CHARACTERIZATION OF FINE AND COARSE PARTICULATE MATTER COLLECTED IN INDONESIA USING NATs

Muhayatun Santoso, Diah DL,

Syukria K, Endah D, Indah K, Djoko

National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia

Email: hayat@batan.go.id

10th BAQ 2018

Kuching, Malaysia, November 12-16, 2018

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Air Pollution Problem in Indonesia

• Increased economic development in the Indonesian region has often led to rapid and

unplanned urbanization.

• Urban air pollution is a major problem in this region and growing recognition of the

health effect problems resulting from airborne particles.

• Some cities have been identified for high air pollution level

• Forest fires and volcanic eruption are also problems that occur periodically in

Indonesia. These can cause regional problem due to air transport taking place across

countries in a few days and around the globe in a few weeks.

Figure courtesy of NASA

February 14, 2014

Indonesia’s Mount Kelud Erupts

September-October 2015

Smoke and Fires in Sumatra

and Borneo

Jakarta

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Why we need fine particulate matter analysis?

• Only few existing data for PM10

particles in Indonesia

• Data on PM2.5 are relatively scarce,

but are needed more beacuse of

the health effects

• Identifying pollution sources is the

first critical step towards developing

strategies for its management

Objective :

Elemental analysis in APM is crucial

to identify the pollution sources

Nuclear Analytical Techniques

To assess the level of PM2.5 and its

chemical composition in 16 cities in

Indonesia covering Java, Sumatera,

Borneo, Sulawesi, Papua

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Methodology

Elemental concentration

measurement using NAT

Sampling of Airborne Particulate

Samples

PM and Black carbon measurement

Data Analysis using:• Receptor Modeling

• Conditional Probability Function

• Transboundary

NAA

- NAA

- AAS

- NAA

- AAS

- XRF

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Sampling sites in 16 cities

5

❖ Papua: Jayapura

Sub urban, small city,No large industry

❖ Java Island: Jakarta, Tangerang, Bandung,

Semarang, Yogyakarta, Surabaya (2)

Large scale industries, vehicles/transportation, coal

power plant, smelters, volcano. More than 35 power

plants are planned to build mainly in Java.

❖ Sumatra

Island:

Pekanbaru,

Medan

Volcano Sinabung,

Forest fire, coal

power plant

❖ Borneo: Palangka Raya, Balikpapan

Peat forest fire, mining industry,

ship docking

❖ Sulawesi: Makasar, Manado

Ship docking, industry mining,

coal power plant

❖ Bali: Denpasar

❖ Nusa Tenggara Barat: Lombok

Tourism, ritual incense burning (Bali),volcano

❖ Maluku: Ambon

Surrounded by the

sea, less industry

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Sampling Activities

6

❖ The APM samples were collected in almost all big islands in Indonesia covering 16 cities

❖ Sampling were carried out using dichotomous sampler Gent stacked filter unit in each site, once a week from 2014~ now

❖ The data presented will be focused on 2014-2016

❖ Involving the local EPA in each sites

❖ 2-3 monthly the collected samples were sent back to BATAN laboratory for mass, BC and elemental analysis

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IBA facility in ANSTO, Australia

NATs Technology for PM Analysis

Advantages :➢ Simultaneous multi

elemental

➢ Non destructive, selective

and sensitive

➢ Small weight samples ➢ Cost and time effective

Figure courtesy of ANSTO

NAA and XRF, Indonesia

Air pollution is a regional problem

Regional cooperative

framework

Regional Cooperative

Modalities

Synchrotron Elettra, Italy

NAA is an analytical technique based on the measurement of characteristic gammarays emitted by isotopes of the sample that are produced by irradiation with neutrons.

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Application of synchrotron in Elettra for airborne

particulate samples and coal fly ash samples.

Utilization of Synchrotron in Elettra, Italy

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Air Quality PM2,5 in 2014

The highest concentration of PM2.5 in Yogyakarta

occurs when mount Kelud erupts

February 14, 2014

Indonesia’s Mount Kelud Erupts in

East Java

Volcanic ash was sent covering an

area of about 500 km in diameter

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AIR MONITORING DURING KELUD ERUPTION

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Air Quality PM2,5 in 2015

Some cities are higher in

PM2.5 due to the forest

fires event in Pekanbaru,

Palangka Raya

Industrial areas in Java

also showed higher

PM2.5

Pekanbaru and Palangka Raya are higher in

PM2.5 due to the forest fires event

Urban areas in Java also showed higher PM2.5

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S and Si concentrations

Palangka Raya and Pekanbaru: forest fire of peat land

In megacities (Jakarta ) : transportation & coal power plant/oil burning,

Bandung: Tangkuban Perahu volcano

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Surabaya

Fe and K concentrations

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• High concentrations of Pb were detected inearly 2001 is it from transportation orsomething else??

• Several studies were conducted withouthelping to identify the pollution source. Atthat time, BATAN reactor was suspected asmain pollution source.

Lead Pollution in Serpong Indonesia

Pb (PM10) Bandung & Lembang

2008-2009

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Sampel BLSJ

KO

ns

ng

/m3

Pb (PM10) Serpong 2009

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0 50 100 150 200 250

Sampel BLSJ

KO

ns

ng

/m3

Pb (PM10) Jakarta 2008-2009

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Sampel BLSJ

KO

ns n

g/m

3Comparison in pre study by BATAN Bandung – EMC in 2008-2009, showed higher Pb

concentration in Serpong was hundred ~ thousand times than in Bandung or Jakarta

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

m

W akt u Sampling

➢Effect of Lead on IQ in Children

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From the NATs Analyses the high concentrations of lead

were primarily associated with a lead battery recycling

and lead bar production facility.

Source Identification of PM2.5 in Serpong Indonesia

One of NGO, KPBB research showed that

none of elementary student’s blood lead level

(BLL) were below the WHO limit (10 ug/dL)

0

20

40

60

80

0 10 20 30 40 50

BLL Curug BLL Cinangka Threshold Level

Fig. courtesy of KPBB

Proposed revision of Goverment

Regulation (PP. 41/1999) : Air Pollution

Control (NAAQS): Pb in TSP :

1 μg/m3 0.5 μg/m3 (annual)

2 μg/m3 1 μg/m3 (daily)

Blood lead level in childrenPb Industries

BC Al As Br Ca Cl Cr Cu Fe K MgMnNa Ni P Pb S Si Ti V Zn

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

Two-Stroke

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

Power Plants

Conc

entra

tion

(ng/

ng)

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

Road Dust

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

Biomass

BC Al As Br Ca Cl Cr Cu Fe K MgMn Na Ni P Pb S Si Ti V Zn0.001

0.01

0.1

1

Muhayatun Santoso et al., APR 2 (2011)

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Utilization of Synchrotron

The XANES speciation of As in the coal

fly ash revealed that the less toxic

inorganic form As(V) represented the

main arsenic species.

The XANES (X-Ray

Absorption Near Edge

Spectrometer) facility of

Synchrotron is applicable for

elemental speciation analysis

(As, Cr, etc)

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Acknowledgement

1. National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia

2. International Nuclear Energy Agency - IAEA

3. Ministry of Environment and Forestry Indonesia

4. The Environmental Protection Agency of Jakarta Province

5. The Environmental Protection Agency of West Java Province

6. Center for Accelerator Science and Technology, BATAN Yogyakarta

7. The Environmental Protection Agency of Center Java Province

8. The Environmental Protection Agency of East Java Province

9. The Environmental Protection Agency of Surabaya City

10. The Environmental Protection Agency of North Sumatera Province

11. Eco Region Center for Sumatera

12. The Environmental Protection Agency of Pekanbaru

13. The Environmental Protection Agency of Palangka Raya

14. The Environmental Proctetion Agency of Balikpapan

15. Eco Region of Bali and Nusra

16. The Environmental Proctetion Agency of Mataram

17. Eco Region for Sulawesi and Maluku, Makassar

18. The Environmental Proctetion Agency of North Sulawesi Province

19. The Environmental Proctetion Agency of Maluku Province

20. The Environmental Protection Agency of Papua

Government

Comitment

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Summary

NAT has been applied in Indonesia national scale through sampling in almost big

cities in Indonesia covering Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, Maluku, and Papua

Islands.

Several findings for heavy metals pollution in several cities as an early warning to

government and stakeholders to take proper actions.

Indonesia has a data base on database of air quality in Indonesia, that could be

utilized as scientific based reference for government regulation and policy for

proper action and strategy to improve the air quality

The results has encourage the revision of government regulation (PP No.

41/1999) on Air Pollution Control (NAAQS)

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