CHEMICAL ORGANIZATION IN THE HUMAN BODY

SIMPLE ATOMS TO COMPLEX NUCLEIC ACIDS

ATOMS

MOLECULES

COMPOUNDS

INORGANIC ORGANIC

CARBOHYDRATES

PROTEINSAMINO ACIDS

MONSACCHARIDES

ESSSENTIAL ELEMENTS / IONS

LIPIDS

DISACCHARIDES

POLYSACCHARIDES

FATSOILS

WAXES

NUCELIC ACIDS

ENZYMES

Li +

K +

Na +

Cl-Cu 2+

Ca 2+

BASIC CHEMISTRY REVIEWMATTER & ENERGY

MATTER is defined as that which has mass and occupies a volume. Matter may exist as:

- a PURE SUBSTANCE or a MIXTURE

ELEMENT OR COMPOUND

2 OR MORE COMPONENTSKEEPING THEIR OWN PROPERTIES

There are 26 “major elements” in the human body (carbon,oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen being the most abundant), makingup about 96% of the body

There are 15 “trace elements” that make up less than 2% ofBody weight

Elements are composed of only one kind of atom (same # protons);they cannot be further broken down. . . Represented by symbols

Compounds are 2 or more elements chemically combined indefinite proportions; may be decomposed into constituent elements

NUCLEUS

PROTONS +

NEUTRONS 0

ELECTRONS -

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

ATOMIC NUMBER = # PROTONSATOMIC MASS = # PROTONS + # NEUTRONSATOMS ARE NEUTRAL BECAUSE # PROTONS = # ELECTRONS

ELECTRONS SPIN AROUND THE AREA OF THE NUCLEUS IN ENERGY LEVELS (SHELLS) . . . LEARN TO PAY ATTENTIONTO THE VALENCE (OUTERMOST) LEVELS . . .THE ARRANGEMENT OF ELECTRONS HERE DETERMINE THE ATOM’S BEHAVIOR AND THE TYPE OF BONDING THAT ITWILL EXPERIENCE WITH OTHER ATOMS

ALL ATOMS “WANT”8 VALENCE ELECTRONS

Na

11 protons12 neutrons *

11 electrons

(1 valence e-)

Cl

17 protons18 neutrons *

17 electrons

(7 valence e-)

HOW CAN THEY BOTH BE “HAPPY” AND HAVE 8 VALENCE e- ?

Na +Cl -

Isotopes

Atoms of the sameElement that have different numbers of Neutrons and therefore have different mass numbers

Use of radioactive isotopes in Medicine

• What is Nuclear MedicineNuclear medicine is the branch of science under medicine, that uses radiation to give information regarding the functioning of a specific organ in the human body or to treat a disease. This collected information gives accurate and immediate diagnosis of the patient's illness. Radioactive isotopes in medicine are used to form images of the thyroid, bones, heart, liver and many other organs. Radioactive isotopes used in medicine have also helped in treating diseased organs and tumors.

READ THE HANDOUT,MINERALS OF THE BODYAND RELATED DISORDERS

ANSWER RELATED QUESTIONS

NOTICE THE “NUTRITION FACTS”LOCATED ON THE FOODS THATYOU CONSUME THIS WEEKEND . . . ARE YOU GETTINGYOUR RDA OF ESSENTIALVITAMINS AND MINERALS?

BONDS BETWEEN ATOMS

Ionic Bonds Hydrogen BondsCovalent Bonds

Formed between positive andnegative ions

Electrons are transferred fromone atom to the other

Usually forms between a metalion and a nonmetal ion

Formed by atomssharing electrons

May be an equal sharing (nonpolar)or unequal sharing(polar) of electrons

Forms molecules

*Most significant bond in physiology

Weak forces formedby the attraction ofsome hydrogen-containing polarmolecules

The Most Abundant Elements in the Human Body

• Carbon Chlorine• Hydrogen Iodine• Oxygen Magnesium• Nitrogen Sodium• Phosphorus• Sulfur• Iron• Calcium

You must know these element symbolsFor the test.

CHEMICAL REACTIONS“THE FORMATION OR BREAKING OF CHEMICAL BONDS”

• Synthesis reaction – combining of 2 or more substances to form a more complex substancesex. amino acid + amino acid . . . → protein

new tissue formed as a result of wound repair

• Decomposition reaction – breaking down of a complex substance into simpler substancesex. digestion and metabolism

• Replacement (exchange) reaction – atoms in the reactants rearrange themselves to produced new arrangement of atoms in the products.

ex. Cellular respiration - C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O +

• Reversible reaction – one that may proceed in both directions response to rise in pH

• Ex. H2CO3 HCO3- + H+

response to drop in pH

ATP

WATER: THE MAJOR INORGANIC COMPOUND IN THE BODY

All living organisms require water for survivalEach body cell is surrounded by a fluid; cytoplasm itself is composed mostly of water

Properties of water

The polarity of the watermolecule ionizes substancesin solution and makes it an excellent solvent for transportation of essential materials within the body

Water has a high specific heat -It can lose large amounts of heatwith little change in its temperature;enables the body to maintain itshomoeothermic quality

Water has a high heat ofvaporization - It requires largeamounts of heat to changewater from a liquid to a gas;allows body to dissipate excessheat

OTHER IMPORTANT INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Oxygen - required to complete decomposition reactions necessary for the release of heat from the body

Carbon dioxide – produced as waste product; helps maintain acid-base balance in the body

Electrolytes – includes acids bases and salts

Acids – release a hydrogen ion (H+) when in solution; “acidity” depends upon number of H+ released

Bases – dissociate to release hydroxide ions (OH-) when in solution; OH- and other electrolytes combine with H+

Buffers – maintain constancy of pH in the body at about 7.35 bicarbonate ions are the primary component of your body’s buffering system.

Salts – results from chemical interaction (neutralization) of an acid and a base (ionic compounds)pH scale – indicates acidity or alkalinity of solutions. pH less than 7, acidic; more than 7, alkaline (basic)

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Molecules unique to living things – carbohydrates, lipids,proteins, and nucleic acids – all contain the atom Carbon

The carbon atom isthe smallest “electroneutral”particle .with its 4 valenceelectrons, it always shareselectrons

Methane (CH4) isthe simplest organiccompound, sharingits 4 e- with 1 from eachof 4 hydrogen atoms

Carbon atoms bondreadily to each otherto form compounds with . . .

single bonds

double bondstriple bonds

The uniqueness of carbonallows it to form longchains . . .

or. . .

branched chains

even. . .

ringed structures

This allows for the formation of thousands of different organic compounds

Carbohydrates

. . .classified by size and solubility

Monosaccharides (simple sugars)

Contain C, H, O with 1:2:1 ratio

GlucoseDisaccharides(Double sugars)

Formed by joining twomonosaccharides bydehydration synthesis

2C6H12O6 C12H22O11 + H2O

sucrose

Polysaccharides(polymers of starch and glycogen) Starch

Stored food in plants:converted to glucoseunits for absorptionCellulose is undigested; Important as “bulk fiber” andexcreted through feces

GlycogenStorage carbohydrate ofanimal tissue; storedprimarily in skeletal muscleand the liver

Isomers are molecules that have the same chemical formula but

different structures.

Glucose

C6H12O6

C6H12O6

The names of Sugars end with -OSE

LIPIDS

CONTAIN C, H AND O . . . NONPOLAR MOLECULES THAT AREINSOUBLE IN WATER, YET SOLUBLE IN ORGANIC SOLVENTSSUCH AS ALCOHOL AND ETHER

• ENERGY SOURCE FOR THE BODY

• STRUCTURAL ROLE IN THE BODY

• Vitamins – fat-soluble vitamins like vitamins A, K, D and E

• Protection- surrounds and protects organs

•Insulation – minimizes heat loss; covers and insulates nerve cells

•Regulation – steroid hormones regulate physiological processes (ex. estrogen, testosterone, prostaglandins)

ROLL OF LIPIDS IN THE BODY

TRIGLYCERIDES(Neutral fats)

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

EICOSANOIDS(prostaglandin)

STEROIDS

Plasma Membranestructure

Energy Storage, insulation &Protection of deep tissues

Cholesterol is a stabilizing factor found in all cell membranes & synthesize hormones

Regulate the effects of hormones Inflammatory agents

1 glycerol & 3Fatty acids

Phosphorus headw/ 2 fatty acid tails

4 ringed structure

Protein Types areFunctional or Structural Roles

Building Blocks of proteins

Enzymes are functional proteins that act as catalysts in a

chemical reaction.

Enzyme-substratecomplex

enzyme

Enzymes lower the activation energy needed to get a reaction started so they Will take place at body temperature.

Foods must be converted to energy.

• Kinetic energy is energy of motion or heat.

• Potential energy is stored energy.

Energy is stored in the bonds of

molecules.

Nucleic Acid StructureRNA DNA

Nucleotide- building blocks of nucleic acids

Nucleic acids store your genetic information in every cell of the body

and produce proteins.• Replication• Transcription • Translation

How are Proteins and Nucleic Acids chemically different from

Carbs and lipids?• Proteins and Nucleic Acids contain

C, H, O, and N

Carbs and Lipids only contain C, H, and O.

Endo and Exothermic ReactionsAKA endergonic and exergonic

• Exothermic reactions occur and energy is given off in the form of heat.

• Endothermic reactions absorb heat energy and feel cold.

Chemical Bonds store energy.

• Digestion/Hydrolysis/Decomposition reactions break the chemical bonds in foods.

• Cellular Respiration also converts the potential energy in the bonds of glucose into useable energy = ATP.