Chart: North and South (Chapter 14)

Life in the North Life in the SouthUrban Rural

Economy based on industry

Economy based on agriculture

Railroads increased commerce within the U.S.

Cotton Kingdom:Cotton most profitable cash

crop

Yankee clipper ships increased foreign trade

Dependent on North and Europe

for manufactured goods

New machines helped produce more goods

Invention of cotton gin increased planters’ profits

Artisans formed trade unionsto improve working conditions

Limited industry as money invested in land and slaves

Wave of European immigrants supplied factory labor

Slave codes place restrictions on African Americans

Slavery outlawed, but African Americans faced discrimination

About 94% of region’s African Americans enslaved

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Northern Inventors

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Steel Plow

1825- John Deere

Mechanical Reaper

1847-Cyrus McCormick

Chicago, IL

Mowed wheat/grains

Threshing Machine

It was invented (c.1784) for the separation of grain from stalks and husks. For thousands of years, grain

was separated by hand with flails, and was very laborious and time consuming. Mechanization of this process took much of the drudgery out of farm labor.

Hay Rake

Mechanical Drill

Jethro Tull

Jethro Tull was one of the first scientific farmers. He realized that the usual way of sowing seeds by scattering them on the

ground was wasteful. Many seeds did not take root. The seed drill, which he invented in 1701, allowed the

farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths. When his invention was used, a larger share of the seed

germinated. As a result, crop yields increased even more.

Results of Farming Innovations:

• Increased farm productivity

• Westward movement

• Increase in factory jobs

Yankee Clipper

• 1845- John Griffith's Rainbow

• Sleek vessel, tall mass, huge sails

• 1840s New York to Hong Kong 5 months

• Clipper 81 days

• Increased U.S. Sea trade in the 1840s & 1850s

Life in the North

• Worsening factory conditions• Trade Unions- workers come together to

demand higher wages, shorter days, better working conditions

• African Americans face discrimination• African Americans were denied “the ballot-

box, the jury box, the halls of legislature, the army, the public lands, the school and the church”

Immigration in the North

0

20,00040,000

60,00080,000

100,000120,000

140,000160,000

180,000

1820 1830 1840 1850 1860

EnglishImmigrants

IrishImmigrants

GermanImmigrants

What happened in the1850s?

• Irish Potato Famine• Disease destroyed potato crop

• Famine-severe food shortage

• 1845-1860 1.5 million Irish fled to the U.S.

Southern Economy

Cotton Boom

• Cotton Gin- increased production

• 6,000 to 2 million bales of cotton

• 1792-1850

• Cotton expands westward

• Slavery follows

Agricultural Economy

• Rice

• Sugar

• Tobacco

• Livestock

Limited Industry

• Tools manufactured most in the North

• Slavery reduced the need for southern industry

Economically Dependent

• Little industry=

• Reliance on Northern production

“The grave was dug through solid marble, but the marble headstone came from Vermont. It was in a pine wilderness but the pine coffin came from Cincinnati. An iron mountain overshadowed it but the coffin nails and the screws and the shovel came from Pittsburgh… A hickory grove grew nearby, but the pick and shovel handles came from New York… That country, so rich in underdeveloped resources, furnished nothing for the funeral except the corpse and the hole in the ground.”

-1889

What did that passage tell you about the South’s dependence on

the North?

Life in the SouthOwned 5 or more slaves

Owned 1-4 slaves

8%

50%

2%

32%

8%

Whites who owned NO slaves

Free African AmericansEnslaved

African Americans

“Cottonocracy”• A planter who owned

at least 20 slaves

• Rich Family

• Elegant Lifestyle

• Politics

• Only 1 in 30 people

• Lifestyle dominated the south

Other Whites

• Small Farmers: 75%

• Plain Folk- might own 1-2 slaves

• Worked in the fields w/ slaves

• Poor Whites

• Didn’t own land

• Hill Country

African Americans in the South

Free and Enslaved

Free African Americans

• Descendants of Revolutionary War Vets

• 200,000

• Northern parts of the South

• Cities- New Orleans, Richmond, and Charleston

Restrictions

• Fear

• No vote

• No travel

• Pushed out

Enslaved- Slave Codes

• Purpose: No rebel or runaways

• No groups of more than 3

• Owner’s permission to leave

• No reading

• No writing

• Could not testify in court

Resistance

• Small resistance: break tools, steal crops…

• Denmark Vesey: 1822 planned revolt– Discovered before attempt: 35 people

executed

• Nat Turner- 1831 Preacher– Led revolt Southhampton, VA– Killed 57 whites

• Revolts were rarely successful