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Plant Diversity Chapters 29 and 30

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Plant Diversity I

Plant Diversity Chapters 29 and 30Characteristics of All PlantsMulticellularEukaryoticPhotosynthetic autotrophsAlternation of generations

Evolutionary HistoryEvolved from green algaeCharophyceans are closest living relativesHomologous structures provide evidence:ChloroplastsWalls with cellulosePeroxisome enzymesFlagellated sperm

Adaptations for LandPreventing water lossSporopolleninWalled spores produced in sporangiaCuticleStomata

Adaptations for LandObtaining light,CO2, and nutrientsApical meristemsMycorrhizaeRoots & root hairsVascular tissuePhloemXylemLignin

Adaptations for LandDefense against herbivores and microbesChemical compounds

Four Main Groups of Land PlantsBryophytesPteridophytesGymnospermsAngiosperms

BryophytaSimplest land plants-None have roots, stems, or leavesMainly nonvascular

BryophytaAll have dominant gametophyte generation.

BryophytaLiverworts: No stomataHornworts: StomataMosses: Have stomata, and very simple vascular tissue.

BryophytaEconomically importantSphagnum moss, peat mossWater retentionOil spill controlFuel

Seedless Vascular PlantsPteridophyta (ferns & horsetails) are main groupAlso includes Lycophyta (club mosses)

Seedless Vascular PlantsSporophyte generation dominant

Seedless Vascular PlantsEvolution of vascular tissue:XylemTracheids dead, lignifiedPhloemAllowed increased height

Seedless Vascular PlantsEvolution of leaves

Seedless Vascular PlantsEvolution of rootsRhizomes

Seedless Vascular PlantsEvolution of sporophyllsSoriStrobili

Seedless Vascular PlantsFormed first forestsEventually formed coal burned today

Gametophyte EvolutionFurther reduced in seed plants.Protected in ovules and pollen grains.

Evolution of HeterosporyMegasporangia

MicrosporangiaEvolution of PollenAvoided need for waterAllowed greater dispersal

GymnospermsNaked seedsInclude cycads, ginkgos, gnetophytes, and conifers.

AngiospermsContainer SeedFlowersFruits90% of all plants

Angiosperms

Angiosperms

Angiosperms

AngiospermsAngiospermsCoevolution: Pollinators & Flowers

AngiospermsFour Main Groups:Basal Angiosperms (.04%)Magnoliids (3%)Monocots (28%)Eudicots (69%)

Monocots vs. DicotsCotyledons

Monocots vs. DicotsLeaf Venation:

Monocots vs. DicotsVascular Tissue in Stems

Monocots vs. DicotsRoots

Monocots vs. DicotsFlowers

AngiospermsImportance:FoodLumber & PaperMedicineOxygen


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