chemistry. what is everything made up of? everything is matter. – matter – anything that has...
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Chemistry
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What is everything made up of?• Everything is matter.–Matter – anything that has mass and
occupies space; the material of the universe.
• Matter is made of elements.– Element – a pure substance that cannot be
broken down into simpler substances.–Currently there are a few more than 115
known elements.
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Elements and Compounds• If you combine elements you will have a…–Compound – a pure substance made of 2 or
more elements.– Examples: water (H2O), carbon dioxide
(CO2), salt (NaCl)–Water is made of hydrogen and oxygen.–Carbon dioxide is made of carbon and
oxygen.– Salt is made of sodium and chlorine.
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Breaking down elements
• Elements are made up of atoms.• Atom – the smallest unit of an element.• ALL the atoms in a particular element are
alike and will not be found in any other element.
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Composition of an Atom• Atoms have 4 basic parts:–Nucleus – the center of an atom–Protons – positively charged particles
in the nucleus of an atom–Neutrons – neutral particles in the
nucleus of an atom–Electrons – negatively charged
particles that spin around the nucleus of an atom
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Facts About Atoms• Atoms are constantly in motion.• Electrons move around the nucleus in
paths called shells (or energy levels).–Shell – an energy level containing
spinning electrons that surrounds the nucleus of an atom
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More Facts About Atoms
• Atoms may join together (bond) to form a molecule or a compound.
• Molecule – two or more atoms that are chemically combined
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Facts from the Periodic Table
• Symbol – the alphabetical letter or letters used to represent an element and/or compound.• Atomic number – the number of
protons in the nucleus of an atom; determines the chemical properties of an element.
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Ions• Normally, atoms contain an equal
number of protons and electrons making the atom neutral.
• If an atom loses electrons, it becomes positively charged.
• If an atom gains electrons, it becomes negatively charged.
• Ion – an atom that is positively or negatively charged.
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Charges and Attraction
• Like charges REPEL.• Opposite charges ATTRACT.
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Compounds• Compounds can be made when 2 or
more ions bond together.• Formula – the means to represent
compounds made by combining the symbols of the elements from which that compound is made.–Numbers represent the ratio of the
elements within the compound.
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Common Elements and Symbols to Know
• Hydrogen (H)• Helium (He)• Carbon (C)• Nitrogen (N)• Oxygen (O)• Sodium (Na)• Aluminum (Al)
• Silicon (Si)• Chlorine (Cl)• Iron (Fe)• Copper (Cu)• Silver (Ag)• Gold (Au)
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3 Categories of Elements
• Metals – types of elements that are good conductors of heat and electricity.–Metals make up about 2/3 of the known
elements.• Nonmetals – elements that are typically
poor conductors of heat and electricity.• Metalloid – an element that has
properties of metals and nonmetals.
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Properties of Metals1. Shiny2. Ductile – capable of being drawn out
into wire or thread.3. Malleable – capable of being extended
or shaped by physical pressure (flattened).
4. Conductive – having the ability to convey or transmit heat or electricity.
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Physical Change• Physical Change – a change that does not
result in the formation of new substances; a change in the physical properties of matter.
• Examples: grinding salt, breaking glass, cutting wood or paper, dissolving sugar in tea
• Another example is when a substance changes states (water changing from solid to liquid to gas)
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Chemical Change• Chemical Change – a change that results in
the formation of new substances.–Also called a chemical reaction
• Example: hydrogen gas and oxygen gas combining to form water
• More Examples: rusting of iron, burning of wood, baking of a cake, & souring of milk
• Reactants Products
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How do you tell the difference?
• Chemical changes result in: evolution of a gas, formation of light and heat, or change in color.• Chemical changes are more difficult
to reverse or “undo” (Think: Can you “unburn” wood or “desour” milk?)