chcac319a. 1. provide support to those affected by dementia 2. use communication strategies which...
TRANSCRIPT
CHCAC319A
1. Provide support to those affected by dementia 2. Use communication strategies which take
account of the progressive & variable nature of dementia
3. Provide adequate activities to maintain dignity, skills and health of client at optimum levels
4. Implement strategies which minimise the impact of behaviours of concern
5. Implement self care strategies
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Dementia: Is a general term used to describe problems with
memory and thinking, which leads to a decline in social skills and behaviour and indicates that something is wrong with the brain.
Causes a decline in a persons cognitive function – memory loss, communication difficulties & a decline in physical, emotion and social abilities.
Occurs progressively, which impacts on an individuals ability to carry out a normal life
20 -30% of all dementia’s 50-70% of all dementia’s
Vascular Dementia
Strokes (many and small) Multi infarcts (TIA)
Alzheimer’s Disease
Plaques, tangles and transmitter defects to brain
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Transmitter Damage
Physical Damage
Toxic Damage
Genetic Disorder
Infections
Parkinson’s Disease
Injury , tumours
Korsakoff’s Syndrome
Huntington’s Disease
AIDS, syphilis, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (Mad Cow)
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It is estimated that around 200,000 people in Australia have dementia.
With the projected rise of Australia's aged population, it is estimated the number of people living with dementia will increase to almost 465,000 by 2031.
Dementia is one of the major reasons why older people enter residential aged care or seek assistance from community care programs.
Dementia can happen to anyone. It can affect people in their 30s, 40s and 50s.
it is more common over the age of 65 one in four people over the age of 85 have the condition.
Stats : Economics (2005) Dementia Estimates and Projections: Australian States and
Territories. Alzheimer’s Australia, Canberra.
Progressive & frequent loss of memory
Confusion
Personality change
Disorientation to time & place
Poor or decreased judgement
Problems with abstract thinking
Apathy & withdrawal, loss of initiative
Loss of ability to perform every day tasks
Problems with language
Misplacing things
Changes in mood or behaviour.
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lose their communication skills
become disorientated to time, place and people
lose the ability to do everyday tasks
lose control of their bowel/bladder
wander and pace around
hallucinate or have delusions
behave in a way that is a challenge to manage.
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GP’s neurologists, psycho-geriatrician, ACAT, psychologists rule out other conditions that may cause dementia, especially those that may be reversible.
Diagnostic process is complex and usually involves a combination of tests and investigations to assess change over time
screening tests, such as the Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE)
Neuropsychological assessments consider aspects of cognition, including memory recognition and concentration
Radiography - CT, PET & MRI Scans
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Some conditions present like signs and symptoms of dementia.
These may be reversible and include: depression acute confusion/delirium (caused by infection,
dehydration, constipation) anxiety tumours vitamin deficiencies. Endocrine disorders
Although the risk of developing AD increases with age,
AD and dementia symptoms are Not part of normal ageing.
AD & other Dementing disorders are caused by
diseases that affect the brain.
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There are currently around 245,000 people with dementia in Australia.
By mid-century, we will have over 1.13 million Australians with dementia.
Dementia is the leading single cause of disability in older Australians (aged 65years or older)
It is one of the fastest growing sources of major disease burden, overtaking coronary heart disease in its total wellbeing cost by 2023.
Dementia will become the third greatest source of health and residential aged care spending within about two decades.
By the 2060s, spending on dementia is set to outstrip that of any other health condition. It is projected to be $83 billion (in 2006-07 dollars
(previous two slides)Alzheimer ‘s Australia report by Access Economics-Keeping dementia front of mind: incidence and prevalence 2009-2050. 2009
grieving because of the awareness of the effects of the disease
reliving a memory of loss.
Anxiety & challenging behaviours
Dependence on others disorientation
People with dementia may need assistance with:
Remembering Re -orientating Communicating Self-care Safety Eating and drinking Going to the toilet
Spouses – the largest group. Most are older with their own health problems.
Daughters – the second largest group. Called the “sandwich generation,” many are married and raising children of their own. Children may need extra support if a parent’s attention is focused on care giving.
Grandchildren – may become major helpers. Daughters-in-law – the third largest group. Sons – often focus on the financial, legal, and
business aspects of care giving. Brothers and Sisters – many are older with their
own health problems. Other – friends, neighbors, members of the faith
community. NIA: Unravelling the mystery of AD
AD takes a huge physical and emotional toll.
Caregivers must deal with changes in a loved one’s personality and provide constant attention for years.
Thus, caregivers are especially vulnerable to physical and emotional stress.
• Peer support programs can help link caregivers with trained volunteers. Other support programs can offer services geared to caregivers dealing with different stages of AD.
NIA unraveling AD
Make it an aim to share the care of the person with dementia • Don’t hesitate to ask for help • Suggest specific ways that friends and family can help • Organise regular breaks for yourself. A friend or relative may be able to care for the person with dementia on a
regular basis Find out about respite options in your local area
Alzheimer’s Australia : www.alzheimers.org.au
A consistent schedule can make life a little easier when living with a person with dementia
• It often helps to remember that the person with dementia is not being difficult on purpose, but that their emotions and behaviours are affected by dementia
• Learning as much as possible about dementia and encouraging friends and relatives to do so as well can be helpful
• It is important to talk things over with family, friends and other people in a similar situation
• Look after yourself by looking after your diet, get regular exercise and maintain your social contacts and lifestyle
• Be realistic about what you can expect of yourself, and recognise that taking care of yourself is better for everybody
Alzheimer’s Australia : www.alzheimers.org.au
Provide information about dementia. Useful material is available from Alzheimer’s Australia, much of it in community languages as well as English
• Explain that outwardly a person with dementia may look fine, but that they have an illness, which although devastating, is not contagious
• Accept that some friends may drift away • Ask visitors to come for short times and not too many at once • Suggest activities for the visit such as going for a walk, bringing
a simple project to do together or looking at a photo album • Prepare visitors for any problems with communication, and
suggest ways that they might deal with these
Alzheimer’s Australia : www.alzheimers.org.au
Who can help? Commonwealth Respite and Carelink Centres around Australia provide
information about the range of community care programs and services available to help people stay in their own homes. Call 1800 052 222 or
visit www.commcarelink.health.gov.au Commonwealth Carer Resource Centres provide carers with information
and advice about relevant services and entitlements. Contact your closest Commonwealth Carer Resource Centre on 1800 242 636.
Another useful source of information is the Carers Association. The Australian Government has published a Carer Information Kit that provides information about the support and services that are available to carers and offers practical assistance. www.carersaustralia.com.au
The Dementia Behaviour Management Advisory Service (DBMAS) is a national telephone advisory service for families, carers and care workers who are concerned about the behaviours of people with dementia. The service provides confidential advice, assessment, intervention, education and specialised support 24 hours a day, 7 days a week and can be contacted on 1800 699 799.
National Dementia Helpline can be contacted on 1800 100 500 or visit Alzheimer’s Australia at www.alzheimers.org.au
Types of elder abuse:
Physical Chemical Sexual Financial Emotional
REPORTING
Clinical Short term memory
impairment Dementia Depression Physical dependence Substance abuse
Situational IsolationPoor social functioningRecent bereavement
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Most common form of Dementia 60-70% attributed to Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer's disease is a physical disease which attacks the brain resulting in impaired memory, thinking and behaviour.
The disease is named for the German physician, Alois
Alzheimer who, in 1907, first described it.
Plaques and Tangles: The Hallmarks of AD
As brain cells die, the substance of the brain shrinks.
Abnormal material builds up as “tangles” in the centre of the brain cells and “plaques” outside the brain cells, disrupting messages within the brain, damaging connections between brain cells.
This leads to the eventual death of the brain cells and prevents the recall of information.
An actual AD plaque
An actual AD tangle
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Persistent and frequent memory difficulties, especially of recent events
Vagueness in everyday conversation Apparent loss of enthusiasm for previously enjoyed
activities Taking longer to do routine tasks Forgetting well-known people or places Inability to process questions and instructions Deterioration of social skills Emotional unpredictability
Mild = Early stage The mild stage is typified by impairments of mental
ability as well as mood swings.
Moderate = Mid stage Behavioural disturbances usually increasingly develop
Severe = Late stage Physical problems are dominant
The individual course of the disease is individual & varied.
In severe AD, extreme shrinkage occurs in the brain. Patients are completely dependent on others for care.Symptoms can include weight loss, seizures, skin infections, groaning, moaning, or grunting, increased sleeping, loss of bladder and bowel control. Death usually occurs from aspiration pneumonia or other infections. Caregivers can turn to a hospice for help and palliative care. (NIA) Unraveling the mystery of AD sl.21
Communication
1. Sender – sends the message 2. The message – verbal or non verbal 3. The channel – messages are sent through
a variety of channels – senses 4. The receiver – receives the message and
interprets it 5. The impact – reaction to the message
Difficulties include: Ability to express
themselves clearly Take in what has been
said People from a NESB
may revert to their first language
Challenging behaviours may result due to such difficulties in communicating
Makes up to 55% of our communication and is very powerful. This is our body language such as:
Tone of voice, volume of voice Facial expression Touch, gestures, appearance, posture,
silence, dress,
Do not take it personally if a patient takes a dislike to you
Be aware of the non verbal communication (smiling, touch gestures)
Consider the patients perception of reality
Early Stage◦ Ability to think of the right words◦ Fewer topics, speaks less and conversation is
dull Middle Stage
◦ Knowing when to reply◦ Vague
End Stage◦ Putting sentences together◦ Words may be lost◦ Non verbal
Reality Orientation Validation Therapy Reminiscence Reflective
Listening
Limited attention span Cannot remember words Multiple step instruction may lead to
confusion Inability to concentrate Need more time to respond Difficult behaviour Additional impairments may also hinder
communication further
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Valuing the individuality of every person Relating to the person rather than the illness Maximising autonomy, independence and
participation Responding to the needs of the whole person; Providing an environment and experiences
that are enriching and meaningful; A partnership between care providers and
family and friends of the person with dementia.
Dementia is the condition not the person
Activities
Task modification◦ To ensure comprehension◦ Cues to complete tasks◦ Provide a method to assess ‘difficulties’ a
person may have with one/any task◦ To assist where possible whilst maintaining
independence
Activities of daily living (ADL)◦ Activities we normally do on a day to day basis
such as washing, eating
Recreational Activities◦ Activities we do for pleasure such as listening to
music, playing cards
Keep active Sense of
accomplishment Makes us feel
worthwhile and feel good
Enhances emotional wellbeing
To maintain activities you will need to know:◦ Patients history
Provide an appropriate activity Consider the following – likes/dislikes, past
history, suitable environment, capabilities, disabilities, equipment required, safety aspects, planning or liaising with others
Group or individual activities When designing an activity for a person
with dementia remember to use all of the senses
Challenging Behaviour
Anxiety Wandering Aggression Depression Confusion Hallucinations Agitation Disinhibited behaviour
Reassure and support the person Try to respond calmly and gently Address the underlying feeling if possible Try to reduce the demands made on the person Be aware of the warning signs of aggression Eliminate possible causes of stress Ensure that there is an unrushed and consistent routine Spend time explaining what is happening avoid
confrontation. suggest an alternative activity Make sure the person gets enough exercise Make sure they are comfortable
Health factors • Fatigue • Disruption of sleep
patterns • Physical discomfort such
as pain, fever, illness or constipation
• Physical changes in the brain
• Adverse side effects of medication
• Impaired vision or hearing • Hallucinations
Environmental Noisy Strange / new Fear Misunderstanding Need for attention
Restraint is the use of physical, chemical or psychological means of deliberately preventing someone from moving freely.
Types of restraints include: posey belt, lap belt, bed rails, water chairs, deep chairs, sheets, mittens and medication
The following is a list of possible side effects due to restraints◦ Decreased muscle
strength◦ Increased confusion◦ Loss of self worth◦ Increase in falls
Written doctors order that states: type of restraint, how it is to be applied, length of time, review date, signature of person applying and releasing restraint
Written consent from the persons guardian or next of kin is also required
Documentation of behviour
You are caring for Mrs. Jones she is wandering around the facility and causing concern she is upsetting other residents the nurse in charge asks you to restraint Mrs. Jones.◦ Complete the relevant paper work and
documentation
http://www.dementia.unsw.edu.au/DCRCweb.nsf/page/PDCRC
http://www.alzheimers.org.au/ http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/pub
lishing.nsf/Content/Dementia-1 http://www.agedcareaustralia.gov.au/
internet/agedcare/publishing.nsf/Content/Dementia-1?Open&etID=WCMEXT05-WCME-752426
Alzheimer’s Association www.alz.org Alzheimer’s Disease Education and Referral
(ADEAR) Center www.alzheimers.org Module 4481: Supporting the person with
Dementia. TAFE NSW. National Institute on Ageing:
http://www.nia.nih.gov
The Health of Older People, Australia, 2001 - Latest ISSUE Released 10/11/2004 (4827.0.55.001). http://abs.gov.au/Ausstats/[email protected]/0e5fa1cc95cd093c4a2568110007852b/5b3a04650641ef75ca256f4700715847!OpenDocument.
Keith A. Johnson, M.D. J. Alex Becker, Ph.D. The whole brain atlas: http://www.med.harvard.edu/AANLIB/home.html