chemistry catalysts fall 2011 – week 8 (electrons)

CHEMISTRY CATALYSTS

Fall 2011 – Week 8 (Electrons)

Catalyst (5 min) 9/26/11 Electron Orbitals EQ: How are electrons organized in an atom?

How were the models of JJ Thomson, Niels Bohr, and Erwin Schrodinger different from each other with respect to their ideas about electrons in an atom?

Draw pictures if it will help you explain yourself. (Hint: Use your foldable.)

JJ Thomson believed negative electrons

floated within a positive sphere, & look similar to raisins in a plum

pudding.

Niels Bohr believed electrons

orbited the positive nucleus

in circles like planets orbiting

the sun.

Erwin Schrödinger

believed electrons travelled extremely

quickly around the positive nucleus in

recognizable patterns.

Catalyst

Modern Orbital Theory

There are four kinds of electron orbitals:

s, p, d, & f Lower energy orbitals are closer to

the nucleus and higher energy orbitals are farther from the nucleus.

Each orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons

s Orbitalss orbitals are spherical, and there is 1 in each energy level Examples: 1s, 2s, 3s, 4s, 5s, 6s, 7s

p Orbitals

p orbitals are shaped like dumbbells, and there are 3 in each energy level Examples: 2p, 3p, 4p, 5p, 6p, 7p

d Orbitals

d orbitals are shaped like clovers, and there are 5 in each energy level Examples: 3d, 4d, 5d, 6d

f Orbitals f orbitals are oddly shaped, and

there are 7 in each energy level Examples: 4f, 5f, 6f, 7f

Reviewing orbitals

Each orbital can hold ____ electrons.

There is ____ kind of s orbital. Therefore, s can hold ____ electrons.

There are ___ kinds of p orbitals. Therefore, p can hold ___ electrons.

There are ___ kinds of d orbitals. Therefore, d can hold ___ electrons.

There are ___ kinds of f orbitals. Therefore, f can hold ___ electrons.

2

12

36

510

714

Orbitals

Orbital names have 2 parts

The energy level is the first part.For example: n=1, n=2, n=3, etc.

The shape of the orbital is the second part.For example: s, p, d, or f

Examples of orbital names include 1s, 2p, 3d, 3f, 4d, 5s, 5d, etc.

Do you notice any patterns on the periodic table that match the # of electrons in each orbital shape? s = 2, p = 6, d = 10, and f=14

Notes: Atomic Orbitals

Summary of Principal Energy Levels, Sublevels and Orbitals:Principal

Energy Level

Type of Sublevel

Maximum Number

of Electrons

n = 1 1s 2

n = 2 2s, 2p 8(2+6)

n = 3 3s, 3p, 3d 18(2+6+10)

n = 4 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f 32(2+6+10+14)

Notes: Orbital Diagrams

•Fold your paper so that you have two columns – the left side column should be larger than the right

Orbital Diagrams

Electron Configuration


The Aufbau Principle states that an electron will occupy the lowest energy level orbital available

En

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

Hydrogen

The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that two electrons in the same orbital will have opposite spins

Notes: Orbital DiagramsEn

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

Helium


erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

Lithium


erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

Beryllium


erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

Boron


Hund’s Rule states that electrons in an equal energy level orbital will go in singly before doubling up

En

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

Carbon



En

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

Nitrogen



En

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

Oxygen

Practice Draw the orbital diagrams for fluorine,

neon and sodium in your notes.

1s

3s

2p2p2p

2s

1s

3s

2p2p2p

2s

1s

3s

2p2p2p

2s

fluorine

neon

sodium


erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

3p

3p

3p

4s

Homework

Draw orbital diagrams for: Aluminum Phosphorous Chlorine

Catalyst (5 min) 9/28/11 Electron Configurations EQ: How do we represent the

organization of electrons in an atom?

Draw an electron orbital diagram for sulfur.

Catalyst

En

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

3p

3p

3p

4s

Sulfur

Principles of Orbital Filling

The Aufbau Principle states that an electron will occupy the lowest energy level orbital available

The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that two electrons in the same orbital will have opposite spins


Review: Orbital DiagramsEn

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

Hydrogen

Review : Orbital DiagramsEn

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

Helium

Review : Orbital DiagramsEn

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

Lithium


erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

Beryllium


erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

Boron


erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

Carbon


erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

Nitrogen


erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

Oxygen


erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

Fluorine


erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

Neon


erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

Sodium

Homework: Orbital DiagramsEn

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

3p

3p

3p

4s

Aluminum

En

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

3p

3p

3p

4s

Phosphorous

Homework: Orbital Diagrams

En

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

3p

3p

3p

4s

Chlorine

Electron Configuration Electron configuration is a less

complicated way to show the electrons in an atom.

Energ

y

1s

2s

Orbital Diagram for Hydrogen

becomes

1s1The

Orbital

Number of electrons in the orbital

Electron ConfigurationEnerg

y

1s

2sHe

Energ

y

1s

2sLi

becomes 1s2

becomes 1s2

2s1

Electron ConfigurationEnerg

y

1s

2sBe

Energ

y

1s

2s

B2p2p2p

becomes 1s2 2s2

2p1

becomes 1s2

2s2

Practice Write the electron configuration

for carbon through neon. Carbon = 1s22s22p2

Nitrogen = 1s22s22p3

Oxygen = 1s22s22p4

Fluorine = 1s22s22p5

Neon = 1s22s22p6

Classwork/Homework

On a separate sheet of paper, make 2 columns just like you did Monday.

Keep going! I need to see orbital diagrams & electron configurations for elements #11-22 (sodium through titanium).

Orbital Diagrams

Electron Configuration

Classwork/HomeworkEn

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

3p

3p

3p

4s

4p

4p

4p 3

d3d

3d

3d

3d

Homework

Write electron configurations for Al, P, Cl, & S (aluminum, phosphorous, chlorine, and sulfur).

Hint: You should have the electron orbital diagrams for all of these from last night’s homework and today’s warm-up.

John Dalton JJ Thomson

Ernest Rutherford Niels BohrAtomic Models

Directions for Atomic Models Review

For each section, describe:

the structure of the atom with a picture

the structure of the atom using words

the new part of the atom discovered

the experiment that led to its discovery

Use complete sentences!

Catalyst (5 min) 9/28/11 Electron Configurations EQ: How do we represent the organization

of electrons in an atom?1. How many types of s, p, d, & f orbitals

are there?2. How many electrons will fit in one

orbital?3. If phosphorous has 15

electrons, where is each onelocated?

Catalyst Review

1 & 2: s = 1 type, 2 electronsp = 3 types, 6 electronsd = 5 types, 10 electronsf = 7 types, 14 electrons

3: Phosphorous has 15 electrons. 1s2 2s22p6

3s23p3

1st energy level has 2 electrons in the 1s orbital 2nd energy level has 8 electrons in the 2s & 2p orbitals

2 electrons in 2s, 6 electrons in 2p 3rd energy level has 5 electrons in the 3s & 3p orbitals

2 electrons in 3s, 3 electrons in 2p


erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

3p

3p

3p

4s

Aluminum: 1s22s22p63s23p

1

En

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

3p

3p

3p

4s

Phosphorous1s22s22p63s23

p3


erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

3p

3p

3p

4s

Chlorine1s22s22p63s23

p5

En

erg

y

1s

3s

2p

2p

2p

2s

3p

3p

3p

4s

Sulfur1s22s22p63s23

p4

Labeling s, p, d, & f

sd

f

p

Writing Electron Configurations

sd

f

pC

Carbon

1s2

2s2

2p2


sd

f

pMg

Magnesium 1s

2

2s2

2p6

3s2


sd

f

pCl

Chlorine

1s2

2s2

2p6

3s2

3p5


sd

f

pAs

Arsenic1s22s22p63s23p64s23d1

0

4p3

Identifying Elements

1s22s22p3

Nitrogen

1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p1

Gallium

Identifying Elements

1s22s22p63s23p3

Phosphorous

1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s1

Rubidium

Catalyst (5 min) 9/29/11 Valence Electrons EQ: What are valence electrons?

Write the electron configuration for neon.

Write the electron configuration for aluminum.

Write the electron configuration for argon.

Write the electron configuration for calcium.

Neon 1s22s22p6

Aluminum 1s22s22p63s23p1

Argon 1s22s22p63s23p6

Calcium

1s22s22p63s23p64s2

Catalyst Review

What is a Valence Electron?

Valence electrons are the electrons in the highest energy level

Valence electrons are the outermost electrons


1 8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Practice Determine the number of

valence electrons for the following elements: Lithium Carbon Oxygen Neon

1468

Lewis Dot Structures There is one more way to illustrate the

electrons in an atom. Lewis Dot Structures show just the

valence electrons.

HThe symbol represents the Hydrogen nucleus

The dot represents Hydrogen’s one valence electron

Lewis Dot Structures

H

He

Li Be B C N O F

Ne

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl

Ar

Writing Valence Electrons

Neon 1s22s22p6

Aluminum 1s22s22p63s23p1

Argon 1s22s22p63s23p6

Calcium

1s22s22p63s23p64s2

Catalyst Review

Write the electron configuration for neon, aluminum, argon and calcium.

1. Neon 1s22s22p6

2. Aluminum 1s22s22p63s23p1

3. Argon 1s22s22p63s23p6

4. Calcium 1s22s22p63s23p64s2

Do you see any patterns that could help you write these in a shorter way?

Write the electron configuration for neon, aluminum, argon and calcium.

1. Neon 1s22s22p6

2. Aluminum 1s22s22p63s23p1

3. Argon 1s22s22p63s23p6

4. Calcium 1s22s22p63s23p64s2

Do you see any patterns that could help you write these in a shorter way?

becomes [Ne]3s23p1

becomes [Ar]4s2

Abbreviated Electron Configurations


Calcium: 1s22s22p63s23p64s2

Use a noble gas symbol to represent the first part of the electron configuration.

Neon is closest to Argon, Ar: 1s22s22p63s23p6


Calcium: 1s22s22p63s23p64s2

Use a noble gas symbol to represent the first part of the electron configuration.

Calcium is closest to Argon, Ar: 1s22s22p63s23p6

Add the remaining electrons.

[Ar] 4s2

Catalyst (5 min) 9/30/11 Electron EQ: What do I need to know for the

midterm next Friday (10/7)?

Write the FULL electron configuration for Germanium (Ge).

Now abbreviate it.

Catalyst

Germanium 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p2

[Ar] 4s23d104p2

chemistry catalysts fall 2011 – week 8 (electrons)

Documents

s orbitals s orbitals

s slide

p orbitals p orbitals

p slide

s hydrogen slide

s helium slide

s lithium slide

s beryllium slide