characterization of urban mines - tu wien · characterization of urban mines 2/21. background...

Characterization of urban mines

Helmut Rechberger, Hanno Buchner, Fritz KleemannResearch Center of Waste and Resource ManagementCD Laboratory for Anthropogenic ResourcesTechnische Universität Wien

1st European Mining & Exploration ForumMasterminding a mining revival in Europe

17-18 November – Vienna, Austria

Characterization of urban mines 2/21

Background

Buildings greatly contribute to the turnover and accumulation of materials within urban systems

About 20-30% of total waste flows are related to construction and demolition activities (excavation material excluded)

High potential to save landfill space and primary resources through recycling

Knowledge about material flows and stocks in urban systems is limited


Aluminium balance, Austria 2010

Lagerzuwachs: 11 kg/Pers Altschrottanfall: 7 kg/Pers

Source: Buchner et al., 2014


Selected results from dynamic model

In-use stock Al-scrap + EOL vehicle exported

360 kg/cap 14 kg/cap.yr

Source: Buchner et al., 2015a


Future old scrap generation

0

50.000

100.000

150.000

200.000

250.000

300.000

1964 1970 1976 1982 1988 1994 2000 2006 2012 2018 2024 2030 2036 2042 2048

[t/yr

.] Buildings and infrastructureTransport

Mechanical Eng.Electrical Eng.

ConsumerPackaging

Total old scrap


Objective

Analyze the building stock in Vienna and its potential for urban mining

Generate specific material values for different building categories

Analyze the building structure

Estimate the material output from demolition activities


Material composition of buildings1

Investigation of the material composition of buildings prior demolition

Generation specific material values for different building categories

Comparison with official reports on waste disposed


Material composition of buildings2

Files of demolished buildings Collection from municipal building authorities

Analysis of material composition

Main materials (walls, ceilings, roofs, …)

Data for new buildings Available LCA Data for new buildings in Vienna

Data from developers (tender documents, final bills)

Literature


Result for a single building

Flooring54%

Cables42%

Tubing4%

Source: Kleemann et al. 2014


Material composition [kg/m³ gross vol.]

Source: Kleemann et al. 2014

Material CS1 CS2.1 CS2.2 CS2.3 CS3 CS4 CS5 CS6 CS7

Mineral 430 420 410 320 260 450 400 300 390

Asbestos 1,5 0,04 - - 0,14 - 0,12 0,092 0,006

Steel 7,6 5,1 4,6 8,6 5,8 0,97 3,3 7,6 9,4

Aluminium 0,22 0,049 0,057 0,55 0,03 0,16 0,15 0,32 0,54

Copper 0,11 0,15 0,16 0,24 0,0019 0,062 0,034 0,099 0,15

Wood 2,3 4,3 2,2 0,62 3,6 20 4,200 0,69 1,2

PVC 0,52 0,19 0,21 0,18 0,0093 0,20 0,093 0,33 0,10

Other plastics 1,3 0,16 0,35 4,9 0,14 0,46 0,35 0,23 0,11

others 1,1 0,54 1,2 0,69 0,43 0,13 0,26 2,7 0,63

Total 440 430 420 340 270 470 400 310 410


Buildings differentiated by Construction period

Utilization

GIS data Different source within the municipality

Spatial joining to get the relevant information on a building level

Building structure


Combination of data

Area & height of buildings

Utilization & construction period of buildings

Case studies - analysis of documents- on-site investigation

Demolished buildings- analysis ofconstruction plans

Literature

New buildings- final bills- LCA Data- construction plans

Information about the building structure(GIS - geographical information system)

Information about the material composition of different building categories

Period of construction

Utilization Mineral materials

Organic materials

Metals Total

-1918 residential 380 17 3 400

commercial 360 3 3 366 industrial 270 5 7 282

1919-1945 residential 450 11 6 467

commercial 270 7 6 283 industrial 320 30 3 353

1946-1976 residential 420 5 10 435

commercial 350 6 6 362 industrial 340 - 13 353

1977-1996 residential 430 7 12 449

commercial 380 1 13 394 industrial 170 - 15 185

1997- residential 450 5 13 468

commercial 320 6 10 336 industrial - - - -


Material stock

385.000.000 [t]210 [t] pp


Material stock per person [t/cap]

Source: Kleemann et al. 2015 (submitted)

Mineral 200 Organic 5,5 Metal 3,4

Concrete 83 Wood 4,1 Iron/Steel 3,2

Bricks 70 Various plastics 0,37 Lead 0,09

Mortar/plaster 30 Carpet 0,22 Aluminium 0,044

Mineral fill 7,7 Heraklit 0,18 Copper 0,031

Slag fill 3,5 Bitumen 0,14 Zinc 0,022

Gravel/sand 2,9 Asphalt 0,13 Brass 0,0012

Foamed clay bricks 0,76 PVC 0,11

Natural stone 0,7 Polystyrene 0,077

Plaster boards/gypsum 0,59 Paper/Cardboard 0,065

Ceramics 0,44 Laminate 0,039

(Cement) asbestos 0,37 Linoleum 0,013

Glass 0,22

Mineral wool 0,21

Mineral wool boards 0,012 Total 210


Resource cadastre

- Resource cadastre- Gives information about the total material stock in buildings

- Combined with data about the demolition activity, current and future waste streams can be estimated


Demolition activity1

Data from the building authority Address of building

notification present

Own observations to cross check if all buildings are notified

Data from surveying Wrecking companies (data quality?)

Recyclers

Landfill operators

Data from remote sensing Image matching

Compare height models of building stock based on yearly orthophotos


Conclusion & Outlook

Material composition of different building categories

Quantity of materials

Spatial distribution of materials

Possibility to generate reference values for single buildings being demolished

Information about future appearing waste flows on a municipal level (Vienna)


References

Buchner, H.; Laner, D.; Rechberger, H.; Fellner, J. Future Raw Material Supply: Opportunities and Limits of Aluminium Recycling in Austria, Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy, 1, 2015b, 1-10.

Buchner, H.; Laner, D.; Rechberger, H.; Fellner, J Dynamic Material Flow Modeling: An Effort to Calibrate and Validate Aluminum Stocks and Flows in Austria. Environmental Science and Technology, 49, 2015a, 5546-5554.

Kleemann, F.; Lederer, J.; Aschenbrenner, P.; Rechberger, H.; Fellner, J. A method for determining buildings’ material composition prior to demolition, Building Research & Information, 43, 2015, 1-12

Kleemann, F.; Lederer, J.; Rechberger, H.; Fellner, J. GIS-based analysis of Vienna’s material stock in buildings, Industrial Ecology, 2015, submitted

Buchner, H.; Laner, D.; Rechberger, H.; Fellner, J. “In-depth analysis of aluminum flows in Austria as a basis to increase resource efficiency, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 93, 2014, 112– 123.

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