chemical bonding. compounds compounds are substances made up of two or more elements in fixed...
TRANSCRIPT
Compounds
• Compounds are substances made up of two or more elements in fixed proportions.– Electrically neutral (equal numbers of positive and
negative charges)– Atoms combine by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons
to form chemical bonds– Atoms achieve greater stability in bonding with other
atoms
3 Types of bonding
• Metallic– (metal + metal)
• Ionic– (metal + nonmetal)
• Covalent/molecular– (nonmetal + nonmetal)
Metallic Bonding and Compounds
Metallic Bonds
• Electrons are shared• Electrostatic (positive-
negative) attraction between cations and a “sea” of free floating valence electrons
Characteristics of Compounds
• Metal + metal• Conduct electricity
and heat• Usually solid at room
temp (range of m.p./b.p.)
• Not soluble in water• Luster is shiny• Malleable and ductile
Metallic Bonding and Compounds
• Alloy: a mixture (usually a solid) that contains two or more elements and has the characteristics of a metal
• Compositions of Selected Alloys– stainless steel 74% Fe, 18% Cr, 8%
Ni, .18% C– coinage silver 90% Ag, 10% Cu– plumber’s solder 67% Pb, 33% Sn– brass 67% Cu, 33% Zn– 18 carat gold 75% Au, 10-20% Ag, 5-15%
Cu– nichrome 60% Ni, 40% Cr
*note that the elements in an alloy are not present in specific ratios (the percentages may be adjusted)
Ionic Bonding and Compounds
Ionic Bonding• electrons are transferred• electrostatic attraction
between cation and an anion (ions)
• atoms are often less stable than ions
• metals lose electrons to form positive ions to achieve stability cations– example: sodium
• non-metals gain electrons to form negative ions to achieve stability anions– example: chlorine
Characteristics of Compounds
• metal + nonmetal• called “salts”• solids at room
temperatures (high m.p. and b.p.)
• may dissolve in water to form strong electrolytes
• conduct electricity when molten (liquid at high temperature)
• brittle• crystalline, NOT molecules
– they form 3D crystal arrays of alternating anions and cations
Covalent Bonding and Compounds
Covalent Bonds• electrons are shared• electrostatic attraction
between electrons and nuclei
Characteristics of Compounds
• nonmetal + nonmetal• solids/liquid/gas at room
temperatures (variable m.p. and b.p.)
• may dissolve in water but doesn’t form an electrolyte
• doesn’t conduct electricity when solid or molten (liquid at high temperature)
• forms molecules
Covalent Bonding and Compounds
• unshared pair - valence electrons that are not shared in bonds
• single bond - only a single pair of electrons are shared between two atoms (see examples above)
• double bond - two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms– examples: formaldehyde- H2CO
oxygen- O2
• triple bond - three pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms– examples: nitrogen N2
ethyne, or acetylene, C2H2
Classify each compound as:
• KCl• Brass (Cu + Zn + Sn)• CO2
• NO2
• Sterling silver (Ag + Cu)• SnF2
• CH4
• MgCl2• NH3
• LiF
M- MetallicI- IonicC- Covalent
Chemical Formulas
• Chemical formula- what elements it contains and the ratio of the atoms of those elements– Example: NaCl (sodium chloride)
Contains 1 sodium atom and 1 chloride atom
– Example: H2O (water)The formula is a combination of the symbolsH and O and the subscript number 2
Contains 2 Hydrogen atoms and 1 Oxygen atom
Chemical Formulas
• Subscript means “written below” and is written after the symbol. It tells how many atoms of that element are in one unit of the compound. If the symbol has no subscript, the unit contains only one atom of that element.
Familiar Name Chemical Name Formula
Lye Sodium Hydroxide NaOH
Ammonia Ammonia NH3
Sand Silicon Dioxide SiO2
Battery Acid Sulfuric Acid H2SO4
Octet Rule• Octet Rule: atoms tend to gain, lose, or share
electrons in order to acquire a full set of valence electrons
• Think of ionic bond formation as a process: – electrons are lost/gained to achieve a stable octet of electrons– ions form – ions brought together by electrostatic attractions.
• Lewis Dot Diagrams:• Recall that a way to show and emphasize an atom’s
valence electrons is to draw the element’s dot diagram
• Li Be N O Cl Si Ar
Empirical vs. Molecular Formulas
• empirical formula – shows the lowest whole number ratio of atoms in a
compound– always used for ionic compounds – can be useful for partially describing covalent compounds
• example: Ca2+ and F- combine to form CaF2
• molecular formula – shows the actual number of atoms in a single molecule – cannot be used for ionic compounds
• examples: sucrose- C12H22O11 and glucose- C6H12O6
• Questions: – What is the empirical formula for sucrose? – What is the empirical formula for glucose? ________