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CHEMICAL ORGANIZATION IN THE HUMAN BODY
SIMPLE ATOMS TO COMPLEX NUCLEIC ACIDS
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ATOMS
MOLECULES
COMPOUNDS
INORGANIC ORGANIC
CARBOHYDRATES
PROTEINSAMINO ACIDS
MONSACCHARIDES
ESSSENTIAL ELEMENTS / IONS
LIPIDS
DISACCHARIDES
POLYSACCHARIDES
FATSOILS
WAXES
NUCELIC ACIDS
ENZYMES
Li +
K +
Na +
Cl-Cu 2+
Ca 2+
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BASIC CHEMISTRY REVIEWMATTER & ENERGY
MATTER is defined as that which has mass and occupies a volume. Matter may exist as:
- a PURE SUBSTANCE or a MIXTURE
ELEMENT OR COMPOUND
2 OR MORE COMPONENTSKEEPING THEIR OWN PROPERTIES
There are 26 “major elements” in the human body (carbon,oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen being the most abundant), makingup about 96% of the body
There are 15 “trace elements” that make up less than 2% ofBody weight
Elements are composed of only one kind of atom (same # protons);they cannot be further broken down. . . Represented by symbols
Compounds are 2 or more elements chemically combined indefinite proportions; may be decomposed into constituent elements
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NUCLEUS
PROTONS +
NEUTRONS 0
ELECTRONS -
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
ATOMIC NUMBER = # PROTONSATOMIC MASS = # PROTONS + # NEUTRONSATOMS ARE NEUTRAL BECAUSE # PROTONS = # ELECTRONS
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ELECTRONS SPIN AROUND THE AREA OF THE NUCLEUS IN ENERGY LEVELS (SHELLS) . . . LEARN TO PAY ATTENTIONTO THE VALENCE (OUTERMOST) LEVELS . . .THE ARRANGEMENT OF ELECTRONS HERE DETERMINE THE ATOM’S BEHAVIOR AND THE TYPE OF BONDING THAT ITWILL EXPERIENCE WITH OTHER ATOMS
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ALL ATOMS “WANT”8 VALENCE ELECTRONS
Na
11 protons12 neutrons *
11 electrons
(1 valence e-)
Cl
17 protons18 neutrons *
17 electrons
(7 valence e-)
HOW CAN THEY BOTH BE “HAPPY” AND HAVE 8 VALENCE e- ?
Na +Cl -
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Isotopes
Atoms of the sameElement that have different numbers of Neutrons and therefore have different mass numbers
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Use of radioactive isotopes in Medicine
• What is Nuclear MedicineNuclear medicine is the branch of science under medicine, that uses radiation to give information regarding the functioning of a specific organ in the human body or to treat a disease. This collected information gives accurate and immediate diagnosis of the patient's illness. Radioactive isotopes in medicine are used to form images of the thyroid, bones, heart, liver and many other organs. Radioactive isotopes used in medicine have also helped in treating diseased organs and tumors.
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READ THE HANDOUT,MINERALS OF THE BODYAND RELATED DISORDERS
ANSWER RELATED QUESTIONS
NOTICE THE “NUTRITION FACTS”LOCATED ON THE FOODS THATYOU CONSUME THIS WEEKEND . . . ARE YOU GETTINGYOUR RDA OF ESSENTIALVITAMINS AND MINERALS?
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BONDS BETWEEN ATOMS
Ionic Bonds Hydrogen BondsCovalent Bonds
Formed between positive andnegative ions
Electrons are transferred fromone atom to the other
Usually forms between a metalion and a nonmetal ion
Formed by atomssharing electrons
May be an equal sharing (nonpolar)or unequal sharing(polar) of electrons
Forms molecules
*Most significant bond in physiology
Weak forces formedby the attraction ofsome hydrogen-containing polarmolecules
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The Most Abundant Elements in the Human Body
• Carbon Chlorine• Hydrogen Iodine• Oxygen Magnesium• Nitrogen Sodium• Phosphorus• Sulfur• Iron• Calcium
You must know these element symbolsFor the test.
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CHEMICAL REACTIONS“THE FORMATION OR BREAKING OF CHEMICAL BONDS”
• Synthesis reaction – combining of 2 or more substances to form a more complex substancesex. amino acid + amino acid . . . → protein
new tissue formed as a result of wound repair
• Decomposition reaction – breaking down of a complex substance into simpler substancesex. digestion and metabolism
• Replacement (exchange) reaction – atoms in the reactants rearrange themselves to produced new arrangement of atoms in the products.
ex. Cellular respiration - C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O +
• Reversible reaction – one that may proceed in both directions response to rise in pH
• Ex. H2CO3 HCO3- + H+
response to drop in pH
ATP
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WATER: THE MAJOR INORGANIC COMPOUND IN THE BODY
All living organisms require water for survivalEach body cell is surrounded by a fluid; cytoplasm itself is composed mostly of water
Properties of water
The polarity of the watermolecule ionizes substancesin solution and makes it an excellent solvent for transportation of essential materials within the body
Water has a high specific heat -It can lose large amounts of heatwith little change in its temperature;enables the body to maintain itshomoeothermic quality
Water has a high heat ofvaporization - It requires largeamounts of heat to changewater from a liquid to a gas;allows body to dissipate excessheat
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OTHER IMPORTANT INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Oxygen - required to complete decomposition reactions necessary for the release of heat from the body
Carbon dioxide – produced as waste product; helps maintain acid-base balance in the body
Electrolytes – includes acids bases and salts
Acids – release a hydrogen ion (H+) when in solution; “acidity” depends upon number of H+ released
Bases – dissociate to release hydroxide ions (OH-) when in solution; OH- and other electrolytes combine with H+
Buffers – maintain constancy of pH in the body at about 7.35 bicarbonate ions are the primary component of your body’s buffering system.
Salts – results from chemical interaction (neutralization) of an acid and a base (ionic compounds)pH scale – indicates acidity or alkalinity of solutions. pH less than 7, acidic; more than 7, alkaline (basic)
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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Molecules unique to living things – carbohydrates, lipids,proteins, and nucleic acids – all contain the atom Carbon
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The carbon atom isthe smallest “electroneutral”particle .with its 4 valenceelectrons, it always shareselectrons
Methane (CH4) isthe simplest organiccompound, sharingits 4 e- with 1 from eachof 4 hydrogen atoms
Carbon atoms bondreadily to each otherto form compounds with . . .
single bonds
double bondstriple bonds
The uniqueness of carbonallows it to form longchains . . .
or. . .
branched chains
even. . .
ringed structures
This allows for the formation of thousands of different organic compounds
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Carbohydrates
. . .classified by size and solubility
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Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
Contain C, H, O with 1:2:1 ratio
GlucoseDisaccharides(Double sugars)
Formed by joining twomonosaccharides bydehydration synthesis
2C6H12O6 C12H22O11 + H2O
sucrose
Polysaccharides(polymers of starch and glycogen) Starch
Stored food in plants:converted to glucoseunits for absorptionCellulose is undigested; Important as “bulk fiber” andexcreted through feces
GlycogenStorage carbohydrate ofanimal tissue; storedprimarily in skeletal muscleand the liver
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Isomers are molecules that have the same chemical formula but
different structures.
Glucose
C6H12O6
C6H12O6
The names of Sugars end with -OSE
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LIPIDS
CONTAIN C, H AND O . . . NONPOLAR MOLECULES THAT AREINSOUBLE IN WATER, YET SOLUBLE IN ORGANIC SOLVENTSSUCH AS ALCOHOL AND ETHER
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• ENERGY SOURCE FOR THE BODY
• STRUCTURAL ROLE IN THE BODY
• Vitamins – fat-soluble vitamins like vitamins A, K, D and E
• Protection- surrounds and protects organs
•Insulation – minimizes heat loss; covers and insulates nerve cells
•Regulation – steroid hormones regulate physiological processes (ex. estrogen, testosterone, prostaglandins)
ROLL OF LIPIDS IN THE BODY
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TRIGLYCERIDES(Neutral fats)
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
EICOSANOIDS(prostaglandin)
STEROIDS
Plasma Membranestructure
Energy Storage, insulation &Protection of deep tissues
Cholesterol is a stabilizing factor found in all cell membranes & synthesize hormones
Regulate the effects of hormones Inflammatory agents
1 glycerol & 3Fatty acids
Phosphorus headw/ 2 fatty acid tails
4 ringed structure
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Protein Types areFunctional or Structural Roles
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Building Blocks of proteins
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Enzymes are functional proteins that act as catalysts in a
chemical reaction.
Enzyme-substratecomplex
enzyme
Enzymes lower the activation energy needed to get a reaction started so they Will take place at body temperature.
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Foods must be converted to energy.
• Kinetic energy is energy of motion or heat.
• Potential energy is stored energy.
Energy is stored in the bonds of
molecules.
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Nucleic Acid StructureRNA DNA
Nucleotide- building blocks of nucleic acids
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Nucleic acids store your genetic information in every cell of the body
and produce proteins.• Replication• Transcription • Translation
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How are Proteins and Nucleic Acids chemically different from
Carbs and lipids?• Proteins and Nucleic Acids contain
C, H, O, and N
Carbs and Lipids only contain C, H, and O.
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Endo and Exothermic ReactionsAKA endergonic and exergonic
• Exothermic reactions occur and energy is given off in the form of heat.
• Endothermic reactions absorb heat energy and feel cold.
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Chemical Bonds store energy.
• Digestion/Hydrolysis/Decomposition reactions break the chemical bonds in foods.
• Cellular Respiration also converts the potential energy in the bonds of glucose into useable energy = ATP.