chemistry j. cauthers living environment atoms atoms are the building blocks of all matter. cannot...
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Chemistry
J. Cauthers
Living Environment
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Atoms
• Atoms are the building blocks of ALL matter.
• Cannot be subdivided any further, through chemical means.
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Basic Definitions
• ELEMENT - Substance made from only one type of atom - E.g. Calcium Ca
• COMPOUNDS: made from two or more different atoms and joined chemically in definite proportions– E.g. Carbon Dioxide CO2
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Inside and Atom
• Nucleus – Protons (+)– Neutrons (0)
• Isotopes have different #s of neutrons and some are radioactive
• Orbitals– Electrons (-)
• Give atoms their unique properties
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Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds
All chemical compounds are broken into two categories:
1) Organic compounds
2) Inorganic Compounds
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Organic Compounds
Always contain:
Carbon and Hydrogen
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Organic Compounds cont.
Other elements found in organic compounds include:
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Sulfur
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Organic Compounds
Most common elements to appear in organic compounds are:
CHNOPS!!!
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Inorganic Compounds
Any compound that isn’t organic
Note: Some contain carbon!!! (CO2)
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Agua!!!
Why do we need to talk about water in a class about biology?
Life would not exist were it not for water.
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Water
Equation for water is H2O
Is water an organic, or inorganic compound?
Inorganic (no carbon)
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Brita
Water is called a POLAR MOLECULE (a partial + and – charge)
The positive end of one water molecule (H end) will be attracted to the negative end of another water molecule (O end).
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Pûr
- + - +
Hydrogen
Oxygen
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Polar Properties
Cohesion: attraction between water molecules.
Surface tension: holds drops of water together especially at surface.
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Perrier
Surface tension in action:
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Joe Water
Surface tension again:
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Heavy Water (deuterium)
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ADHESION attraction of one substance to another
Explains why water is such a good solvent…other substances (polar ones) are attracted to water.
Polar Properties
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Adhesion accounts for capillary action or capillarity.
Capillary action : water rises up any narrow space due to attraction with the substance it is interacting with (i.e. glass, or plant roots.)
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Acids and Bases
• Water and other compounds can break apart and form ions in solution
• Acids give off H+ ions
• Bases give off OH- ions
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pH
• Concentration of H+ ions
• More H+ ions the lower the pH
• Acids – pH 1<7
• Bases – pH >7-14
• Neutral = ~7
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Organic Compounds
• Four Types– Carbohydrates– Proteins– Lipids– Nucleic Acids
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Carbohydrates
• Building blocks: sugars• Contain C, H and O in a ratio of 2H:1O• Main source of energy• Structural purposes • Long chains form starches• Plants store extra as starch
– Think potatoes!
• Animals store extra as glycogen in liver
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Starch
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Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides – single sugars– Glucose, fructose
• Disaccharides – two sugars– Maltose, Sucrose
• Polysaccharides – many sugars– Starch, cellulose
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Proteins
• Building Blocks: amino acids• Contain: C, H, O, N• Control rate of reactions• Regulate cell processes• Form bones and muscles• Transport substances in or out of cells• Help to fight disease
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Proteins
• Form 3D structures by folding
• Form enzymes- regulate reactions
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Amino Acids
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Lipids
• Building Blocks: Glycerol, 3Fatty acids
• Contain: C, H, and O
• Stored energy
• Part of cell membrane
• Steroids and chemical messengers
• E.g. - Fats, oils and waxes
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Saturated – only single bonds between C and H
Unsaturated – at least one double bond between C and H
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Nucleic Acids
• Building blocks: Nucleotides– 5 C sugar – nitrogenous base– Phosphorus
• Contain C, H, O, N and P
• Store and transmit genetic info
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Nucleic Acids
• Two types– DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid
• Sugar is deoxyribose• Inside nucleus• Double stranded
– RNA – Ribonucleic acid• Sugar is ribose• Involved with protein synthesis• Single stranded
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Enzymes
• Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions
• Lower energy need to get reaction going (Activation energy)
• Made of proteins
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Catalyzed Reactions
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Enzymes again…
•The object enzymes work upon are called substrates.
•Specific to the object they work upon
•Most enzymes are named according to what they work upon.
•Naming: change the ending of the substrate name to –ase
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Enzyme Naming
Substrate Enzyme
Maltose ??
Sucrose ??
Lipid ??