Chemical Engineering and its Applications

byCumali KALKAN

What is Chemical Engineering?

Engineering:

- application of scientific, economic, social, and practical knowledge to design, build, maintain, and improve structures, machines, devices, systems, materials and processes

- combines science and mathematics to solve real world problems that improve the world around us

• Engineers implement ideas in a cost effective and practical approach

• Engineers are problem solvers, organisers, communicators, calculators and designers

• The crucial and unique task of the engineer is to identify, understand, and interpret the constraints to produce a successful result

• It is usually not enough to produce a technically successful product; it must also meet further requirements

Constraints/limitations may include:

- available resources- physical, imaginative or technical limitations- flexibility for future modifications- other factors, such as requirements for

cost, safety, marketability, and serviceability

• engineers must also take into account safety, efficiency, economy, reliability and constructibility or ease of fabrication

• as well as legal considerations such as patent infringement or liability in the case of failure of the solution

• By understanding the constraints, engineers derive specifications for the limits within which a viable product or system may be produced and operated

A Sample Specification

for a chemical (sealant)

complying to various

standards

A Sample Standard

for Aluminium

(ASTM B-221-08)

A sample Certificate of Test showing standards and specifications

• Engineering is quite different from science.

• Scientists try to understand nature. Engineers try to make things that do not exist in nature.

• Engineers try to invent and design something that people can use

• That something can be a device, a material, a method, a computing program, a new solution to a problem, or an improvement on something existing

Chemical:

• Inorganic chemicals (H2O, CO, CO2, NaCl etc.)

• Organic chemicals (large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon like methane-CH4)

• Compounds based primarily on carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) atoms are called organic compounds, and all others are called inorganic compounds.

• Organic compounds are produced by living things.

• Inorganic compounds are produced by non-living natural processes or by human intervention in the laboratory.

  Inorganic compounds

Organic compounds

can form salts + -contain carbon - +contain (C-H) bonds  - +contain metal atoms + -

Chemical Engineering:

• Basically, Chemical Engineering is applied chemistry

• It is the practical application of chemistry

• applies sciences (e.g. chemistry and physics) together with mathematics and economics

• essentially deals with chemicals, materials, energy and the processes to create &/or convert them

• concerned with design, construction, and operation of machines, processes &/or factories

• to produce useful products or solve practical problems

• by performing chemical reactions and converting raw-materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms

• also involved with pioneering valuable materials, techniques & fields like nanotechnology, fuel cells and bioengineering.

• Chemical engineers are not chemistry experts. Their purpose is to apply chemistry to PRACTICAL problems.

• Apart from chemistry, chemical engineers are trained in economics, business practice, environmental factors and ethics.

• Chemists are trained only in the theory of chemistry whereas engineers implement chemical theory in everyday life to solve problems.

Applications / Industries:

- Petrochemical- Plastics- Rubber- Paint & coating- Cement- Fertilizer- Soaps, detergents, etc.- Sugar- Glass- Ceramic - Paper

Applications / Industries:

- Water treatment and purification- Cosmetics- Pharmaceuticals- Foods & Beverages- Industrial Chemicals- Mining / Mineral Extraction and Processing- Leather - Textile- Agrochemicals - Explosives- Gases

Some Examples for Chemical Processes / Operations

• Separation• Filtration• Distillation • Extraction• Crystallization• Evaporation, Condensation• Polymerization• Adsorption, Absorption• Drying• Refrigeration• Screening, crushing, pulverization, • Mixing• Chemical Reactions

Unit operations involve a physical change or chemical transformation

Process Flow Diagram(Flow Sheet)

• Flow sheet is a diagram showing the progress of material through a chemical factory. It shows the material and energy flow in each process and operation.

Flowsheet (Example)

HCl Acid Recovery Flow Diagram

A Typical

Oil Refinery

Typical Content of a Process Flow Diagram• Process piping

• Major equipment items

• Control valves and other major valves

• Connections with other systems

• Major bypass and recirculation streams

• Operational data (temperature, pressure, mass flow rate, density, etc.), mass balance

• Process stream names

Design Elements

Basic Pump & Tank Symbols

Basic Compressor, Turbine & Motor Symbols

Basic Heat Exchanger & Cooling Tower Symbols

Basic Reactor SymbolsBasic Furnace & Boiler

Symbols

A Sample

Product Data Sheet

(TDS)

A Sample

Product Data Sheet

(TDS)

A Sample

Material Safety Data

Sheet(MSDS)

A Sample

Material Safety Data

Sheet(MSDS)

THANK YOU FOR LISTENING

• I HOPE IT WAS INFORMATIVE