check revised lecture notes!. time line 1.8 mybp beginning of pleistocene 1.7 mybp ancestral mammoth...
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Check revised lecture notes!
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Time Line
• 1.8 MYBP Beginning of Pleistocene• 1.7 MYBP Ancestral mammoth arrives in
America• ~ 0.2 MYBP Modern humans evolve in Africa• ~ 0.015 MYBP Modern humans arrive in
America• 0.01 MYBP 135 spp. extinct, last glacial retreat
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Dispersal of Humans
Nature 7 Dec. 2000 p. 653.
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Climate Change in Pleistocene
Humans arrivein Australia
Humans arrivein America
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Australia
• Colonized ~ 50,000 years ago.
• No global warming at this time.
• Offers a natural experiment to compare human predation and climate change.
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Gifford Miller, 1999
Genyornis
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Genyornis (1999 Research!)
Miller et al., 1999. Science 283: 205-208
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Summary (but 8 years ago!)
• “From consideration of all of these stories for different continents there does not appear to any one factor responsible for the late Pleistocene extinctions . . . What is likely is that the primary lethal effect was the combination of these factors, acting in a synergistic manner on a fauna unaccustomed to so many disruptions at once.” Burney 1993.
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My Opinion
• Human Hunting– Almost certainly– More work needed on early social structure
• Humans as Disease Vectors– Intriguing
• Predator-Prey Theory– Not an issue in America or Australia– Relevant to Africa
• Climate Change– Probably a factor in America
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Are we on the verge of a
MASS EXTINCTION?
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Review: Deterministic Threats
• Change in physical environment– climate change
– habitat destruction
– pollution
• Change in biotic environment– Competition
– Predation (including disease and human hunting)
– Mutualism
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Current Extinction Methods of Humans
• Overkill (Stellar’s sea cow)
• Introduced species– predators, disease, competitors
• Habitat destruction
• Global climate change
• Warfare
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The Last Stellar’s Sea Cow, 1768
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Whales Hunted to Near Extinction
• 1800’s - A record three year cruise killed < 100 whales.
• 1933 - ~30,000 whales killed, 2.5 million barrels of whale oil.
• 1967 - ~60,000 whales killed, 1.5 million barrels of oil
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Brown tree snake(Guam rail)
Tibbles eats allStephan Island Wrens (1894)
W.B. Espeut introducesmongooses onto Jamaica (1872)
Domestic animalsbecome feral predators
Introduced Predators
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Bird Extinctions in Eastern N.A.
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The Heath Hen: Multiple Causes
Nature Conservancy magazine July/August 1998 p. 8-9
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Disease
New Scientist 5 August 2000 p.35. Article by Debora MacKenzie
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Humans and Disease
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/287/5452/443
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Lyme Disease
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Deforestation
• 110,000 km2 per year, 20 hectares per minute (A. Sommer, 1976)
• 55 km2 per year (an area the size of WV), 10 hectares per minute (P. and A. Ehrlich
• 150,000 km2 per year, 25 hectares per minute, one football field every second (N. Myers 1989).
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Deforestation