<0.05) and psychological

167

distress (r=0.434, p<0.01), and negatively related with emotional competence

(r=-0.389, p<0.01). Apart from the above, positive expressivity and negative

expressivity scores were positively related each other (r=0.237, p<0.01).

Positive expressivity and negative expressivity were positively related with

emotional competence (r=0.135, p<0.05; r=0.167, p<0.05) respectively.

Psychological distress was negatively related with emotional competence

(r=-0.201, p<0.05).

Scores on all the subscales of cognitive distortions, viz., self-criticism,

self-blame, hopelessness, helplessness, and preoccupation with danger were

positively related with each other.

II. MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSES:

In the present investigation, stepwise multiple regression analyses

were applied to assess the relative contribution of cognitive correlates

(viz., cognitive distortions and cognitive emotion regulation) and affective

correlates (viz., emotional experience, emotional expression, emotional

competence, and psychological distress) towards the health of male and

female doctors. As is evident from table III, helplessness, psychological

distress and positive expressivity together explained 23% of the total

variance in health of female doctors. The strongest (negative) predictor of

health for female doctors was helplessness (a subscale of cognitive

distortions) which accounted for 15% of the variance in health. The next

significant predictor was psychological distress which further accounted for

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an additional 5% of the variance in health, over and above the contribution of

helplessness. Further, positive expressivity accounted for another 3% of the

variance in health (over and above that accounted by previous predictors,

viz., helplessness and psychological distress). None of the other variables

emerged as significant predictors of health for female doctors.

TABLE NO. III: SUMMARY TABLE SHOWING STEPWISE

MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSES FOR HEATLH

RATING INDEX OF FEMALES (N=150)

a b

CDS:

Hlp

β b

Dist

β b

(PE)

β R2

F

(For

R2)

R2

∆

F

(For

R2∆)

CDS:

Hlp

35.2 0.51 0.40 - - - - 0.15 27.66 - -

Dist

32.2 0.34 0.27 0.15 0.23 - - 0.20 17.40 0.05 6.17**

PE 39.7 0.30 0.23 0.17 0.25 -0.23 -0.20 0.23 14.51 0.03 7.25**

**p<0.01

TABLE NO. IV: SUMMARY TABLE SHOWING STEPWISE

MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSES FOR HEATH

RATING INDEX OF MALES (N=150)

a b β R

2 F

(For R2)

CDS:

sb

38.13 0.26 0.16 0.03 4.03**

**p<0.01

169

TABLE V: SUMMARY TABLE SHOWING t-RATIO‟S+ FOR ALL

VARIABLES FOR MALE AND FEMALE DOCTORS

+ one-tailed values

* p<0.05

Male Doctors

(N=150)

Female Doctors

(N=150)

t-ratio‟s

Mean S. D Mean S. D HEALTH RATING

INDEX 41.73 7.62 41.56 6.92

0.367

CDS:

SELF-CRITICISM 12.15 4.119 12.49 3.896

1.353

CDS:

SELF-BLAME 13.88 4.805 12.87 4.259

1.88*

CDS:

HOPELESSNESS 14.46 4.894 13.76 4.949

1.235

CDS:

HELPLESSNESS 11.71 4.334 12.37 5.364

-1.20

CDS:

PRE-OCCUPATION

WITH DANGER

12.42 4.824 11.94 4.517

0.827

CERQ 99.38 23.849 97.43 22.652 0.719

POSITITVE

AFFECT 64.91 12.772 65.44 13.549

-0.34

NEGATIVE

AFFECT 50.89 16.097 46.70 16.318

2.23*

POSITIVE

EXPRESSIVITY 32.93 5.277 32.35 5.877

0.961

NEGATIVE

EXPRESSIVITY 29.99 5.598 29.95 4.826

0.033

EMOTIONAL

COMPETENCE

316.54

38.496

262.77

46.927

-1.418

PSYCHOLOGICAL

DISTRESS 35.04 11.088 34.13 10.423 0.702

170

As is evident from table IV, self-blame (a subscale of cognitive

distortions) explained 3% of the total variance in health, and emerged as the

sole negative predictor of health among male doctors. None of the other

variables emerged as significant predictors of health for male doctors.

t-RATIO‟S:

An analysis of table V reveals that in comparison to female doctors,

male doctors reported higher levels of self-blame (a subscale of cognitive

distortions, t=1.88, p<0.05) and negative affect (t=2.23, p<0.05). There were

no differences between male and female doctors on health rating index,

cognitive distortions (self-criticism, hopelessness, helplessness, and pre-

occupation with danger), cognitive emotion regulation, positive/negative

affect, positive/negative expressivity, emotional competence, and

psychological distress.

To conclude, it may be said that helplessness (a subscale of cognitive

distortions, which turned out to be a negative predictor), psychological

distress (negative predictor) and positive expressivity (positive predictor)

together explained 23% of the variance in health of female doctors. Self-

blame explained 3% of the variance in health of male doctors. Moreover,

male doctors were found to score higher than female doctors on self-blame

(a subscale of cognitive distortions), and negative affect. There were no

significant differences between male and female doctors on health rating

index, cognitive distortions (self-criticism, hopelessness, helplessness, and

171

pre-occupation with danger), cognitive emotion regulation, positive affect,

positive/negative expressivity, emotional competence, and psychological

distress.

Thus, there were differential predictors of health of male and female

doctors. Moreover, the two genders seemed to be rather similar than

dissimilar on health and its cognitive/ affective correlates (with the exception

of self-blame and negative affect) for which males were found to score more

than females.