chemical product emissions emerging as important urban
TRANSCRIPT
~ un,vers,ty or Colorado
Bou'der
CIRES a
Chemical Product Emissions Emerging as Important
Urban Source of Volatile Organic Compounds
Brian C. McDonald
California Air Resources Board (April 19, 2019)
urnvcrs,ty or Colorado Bou•der
CIRES
l♦I Environment and Cliimate Change Canada
Acknowledgements
Matt Coggon, Carsten Warneke, Jessica Gilman, Jeff Peischl, Ken
Aikin, Justin DuRant, Joost de Gouw, Stuart McKeen, Tom Ryerson,
Michael Trainer, Patrick Veres, Abigail Koss, Bin Yuan, Francois
Bernard, Abigail Koss
Alexander Vlashenko, Shao-Meng Li
Fred Moshary, Mark Arend
Funded by a CIRES Innovative Research Proposal and the NOAA Cooperative Institute Agreement.
11 l::.i SV-OOCF
10 • LV-OOCF
~ HOCF 9 ~ LOCF
---------------------8 SV-OOCNF
7 LV-OOCNF ..... .... HOCNF E -- CIOC 0) 6 1 • LOCNF ......
(/)
:E 5 < u 0 4
3
2
1 0 --1-------1 ______ ...illl ___ .._. __ .... __ .... __ ..... __ __J
00:00 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21 :00 00:00 local time (PDT)
Which Source Dominates Fossil SOA Formation?
Los Angeles 2010 (Pasadena)
Mobile Sources? Fossil
(Secondary)
Non-Fossil
14C analysis of carbonaceous aerosol
from Zotter et al. (J. Geophys. Res. 2014)
Bahreini et al. (GRL 2012)
Gasoline emissions dominate in LA
Gentner et al. (PNAS 2012)
Diesel emissions dominate in LA
Ensberg et al. (ACP 2014)
Other sources dominate, or
SOA yields of vehicle emissions
substantially underestimated
5
4
--0 u 3
!,,_
0 u 0 G 2 C) 0
ro !,,_
:J 1 .-' ro C
0
-1
• co ethene
I acetylene ----I- propene --0-- ethane
propane
- i-butane n-Butane i-pentane n-pentane benzene toluene
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
128
64
32
3 16 x ·
8
4
:J co -, Q) r-t 0
◄---1
0.5
◄---0.25
Long-Term Trend in Ambient VOCs (Los Angeles)
Gasoline VOCs Decreasing Rapidly
CO Decreasing Rapidly
Warneke et al. (J. Geophys. Res. 2012)
~ Urban flux measurements reveal a large pool of ~ oxygenated volatile organic compound emissions ':ii T. Karla·1, M . Striedn iga, M . Grausa, A. Hammerleb, and G. Wohlfahrtb
6 .-----,----------.--------,------,-------,--------.--------.--------.-----~~11--C- H- O~ 100 L___j X y
CJCxHP2 90
5 CJCxHP3 CH O 80 O
X y 4 < ~ ---------------------------------- ------------------- ---- ----·---- ---- ----------------- -- -~~~x~yo 5 __ 70 g e4 -C)
E ._. >< 3 ::::J
;;::
u ~ 2 =----·------ -- ---- --- ----------------------------- 40 ~
0 t=--::::--::-::-=::--t-----#t---r-----=----------"~~ l-------=1=----...--J 30 ~ C X
1 ~~~..b,..;d 20 fil_ o·
10 ~ O/C modelled [%]
o~~~~~~::::§:~~~:::§:::~::§:::::e::::§:::::§::::§::::=~~~~~o
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Time
CJ ~ Volatile chemical products emerging
. ~ as largest petrochemical source of (]5 urban organic emissions
Consumer VCPs
Industrial VCPs
Gasoline Exhaust
Gas Fuel
Upstream Emissions
voe Emissions = 350 ± 50 Gg
Two Recent U.S. and European Studies on “Other” Sources
~50% of VOC emissions in Innsbruck, Austria
emitted as oxygenated compounds, including
emissions from solvents
. . _1 Total anthropogenic emissions All units 1n tons day .4's. Product- and process-related emissions
(a) 60
.-.. 0
ro ~ so 0 Cf)
...., § 40 '+-- ■-0 Cf)
c .en 30 a., E c.., Q) ..
a5 0 20 o._ 0
> 10
+ On-road motor vehicle emissions • Off-road equipment and vehicle emissions
3 2.5 x10
2.0 ~ < ...... 0 Q)
1.5 0 Q) Cl) :::J
,..+
3 :::J" ..., 1.0 -·o
~ 'O -·o 0.5
0 co :::J CD Cl) :::J
-· ('")
0 -------.----------- 0.0
VOCs also Transitioning in CARB Inventories (Mobile Sources → VCPs)
Similar trends for
SOA and Ozone
formation potential
Khare et al., “Considering the future of anthropogenic gas-phase organic compound emissions and the increasing
influence of non-combustion sources of urban air quality”, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2018.
•• •• • •• •• • • . .. , .. • • • • •
Natural and Human Emissions Impact Atmospheric Chemistry
Atmospheric
chemistry
VOCs, CO, CH4
O3
Ingredients and reactions needed to make ozone (O3):
OH
HO2 NO
NO2 O2
CO2, H2O OVOCs,
(O2) sunlight
Secondary
Organic Aerosol
Human activities Natural processes
Primary emission
sources
Figure provided by Jessica Gilman (NOAA).
Research Objectives
(1) Identify chemical tracers for detecting VCP emissions in ambient air
Establishing D5-siloxane as a tracer of personal care product emissions
(2) Quantify VCP emissions in another US megacity: New York City
Field measurements of VOCs made in winter/summer of 2018
Are VCPs a larger fraction of anthropogenic VOCs in denser cities?
ACTIVE INGREDIENTS
Aluminum zi rcon ium octachlorohydrex G ly 16% (anhydrous)
INACTIVE INGREDIENTS
D5-Siloxane an Atmospheric Tracer for Personal Care Products
Example antiperspirant/deodorant
Cyclopentasiloxane
(D5-siloxane) Hair care
~20%
Antiperspirants
~70%
MacKay et al. (Env. Tox. & Chem. 2015)
other 4 µg m-3
6%
(A) Supply air
other 7 µg m-3
4%
(B) Classroom air
Siloxane Concentrations Enhanced in Indoor Air (mostly D5)
Siloxanes were most
abundant VOC found in
engineering classroom
100 – 700 mg/person/d
Tang et al. (Environ. Sci. & Technol. 2015)
Investigating D5-Siloxane in Boulder, CO
Ambient Sampling Mobile Sampling
Drive Path
Matthew Coggon
(NOAA)
,,-... 0 .._., Q) -0 ::i +-' ·.µ ro
....J
"¢ 0 0 "¢
N 0 0 "¢
0 0 0 "¢
00 0)
0) (Y')
-105.28 Longitude (0 )
-1 05.26 -1 05.24 -1 05.22
Investigating D5-Siloxane in Boulder, CO
Ambient Sampling Mobile Sampling PTR-ToF-MS
Drift Tube Ion source SSQ BSQ PB
Extractor MCP
Reflectron
TOFMS
Turbo pump Turbo pump
Water in Water out
Air in
150
100
50
0
Am
bie
nt D
5 M
ass S
pe
ctr
um
(c
ps)
375374373372371
600
400
200
0No
rma
lize
d c
ou
nts
p
er
se
co
nd
(ncp
s)
252015105
concentration (ppb)
600
400
200
0
D5
Sta
nd
ard
M
ass S
pe
ctr
um
(cp
s)
358357356355
m/z
20
15
10
5
0Co
un
ts p
er
se
co
nd
(cp
s)
1.61.20.80.40
concentration (ppb)
12
8
4
No
rma
lize
d c
ou
nts
p
er
se
co
nd
(n
cp
s)
3.02.52.01.51.0
concentration (ppb)
358357356355
375374373372371
m/z
...
...
sensitivity= 27±0.03 ncps/ppb
sensitivity= 10±0.3 cps/ppb
A.
B.
C.
sensitivity= 7.1 ±0.5 ncps/ppb
D. E.
Fragment Isotope DataC9H27Si5O5
+C10H30Si5O5(H)
+
C9H27Si5O5(H2O)+
150
100
50
0
Am
bie
nt D
5 M
ass S
pe
ctr
um
(c
ps)
375374373372371
600
400
200
0No
rma
lize
d c
ou
nts
p
er
se
co
nd
(ncp
s)
252015105
concentration (ppb)
600
400
200
0
D5
Sta
nd
ard
M
ass S
pe
ctr
um
(cp
s)
358357356355
m/z
20
15
10
5
0Co
un
ts p
er
se
co
nd
(cp
s)
1.61.20.80.40
concentration (ppb)
12
8
4
No
rma
lize
d c
ou
nts
p
er
se
co
nd
(n
cp
s)
3.02.52.01.51.0
concentration (ppb)
358357356355
375374373372371
m/z
...
...
sensitivity= 27±0.03 ncps/ppb
sensitivity= 10±0.3 cps/ppb
A.
B.
C.
sensitivity= 7.1 ±0.5 ncps/ppb
D. E.
Fragment Isotope DataC9H27Si5O5
+C10H30Si5O5(H)
+
C9H27Si5O5(H2O)+
m/z
High sensitivity to D5 siloxane
Measures hundreds of compounds at 1 hz
Drive Path
,,-... 0 .._., Q) -0 ::i +-' ·.µ ro
....J
"¢ 0 0 "¢
N 0 0 "¢
0 0 0 "¢
00 0)
0) (Y')
-105.28 Longitude (0 )
-1 05.26 -1 05.24 -1 05.22
--■
-,I i i i / I
I
Diurnal Pattern of D5-Siloxane and Benzene
Wintertime Measurements in Boulder using PTR-ToF-MS
30
~ 20 c.. c..
LO 0 10
0
6 112 6 112 24
600
CJ CD
400 :., CD :J CD
200 ~ "'O ,......... .._..
General structure in diurnal pattern similar,
except D5-siloxane peak not as strong as benzene in evening.
Coggon et al. (Environ. Sci. & Technol. 2018)
D5-Siloxane/Benzene Ratio Variable Throughout Day
Peak in Morning
0 0 25 0 20 0. 5 0. 0 0.05 0.00 _j_~----~-----~-
12
Hlour of D,ay
-.- 20·15 1Ground Sil1e ♦ Mobile Meia.surem1ents
8 24
Coggon et al. (Environ. Sci. & Technol. 2018)
Estimated Diurnal Emissions Rate of D5-Siloxane
Benzene
Hour
Em
issio
n R
ate
(kg
h-1
)
D5-Siloxane
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 5 10 15 20
Benzene mostly from
gasoline vehicles
(morning & evening peaks)
D5-Siloxane from
personal care products
(morning peak only)
Coggon et al. (Environ. Sci. & Technol. 2018)
0~11P- """" DD 1111111 =i= 1
LJUqH1-&-,1.--1.--&-&-.l--l,J...--___i__-----1...----1 \ /
\)
'' ■ ■ ■ -
D5-Siloxane Emitted by People in Cars?
Drift Tube Ion source SSQ BSQ PB
Extractor MCP
Reflectron
TOFMS
Turbo pump Turbo pump
Water in Water out
Air in
Experiment:
(1) Flush car with ambient air
(2) Measure car background
(3) Measure co-worker sitting in car
(4) Turn cabin fan
D5
-Silo
xa
ne
(p
pb
)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
18:30 19:00 19:30 20:00 20:30 21:00
UTC
40
30
20
10
0
D5 C
once
ntr
atio
n (
ppb
)
S1 S2 S3 S4
Vehicle Doors Open Vechicle Background Person In Vehicle Cabin Fan On D5 Siloxane
Coggon et al. (Environ. Sci. & Technol. 2018)
Personal Care Products
.--..,
.n 0.
..e- 2 0 .n ., 0. 0. -(]) C (]) N C (])
co (]) C m >< 0
00 LO 0
1 .. 5
1 .. 0
0 .. 5
I D5, s·loxane I
0 20 40 3 60 x1 0
-2 Population Density (peopl,e mi )
•
D5 siloxane inventory souroes
Personal Care Emissions Enhanced Relative to Traffic in Denser Cities
Georgios Gkatzelis
(NOAA)
Cites included: NYC, CHI, DEN, PIT
Personal Care Products
..0 a. a. :a a. -3: Q) C Q) N C Q) (l)
Q) C ro X 0 (/)
l{)
0
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
I D5 siloxane I
20
N 2 N 3
.• •·······················:· 5
.... •·
40 60 x103 -2
Population Density (people mi )
Fragrances
n 8: 2.0 :a a. -3: ~ 1.5 ~ C Q)
m 1.0 (/)
Q) C
I monoterpenes l
N 3
~ 0.5 fllrl:/lllJtiGOi""' 2 0 C
~ 0.0 ... --~-------
0 20 40 60 x103
Population Density (people mi-2)
r ■
LI
D5 siloxane inventory sources
monoterpenes inventory sources
Adhesives
n 0.20 a. I D4 siloxane I a. :a a. -3: 0.15 Q) C N 3 Q) N C
0.10 Q) 2 (l)
"J.································· Q)
N 5 C ro 0.05 X HI 0 (/) G'01
'SI" 0 0.00 H
0 20 40 60 x103
Population Density (people mi-2)
Solvent-Based Coatings
n 0.30 I PCBTF I a.
.Q-0.25 ..0
a. -3: Q) 0.20 C Q) N 0.15 C Q) (l)
lL 0.1 0 N 3
f-(l)
0.05 () a..
0 20 40 60 x103
Population Density (people mi-2)
D4 siloxane inventory sources
PCBTF inventory sources
Insecticides
n a. a. :a a. -3: 0.15 Q) C Q) N C Q) (l)
Q) C Q) N C Q)
..0 e 0 :c g -0 6.
0.10
0.05
0.00
I p-dichlorobenzene I
N 2
0 20 40 60 x103
Population Density (people mi-2)
Water-based Coatings
R 50 x10·3 a. :a a. -3: 40
l rexanol l
p-dichlorobenzene inventory sources
Q) C
~ 30
20
5 Texanol C Q) (l)
0 C ro X
~
inventory sources
0 20 40 60 x103
Population Density (people mi-2)
Potential Chemical Markers Identified for Other VCP Source Sectors
Summary of Chemical Tracers for Detecting VCPs
(1) D5-Siloxane useful atmospheric marker of personal care product emissions
• Peak found in morning, then decays exponentially across the day
• D5-Siloxane/benzene ratio enhanced in denser cities
(2) Identifying other potential tracers for VCP sectors
How Important are VCP Emissions in the Biggest US City?
Boulder, CO Manhattan, NY
Land Area = 64 km2 Land Area = 59 km2
Population = 100,000 Population = 1,600,000
Commute time ~ 20 min Commute time ~ 1.5 hr
CCNY
NOAA Field Measurements in Winter/Summer of 2018
March 5 – 28, 2018
July 6 – 26, 2018
Deployed mobile van
Inlet
Matthew
Coggon
Brian
McDonald
Georgios
Gkatzelis
Jessica
Gilman
Carsten
Warneke
Jeff
Peischl
with PTR-ToF-MS,
iWAS canisters, CO,
CO2, CH4, N2O
1200
1000 -..c a. S 800 >-z (.) o 600 0 (.)
400
200
1 /1 /18
- CO NOAA van 5min - CO_CCNY hourly - CO_CCNY daily
1/21/18 2/10/18
mm
Fourth nor'easter in 3 weeks
3/2/18
NOAA arrives and cleans up NY air
3/22/18
in four weeks
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 0 z 0
~ < Sl) :::J -"O
"O 3 ._.
Wintry Conditions = Lack of Biogenic Emissions of VOCs
Yahoo News (3/21/18)
Methods to Quantify New York City VOC Emissions
(1) Quantify “bottom-up” VOC emissions using inventory methods
• Emissions = Activity * Emission Factor
(2) Estimate VOC/CO emission ratios for individual VOC species
• Controls for effects of atmospheric dilution on ambient concentration data
(3) Compare inventory with ambient VOC/CO field data
• Evaluate with ground site data at City College of New York
Product Use = 6.6 kg/person/d
Quantifying Fossil Fuel and Chemical Product Use in NYC
Gasoline VCPs 4%
Diesel
Manhattan (Winter 2018)
Natural Gas
State-level on-road gasoline and diesel fuel
sales allocated to NYC using traffic data [McDonald et al., ES&T 2018]
State-level off-road gasoline and diesel fuel
sales allocated to NYC by population [FHWA, EIA]
State-level natural gas fuel sales by month
allocated to NYC by population [EIA]
Per capita VCP use allocated to NYC by
population [McDonald et al., Science 2018]
Petrochemical Use Data between NYC and Los Angeles
VCPs 4%
Manhattan (Winter 2018) Los Angeles (Summer 2010)
Gasoline
Diesel
Natural Gas Diesel
Gasoline
VCPs 4%
Natural
Gas
Product Use = 6.6 kg/person/d Product Use = 6.5 kg/person/d
1000
I.. 100 0 .... (J -ca ....
(J L1. :;j C: "'C 0 0
I.. UJ C. 10 UJ ·-"""" E
I
C)
w ~ (.) C) -0 > 1
0.1 Fugitive Evaporated Pesticides Coatings, Cleaning Personal Natural Gasoline Gasoline Inks, Agents Care
Gas Fuel Exhaust Adhesives
Manhattan Sales 4920 920 700 220 430 70 4.3 56 160 28 (g/person/d) (±250) (±60) (±50) (±110) (±40) (±10) (±2.0) (±8} (±40) (±7}
Fossil Fuel vs. VCP VOC Emission Factors (NYC 2018)
Fossil Fuels Chemical Products
Updated from McDonald et al. (2018)
Distribution of Petrochemical VOC Emissions
Manhattan (Winter 2018) Los Angeles (Summer 2010)
Consumer
VCPs
Off-Road
Gas
On-Road Gas Evap Gas
Diesel
Other O&G
Consumer
VCPs
Off-Road Gas
On-Road
Gas
Evap
Gas
Upstream
Diesel
Industrial
VCPs
<5% }
voe Emissions = 46 + 12 g/person/d voe Emissions = 61 ± 9 g/person/d
Oil & Gas Production
Petrochemical Facilities
Evaporated Gasoline Vapor
Evaporated Gasoline Fuel
Gasoline Exhaust
Diesel Exhaust
Industrial Degreasing
Pesticides
Industrial Adhesives
Architectural Coatings
Consumer Adhesives
Industrial Coatings
Cleaning Agents
Printing Inks
Personal Care
0 20 40 60 80
Mass Percent of Solvents
~-------- -C :I: (') )> (') )> )> CJ) )> m )> ::JC>'<-'<--, =-ti) -tn -n "°n "°O o a. ... n "'CO -CD -C> 3 >< CD CD 0 CD (') 0 ::J O ::J C> c, ::::r ci'J ::::r (') C> C> CD C> CD ,.. :::, '< 0 -· C' ~ ti> ~ ti> n' CD a. en !, 0 CD C> ti> ti> CD CD ::J ::J ::J ti> Q. ti> CD CD
t/) t/) " CD ... 0 ::J CD t/) -
100
VO
C S
pe
cia
tion
Pro
files fo
r Fo
ssil F
uels
an
d V
CP
s
Lite
ratu
re
CA
RB
Su
rve
ys (2
01
4/2
01
5)
Incre
asin
gly
Oxyg
en
ate
d
Fuel-Based Inventory of Vehicle Emissions for estimating CO
'if ~
WIND
FIVE ~ 100 t CO h-1 FIVE ~ 130 t CO h-1
Obs ~ 63 t CO h-1 Obs ~ 110 t CO h-1
FIVE ~ 125 t CO h-1
Obs ~ 130 t CO h-1
See McDonald et al. (ES&T 2018) for FIVE
Mass balance from Jeff Peischl (NOAA)
0.30
0.25
0.20
Cl) C: ns 0.15 >< 0 -■-en
I 0.10 Lt) C
0.05
0
2 NYC WIN = 0.19 ppt/ppb {R = 0.76)
2 NYC SUM = 0.16 ppt/ppb {R = 0.55))
0
0
t 200 400 600 800 1 000 1200
Carbon Monoxide (ppb)
Estimating a D5-Siloxane Emission Factor in New York City
New York City (Manhattan only)
CO Emissions = 240 ± 60 t/d
Population = 1.7 million
D5 EF (NYC) = 330 ± 100 mg/person/d
D5 EF (LA) = 390 ± 150 mg/person/d
McDonald et al. (Science 2018)
1000
100
10
1
0.1
0.01
0.01
♦
♦ ♦
♦ ♦
5:1 2:1 1 :1
♦ • ♦ ethanol
♦ ,♦ •
• •• • ♦ acetone ♦
• ♦ ♦ ••
♦ ♦ • • "-k C9+C10 alkane ♦ • me
♦ Bias = -73 ± 7%
R2 = 0.44
0.1 1 10 100 1000
Fossil Fuels Only
Fossil Fuels Alone Cannot Explain Ambient VOC Levels in Manhattan
Fossil Fuels Only
VO
C/C
O In
ve
nto
ry
(g/k
g)
30+ VOCs measured by…
GC-MS analysis of iWAS canisters
(alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, aromatics)
In-situ PTR-ToF-MS
(oxygenates, terpenes, select halocarbons)
VOC/CO Obs. (g/kg)
1000
100
10
1
0.1
0.01
0.01
♦
♦ ♦
♦ ♦
5:1 2:1 1 :1
♦ • ♦ ethanol
♦ ,♦ •
• •• • ♦ acetone ♦
• ♦ ♦ ••
♦ ♦ • • "-k C9+C10 alkane ♦ • me
♦ Bias = -73 ± 7%
R2 = 0.44
0.1 1 10 100 1000
acetone toluene
terpene , D5 '
pcbtf ~ D4 ..__
dichlorobenzen
0.01 0.1 1 10
5:1 2:1 1 :1
Bias= -19 ± 5%
R2 = 0.94
100 1000
Fossil Fuels Only
Need VCP Emissions to Explain Ambient VOC Levels in Manhattan
+VCPs Fossil Fuels Only
VO
C/C
O In
ve
nto
ry
(g/k
g)
VOC/CO Obs. (g/kg) VOC/CO Obs. (g/kg)
Summary of NYC VOC Field Measurements
(1) Quantified petrochemical VOC emissions for NYC using same methodology
as Los Angeles
• VCPs account for over half of the petrochemical VOC emissions in NYC
(2) Evaluated VOC inventory with ambient field measurements
• VCP emissions needed to explain ambient levels of VOCs (R2 ~ 0.94)
• Can explain ambient levels of chemical tracers for VCPs
5
4
--0 u 3
!,,_
0 u 0 G 2 C) 0
ro !,,_
:J 1 .-' ro C
0
-1
• co ethene
I acetylene ----I- propene --0-- ethane
propane
- i-butane n-Butane i-pentane n-pentane benzene toluene
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
128
64
32
3 16 x ·
8
:J co -, Q) r-t 0
◄---1
0.5
◄---0.25
Identifying Atmospheric Constraints on Trends in VCP Emissions
Acetone Increasing → Flat Trend
Gasoline VOCs Decreasing Rapidly
CO Decreasing Rapidly
Warneke et al. (J. Geophys. Res. 2012)
~ 0
0) 0
co 0
...... 0 0
...... I\) 0
...... ~ 0
...... 0) 0
...... co 0
I\) 0 0
I\)
...... 0
0
I
...... 0 ..... I
...... ...... 0 0
I\) w
I I
...... ...... ...... ...... 0 0 0 0
""' 01 0) -..J
I ! ~e HC I
116 HC
HC H
HC HC ~ K HC
benzene HC HC
HC ides, C4 amides, morpholi rie
toluene HC HC
c~~omatics HC
C9 f.fematics HC
C10m~Rb'i1if~Jn~ HC HC
r acid ca carboxy IC C11 aromatic:c!ie
~EHC
1\)---"'=---------------------....J._ 0
~ 0
0) 0
co 0
...... 0 0
...... I\) 0
...... ~ 0
...... 0
0
~ c-= 0
...... co 0
g E I\) I\) 0
...... 0 .....
...... 0
I\)
...... 0
w
...... 0
""'
...... 0
01
...... 0
0)
ethylene glycol
...... 0
-..J
1-:J C -<fr;:inmPn._ ______ _. __ _
HC fragment MEK
ethyl acetate
PTR-ToF-MS Signal
PT
R-T
oF
-MS
Mass S
pectra
of V
ario
us C
oatin
gs
Aceto
ne
P
ara
ch
loro
be
nzo
trifluo
ride
A
ceto
ne
Texan
ol
(mo
st c
oatin
gs)
(so
lven
t-bo
rne tra
cer)
(mo
st c
oatin
gs)
(wate
r-bo
rne tra
cer)
Solv
ent-b
orn
e W
ate
r Sta
in
Low
VO
C P
ain
t >
>
12 x106 16 ~ PCBTF sale <
10 ~ Texanol sale 14 0 .......... 0~ Cl) PCBTF fraction .c 12 s· Q) - Texanol fraction ...._....
8 cc ("') () Q) 10 co~. -o~ c.. 0 > Cl) -· ::J 6 8 CD 0 ..-- C: ::J ~ ~ Q) 6
,-+ ,-+
o·- 4 en o ..- -0 Pl --+ Q) - OJ ~ 4 CD -C) C 2
...--... ~ ·- 2 0 ...._....
0 0 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
Trends in Two Tracers for Coating-Related Products
https://www.arb.ca.gov/coatings/arch/survey/2005/survey.htm
Concluding Remarks
(1) Ambient measurements in New York City and Los Angeles indicate that
VCPs are ubiquitous and significant source of urban VOCs.
(2) Measurements of VCP markers now possible with advancements in VOC
instrumentation → improve confidence in emission inventories