Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae

What Is a Plant?What Is a Plant?Multicellular eukaryotes that are

photosynthetic autotrophsCell walls made of celluloseStore surplus carbohydrates as

starchMostly terrestrial

Obstacles Plants Overcome Obstacles Plants Overcome

Absorb MineralsConserve Water– Cuticle– Stomata– Guard Cells

Reproduce on Land

A Vascular System Enables A Vascular System Enables Plants to Thrive on LandPlants to Thrive on Land

Most plants need a “plumbing” system to transport water, minerals and nutrients. This system is known as the VASCULAR SYSTEM.

Divisions of Living Plants Are Divided Divisions of Living Plants Are Divided into Nonvascular and Vascularinto Nonvascular and Vascular

There are 3 divisions of nonvascular plants– Hepatophyta – the Liverworts

• Simplest of plants (gametophytes are dominate • Flat leafy body lacking cuticle, stomata, roots, stems

or leaves– Anthocerophyta – the Hornworts

• Dominate gametophyte and have stomata– Bryophyta – the mosses

• Small, most have simple vascular tissue• Sporophyte with slender stalk and spore capsule• “leafy” green gametophyte that lacks roots, stems

and leaves

Alternation Of GenerationsAlternation Of Generations Occurs in life cycle of all plantsOccurs in life cycle of all plants One generation is a multicellular haploid One generation is a multicellular haploid

condition and the next is a multicellular condition and the next is a multicellular diploid conditiondiploid condition

GametesGametesArchegoniaArchegonia–Produce eggsProduce eggs

AntheridiaAntheridia–Produce spermProduce sperm

When water is available, When water is available, sperm swim to the eggssperm swim to the eggs

Features of Vascular PlantsFeatures of Vascular PlantsDominate sporophyteDominate sporophyteSpecialized conducting cellsSpecialized conducting cellsDistinctive body formDistinctive body form–MeristemMeristem• ShootsShoots• RootsRoots

Life Cycle of a Fern

Evolution of the SeedEvolution of the SeedThere are 5 phyla of living

seed plants. Four of these phyla are collectively known as GYMNOSPERM.

The other phyla is ANGIOSPERMS.

Seed plants produce two kinds of gametophytes.–Microgametophyte – produce

male–Megagametophyte – produce

female – These develop from a megaspore within the ovule.

A pollen grain consists of only a few haploid cells surrounded by a thick protective wall.

PollinationPollination

WindInsectsanimals