chapters 11 reading 10.9 11.1, 11.2, 11.10, 11.12, 11.15, 11.17, 11.18, 11.19, 11.20, 11.21 23.15...
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Chapters 11 Reading
10.911.1, 11.2, 11.10, 11.12, 11.15, 11.17, 11.18, 11.19, 11.20, 11.2123.1527.9, 27.10, 27.11, 27.12
Important Concepts
Molecular Biology of the Gene(Molecular Genetics)
Regulation of gene expressionDevelopmental biologyGene regulation in developmentCloningStem cellsCancerX chromosome inactivation
Egg Cell and Sperm Cells
Pg. 661
8 cell Embryo (morula)
“Cleavage” Divisions
50 µm
Blastocycst
Uterus
BlastocystInner Cell Mass (ICM)
50 µmTrophoblast
Blastocoel
(~ 9 weeks)
Drosophila melanogaster (a.k.a. Fruit Fly)
Bithorax Mutant
Antennapedia Mutant
Normal Eye Phenotype
Pax6 Mutant Phenotype
Drosophila melanogaster (a.k.a. Fruit Fly)
Expression of Pax6 Gene in Leg Precursor Cells
Expression of Pax6 Gene in Wing Cells
Aniridia Results from Mutation of Human Pax6 Gene
HoxD13 mutation
Synpolydactyl Phenotype
Cloning in Nature
Parthenogenesis Monozygotic twins(embryo splitting)
Mammals Cloned by SCNT
SheepMouseCattlePigMule
“Dolly”
“Copy Cat”
HorseGoatRabbitCatDogGaur
Removal of genetic material from egg (enucleated egg)
Transfer of diploid nucleusfrom adult somatic cell or Embryonic cell into“enucleated” egg
Cleavage divisions of“reconstructed” embryo
Copy Cat Somatic cell donor“mom”
Stem Cell Concept
Potential Stem Cell Treatments
Neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s diseases)
Osteoporosis
Type I diabetes
Blindness
Deafness
Heart damage
Spinal cord injury
Regenerative Medicine
Pluripotent Stem Cells Without Embryos?
November 20, 2007
Tissues with Adult Stem Cells
Bone marrow/peripheral blood/umbilical cordBlood vesselsBrain/spinal cordSkeletal muscleColonLiverPancreasRetina/corneaSkinDental pulp
Bone Marrow Stem Cells andBlood Cell Formation
Disease Treated with Bone Marrow Stem Cell Therapy
Leukemia
Lymphoma
Sickle cell anemia and other “hemoglobinopathies”
Adrenoleukodystrophy
X Chromosome
Female Male
X Chromosome Inactivation
Female Male
Anhidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia
Skin patches that do not form sweat glands
Tumor Progression
ColonizeNew Tissues
Lymphoma with brain, chest and spleen involvement
Tumor Growth
(~ 100 days/ pop doubling)
(~ 7.5 years)
(~ 8 years)
(~ 10 years)
Cancer Critical GenesDNA repair
XP Genesp53MSHBRCA1,2
Apoptosis (Cell Death)Bcl-2, Bcl-XL (anti-apoptotic)
Cell Cycle ControlRasGrowth FactorsReceptor Tyrosine KinasesTranscription FactorsCyclinsCDKsRB1p53
Cell MigrationCell-Cell AdhesionExtra-Cellular Matrix degradation
Figure 20.10b
Sporadic Retinoblastoma
Figure 20.10a
Familial Retinoblastoma
Cancer Cells are Immortal
HeLa Cells Harvested from a cervical cancer in 1951
Growing in hundreds of labs since 1951
Chapters 12 Reading
12.1, 12.2, 12.6, 12.7, 12.8, 12.9, 12.10, 12.11, 12.13, 12.14, 12.15, 12.16
Important Concepts
DNA Technology
DNA extractionRestriction enzymesGel electrophoresis Genetic testing (how it works)DNA profiling (DNA Fingerprinting)Paternity testingGene CloningGenetically modified organisms
Animal cellsPlant cellsFungiProtozoaBacteria
~ 48,000 base pairs of DNA
Scanning electron micrograph
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
(Negative)
(Positive)
Genetic Testing
Disease-related DiagnosisCurrent diseaseRisk of future diseaseCarrier status
PharmacogenomicsEfficacy of therapeutic drug treatment
Tissue TypingTransplantation
ATG GTG CAC TTG ACC CCC GAG GAG
met - val - his - leu - thr - pro - glu - glu
5’ 3’
(N) (C)
ATG GTG CAC TTG ACC CCC GTG GAG
met - val - his - leu - thr - pro - val - glu
5’ 3’
(C)(N)
HbA
HbS
Molecular Basis of Sickle-Cell Allele
Hb-A
Hb-S
HbS
HbA
MstII cut sites
RFLP for Hb Alleles
GTCTAG GTCTAG GTCTAGCAGATC CAGATC CAGATC
GTCTAG GTCTAG GTCTAG GTCTAG CAGATC CAGATC CAGATC CAGATC
Analysis of an STR LocusIn Six Individuals
1 52 3 4 6
DNA Profile Database of the FBI
13 STR Loci
4,760,000 DNA Profiles in database
Transgenic Crops
Corn Insect resistance
Cotton Insect resistance
Rice Vitamin A
Soybean Herbicide resistance
Therapeutic proteinToxic protein
Chapters 13 Reading
13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5, 13.6, 13.7, 13.8, 13.9, 13.10, 13.11, 13.13, 13.14, 13.15, 13.17
Important Concepts
How Populations Evolve
Populations and SpeciesMicroevolutionMacroevolution (speciation)Natural selectionHardy-Weinberg EquationNon-adaptive mechanisms of evolutionEvidence for evolution
Multi-Drug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus