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Childlessness and Its Consequences in India: Levels, Patterns and

Differentials

Usha Ram

Department of Public Health and Mortality Studies International Institute for Population Sciences Govandi Station Road, Deonar Mumbai 400 088 INDIA September 2006

International Institute for Population Sciences

Telephone: +91-22-2556 3254/5/6 (O) +91-22-2558 9045 (D)

Fax. +91-22-2556 3257 (O) E-mail: [email protected]

Assistant Research Officers

Mr. Avishek Hazra

Mr. Sandip Chakravorty

Contents Chapters Page No.

Acknowledgement i Executive Summary ii - viii

1 Background of the Study 1-8 1.1 Introduction and Review of Literatures 1.2 Objectives 1.3 Measurements of Childlessness 1.4 Data Sources 2 Levels of Childlessness: International and Indian Scenario 9-17 2.1 International variability in levels of Childlessness circa

1980

2.2 Marital Childlessness in India: 1981-2001 2.3 Changes in Marital Childlessness in India: 1981-2001 2.4 Rural-Urban Differentials in Marital Childlessness in

India: 1981-2001

3 Levels, Patterns and Variations in Childlessness in states of India 18-30 3.1 Levels of General Marital Childlessness Rate

Unadjusted

3.2 Levels of Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rate Unadjusted

3.3 Changes in Levels of Age Specific Marital Childlessness: 1981-2001

3.4 Rural-Urban Differentials in Age Specific Marital Childlessness: 1981-2001

Tables for Chapter 3 31-37 4 Socio-Economic Differentials in Levels of Childlessness 38-86 4.1 Religion and Childlessness 4.2 Education and Childlessness 4.3 Economic Activity Status and Childlessness 4.4 Caste and Childlessness Tables for Chapter 4 87-126 5 Levels of Childlessness: District Scenario 127-150 5.1 ASMCRU - 35-39 Years: 1981-2001 5.2 ASMCRU - 40-44 Years: 1981-2001 5.3 ASMCRU - 45-49 Years: 1981-2001 5.4 Spatial Pattern of Incidence of Childlessness at the

district level: 1981-2001

Tables for Chapter 5 151-159 6 Factors Affecting and Consequences of Childlessness on women 160-169 6.1 Factors Affecting Childlessness 6.2 Consequences of Childlessness on Women Tables for Chapter 6 170-177 References 178-182 Appendices Appendix 1 183-185 Appendix 2 186-196 Appendix 3 197-276 Appendix 4 277-276

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Acknowledgement

The present research report, entitled Childlessness and Its Consequences in India: Levels, Patterns and Differentials, is the outcome of the joint efforts of the members of the project team spread over two years period. The International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai provided the financial support for the present research. During the project period, I received support from a number of persons at the Institute and take this opportunity to pay my gratitude to all of them. I take this opportunity to thank Prof. F. Ram, Director and Sr. Professor, IIPS for his support in guidance provided in finalizing this report. I also take this opportunity to thank Late Prof. P N Mari Bhat, Director and Sr. Professor for his keen interest in the work for this project and providing with valuable suggestions not only for this project but in all my endeavours at the Institute. I would also like to thank Prof. T.K. Roy, Director (Retd.) of the Institute for his support and encouragement during the initial stages of the work. I take this opportunity to thank the administrative staff of the Institute for their help at various stages of work. Smt. Vasanti Ramakrishnan, Ag. Registrar and Account Officer deserves special mention for extending their full cooperation at various stages.

I would specifically like put on record my sincere thank and gratitudes to the reviewers of the draft report. Their suggestions and comments help me finalize the report immensely.

I had good fortune to have very committed persons in the project research team who worked very hard. I acknowledge their contribution and sincerely thank all of them. The kind of dedication and commitment shown by Mr. Avishek Hazra and Mr. Sandip Chakravorty for the project even after they left the project to join as the Research Scholars at the Institute is greatly appreciated. I would be failing in my duty if I do not specifically mention the contribution of Ms. Smita J. Kharat who handled the marathon task of entering census data and its validation meticulously. The timely and invaluable support of Mr. Kaushlendra Kumar, Ms. Anita Chahande and Mr. Sanjay Kumar Patil in making the maps in GIS is highly appreciated.

Usha Ram

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Executive Summary If being a mother is synonymous with being a woman, then failure to become a mother constitutes not fully achieving the status of ‘woman’. Desire for motherhood is inevitable and almost universal. Historically as well as traditionally, motherhood for women has been seen as natural. Until very recently, all over the world, construction of feminine identity was typically synonymous with motherhood. Nevertheless, in most developing countries like ours there has not been any notable change as far as the desire for motherhood is considered. Infertility or the inability to have children on the other hand affects both men and women of reproductive age in all parts of the world. Infertility has multiple cases and consequences depending on the gender, sexual history, life style, society, and cultural background of the people it affects. Childless men and women are stigmatized and are likely to be discriminated against. Often the ill effects of childlessness are far more severe for women than they are for men. Women who fail to give a live birth are often given names and are considered to be inauspicious. Sociologists in various cultural settings have observed that infertility is often linked to curse, adultery or immoral behaviour, witchcraft, some activity that had angered ancestors, the deities or anyone in the community. The childless women are subjected to the additional risks of social discrimination in many forms (restriction on their participation in social celebrations for example), allowing husband to remarry. These things happen irrespective of whether it childlessness is due to her being infertile or because the husband is infertile (as matter of fact, male infertility has rarely been considered a factor in childlessness). Norms and social values in India favor higher fertility with marriage for females almost universal The newly married girls in India are often given blessing by elders to beget large families and childless or lack of male child invites prejudice and ill will. Despite this, the problem of childlessness has been largely overlooked in favor of research and promotion of family planning. Infertility research has been neglected both as a health problem and as subject for social science research as in the past few decades greater amount of emphasis is placed on controlling the unwanted fertility. The population scientists' world over have paid more emphasis on trying to understand the dynamics of fertility and somehow ignored the important issue of childlessness to a greater extent and the Indian demographic community is no exception to this. As a result very little work has been carried out in the past on this important aspect. Thus there is need to explore this rarely explored phenomenon. In some of the regions infertility is found to be widespread and its prevalence reaching such proportions that it can well be considered as a public health problem affecting the life of the whole society (WHO 1991). In its extreme, infertility, compounded by pregnancy wastage, infant and child mortality, may lead to depopulation, which poses serious threat to the social and economic development of the region. Objectives The specific objectives of the present study are to examine the:

1. Levels and changes in childlessness in India, states and districts. 2. Differentials in the prevalence of childlessness by selected socio-economic and demographic

characteristics of the women (at national and state level). 3. Geographical patterns of childlessness across districts of India. 4. Factors affecting childlessness in India 5. Consequences of childlessness on marital disruption and Gender based violence on women.

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Measurement of childlessness Demographic studies usually measure infertility in the following two-ways: Childlessness at the end of the reproductive life or the absence of recent live births or pregnancies. The childlessness rates in the present analysis are computed based on all 'Zero Parity' ever married women as given in the Census of India. Following two indicators have been used: 1. General Marital Childlessness Rate (GMCR):

GMCR = (L / M) * K ……………………(1)

2. Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rate (ASMCR): ASMCRi = (Li / Mi ) * K ……………………(2)

Where: L and Li = Number of ever-married women in the age group 15-44 years and ith age group with no children ever born to them respectively

M and Mi = Total population of ever-married women in the in the age group 15-44 years and ith age group respectively

Data Sources The data for the present study has primarily been taken from the Census of India, 2001, 1991 and 1981 and the National Family Health Surveys, 1998-99 (NFHS II) conducted by the International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai. Findings: Levels and Trends 1. There exists international variability in the levels of Childlessness as the comparison of the general

childlessness rate (GCR) for 14 countries selected indicate that countries such as Guatemala, Costa Rica and Nepal had higher levels of childlessness (GCR of over 20%) while it was less than 10% for Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines and Tunisia. In the remaining seven countries including India, the GCR varied between 10 to 20%.

2. The patterns of age specific childlessness rate (ASCR) reveal that the adolescent women aged 15-19 years had highest levels of childlessness which declines rapidly until age 30-34 and somewhat stabilizes through the remaining three age groups of the reproductive span.

3. The analysis of zero parity women from the census show that 13 % of ever-married Indian women aged 15-49 were childless in 1981, which increased to nearly 16% in 2001. The rural urban data indicates that the levels of childlessness were higher in rural areas compared to urban (13% and 11% respectively). However, the census 2001 data does not show any rural-urban difference in GCR for India as the it was about the same for both areas at 16%.

4. The childlessness levels for married adolescents have apparently gone up during 1981-2001; about half of the married adolescents aged 15-19 years were childless in 1981 which increased to over 70 % during 2001. The levels continue to decline for the subsequent ages, however, the levels being mildly higher in 2001 for older ages (35-39 or older) at about 4% in 1981 and 6% in 2001.

5. The state level analysis indicates a mean value of GMCR for the period 1981 was about nearly 12 % (SD=5.39) in the rural areas and about 11 % (SD=4.89) in the urban areas. The corresponding figures for 2001 have risen to 14.58 % ((SD=2.72) and 15.28 % (SD=2.72) respectively, reduction in the standard deviation indicates convergence across states as far as the GCR levels are concerned.

6. In the rural areas of southern states, Kerala has indicated GMCR of less than 15 % in 2001 whereas it was about 18% in Tamil Nadu. Among northern Hindi speaking states, the GMCR was lowest in Madhya

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Pradesh (15%) and ranged between 17 to 20% in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan; a level much higher than the most southern states. The GMCR in the remaining states varied between about 11-15 %.

7. In the urban areas, Kerala once again indicated lowest GMCR in 2001 among the southern states. In Andhra Pradesh, GMCR was over 21 %. In northern states the level of GNCR in urban areas varied between 14-18 %. In case of the remaining states, it ranged between 11-16%.

8. The shape of the age patterns of childlessness in the states is similar to that observed at the national level. The percentage of childless rural adolescent aged 15-19 in 2001 varied from about 58% in West Bengal to 75% in Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat. For most of the states, the levels decline substantially (to less than half the levels observed for adolescents) in all the states among women aged 20-24 and continued to decline through ages 30-34 at 3 to 8% in rural areas and 5 to 9 % in the urban areas and have stabilized after age 34.

9. The data indicates that over the past two decades, the levels of childlessness in the age groups 40-44 and 45-49 have increased considerably in many states (by over 4-5 % points in rural and urban Karnataka and urban Tamil Nadu and West Bengal, urban Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh and rural Tamil Nadu, for example).

10. The data on rural-urban differentials reveal that the incidence of childlessness for ever married women in the reproductive age groups are higher in the rural areas and the gaps are wide for all ages, and are even more visible at the older ages in 2001 as compared to the previous censuses. The data further indicates that the rural-urban gaps have widened more in all 4 of the southern states, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Haryana, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh.

It is important to remind here that such high increase in the childlessness and also the fact that the levels of childlessness are higher in rural areas as compared to the urban areas, raises many concerns in view of the fact that the voluntary childless in India and its state is said to virtually non-existent. Religion and Childlessness 1. In comparison to Hindu, Muslim and Christians in India in 1981 had lower levels of childlessness; in

1981, GMCR was by over 13% for Hindu compared to about 12 % and 9 % for Muslim and Christian respectively. By 2001, the GMCR turned quite similar for all the groups.

2. At the state level, the ratio of Muslim GMCR to Hindu varied from a lowest of 0.86 in Madhya Pradesh and 0.88 in Uttar Pradesh to as high as 1.28 in Kerala in 1981. The gaps between the two groups have bridged for many states as the corresponding range for 2001 narrowed down to 0.94 Uttar Pradesh and 0.95 in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa to 1.21 in Andhra Pradesh. The GMCR was lower for Muslim women in 10 states in 1981 and in 5 states in 2001. Not only the number of states reduced but also the gap between the two groups of women too narrowed down (with ratios coming closer to unity).

3. The relative differentials in GMCRs have been wider for Hindu-Christian women in comparison to what was observed for Hindu-Muslim women. With the only exception of West Bengal, the value of ratio for the Christian women was below unity in all other 14 states in 1981 and have not only exceeded unity for 10 states but also the values to are quite high (1.02 in Tamil Nadu to 1.38 in Himachal Pradesh).

4. At the national level, childlessness was higher for Hindu women in 1981 for all ages. For 2001 the rates were lower for Muslim women until age 29, after which, the rates turned higher for them. Differentials in ASMCRs, in general are wide between Hindu-Christian than what was observed for Hindu-Muslim and the gaps have further widened in the recent times (the levels being usually higher for the Christian women in majority of the states, more so in the northern states of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Karnataka).

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Women's Education and Childlessness

1. The GMCR for Indian women increases with an increase in the educational status of the women (from illiterate to graduate and above) during period under analysis (gaps being as high as by over 7 % points for those with graduate and higher education in 2001).

2. The GMCR has shown increasing trend over time at a much faster pace for better educated women, for example, the GMCR for women who have completed matric or higher schooling increased by more than 6 % points during 1981-2001.

3. At the state level, GMCRU has dramatically changed in Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana amongst illiterate women (with a change of 6% points or more) whereas it remained somewhat similar in Bihar, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Orissa. In case of women who have completed less than middle schooling the change was again rapid in Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana (by 7-11 % points).

4. The differentials in GMCRs by educational states of the women are substantially larger for all four southern states in 2001 whereas they are relatively smaller in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. Among the highly educated women (those with graduation or more), GMCR changed by over 10 to 20% points in Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and West Bengal and between 5 to 10 % in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Orissa and Haryana.

5. In 2001, almost all of the states had indicated higher levels of ASMCRU for women with matric or higher education (especially those who have completed graduation or higher) compared to non-literate women.

6. In Kerala, the ASMCR was higher for women who have completed matric or higher education and were younger (aged below 35 years) in comparison to the illiterate whereas for women aged 35 years or older, it was relatively higher among illiterate women.

Women's Economic Activity Status and Childlessness

1. In 1981 GMCR for Indian women who were reported as main worker was higher by nearly 2 % points and by one-half percent points for marginal workers as compared to those who reported as non-worker. In terms of percentages, the GMCR for was higher by about 13 % for main workers by about 11 % for marginal workers as compared to non-workers. However, this scenario revered by 1991 as the GMCR became less by nearly 4 % and 10 % respectively for main workers and marginal workers as compared to those observed for non-workers.

2. During 1981, in comparison to the non-workers, the GMCR was lower for main workers in Kerala, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh while reverse was true for rest of the other states. In case of marginal workers, the GMCR in 1981 was higher for marginal workers in Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa and West Bengal while in the remaining states it was higher for the non-workers. In 1991, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra had lower GMCR for main workers whereas in other states it was higher for the non-workers.

3. At the national level, ratio of ASMCR of main workers to non-workers was above unity at all ages in 1981 while in 1991 it was below unity for women aged 15-24 years and above unity for those aged 25 years or older. The gaps between the two groups of women widened with age during 1981 and 1991, however, the gaps being narrower for young adolescent women below age 20 in most of the states for both main and marginal workers (levels being usually higher for economically active women).

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Caste and Childlessness

1. At the national level, the GMCRU has increased for three-groups of women over time, more rapidly for those from general castes followed by SC women whereas for ST women it increased marginally (to about 16% for ST women, about 13% each for SC and Non-SC/ST women). The GMCRU in 1981 was higher for SC women as compared to ST women in all states except Karnataka, Rajasthan and Punjab (the difference was substantial in a few states like Himachal Pradesh, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu -by about 8 to 17 %).

2. For SC women GMCRU in 2001 was higher in Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh (18-19%) followed by Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat (14 to 16%). In other states it ranged between 11 to 13%.

3. For the ST women, GMCRU was lowest at 12% in Himachal Pradesh and 13-14% in Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. On the other hand, it was observed at as high as 23% in Tamil Nadu and 18-19% in Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.

4. For non-SC/ST women, the GMCRU in 2001 was highest in Tamil Nadu followed by Bihar and Uttar Pradesh (18-19%) whereas it was lowest in Himachal Pradesh (11%). In other states like Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat, it was around 16-17%.

5. In 2001, there were 7 states where GMCRU for SC women was high. When ST women are compared with the non-SC/ST women, the GMCRUs were lower for the ST women in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra while in other states it was higher for them. In most of the states, these differentials in this regard are wider between ST and Non-SC/ST women as compared to those observed for SC and Non SC/ST women.

6. At the national level, the ASMCRUs were relatively higher for SC women aged 25 years and older in 1981 and at all ages in 2001. It is also noted that in 2001 the differences between the two groups of women widen with age until 39 and began to bridge thereafter. The largest gap was observed at age 35-39 (40 %) followed by 36 % in the age group 30-34 years in 2001.

7. For ST women, the ASMCRU was higher for them as compared to the Non-SC/ST women at all ages during 1981 and the differences were substantial. However, by 2001, the ASMCRU for ST women was observed to be lower than that of the Non-SC/ST women for ages below 35 years and higher thereafter.

8. The ASMCRUs for SC women was lower than the Non-SC/ST women for a number of states in 1981 whereas this scenario has reversed in 2001 (with more states having higher ASMCRU for SC women as compared to non-SC/ST women). The gap between SC and Non-SC/ST women has been unusually wide in Uttar Pradesh and Orissa and West Bengal. The ASMCRU in 2001 was relatively lower for young ST women in southern states, northern states (except Bihar) and Western states of Gujarat and Maharashtra whereas reverse was true for the older women (beyond age 30 years). In other states (Himachal Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal), the ASMCRU was higher for the ST women as compared to the Non-SC/ST women for all age groups.

Levels of Childlessness: District Scenario

1. Majority of the districts in India fall into medium levels of the childlessness (MPD) as about 64% and 75% of the districts had 2.51 to 7.50% women in the age group 35-39 who were childless in 1981 and 2001 respectively. There were nearly 28 % of the districts with low levels of childlessness (LPD) in 1981, which came down to just 3 % in 2001, indicating a sharp reduction. Of note is also the fact that share of high prevalence districts (HPD) was a little over 4 % in 1981 which increased to nearly 22 % in 2001. It may thus be said that at the national level there has been dramatic shift in the position of districts from low prevalence to high prevalence.

2. Out of the total 115 low prevalence districts in 1981, 27 came from undivided Uttar Pradesh followed by Karnataka (19 districts), Maharashtra (11 districts), West Bengal (10 districts) and Arunachal Pradesh (9 districts). In other words, two-thirds of the LPD districts are from these five states. In 2001, of the 18 low prevalence districts, 11 were from Haryana, 6 from Rajasthan, 2 from Manipur and one from Himachal Pradesh. It is interesting to note that all the districts in Karnataka,

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Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya and Mizoram belonged to LPD group in 1981. Further, in West Bengal and Himachal Pradesh they accounted for about two-thirds of the total districts and about half of them in the undivided Uttar Pradesh, Kerala.

3. In case of the 262 medium prevalence districts in 1981, 39 were from undivided Madhya Pradesh, 28 from the undivided Uttar Pradesh and 26 each from Rajasthan and undivided Bihar. The data further reveals that all of the districts in Gujarat, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu had medium levels of childlessness in 1981. Somewhat similar observations may also be made for 2001.

4. Coming to the high prevalence group, it may be noted that of the 18 such districts in 1981, 7 were from Andhra Pradesh, 4 from undivided Madhya Pradesh, 3 from Orissa, 2 from Manipur and one from undivided Uttar Pradesh. As may be noted, not only the number of the districts in the state in this group has increased over time (in 2001) but also many districts from all parts of the country have joined this group. For example, the number of districts in Andhra Pradesh in the HPD group increased from 7 in 1981 to 16 in 2001, from one to 8 in Jammu and Kashmir, from 3 to 8 in Orissa, from one to 15 in undivided Uttar Pradesh and from 2 to 8 in Manipur.

Factors affecting childlessness in India

1. The results reveal that the likelihood of childlessness (at the significance level of one per cent) is

closely associated with place of residence, religion, caste, standard of living index, her educational status, age at marriage, body mass index (BMI), substance use and experience of any sexually transmitted infection.

2. The likelihood of childlessness is 28 per cent higher among rural woman as compared to their counterparts living in the urban areas. Likewise, SC and ST women are more likely to be childless as compared to the Non-SC/ST women. The differentials are more evident with regards to the education and BMI; likelihood of a illiterate woman being childless is 43% less than a woman who had completed higher education and similarly women whose BMI is less than 18.5 or greater than 25 are 20 and 54 %, respectively, less likely to be childless as compared to those whose BMI is between 18.5 to 25.0.

3. Women who have experienced any sexually transmitted infections have 21 per cent higher chances of being childless as compared to those who have not experienced any reproductive morbidity.

Consequences of Childlessness

A: Childlessness and Marital Disruption The analysis indicates that the percentages of women who were divorced/separated/disserted were notably higher for those who were childless as compared to those who have any child(ren) both at national as well as regional levels and also for both younger and older women. The relationship between childlessness and marital disruption is apparently far more serious and stronger for the older women as compared to the younger women. At the national level, for example, about 5% of the childless women aged 15-29 were divorced/separated/deserted compared to less than 3% among those with children. Similarly, among women aged 30-49, over 29% of childless women were divorced/separated/deserted as against of about 8% among those with children. This clearly indicates that the atrocities in terms of marital disruption have been more severe among childless women as compared to the women who have children. This is quite logical in the sense that in situations where woman fail to have a child the families may give some more time to the woman and wait before taking the final plunge. Similar observations are also made in different regions of the country. As a matter of fact the gaps actually widen up much more in some regions. More women residing in the southern region, for example, suffer marital disruption as compared to their counterparts with children. Among older women, the gaps were wide for all regions in general and for women in west, south and east regions in particular. Over 36% of childless women aged 30-49 years and about 6% of them in the age group 15-29 years living in southern states were divorced/separated/disserted in comparison to 11 and less than 4%, respectively, among those with children.

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It may be recalled from our earlier discussion that the levels of childlessness are much higher in southern states of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Not only this, there are many districts in these two states where more than 10% of the women in 2001 were childless. Among the younger women, the gap between childless women and those with children in terms of percentages of divorced/separated/disserted is once again notable in western (6% compared to 3%) and central regions (over 4% compared to 2%).

B: Childlessness and domestic Violence perpetrated by husband and in-laws

The findings suggest that at all India level, proportion of women who reported experiencing domestic violence perpetrated by their husbands and/or in-laws was over 23% among those women aged 30-49 years who were childless as compared to 21% among those who had children. At the regional level, the results are similar, nonetheless, it is noted that higher proportion of childless women living in northern region reported that they were beaten by their husbands/in-laws as compared to their counterparts with children (16% versus 12%). Similarly, about 27 per cent of the older childless women in central region reported violence as against of less than 23 per cent among those with children. Thus the more childless women than those with children had reported experiencing domestic atrocities perpetrated by spouse and/or in-laws. C: Childlessness and Total Fertility Rate The analysis indicates that the fertility levels are lower in the districts wherever childlessness incidence is higher. The distribution of districts by fertility levels and levels of childlessness reveals that the share of districts with low fertility increases with the increase in the percentages of childless women; share of district with below replacement level fertility was less than 5% among districts with less than 2.5% childless women aged 35-49 which increased over 17% among those with 2.51 to 5.00% childless women to further nearly 29% among those with 5.01 to 7.5 % childlessness. In contrast, share of districts in below replacement is over 44% among districts with 7.51 – 10.00% childless and had risen to over 56% for districts with more than 10% childlessness. The share of districts with TFR of more than 4 declines with the increase in the levels of childlessness.

Childlessness in India 1

Chapter 1 Background of the Study

1.1 Introduction and Review of Literatures If being a mother is synonymous with being a woman, then failure to become a mother constitutes not fully achieving the status of ‘woman’. The significance of this for women who do not have children cannot be underestimated (Gillespie 1999). Desire for motherhood is inevitable and almost universal. Historically as well as traditionally, motherhood for women has been seen as natural. Until very recently, all over the world, construction of feminine identity was typically synonymous with motherhood. Nevertheless, in most developing countries like ours there has not been any notable change as far as the desire for motherhood is considered. Typically, both pregnancy and birth are widely associated with rituals that transform a woman from the impotence or childlessness to motherhood, from being a young wife to a mature woman with the enhanced social status that is conferred upon mothers in many societies (Homans 1982). Infertility or the inability to have children on the other hand affects both men and women of reproductive age in all parts of the world. Infertility has multiple cases and consequences depending on the gender, sexual history, life style, society, and cultural background of the people it affects (Wright 2003). Childless men and women are stigmatized and are likely to be discriminated against (Runganga et. al. 2001; Nene et. al. 2002). The available literature demonstrates that it is the women who bear major burden of infertility (Abbey et. al. 1991; Greil et. al. 1988; Inhorn 1994b; Inhorn and Van Balen 2001; Stanton et. al. 1991; Van Balen and Trimbos-Kemper 1993). This burden may include blame for reproductive failing, emotional distress resulting in anxiety, depression, frustration, grief, and fear (Greil 1997), marital duress leading to abandonment, divorce, or polygamy; stigmatization and community ostracism; and in many cases bodily taxing, even life threatening forms of medical intervention. In most of the developing countries, infertile women’s suffering is exacerbated by strong pronatalist norms mandating motherhood (Inhorn 2003). The prestige and status of women within family often is related directly to their fertility and childlessness can sometimes lead to loss of status (Senanayake 1986). For the individuals, infertility imposes profound emotional and social stress, in turn evoking feelings of denial, anger, grief and guilt, especially among women (IPPF 1984). Besides the strain of the personal failure, sometimes a tragedy, the infertile couple is often exposed to a variety of family and social pressures (WHO 1991a). Children are considered as necessity for care and maintenance in old ages. Even in the developed countries where social support system is very strong, children are expected to provide much of the care for the aging parents (Shah 2004). Infertility can be considered in terms of primary and secondary infertility. Primary infertility is infertility when a woman never conceives whereas in secondary infertility she has conceived once but not subsequently despite efforts to become pregnant. The etiology of infertility again varies from region to region and from one population to another. Worldwide about 8-12 per cent of the couples are infertile or the inability to conceive a child at some point during their reproductive lives (Reproductive Health Outcome 1999). The estimates show that worldwide anatomical, genetic endocrinological (or immunological factors) cause about 5 per cent of the infertile couples (WHO 1991b). Generally speaking, involuntary infertility is related to conditions that are preventable in nature (Rowe 1999) such as sexually transmitted diseases, infections and parasitic diseases, iatrogenic health care practices and exposure to toxic substances (either in the diet or environment). Typically infertility is seen as a woman’s problem whereas the literature clearly indicates that it can happen because of either of the spouse or both, however, the blame is often attributed on women particularly in the developing countries (Pearce 1999). Although the women usually get blame if the couple fails to have child, male factors explain about one-third of all infertility (Population Reports 1983). There are a few studies which show that 30 to 45 per cent of the infertility in various populations is due to male infertility (Inhorn 2003; Garner 1997; William


1998; Webb 1999; Mohamood et. al. 2005). Although men contribute to couple infertility almost, the blame often comes on women (Balen 2001). This may be so as pregnancy, breastfeeding and childrearing primarily come under domains of the women’s world and thus fertility is also assumed to be an issue exclusive to the experience of women only (Webb 1999). As a matter of fact, socially it is worse to be childless in developing countries (Van Balen and Vissar 1997) since it poses several risks for the women themselves and their relations with their husband, relatives and neighbors (Inhorn 1996). As a family health problem threatening family survival, childlessness is a neglected family planning ingredient. Sub-fertility or infertility in the developing countries means social victimization and persisting barrenness means destitution for the woman (Gerbstorm 1980). Callen (1985) stated that the individuals are judged differently according to their fertility status. In various literatures, childlessness has been referred as a tragedy. Most common preventable causes of infertility among both men and women is infection. Pelvic inflammatory diseases in women, due to sexually transmitted infections and other infections, account for more than half of all female infertility in many regions (Population Reports 1983). In some areas infection related infertility is so widespread that it not only constitute a personal problem but also a public health challenge. Kemkes-Grottenthaler (2003) suggested that some women may choose to postpone motherhood as they may give more preference to education and/or career. This at the end for many women may inevitably end up ‘involuntary childlessness’. The social consequences of childlessness are varied from personal (e.g. sadness and jealousy, fear of divorce) and social (e.g. lack of practical support and exclusion from certain social events and ceremonies) (Gerrits and Hardon 2001) and they differ substantially from one population to another population and over time for same population. The blame for childlessness is most often cast at women (Parkin 1973). A study in northern Rajasthan (Singh et al (1996) revealed that rude and insensitive behaviour of neighbors or relatives was reported more often by women as compared to husbands. Childlessness in some cases may actually be the cause for the abandonment by husband or ostracization by their social groups (Anonymous 1991; Okonofua et al. 1997), divorce and remarriage by husband (Okonofua et al. 1997; Bumpass and Sweet 1972; Manmohan 1955), physical and mental abuse neglect and economic deprivation (Okonofua et al. 1997). In a study in Bangladesh, Papreen et al (2000) found that infertility places woman at risks of social and familial displacements and it is she who bears maximum burden of it. Another study in Bangladesh, Ahmed (1987) found that the divorce rates were strongly (and positively) associated with childlessness. Similarly in Nigeria it has been found that if a wife does not bear many children, the husband has a reason to seek another wife and live polygamously (Okonofua et al. 1997). In the same study over 95 per cent of the men and women respondent told that they would pity a childless man. Many believe that a man without children would not be remembered and his branch of the family would end (WHO 1995). Isley (1979) found that in Africa, persistent childlessness for two or more years could lead to marital instability, infidelity and sexual promiscuity. He further found that the childlessness for longer than five years could actually lead to separation and/or divorce. Bumpass and Sweet (1972) found that the childless couples have higher probability of separation or divorce as compared to those who have children. Unisa (2000) observed that disharmony of marriage was more evident among childless couples and childless women experienced violence from their husbands. Veevers (1973) concluded that rather than marital status per se parenthood is the important variable affecting person's prediction towards suicide. He further stated that childlessness seems to predispose towards suicide. William (1998) found that adverse effect of childlessness on men could actually vary from marital disharmony to loss of masculinity, competence and control which in turn could lead to frustration resulting in recklessness, abandonment and of expected men responsibilities and other self destructive behavior. Psychologically and emotionally, infertility has crippling effect on couples including suffering with feelings of guilt, anger, depression and loss of self esteem (Malhlstedt 1985). This may be more serious when the treatment duration is prolonged. Pepperell and Mcbain (1985) found that prior to the treatment couples with normal sexual functions may sometimes develop decreased coital frequency, orgasmic dysfunction, absence of ovulation etc. They further noted that the suicide rate among childless couples was double the level among those who had children. Bhatt and Bhatt (2002) found that a male partner is often emotionally disturbed if he has erectile dysfunction.


Often the ill effects of childlessness are far more severe for women than they are for men. In many societies, those women who fail to give a live birth are often given names and are considered to be inauspicious. Sociologists in various cultural settings have observed that infertility is often linked to curse, adultery or immoral behaviour, witchcraft (Greil 1991; Pearce 1999), some activity that had angered ancestors, the deities or anyone in the community (Pearce 1999). Not only this, they are subjected to the additional risks of social discrimination in many forms. For example, in some populations childless women are kept away from social celebrations in the family or society. In some other populations, childlessness is the reason enough for the husband to remarry. It is important to specify here that all this happen to the woman irrespective of whether it is due to her being infertile or because the husband is infertile. In fact, male infertility has rarely been considered a factor in childlessness (Ford 1951-52). The desire for children is nearly universal and hence most part of the childlessness is thus involuntary (Martinson 1970, p. 314). Hence majority of the childless couples are not that way by choice (Bell 1971; Freedman et. al. 1959; Whelpton et. al. 1966). There are various causes of sub-fecundity, including genetic factors, psychopathology, disease, nutritional deficiencies, and environmental factors (Poston and Trent 1982b, Poston and Trent 1984)1. Given the normative context that supports medium to high fertility in many developing countries, one would expect most married women to want to have children (Poston et. al. 1982a). The analysis of the data from the World Fertility Survey for the developing countries revealed that most of the childlessness in the developing countries was involuntary childlessness (Poston et. al. 1982a; Poston and Trent 1982b and Poston et. al. 1983). It was further observed that among childless women aged 40 years and above, virtually all of the childlessness was involuntary and the great majority of the permanent childlessness among all childless women is involuntary (Poston et. al. 1982a). Involuntary childlessness is essentially a social status and a social psychological condition, brought about as a consequence of infertility (Matthews and Matthews 1986). Involuntary childlessness can and does often become a tragedy for many couples. The conflux of personal, interpersonal, social and religious expectations brings a sense of failure, loss and exclusion to those who are infertile (Rutstein and Shah 2004). Further, involuntary childlessness is mainly due to sub-fecundity, that is, the diminishing capacity to reproduce (McFalls 1979a). Fear of social ridicule and stigmatization often leads to strained relationship in childless couples; one partner may seek to blame the other (Widge 2004). The issue becomes even more important in view of the fact that in many developing countries, the available medical facilities are inadequate. It has been found that in many developing countries the medical treatment is available to the upper classes only and many women seek help from traditional healers (Van Balen and Vissar 1997). For example, in Africa, infertility is usually attributed to a defect on the part of the female partner and most traditional remedies are directed toward women (Imperato 1977). India is characterized by pronatalist norms and social values that favor higher fertility. Females in India are almost universally married and marry early (Jain 1975) and newly married girls in India are often given blessing by elders to beget large families and childless or lack of male child invites prejudice and ill will (Gandotra and Pandey 1979). Generally speaking, in India too there is a great deal of social stigma attached to childless couples. According to Meade (1979), along with lack of industrialization, low educational standard, limited mass communication, cultural factors such as universal and early marriage and childlessness as a social disgrace are important factors affecting population explosion in India. Khan et. al. (2001) found that like other parts of

1 The genetic causes of infertility include factors such as chromosome abnormalities, certain types of anaemia, red blood cells incompatibilities between the mates and metabolic abnormalities. Psychological factors include blockages of the fallopian tubes and an acidic uterine environment. Psychopathological causes factors include psychoses, alcoholism, drug abuse, cigarette smoking and psychic stress. Diseases found to be affecting sub-fecundity are: tuberculosis, malaria, African sleeping sickness, leprosy, venereal disease, Chagas disease, smallpox, filariasis etc. Female circumcision in many African countries has an impact on sub-fecundity levels through health hazards associated with the practice. Nutritional deficiencies involve the effects of famine and malnutrition. The environmental factors include such causes as radiation exposure, toxic chemical exposure, and occupational hazards. The detail discussion on the factors associated with sub-fecundity may be seen in McFalls 1979a and 1979b; Guest 1978 and International Fertility Research Program 1980)


the world, in India too, it is woman who gets the blame if she fails to reproduce. This happen irrespective of the fact whether the causes are related to men or women. Despite this, the problem of childlessness has been largely overlooked in favor of research and promotion of family planning (IPPF 1982).2 As a matter of fact, infertility research has been neglected both as a health problem and as subject for social science research. In the past few decades greater amount of emphasis is placed on controlling the unwanted fertility while infertility has hardly received any attention (Menken 1985). The population scientists world over have paid more emphasis on trying to understand the dynamics of fertility and somehow ignored the important issue of childlessness to a greater extent (the Indian demographic community is no exception to this). As a result very little work has been carried out in the past on this important aspect. This is evident from the fact that there are very few publications available on the subject, particularly in the Indian context3, 4. To quote from Veevers (1971) “most of the studies on fertility differentials in various populations have concentrated towards average number of births forgetting the issue of likelihood of a woman in a particular social group of being unable to have birth at the first place”. In the words of Jejeebhoy (1998) 'the general thrust of both programme and research has been on correlates of high fertility and its regulation rather than the context of infertility, its causes and consequences It may not thus be wrong to say that the fertility levels of any population are very much influenced by the levels of childlessness (both voluntary and involuntary) in the population and it plays an important role in determining both levels and differentials of fertility (Roberts 1972). The evidence in the past has suggested that the decline in impaired fertility leads to an increase in the total fertility rate (Larsen 1996). To our mind, there may be two factors that could lead to such scanty (little) emphasis (neglect) on this issue. Firstly, in India fertility levels continue to be higher and therefore both researchers as well as the policy makers are focusing all their efforts in trying to understand the dynamics of fertility so as to be able to identify the factors responsible for the persistent higher fertility levels. This cannot be overlooked since reducing the continuing higher levels of fertility is the top priority of Indian government and the policy makers. Secondly, there is paucity of data on childlessness. Whatever may be the reasons, the fact remains that there is huge gap on the research related to childlessness and time has come that childlessness finds its place in the subject. It may be emphasized here that the correct assessment of the future needs of various services- housing, education, health care, demand for various consumer goods etc. would be as much influenced by the levels of childlessness (both in terms of capacity and desire to reproduce) as the fertility levels. Hence, to be able to do more accurate assessment of the future requirements of various goods and services there is urgent need to undertake more and more research to understand the dynamics of both childlessness and fertility. However, in the recent years infertility has received considerable international attention (Bonnar et al. 1984; Belsey 1978; Leridon 1979) but its worldwide extent has never been systematically described. Besides this, there is need to explore this rarely explored phenomenon. In some of the regions infertility is found to be widespread and its prevalence reaching such proportions that it can well be considered as a public health problem affecting the life of the whole society (WHO 1991). In

2 It is surprising to note that the issues related to the childlessness do not find any place in either National Population Policy- 2000 document or recently declared National Health Policy- 2002. As a matter of fact there has been no mention of childlessness in any of the past population policy document. 3 For example, the literature search on POPLINE (December 2001) yields a total of 629 publications when the search is executed for ‘childlessness’ as the key word as against of 78059 publications when the search is executed for ‘fertility’ as the key word. Further, the number of publications drastically comes down to 222 when the search is executed for ‘childlessness and developing countries’ as against of 35654 for ‘fertility and developing countries’. Similarly the number of publication comes down to only 16 when the search is executed for ‘childlessness and India’ as against of 5109 for ‘fertility and India’. However, the number of publications on childlessness shows a rising trend over time (as the number of publications increased from a mere of 4 during 1951-60 to 17 during 1961-70, 143 during 1971-80 and 311 during 1981-90). Nevertheless, in the last decade (that is 1991-2000) there were only 154 publications dealing with childlessness globally. 4 To be honest it is probably not right to blame the Indian demographers for not showing their interest in the issues. In fact as a student of demography I hardly remember any emphasis on this aspect during the entire two years course.


its extreme, infertility, compounded by pregnancy wastage, infant and child mortality, may lead to depopulation, which poses serious threat to the social and economic development of the region. The level and patterns of infertility apparently vary widely, (Belsey 1978; WHO1975; Belsey 1976; Sherris and Fox 1983) depending on the prevalence of 'core' infertility (biological variation in chromosomal, congenital, and endochronological abnormalities) and acquired infertility (geographic variation in infectious, environmental and occupational factors). The World Health Organization (1997) has estimated that globally there are about 60 to 80 million couples with unwanted infertility. Globally, between 8 to 12 per cent of couples experience some form of infertility during their reproductive lives. It is important to note that the incidence levels in some of the African countries are even higher to the level of 20 to 30 per cent (Erickson and Brunette 1996). The level, underlying causes and contributing factors of infertility clearly vary from one country to another and even from one locality to another. To the major part (55 per cent and above), infertility is the consequence of sexually transmitted diseases or of complications suffered during post partum or post abortion period (particularly illegal induced abortion), all of this infertility to a large extent is preventable (WHO 1991a). It may further be mentioned that only in about 5 per cent of couples, the causes of infertility are attributable to anatomical, genetic, endochronological or immunological factors etc. 1.2 Objectives In the light of above background it was decided to take up the present research. The specific objectives of the present study are to examine the:

1. Levels and changes in childlessness in India, states and districts. 2. Differentials in the prevalence of childlessness by selected socio-economic and

demographic characteristics of the women (at national and state level). 3. Geographical patterns of childlessness across districts of India. 4. Factors affecting childlessness in India 5. Consequences of childlessness on marital disruption and Gender based violence on

women. 1.3 Measurement of childlessness Estimates of the magnitude of primary and secondary infertility are often imprecise because they are based either on demographic data or health service statistics (WHO 1991). Since demographic data only provides estimates of primary infertility and do not always distinguish between voluntary and involuntary infertility or unknown fertility. Hospital or clinic base data on the other hand do not indicate the prevalence of the problem unless all couples under study suffering from involuntary use their services. Any reliable estimate of prevalence of infertility would need identification of all couples with primary or secondary infertility regardless of whether they seek health service care for the same or not. Such data can be obtained with the help of community based sample surveys. In the absence of such surveys, prevalence of infertility can be measured by direct indicators like primary and secondary infertility or indirect indicators such as childlessness. There appears to be lack of global agreement on pragmatic definitions of important indicators or concepts related to infertility that further limit the comparability of data. While it is clear that infertility, childlessness or sterility all refer to the inability of couples to conceive or bear children when desired, there tends to be some variation in the specific definitions adopted by clinicians, epidemiologists and demographers. Variations in the definitions of childlessness largely occur in (a) the reference period used to establish infertility, and (b) in the classification of women who have experienced pregnancy but not a live birth. Just to give an example, medically infertility is defined as the failure to achieve a pregnancy after one year of regular unprotected intercourse with the same partner (Kiser 1964). WHO (1991a and 1991b) defines infertility as the failure to conceive despite two years of cohabitation and exposure to pregnancy. This definition adopted by the WHO drawn by the Scientific Group on the Epidemiology of Infertility has used two-years as the reference period for this purpose. However many studies adopt their own definitions.


Clinicians for example, have used one year of unsuccessful efforts to conceive as the criterion for infertility. A community-based study in Egypt conducted by the Egyptian Fertility Care Society (EFCS 1984) has used this definition. The Handbook of Women’s Health (Rosenfeld 2001) defines infertility as the inability of a sexually active couple desiring pregnancy to achieve so even after a period of one year. In contrast, community surveys measure infertility in terms of childlessness (Vassen, 1984, Farley, 1988), despite the fact that there is some difference between the two. The complexity of these issues is often not well recognized or acted upon. There is a difference between sterility (the inability to conceive or to impregnate), infertility (the inability to produce a live birth) and childlessness (not having a living child) (Boerma and Mgalla 1999). Medically, a couple is defined as infertile if pregnancy has not occurred within one or two years of unprotected intercourse (WHO 1975). Demographic studies often define a couple as infertile if the woman reports no pregnancy or live births within a certain number of years of unprotected intercourse – usually the past one, two or five years. Childlessness is defined as the proportion of couples who fail to have a live birth at the time of interview despite cohabitating for at least five years in the absence of conception, breastfeeding or postpartum amenorrhoea (that is exposed to the risk of pregnancy). Thus according to this definition, unlike a couple with primary infertility, a childless couple also includes those who have successfully conceived but failed to deliver a live birth. These studies have also referred all couples with difficulty in bearing a second or higher order birth, despite usually five years of exposure as in the definition above as secondary sterility. Both primary and secondary sterility put together are referred as involuntary childlessness/infertility. The five-year reference period has typically been used in many community-based studies but not necessarily in the demographic surveys. In demographic surveys, in addition to the voluntary infertility (that is contraception) some factors like postpartum sexual abstinence, breast-feeding customs and practices, long-term separation of husband and wife too are taken into consideration. Primary infertility (sometimes also referred to as primary sterility) may be defined as couples who have never conceived despite cohabitation and exposure to pregnancy (not contracepting) for a period of two years. Secondary infertility (also known as secondary sterility) on the other hand is defined as 'following a previous pregnancy if a couple despite cohabitation and exposure to pregnancy (in the absence of contraception, breastfeeding or postpartum amenorrhoea) fails to conceive for a period of two years'. Using demographic data WHO (1991) connotes primary infertility and childlessness to women who never became pregnant, had no live birth, no child born, and even no child surviving first year or no child alive (p. 7). It is important to mention here that some societies do have a custom for of adopting a child (or several children) by an infertile woman. Often women report adopted children as their own offspring(s). This can lead to lowering the reported rate of infertility. Further in cases where women are divorced or when marriage never takes effect because of childlessness, we may actually under estimate the extent of infertility if only married women are included in the study. Estimation of secondary infertility using demographic data is difficult since it may occur at any time in a woman’s life. In a community based study it is only through direct questioning that we may be able to establish whether the woman had attempted to have more children or not. 'Only one child' must be seen as a very rough approximation of the same. Further this may lead to both under or over estimation of the secondary infertility depending on contraceptive behaviour and the desired number of children. Although there are several studies carried out so far on the issue of infertility however they all have their own limitations (WHO 1991). We discuss them in very brief here. Clinical infertility studies are the prime source for determining the etiology of infertility but they do not indicate the prevalence of the problem in the population since it is almost impossible to reach all affected couples in the service areas. Epidemiological infertility research may provide the prevalence of both primary and secondary infertility in the community and at the same time may also be helpful in providing some clues or explanation for the causes of infertility status. However such studies are seldom carried out. Fertility surveys often cover range of aspects relevant to infertility and can provide good indicative and qualitative data such as on contraceptive behaviour. However, for the most part, the data is presented as demographic information and has to be used with its inherent limitations. Demographic surveys or census can only provide rough indirect measurements of


primary infertility (childlessness) or 'only one child' as an imprecise indicator of secondary infertility. Often such data has to be relied upon failing more specific studies and therefore has to be interpreted in the light of its constraints. Demographic studies usually measure infertility in the following two-ways:

1. Childlessness at the end of the reproductive life, or 2. The absence of recent live births or pregnancies.

Another term that is sometimes found in the literature (Bogue 1969) is called 'completed childlessness rates. Some of the researchers while analyzing the data related to childlessness have focused exclusively on the women in the last years of the reproductive lives (that is women in the forties, particularly in the late forties). These rates have been termed as 'completed childlessness rates'. The incidence of permanent childlessness among females may be measured in various ways. Cruijsen and Van de (1986) have examined the validity of conventional as well as more recently developed methods of measuring the childlessness in a population. From their analysis they concluded that, on the whole, among the conventional methods of measuring the incidence of permanent childlessness female birth generations provide fairly accurate estimates. They further pointed out that for a period of changing timing of first birth, the traditionally used methods measuring the incidence of permanent childlessness among synthetic female birth generations produce a significant under or overestimation of the ultimate proportion of the childless women currently in the middle of their reproductive years. The incidence of childlessness measured by the means of births registration systems of fertility surveys produce inaccurate estimates as they suffer from selective incompleteness. They further emphasize that it is difficult to distinguish between voluntary and involuntary childlessness as many of the women can be categorized in either group depending on the definition chosen. Poston and Gu (1983) analyzed the data on childlessness in the developing countries from two sources- national census and world fertility survey. They concluded that the census based rates on childlessness in the developing countries may be less problematic than the WFS based rates and perhaps more reflective of the true levels of childlessness in these countries. Cates et al. (1984) examined the prevalence of infertility using two measures namely; childlessness at older reproductive ages and the absence of recent pregnancies in sexually active couples from the data from WFS and Census. Based on their analysis they concluded that the data based on these two measures is erroneous for many reasons. Pathak and Unisa (1993) examined the childlessness in India using parity progression ratios estimated from the children ever born data. Before discussing the details of the indices use for measuring the levels of childlessness in the context of present work, we would like to mention following points:

1. The analysis focuses on the General and Age Specific Childlessness Rates 2. The childlessness at ages 35-39, 40-44 and 45-49 years is considered as an

approximation of primary infertility5. 3. In the present analysis we have used primary infertility and childlessness as

synonymous and do not attempt to study voluntary and involuntary childlessness separately.

The childlessness rates in the present analysis are based on the census data on number of children ever born to the ever-married women in India (Registrar General of India 1991). For this purpose, all 'Zero Parity' ever married women are considered as childless. In other words, we have defined childlessness as the proportion of ever-married women who have never experienced any fertile pregnancy or those who failed to have a live birth at the time census was conducted. Symbolically, the General Marital Childlessness Rate (GMCR) and Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rate (ASMCR)may be presented as: 5 The WHO (1991) used age cohorts 25-29 and 40-44 as groups indicative of the level of infertility in the population. The cohort 25-29 corresponds to the age of highest fertility when in all parts of the world a woman has normally married and conceived at least once. The cohort 40-44 is chosen to represent the end of the reproductive age, and may therefore reflect both primary (no child ever born) and secondary infertility (only one child born).


GMCR = (L / M) * K ……………………(1)

ASMCRi = (Li / Mi ) * K ……………………(2)

Where: L and Li = Number of ever-married women in the age group 15-44 years and ith age

group with no children ever born to them respectively M and Mi = Total population of ever-married women in the in the age group 15-44

years and ith age group respectively K = Constant factor

In the past, this measure has been used by a number of researchers to study the levels and differentials of childlessness in different populations (Poston and Trent 1982; Poston 1988; Poston and Rogers 1988, Poston and El-Badry 1976; Rao 1987; Poston 1987; Poston et. al. 1985; Vemuri 1986; Mitra 1966). The present analysis as mentioned before, uses data from the 1981 and 1991 censuses of India. El-Badry (1961) found that most of the census reports on children ever born data are probably correct but the data is exposed to several potential sources of errors. Beside the drawbacks on account of such as age misreporting, undercount of women, non-reporting of live births resulting in death, recall lapse error for older women etc. the children ever born data from the census also suffer from an additional error of enumerators failure to record 'zero' answer appropriately on the census schedule. This eventually misleads to the tabulation of the women's answer as 'zero children ever born' to that as ‘parity not given or not stated’ resulting in the error in the childlessness data (El-Badry 1961). Since majority of the women put in the category of parity not given (or not stated) are actually childless, the rates of childlessness based on the data not taking these errors into consideration would be downwardly biased. El-Badry (1961) analyzed the data for a number of countries and found out that there exists a nearly linear relationship between the proportion of the ‘parity not given’ and corresponding proportions tabulated as childless. Based on this, he proposed a technique for estimating the proportion of childless women who have been wrongly placed in the category of 'parity not stated'. Palloni (1981) later modified the method. Vemuri (1987) adjusted the data on the proportion of childless women for India using the two methods and found that the estimated proportions from the two techniques do not differ much. In view of this, in the present analysis we have only estimated the proportions of childless by using El-Badry’s method (El-Badry 1961). It is important to bring out to the notice of the readers that when we apply El-Badry method at the national and state level for different census we encountered many problems. During the course of our calculation we found that the adjusted rates for some of the units turn negative and in other cases they become lower than the unadjusted rates. For example, for the state of Meghalaya, the adjusted rates for urban areas turned negative. Similarly the adjusted rates for rural Mizoram were substantially higher than the unadjusted rates (the difference between the two being more than 10 per cent points for all age groups). However, due to these operational problems we decided to restrict our analysis for unadjusted rates only. Nevertheless, for the national level analysis we would provide both unadjusted and adjusted levels of childlessness, but our focus would be around the unadjusted rates. In addition to this, it may also be mentioned that the results of 2001 census do not provide any data on women who did not state their parity and hence we are unable to make any adjustment for this period. This point would be discussed at length in the next chapter. In view of this, we shall restrict our discussion mainly to the unadjusted rates only.

1.4 Data Sources The data for the present study has primarily been taken from the following sources:

1. Census of India, 2001, 1991 and 1981 2. National Family Health Surveys, 1998-99 (NFHS II)

At the outset it may be mentioned that the present study deals with the childlessness of women and not with that of men. The present analysis deals with the childlessness of ever-married women and not that of the general women.


Chapter 2 Childlessness Levels: Global & Indian Scenario

2.1 International Variability in Levels of Childlessness Circa 1980

In the present chapter we first compare the levels of childlessness in various countries. In the Table 2.1 and Table 2.2 we have given the General Childlessness Rate1 (GCR) and Age Specific Childlessness Rates2 (ASCRs) respectively for the 14 developing countries including India for the period circa 19803. The countries have been selected from the list of the countries included by Poston and Trent (1984) in their analysis. However, in the present analysis instead of taking all 65 countries as done by Poston and Trent, we have selected only 14 countries owing to availability of data. It needs to be further specified that the proportions childless women in the tables refer to all women (and not for the ever married women as we would have liked to do). We had to use all women since the data on parity in the Demographic Year Book is given for all women only. Further, in the last panel of the table 2.1 we have also given mean GCR along with standard deviation. Again we have given two mean values, including and excluding Nepal. This is done as the values for Nepal for all the age groups were on rather higher side. Further, in table 2.2 we have given mean and standard deviation along with the maximum and minimum values. Once again we have given two sets of mean and standard deviation, including and excluding Nepal. However, in our discussion on table 2.2, we will restrict to the means and standard deviations including Nepal. In terms of mean, it may be noted from the table 2.1 that the mean GCR for the 14 countries circa 1980 was a little over 15 per cent (with SD = 6.75). In other words, on an average one in every six women in the reproductive ages in these countries were childless (or failed to give a live birth until the census date) during the period circa 1980. The mean GCR excluding Nepal works out to be lower by almost one and half percent point. Incidentally, the GCR for India circa 1980 comes quite close to the mean GCR (excluding Nepal). Further, of the 14 countries, GCR was well over 20 in Guatemala, Costa Rica and Nepal, indicating the at least one in every five women in the reproductive ages in these countries failed to give a live birth by the census date. Contrary to this, the GCR was relatively low in Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines and Tunisia (less than 10 per cent). In the remaining seven countries including India GCR varied between 10 to 20 per cent. Table 2.1: General Childlessness Rates (GCR) for the Selected Developing Countries, Circa

1980.

High (20+) Intermediate (10-20) Low (Below 10) Nepal Costa Rica Guatemala

32.15 25.06 20.08

Bangladesh Jamaica Peru India Indonesia Kuwait Turkey

18.53 18.53 16.34 14.35 12.65 12.22 10.39

Tunisia Philippines Thailand Malaysia

9.95 9.77 8.54 7.14

Mean GCR- Incl. Nepal 15.41 Standard Deviation 6.75 Mean GCR- Excl. Nepal 14.12 Standard Deviation 5.28

1 The General Childlessness Rate (GCR) is defined as the proportion of women with zero children ever born to them (known as zero parity women) in the age group 15-49 years divided by the total female population in the age group 15-49 years multiplied by 100. 2 The Age Specific Childlessness Rate (ASCRi) is defined as the proportion of women with zero children ever born to them (known as zero parity women) in the ith age group divided by the total female population in the ith age group multiplied by 100. 3 We actually intended to present these rates for the period circa 1990 as well. However, due to non-availability of data for the period circa 1990 for the selected countries we had to restrict our analysis for the period circa 1980 only.

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Childlessness in India 10 Before we begin the analysis from table 2.2 we would like to mention that Poston and Trent (1982) after analyzing the data for 65 countries for the period circa 1970 found that for most of the countries, the level of ASCR generally was at its maximum among women in the age group 15-19 years and declines rapidly till 30-34 age group. However, the ASCRs after age group 30 maintain a relative stability through the remaining three age groups (that is 35-39, 40-44 and 45-49). The present analysis too confirms to similar pattern (see Fig. 1). As may be seen, with only a few exceptions, for almost all countries included in the analysis here, the GCR declines with an advancement in age of the woman till 30-34 years and stabilizes thereafter (remaining more or less similar in the ages 35-39 to 40-44 years). The data in table 2.2 reveals that the mean ASCR for the countries (including Nepal) declined from about 51 per cent in age groups 15-19 to just 23 per cent in the age group for 20-24 years (lower than half the level) and further to just 11 and 7 per cent for the next two age groups (that is 25-29 and 30-34). However, it revolved around 6 per cent for the last three age groups. This pattern is found to be true for all countries but Bangladesh, Indonesia, Jamaica and Kuwait. In these four countries, the proportion of childless women declines till age 35-39 and then increases marginally for the last two age groups. The data for the individual country reveal that the ASCR for the age group 15-19 ranges from low of 37 to 39 per cent in Malaysia, Jamaica and Thailand to about 74 per cent in Nepal followed by India and Costa Rica (at about 57 per cent). The ASCR for the age group 20-24 varies between 11 per cent in Peru to nearly 33 per cent in Costa Rica followed by Jamaica (27 per cent), India and Tunisia (about 24 per cent). It may be mentioned that the ASCR for India for the age group 20-24 is very close to the mean value of 22.59 per cent. In case of the age group 25-29, the ASCR varies between a little over 6 per cent for Peru and around 8 per cent for Thailand, Turkey, Indonesia and Malaysia to the high of 27 per cent for Nepal followed by Costa Rica (15 per cent) and Jamaica (14 per cent). The ASCR in this age group for India is nearly 9 per cent. Further, the ASCR in the age group 30-34 years ranges between a low of 3 to 4 per cent in Peru and Malaysia to close to about 5 per cent in Philippines, Thailand, Tunisia and Turkey to high of about 22 per cent in Nepal. For the remaining countries however, it varies between 6 to 9 per cent. This pattern is expected as the fertility levels peak in the age group 20-29 for most of the developing countries and hence the levels of childlessness in these age groups show substantial decline over the previous age group.

Fig 2.1. Age Specific childlessness Rate (ASCR) for Selected Countries, circa 1980

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

GCR

Age group

Costa Rica '84 Bangladesh '74

Guatemala '81 India '81

Indonesia '80 Jamaica '82

Kuwait '80 Malaysia '80

Nepal '81 Peru '81

Philippines '80 Thailand '80

Tunisia '84 Turkey '80


Childlessness in India 11 Coming to the last three age groups, as may be seen from the table, the levels of ASCRs range from around 2 per cent to 21 per cent in the age groups 35-39 and 40-44 and to nearly 23 per cent in the age groups 45-49 years. Further, the highest value is observed for Nepal and lowest is observed for Malaysia (true for all 3 age groups). The levels of ASCR in these 3 age groups are slightly over 4 per cent for India (marginally lower than the mean value). Table 2.2: Age Specific Childlessness Rates (ASCRs) for the Selected Developing Countries

during the Period circa 1980. Country Name

Year

Age Specific Childlessness Rates (ASCRs) 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Bangladesh 1974 54.39 19.54 10.94 8.89 8.54 10.29 10.37 Costa Rica 1984 57.04 32.63 15.20 8.43 6.89 6.15 6.28 Guatemala 1981 50.39 22.64 9.98 5.72 4.22 3.81 3.67 India 1981 57.05 23.62 9.17 5.44 4.29 4.49 4.43 Indonesia 1980 53.86 19.15 8.24 5.74 4.81 5.56 6.01 Jamaica 1982 39.27 26.95 14.18 7.86 5.59 6.00 6.92 Kuwait 1980 50.43 22.52 12.30 6.73 4.92 5.08 5.10 Malaysia 1980 36.95 17.89 8.28 3.63 2.11 2.04 2.19 Nepal 1981 73.82 41.69 26.59 21.92 21.47 21.48 22.74 Peru 1981 52.06 11.29 6.11 3.49 2.58 2.26 2.44 Philippines 1980 44.69 17.57 8.74 5.33 4.03 3.99 4.35 Thailand 1980 37.92 16.54 7.70 4.50 3.23 2.80 2.79 Tunisia 1984 52.76 24.44 9.98 5.19 3.58 2.96 6.46 Turkey 1980 48.83 19.86 7.61 4.44 3.59 3.48 3.59

Mean (Incl. Nepal) SD Maximum Value Minimum Value

50.68 9.13 73.82 36.95

22.59 7.22

41.69 11.23

11.07 4.96 26.59 6.11

6.95 4.45

21.92 3.49

5.70 4.66

21.47 2.11

5.74 4.82

21.48 2.04

6.24 5.03 22.74 2.19

Mean (excl. Nepal) SD Maximum Value Minimum Value

48.90 6.74 57.05 36.95

21.13 5.09

32.63 11.29

9.88 2.56 15.20 6.11

5.80 1.66 8.89 3.49

4.49 1.68 8.54 2.11

4.53 2.11

10.29 2.04

4.97 2.17 10.37 2.19

Note: The proportions have been calculated from the data in the Demographic Year Book of the United Nations for 1981 and 1986.

2.2 Marital Childlessness in India: 1981-2001

It may be stated that unlike the discussion in the previous section where we have computed the childlessness rates for all women (due to non-availability of data). However, in the subsequent analysis for India, its state and district we would use marital childlessness rates (rates for ever married women). Furthermore, though we have given the rates adjusted using El-Badry method4, in our analysis we would focus on the unadjusted rates only. It may be mentioned that in the subsequent analysis, we shall refer to the unadjusted rates as General Marital Childlessness Rate-Unadjusted (GMCRU) Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted (ASMCRU) and those adjusted using the El-Badry Method as General Marital Childlessness Rate-Adjusted (GMCRA) and Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Adjusted (ASMCRA).

4 We would like to mention here that we have decided to use the estimates of ASMCRA for 1981 carried out by Vemuri (1987). However, during the course of comparison we felt that the results were not in the expected direction and hence we estimated the ASMCRA for India and also adjusted them using the same method as used by Vemuri, We found huge differences in the two estimates, particularly for the first and second age groups. We then tried the similar exercise for some states as well and found the same. The difference between the two estimates for India is presented in the Appendix-1.2. In view of this, for assessing the trends in the ASMCRA and GMCRA during 1981-91 we decided to use our estimates for both the periods.


Childlessness in India 12 The unadjusted and adjusted rates for India for the period 1981, 1991 and 2001 are presented in table 2.3. Although we have presented the rates separately for rural and urban areas and for total areas, we would be discussing the rates for rural and urban areas only since the results for rural and total areas are quite similar. Before we start analysis we would like to bring out following important points: 1. For the year 2001, both adjusted and unadjusted rates for all age groups are similar. This is

because in the fertility data on children ever born for the year 2001, there is no mention of number of zero parity women at any level, whether for the country as a whole or for different states for any of the age group and for both rural and urban areas. So we added the distribution of women in each age group for different parity and found that the number obtained by adding parity data adds up to the total number of married women in the age groups meaning that all ever married women have reported correctly their parity. As a result there was no need to adjust the zero parity women as we have done for the previous censuses.

2. If we closely examine the results of the 2001 census, proportion of childless women in 2001 is lower than that in 1991 census; nevertheless it is higher than the 1981 levels. This pattern is observed both at the national and state level (we would discuss about state level result in details in our next chapter).

3. In order to understand the discrepancy, we try to make cohort comparison over time. For example women who are aged 25-29 in 1981 became aged 35-39 year in 1991 and 45-49 years in 2001. If we examine the proportion of childless women for this cohort of women (unadjusted), we find that there were about 8.25 per cent of the women aged 25-29 years were childless in 1981. In the year 1991, proportion of childless women (unadjusted) for the age group 35-39 was 7.63 (lower by 0.52 per cent point as compared to the 1981 level, it is possible as some of these women may have had a baby during 1981-91). The proportion of childless women aged 45-49 in 2001 is 6.14 (lower by 1.49 per cent point as compared to the 1991 level). This seems to be somewhat unrealistic as it means that about one and a half per cent of the women aged 35-39 years in 1991 moved from childless status to one or higher parity during next ten years.

The fertility data in the District Level Household Survey (DLHS) reveals that less than 3 per cent of the births among women aged 35-39 and 45-49 were of birth order one. Similarly the NFHS II data reveals that about 4.5 per cent of the births among women aged 30-39 years and less than one per cent of the births among women aged 40-49 years were of birth order one. Thus it is difficult to understand the decline in the levels of childlessness as revealed by the census results for the year 2001. We first discuss the levels of childlessness as revealed by the unadjusted rates. It may be observed from the table 2.3 that the general marital childlessness rates indicate that in 1981 about 13 per cent of ever married Indian women aged 15-49 years were childless at the time census was conducted. In other words it may be said that, on an average, one in every six ever-married Indian women aged 15-49 years was childless at the time of census. The corresponding levels for rural and urban India were a little over 13 and 11 per cent. As general marital childlessness rates have limitation, we have also computed age specific childlessness rates for the 7 age groups separately. The age patterns of childlessness for Indian woman, as presented in figures Figure 2.2 reveals that the proportion of childless women declines substantially from age 15-19 to 20-24 and further to 25-29 and somewhat stabilizes thereafter. In other words, the shape of the age pattern of childlessness is like ‘inverted J shape’. Similar patterns may be observed for all the period and for rural and urban areas as well. It may be mentioned the age pattern of childlessness in India are quite similar to that observed for other countries in the previous section.


Childlessness in India 13 Figure 2.2: Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rate-Unadjusted (ASMCRU), India

1981-2001.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

ASMCRU

Age Group

1981 1991 2001

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

ASMCRU

Age Group0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

ASMCRU

Age Group

The data in table 2.3 shows that for the nation as a whole, a little over 52 per cent of the ever-married women aged 15-19 years in 1981 were childless and their share increased to over 66 per cent during 1991 and further to over 70 per cent during 2001. The ASMCRU for the age group 20-24 years virtually halved the levels of observed for the previous age group in all the three censuses. Although the declining trend continues in the next to age groups (30-34 and 35-39), its pace apparently slows down, the rates reaching the levels of 5 to 9 per cent for the age group 30-34 years. However, the levels do somewhat stabilize after age 34 years (that is for the last three age groups) and revolved at around 4 per cent level in 1981, 8 per cent in 1991 and at 6 per cent in 2001. If we look at the levels in the rural and urban areas separately we may find that although the levels of ASMCRU are different, the age patterns are quite similar to the one observed for combined areas. As a matter of fact the rural levels are very close to that observed for whole India. However, they are a bit different for urban India. So we would here focus only urban India. The share of marital childlessness in rural India among teenagers (15-19 years) was about 53 per cent in 1981 and close to 70 per cent in 2001. while their share in the urban areas was 46 and 70 during the same period. The levels of marital childlessness declined drastically for women aged 20-24 years (21 to 30 per cent in the rural areas and 20 to 36 per cent in the urban areas). The declining trend in the ASMCRU continues in the next age group (25-29) and reached to the level of 8-13 per cent in the rural and 8-17 per cent in the urban areas. In the remaining age groups, the rates were almost similar for both rural and urban areas at about 4 per cent or so in 1981 and 7-8 per cent in 1991. However, the urban rates in 2001 have relatively remained on the higher side (at about 7 per cent) as compared to the rural areas (at 6 per cent). As mentioned before, in the table 2.3 we have also provided the adjusted childlessness rates, we do not discuss them at length. Nevertheless, one thing is clear and that is that the patterns of adjusted rates is quite similar to what has been discussed for unadjusted rates. The only difference being in levels, the levels of unadjusted childlessness are apparently lower than the adjusted childlessness rates. Further, the difference between the two rates is virtually similar across age and for rural and urban areas. Generally speaking, the unadjusted rates are lower by about a percent or so for all situations. This point would be discussed at length in a little while.

Combined

Rural Urban



Table 2.3: General Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted (GMCR) and Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted (ASMCR) by Place of Residence, India 1981-2001.

Unadjusted 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-49

ASMCRU GMCRU Combined

1981 1991 2001

51.50 66.03 70.28

21.41 28.93 31.74

8.25

12.92 13.38

4.91 9.01 7.84

3.86 7.63 6.30

4.05 7.86 6.16

4.00 7.70 6.14

12.96 17.50 15.76

Rural 1981 1991 2001

52.56 67.11 70.21

21.72 29.22 30.46

8.28

12.89 12.07

4.92 9.03 7.13

3.85 7.69 5.79

4.01 7.93 5.74

3.95 7.75 5.80

13.44 18.22 15.62

Urban 1981 1991 2001

46.19 60.69 70.59

20.33 27.98 35.61

8.16

12.99 16.63

4.87 8.93 9.60

3.89 7.45 7.47

4.22 7.63 7.15

4.18 7.54 7.05

11.28 15.35 16.13

Adjusted ASMCRA GMCRA Combined

1981 1991 2001

58.32 67.46 70.28

27.55 30.77 31.74

10.91 13.87 13.38

6.41 9.66 7.84

4.93 8.19 6.30

5.31 8.47 6.16

5.28 8.36 6.14

16.45 18.56 15.76

Rural 1981 1991 2001

60.58 68.74 70.21

28.26 30.94 30.46

10.98 13.73 12.07

6.47 9.65 7.13

4.98 8.23 5.79

5.32 8.53 5.74

5.28 8.40 5.80

17.23 19.26 15.62

Urban 1981 1991 2001

49.57 61.82 70.59

25.39 30.35 35.62

10.70 14.42 16.63

6.62 9.89 9.60

4.84 8.27 7.47

5.40 8.50 7.15

5.42 8.48 7.05

13.92 16.66 16.13

Note: The adjusted and unadjusted rates for the year 2001 are same as all ever married women reported number of children ever born to them and thus making ‘zero parity’ women nil in the data set. The 2001 census fertility tables for India and states have not provided number of zero parity women. When we add women at different parity together it add up to the total number of ever married women.

2.3 Changes in Marital Childlessness in India: 1981-2001

Table 2.4a and 2.4b give the change in the GMCRU and ASMCRU during 1981-2001 both in terms of absolute increase and percent increase for the rural and urban areas separate as well as combined for the nation as a whole. The changes in the GMCRA and ASMCRA in terms of both absolute terms as well as percentage change for rural and urban areas separate and combined for the same period have been given in Appendix-1.1. Period 1981-1991: As revealed by the data, the GMCRU for the nation as a whole has clearly gone up by more than 2 per cent points in the 10 years during 1981-91. This is also true for rural and urban areas separately, however, the increase is relatively more in the later as compared to the former (by nearly 3 per cent point as against of about 2 per cent). The change in ASMCRUs reveals that like GMCRU, they too have exhibited an upward trend in all 7 age groups, in both rural and urban areas as well. At the outset it may be said that the absolute change in the ASMCRU for all age groups is quite similar in both urban and rural areas of the country. Interestingly, the absolute increase is much more among the teenagers, the ASMCRU in the age group 15-19 increased during 1981-91 by over 14 per cent points. Similarly, the absolute increase in ASMCRU in the age group 20-24 was by about 8 per cent points in the same period. Such changes are very encouraging from programme perspective as it indirectly


Childlessness in India 15 means that relatively fewer girls have got married and had children. Nonetheless, the absolute increase narrow down to about 4 per cent points in the remaining age groups. Table 2.4: Trends in Adjusted Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted

(ASMCRU) and the General Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted (GMCRU) and Rural-Urban Differentials in India, 1981-2001.

India

ASMCRU GMCRU 15-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Absolute Change (ABSCHANGE 1) & Percent Change (PCTCHANGE2) – 1981-91 ABSCHANGE 1

Combined Rural

Urban PCTCHANGE2

Combined Rural

Urban

14.53 14.55 14.50

28.21 27.68 31.39

7.52 7.50 7.65

35.12 34.53 37.63

4.67 4.61 4.83

56.61 55.68 59.19

4.10 4.11 4.06

83.50 83.54 83.37

3.77 3.84 3.56

97.67 99.74 91.52

3.81 3.92 3.41

94.07 97.76 80.81

3.70 3.80 3.36

92.50 96.20 80.38

4.54 4.78 4.07

35.03 35.57 36.08


Combined Rural

Urban PCTCHANGE2

Combined Rural

Urban

4.25 3.10 9.90

6.44 4.62 16.31

2.81 1.24 7.63

9.71 4.24 27.27

0.46 -0.82 3.64

3.56 -6.36 28.02

-1.17 -1.90 0.67

-12.99 -21.04 7.50

-1.33 -1.90 0.02

-17.43 -24.71 0.27

-1.70 -2.19 -0.48

-21.63 -27.62 -6.29

-1.56 -1.95 -0.49

-20.26 -25.16 -6.50

-1.74 -2.60 0.78

-9.94

-14.27 5.08


Combined Rural

Urban PCTCHANGE2

Combined Rural

Urban

18.78 17.65 24.40

36.47 33.58 52.83

10.33 8.74 15.28

48.25 40.24 75.16

5.13 3.79 8.47

62.18 45.77 103.8

2.93 2.21 4.73

59.67 44.92 97.13

2.44 1.94 3.58

63.21 50.39 92.03

2.11 1.73 2.93

52.10 43.14 69.43

2.14 1.85 2.87

53.50 46.84 68.66

2.80 2.18 4.85

21.60 16.22 43.00

Rural - Urban Gap (R-U Gap) Rural-Urban 3

1981 1991 2001

6.37 6.42 -0.38

1.39 1.24 -5.15

0.12 -0.10 -4.56

0.05 0.10 -2.47

-0.04 0.24 -1.68

-0.21 0.30 -1.41

-0.23 0.21 -1.25

2.16 2.87 -0.51

A. ASMCRU (for the ith age group)

1 defined as: 1981-1991: ASMCRU (1991) – ASMCRU (1981) 1991-2001: ASMCRU (2001) – ASMCRU (1991) 1981-2001: ASMCRU (2001) – ASMCRU (1981)

2 defined as: 1981-1991: [ASMCRU(1991) - ASMCRU(1981)] / ASMCRU(1981) * 100 1991-2001: [ASMCRU(2001) - ASMCRU(1991)] / ASMCRU(1991) * 100 1981-2001: [ASMCRU(2001) - ASMCRU(1981)] / ASMCRU(1981) * 100

3 defined as: ASMCRU (Rural) - ASMCRU (Urban) B. GMCRU 1 defined as: 1981-1991: GSMCRU (1991) – GSMCRU (1981)

1991-2001: GSMCRU (2001) – GSMCRU (1991) 1981-2001: GSMCRU (2001) – GSMCRU (1981)

2 defined as: 1981-1991: [GSMCRU(1991) - GSMCRU(1981)] / GSMCRU(1981) * 100 1991-2001: [GSMCRU(2001) - GSMCRU(1991)] / GSMCRU(1991) * 100 1981-2001: [GSMCRU(2001) - GSMCRU(1981)] / GSMCRU(1981) * 100

3 defined as: GSMCRU (Rural) - GSMCRU (Urban) Now let us examine the change in the childlessness rates in terms of percentage changes. As may be seen, the GMCRU for India increased by nearly 35 per cent during the 10 years period (1981-91), at about similar pace for both urban and rural areas. In case of ASMCRUs, two observations may be made. Firstly, the percent change was faster at the older ages (that is age 30 onwards) as


Childlessness in India 16 compared to the younger ages. Secondly, the pace of change was slightly faster in the urban areas as compared to the rural areas for the younger ages whereas for older ages it was quite similar in both areas. It may be reminded here that the levels of childlessness per se are much lower at the older ages than they are at the younger ages (before age 29 years). For example, during 1981-91, proportion of childless women in the age group 15-19 years increased by about 28 per cent in rural areas and 31 per cent in the urban areas. Similarly, it increased by 34 and 38 per cent in the next age group in rural and urban areas respectively. In case of ages beyond 30 years, the per cent increase was over 80 per cent or higher. Period 1991-2001: As mentioned before, the change in proportion of childless women in reproductive ages as revealed during 1991-2001 are somewhat not clear since for most age groups they show that the levels of childlessness for the country have over the past decades. Thus we would not really pay much attention to this as before coming to any concrete conclusion one has to examine the quality of data over two censuses. Nevertheless few broad observations may be made. In absolute sense, the level of GMCRU in urban India has gone up by about one per cent point during the decade while for rural India they it has come down by nearly 3 per cent points. In other words, it may be said that in comparison to 1991, more less in India rural women in the reproductive ages remained childless during 2001 whereas in urban it was other way around. As may be seen from the absolute change in ASMCRUs, most of the change comes from the younger women (15-24 years). It may be pointed out that, like previous decade, the proportion of young women remaining childless at the time of census increased in terms of absolute change in the nineties as well (by about 3 and 10 per cent points in the age group 15-19 and one and 8 per cent in the age group 20-24 years in rural and urban areas respectively. However, in the remaining age groups proportion of childless women had reduced during the nineties. This phenomenon is very difficult to explain as we do not see any major changes that may have occurred in India with regards to availability and accessibility of medical technological advancements which may have helped childless women to attain motherhood at such late stage of their lives. Period 1981-2001: The data on the changes in the levels of marital childlessness during two decades of 1981-2001 too is presented in the same table 2.4. As may be seen, the proportion of childlessness women in India in its absolute sense has gone up for all ages and for both rural and urban areas. The GMCRU for India during the past two decades of the last century increased by nearly 2 per cent points in rural areas and by as much as 5 per cent points in urban areas. In case of five-year age groups too it exhibited positive change for all ages, however, the increase being more rapid in the urban areas as compared to the rural areas of the country. In rural India, the ASMCRU increased by about one-fifth in the age group 15-19 years and by about one-tenth in the age group 20-24 years. The increase was by about 4 per cent points in the age group 25-29 years. For other ages too, however, it increased by about 2 per cent points or so. In case of urban areas, the absolute increase was about 24, 15 and 8 per cent points in them age group 15-19, 20-24 and 25-29 years respectively. In terms of percentage change, it may be said that, the pace of change apparently was faster in the advance ages as compared to the younger ages, although the difference was not as wide as observed during the eighties.

2.4 Rural-Urban Differentials in Marital Childlessness: 1981-2001 As seen before, levels of general marital childlessness apparently were higher in the rural India (13, 18 and 16 per cent in 1981, 1991 and 2001 respectively) as compared to the urban India during the 1981 (11, 15 and 16 per cent in 1981, 1991 and 2001 respectively. This means, that more rural women in the reproductive ages in India are childless as compared to their urban counterparts. The last panel of the table gives difference between proportion childless women rural and urban women. The differences have been obtained by subtracting urban rates from the rural. One thing that comes out very clearly from the data on this front is that, on the whole, relatively larger proportions of the rural ever-married women aged 15-49 years were childless as compared to their urban counterparts. The rural urban gaps have widened during 1981-91 from 2 per cent points to 3 per cent points and then narrowing down to less than one per cent point in


Childlessness in India 17 2001. With regards to the ASMCRUs, although there are no clear patterns, couple of broad observations may be made. Firstly, the rural-urban differences in this matter were substantially large for the teenagers (15-19 years) throughout the period 1981 and 1991 while reverse were true for the period 2001. Secondly, in 1981, relatively lower proportion of rural women aged 35 years or more are childless as compared to their urban counterparts. Contrary to this, proportion of childless women is higher in rural areas as against of urban areas for ages below 35 years (although the differences are nominal) and the gaps are notably wide for the first age group (that is 15-19 years). Thirdly, in contrast to what was observed in 1981, in 1991 the proportion of childless women was higher in rural areas for all age groups but 25-29 years. Lastly, the most recent census has revealed that the proportion of childless women is higher in all ages in the urban areas as compared to the rural areas. Further, the rural-urban differences are far more visible in the age groups 20-24 and 25-29). The important features of the Tables 2.3 and 2.4 may be summarized as below:

1. On the whole, incidence of childlessness in rural India has increased during 1981-91 and then has though declined marginally in the last decade but has remained much higher than the 1981 level. However, in case of urban areas, the incidence of overall childlessness has consistently gone up in the last three censuses.

2. The childlessness rates are highest in the age group 15-19 and decline rapidly subsequently until age 30-34 years and stabilize thereafter. This is true for both rural and urban areas as well throughout the time period under analysis.

3. The ASMCRU in India have increased during 1981-91 and 1991-2001 for ages 15-19 and 20-24 years in both rural and urban areas and for ages 25-29 and 30-34 years in urban areas. For the remaining ages, the levels have gone up during the eighties but came down in the nineties, more so in the rural areas.

4. In absolute terms, the change in ASMCRU has been sharper for the younger ages (particularly 15-19 age group whereas it is slower at the older ages.

5. The data on rural-urban differentials reveal that the incidence of childlessness for ever married women in the reproductive age groups are higher in the rural areas of the country and the gaps are quite notable for the first and second age groups. The rural-urban differences were wider in the age groups 20-24 and 25-29 during 2001. As a matter of fact, even at the older ages, the rural-urban gaps more visible during 2001 as compared to the previous censuses.



Chapter 3

Levels, Patterns and Variations in

Childlessness in States of India

In the present chapter we discuss levels, trends of and differentials in childlessness across states of India during 1981, 1991 and 2001. The analysis has been done for all 29 states and union territories for 1981, 31 for 1991 and 35 for the year 2001. However to make the discussion more compact and meaningful, the discussion is restricted to 15 major states of the country. Nevertheless, the data for other states and union territories is presented in the Appendices 3.2 and 3.3. Before we begin our analysis we would also like to bring to the notice of the reader following: 1. We have presented data for rural and urban areas only as the results for combined areas

as quite similar to those of the rural areas and the discussion revolves around rural and urban areas only. This has been done to make the table more compact.

2. In the present section, we have used unadjusted childlessness rates only. The rationale for choosing the unadjusted rates over adjusted rates remains same as mentioned in the previous chapter. Nonetheless, we have presented estimated values of the coefficients for ‘a’ and ‘b’ from the El-Badry method for each state separately for 1981 and 1991 in the appendix 2.4 and appendix 2.5 respectively for each unit and rural and urban areas separately.

3. For better understanding, in the subsequent analysis we have grouped states into five zones as described below:

a. Zone A: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu b. Zone B: Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh c. Zone C: Gujarat and Maharashtra d. Zone D: Haryana, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh e. Zone E: Orissa and West Bengal

4. In the tables we have provided time series data for the three time periods, we would

discuss the results for mainly 1981 and 2001. This has been decided in view of the fact that the data on childless from 1991 are often not consistent with data from 1981 or 2001 census. For example, in some times the levels of GMCRU as per 1991 census seem to be unrealistically high (24 per cent in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh). Also the levels show substantial increase in the GMCRU in Orissa and West Bengal during 1981-1991. It is thus decided to base our discussion on changes in the levels using 1981 and 2001 census results only.

We begin our discussion with the means and standard deviation for the unadjusted Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates (ASMCRUs) and General Marital Childlessness Rate (GMCRU) for rural and urban areas separately and as well as jointly for the year 1981, 1991



and 2001. The results of the same have been presented in table 3.1. In the same table we have also provided the minimum and maximum values of the ASMCRUs and GMCRU. The number of states/union territories for which data refers is also presented in the same table. It is evident from the table 3.1 that there exist wide variations in the levels of the childlessness across states of India. This is true for all the age groups included in the analysis here.

3.1 Levels of General Marital Childlessness Rate Unadjusted (GMCRU) The mean value of GMCRU for the period 1981 was about nearly 12 per cent (SD=5.39) in the rural areas and about 11 per cent (SD=4.89) in the urban areas. The corresponding figures for 2001 have risen to 14.58 per cent ((SD=2.72) in the rural areas and 15.28 per cent (SD=2.72) in the urban areas. The increase in the mean values of the childlessness indicates that on the whole, the relatively higher proportion of the women in the reproductive ages remain childless as compared those in 1981. Further, the data also suggests that the increase in the GMCRU is far more rapid in the urban areas as compared to the rural areas. At the same time reduction in the standard deviation of the GMCRU indicates that the levels of childlessness across states are converging, that is, the levels of childlessness across states are apparently narrowing down over time in both the rural and urban areas. Table 3.2 and Figure 3.1 give unadjusted general marital childlessness rates for rural and urban areas for the period 1981-2001. Although we have given the GMCRU for two age groups in the table (that is 15-44 and 15-49 years) we would be discussing only the later age group. As may be noted, in the rural areas the GMCRU ranged from a low of less than 3 per cent in Karnataka to about 18 per cent in Andhra Pradesh among the southern states. The comparison between southern states and four backward northern states reveals that the levels of GMCRU during 1981 were relatively lower in the former states. Amongst the four backward northern states, the GMCRU was low at about 10 per cent in Uttar Pradesh whereas in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan it ranged between 17 to 22 per cent, a level much higher than the most southern states. In the other states, the GMCRU varied from about 9 per cent Maharashtra, Himachal Pradesh and West Bengal to nearly 19 per cent in Gujarat and Haryana. The level of GMCRU was about 12-13 per cent in Punjab and Orissa. Coming to the urban areas, like rural areas, Karnataka had lowest levels of GMCRU in the urban areas in 1981 (less than 3 per cent) whereas in the remaining 3 states it ranged between 9 per cent in Kerala to over 17 per cent in Andhra Pradesh. The levels of GMCRU was relatively lower in Uttar Pradesh (at about 8 per cent), 15-16 per cent in Bihar and Madhya Pradesh and 19 per cent in Rajasthan. For Gujarat, Haryana and Orissa, the levels were on the higher side (between 12-17 per cent). Interestingly, the levels of GMCRU in 1981 were higher in the urban areas of southern states as compared to the urban areas of the northern states which is reverse of what was observed in case of the rural areas. Further, the levels of urban GMCRU were relatively lower in the states of Maharashtra, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and West Bengal remained around 6-8 per cent. Over time (during 1981-2001), the levels of GMCRU have apparently gone up in most states in rural and urban areas, though at a varying pace. Nevertheless, there are a few states where the levels have come down. For example, amongst southern states, the levels have gone up in all states in both rural and urban areas with the exception of rural Andhra Pradesh where it has come down by about one and a half per cent point. Karnataka has registered an increase by about 12 to 14 per cent points in GMCRU in rural and urban areas that is highest in Indian states. Kerala on the other hand experienced an increase of about 5 per cent points in the GMCRU. In case of Tamil Nadu, increase is higher in the rural areas (by over 3 per cent



points) as compared to the urban areas (less than a per cent). The rural areas of Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Haryana have recorded reduction in GMCRU by about 4 to 6 per cent points whereas it has increased in the rural Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Himachal Pradesh and West Bengal (by 3 to 8 per cent points). In case of urban areas, states like Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab and West Bengal have recorded increase by about 7-10 per cent points in GMCRU. On the other hand there are states where the increase has been in the range of 2-4 per cent points (Rajasthan, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh). At the same time there are states that have indicated decline in urban GMCRU during this period (Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Haryana).

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

AP KN KL TN BH MP RJ UP GJ MH HY PN HP OR WB IND

Rural 1981 1991 2001

0

5

10

15

20

25

30


Urban 1981 1991 2001

3.2 Levels of Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rate Unadjusted (ASMCRU)

Tables 3.3a, 3.3b and 3.3c respectively give the levels of ASMCRU for rural and urban areas for the period 1981, 1991 and 2001 respectively. At the outset we may say that the emerging patterns for the ASMCRUs at the state level are somewhat similar to what was observed at the national level. It is interesting to note that the convergence in the levels of childlessness across

Figure 3.1: General Marital Childlessness Rate for 15-49 years, 1981-2001

GMCR

GMCR



states is observed at the older ages in both rural and urban areas, more so in case of former. The age patterns of the childlessness have also been presented in figures 3.2 and 3.3 for rural and urban areas separately for the period 1981 and 2001 for the major states.

Age Patterns of Marital Childlessness: 1981 The data in table 3.3a indicates that the proportion of childless women declines substantially from age 15-19 years to the next age group that is 20-24 years for all the states (also see figure 3.2 for the same). However, the decline varies from one state to another. Amongst the major states, the proportion of childless women in the age group was relatively higher in Gujarat, Rajasthan Haryana, Madhya Pradesh and Jammu Kashmir (70 to 82 per cent in the rural areas and around 65 to 74 per cent in the urban areas). On the other hand, it was substantially lower in the southern state of Karnataka (with only 10 per cent of the childless adolescents) followed by Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Himachal Pradesh and West Bengal in rural (35 to 45 per cent) and urban areas (25 to 42 per cent).

The ASMCRU for the age group 20-24 years virtually halved the levels observed for the adolescents in all the states ranging between a low of about 4 per cent in rural and urban Karnataka to as high as 34 and 37 per cent in rural and urban Gujarat respectively. Although the declining trend continues in the subsequent age groups until 35-39 age groups, its pace apparently slows down, the rates reaching the levels of 3 to 7 per cent for the age group 30-34 years for rural areas and to 4 to 9 per cent in the urban areas in most of the states. The corresponding ranges for the age group 35-39 years are 2-7 per cent in both rural and urban areas. The levels appear to have short of stabilized after age 34 years (that is for the last three age groups) as the percent of childless women hardly changes beyond this age for majority of the states.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90 Andhra Pradesh

Karnataka

Kerala

Tamil Nadu

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90 Andhra Pradesh

Karnatak a

Kerala

Tamil Nadu

Fig. 3.2: ASMCRU, 1981

Rural Urban



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90 Bihar

Madhya Pradesh

Rajas than

Ut tar Pradesh

0

10

20

30

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60

70

80

90 Bihar

Madhya Pradesh

Rajasthan

Uttar Pradesh

0102030405060708090

Gujarat

Maharashtra

0102030405060708090 Gujarat

Maharas htra

0102030405060708090 Orissa

West Bengal

0102030405060708090 Orissa

Wes t Bengal

0102030405060708090 Haryana

Punjab

Himachal Pradesh

0

1020

3040

5060

7080

90 Haryana

Punjab

Himachal Pradesh

Fig. 3.2: ASMCRU, 1981 contd.

Rural Urban



Age Patterns of Marital Childlessness: 2001 The data on the levels of childlessness by ages for the period 2001 are presented in table 3.3c for rural and urban areas for major states (please also see figure 3.3). At the outset, it may be noted that the shape of the age patterns of childlessness in the states of India has remained somewhat similar to that observed in 1981 for almost all of the states and rural and urban areas. Nevertheless, there are changes with respect to the proportion of childless women by age groups. As may be seen, the proportion of childless rural adolescent women varied from about 58 per cent in West Bengal to 77 per cent in Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat. The corresponding range in the urban areas was relatively narrow, 62 per cent in West Bengal to 77 per cent in Gujarat and Punjab. Like previous period, the levels decline substantially in all the states in the next age group (20-24 years, less than half the levels of the adolescents group) and continue decline through the age group 30-34 years (reaching to 3-8 per cent in rural areas and 5 to 9 per cent in the urban areas for most of the states). After age 34 year, the levels of childlessness seem to maintain a relative stability through the remaining three age groups i.e., 35-39, 40-44 and 45-49. As a matter of fact, the proportion of childless women is quite similar in the age groups 40-44 and 45-49 years for most of the states and this is true for both rural and urban areas.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Bihar

Madhya PradeshRajasthan

Uttar Pradesh

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Bihar

Madhya Pradesh

Rajasthan

Uttar Pradesh

0

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20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Andhra Pradesh

KarnatakaKerala Tamil Nadu

0

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Andhra Pradesh Karnataka Kerala Tamil Nadu

Fig. 3.3: ASMCRU, 2001

ASMCR Urban Rural ASMCR



0

10

20

30

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60

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80

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15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Gujarat Maharashtra

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15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Gujarat

Maharashtra

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15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Orissa

West Bengal

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15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Orissa

West Bengal

0

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30

40

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60

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90

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Haryana

Punjab

Himachal Pradesh

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Haryana

Punjab

Himachal Pradesh

Urban

Fig. 3.3: ASMCRU, 2001 contd… Rural



So, from the above discussion it is apparent that there exists variability across states in each of the age specific marital childlessness rates. However, within a state, the seven ASMCRUs follow a particular pattern. The pattern holds true for each state though the levels of the ASMCRUs vary considerably. On the whole, the incidence of childlessness is more in rural areas compare to urban areas and there are no substantial differences in childlessness rates between rural and urban areas. 3.3 Changes in Levels of Age Specific Marital Childlessness: 1981-2001 Table 3.4 gives the absolute change in the proportion of childless women during 1981 to 2001 for major states for rural and urban areas separately for each age group. For the convenience of the readers, we have presented the same in the figure 3.4 for rural and urban areas respectively for states in each of the five zones. The absolute change in the ASMCRU has been obtained by deducting the levels of 1981 from that of the 2001. With respect to the direction of change, on the whole, the levels of childlessness have increased in almost all of the states during the reference period. However, there are a few cases where it has actually gone down. For example, the levels of childlessness in Rajasthan have come down considerably in 2001 in all age groups in rural areas and in the last four age groups in urban areas. For example, the value of ASMCRU for the age group 15-19 years in 2001 was lower by almost 5 per cent points as compared to 1981. Like Rajasthan, the levels of childlessness have also reduced in age groups 25-29 to 45-49 in rural Madhya Pradesh and in the age groups 35-39 to 45-49 in urban Madhya Pradesh. Similarly, in Haryana the levels have come down in all groups but 45-49 years in the rural areas and in then age groups 40-44 and 45-49 years in the urban areas. In case of Gujarat, the levels have come down in age groups 15-19 to 25-29 years in the rural areas and in the age groups 40-44 and 45-49 years in the urban areas. With respect to the magnitude of change, it may be noted from the same table that there are wide variations from state to state and from one age group to another in both rural and urban areas. Nevertheless, a few important observations may be made. Obviously in terms of absolute change, the changes are more rapid in the younger ages as compared to the older ages. State of Karnataka has recorded an unusual increase in the ASMCRU for all age groups both in rural and urban areas as the levels for 15-19 age groups increased by over 53 per cent points in rural and 59 per cent points in the urban areas. Similarly, the ASMCRU has increased by about 24 and 31 per cent points in the same period in the age group 20-24 and by 10 and 16 per cent in the age group 25-29 in rural and urban areas respectively. In the other age groups too the increase is substantial (in the range of 5-7 per cent in rural areas and 6-9 per cent in the urban areas. Other states that have shown tremendous increase in the ASMCRU are Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Himachal Pradesh. Such an increase in a matter of two decades seems to be unrealistic and hence needs a proper investigation and raises many issues on the quality of data. An interesting feature emerging from the data in this table is that southern states have recorded greater increase in the ASMCRUs as compared to the northern or eastern states and this is true in both rural and urban areas. The data further indicates that over the past two decades, the levels of childlessness in the last age groups have also increased considerably in many states. For example, it has increased by over 5 per cent points in rural and urban Karnataka and urban areas of Tamil Nadu and West Bengal. Similarly, it has increased by 4 per cent points or more in the urban areas of Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh and rural areas of Tamil Nadu. There are other states too that have



experienced an increase by about 2-3 per cent points in the ASMCRU for the age group 45-49 years (rural areas of Kerala, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and West Bengal and urban areas of Kerala and Maharashtra for example). It is important to remind here that such high increase in the childlessness raises many concerns in view of the fact that the voluntary childless in India and its state is said to virtually non-existent. We would examine these issues at a greater length later in our analysis on causes and consequences of childlessness.

-15

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15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Bihar


Uttar Pradesh

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15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Bihar


Uttar Pradesh

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15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Andhra Pradesh


-15

-5

5

15

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35

45

55

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Andhra Pradesh

Karnataka Kerala Tamil Nadu

Fig. 3.4: Change in the levels of ASMCRUs, 1981-2001

Urban Rural



-15

-5

5

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25

35

45

55

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Gujarat

Maharashtra

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55

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Gujarat

Maharashtra

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15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Orissa

West Bengal

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15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Orissa

West Bengal

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15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Haryana

Punjab

Himachal Pradesh

-15

-5

5

15

25

35

45

55

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Haryana

Punjab

Himachal Pradesh

Fig. 3.4: Change in the levels of ASMCRUs, 1981-2001 contd…

Urban Rural



3.4 Rural-Urban Differentials in Age Specific Marital Childlessness: 1981-2001

Table 3.5 gives differentials in incidence of childlessness by place of residence for the states for the period 1981 and 2001 by age groups. The difference in the levels has been obtained by deducting the urban levels from the rural and the same is also presented in figure 3.5. As may be noticed from the data in the upper panel of the table, in 1981 the adolescent childlessness was not only higher in the rural areas as compared to the urban areas in almost all states except Punjab but also the differences were quite wide in some of the cases. For example, the childlessness among rural adolescents in West Bengal was higher by nearly 13 per cent points as compared to their urban counterparts. Similarly, it was higher by about 8 to 9 per cent points in the rural adolescents of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Orissa followed by Haryana and Madhya Pradesh (6 per cent points or so). The rural-urban differences in adolescent childlessness in Andhra Pradesh are Kerala are relatively narrower (4-5 per cent) whereas in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Bihar they are virtually non-existent. The rural-urban difference continue to be relatively higher in the next age group (that is 20-24 years) in Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Orissa (2-3 per cent points) whereas in case of other states they are somewhat similar in both the areas. By the next age group, the rural and urban levels have somewhat converged as the difference between the two areas have reduced to less than one per cent points in majority of the instances, at least in absolute terms.

Interestingly, data in panel two of the table for 2001 reveals very different scenario than what was observed for 1981. As a matter of fact the scenario has completely changed as far as the rural-urban differentials in childlessness are concerned (with the difference turning negative for many more states and for most of the age groups than observed in 1981). In other words, as against of what was observed in 1981, the levels of childlessness in 2001 were higher in the urban areas as compared to the rural areas for a number of states (10 states out of 15 states included in the analysis in the first age groups and 14 out of 15 states for 20-24 age group and all states for age groups 25-29 to 40-44 years).

The data further reveals that the extent of rural-urban differentials too has widened during the past two decades for most of the states in age groups 20 to 35 years). For example, the urban ASMCR was higher by more than 4 per cent points in as many as 13 states in the age group 20-24 years and in 11 states in the age group 25-29 years. Likewise in the age groups 30-34 years there were 7 states where urban ASMCRU was higher than 2 to 7 per cent points than their counterparts. It may be pointed out that the difference of this magnitude is huge as the levels of childlessness in these age groups tend to be of lower order as compared to younger ages. It may further be pointed out the rural-urban gaps have apparently widened more in all 4 of the southern states, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Haryana, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh.



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Andhra Pradesh

KarnatakaKerala

Tamil Nadu

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15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Andhra Pradesh


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Maharashtra

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Gujarat

Maharashtra

Fig. 3.5: Rural-Urban in ASMCRUs

1981 2001



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Orissa

West Bengal

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West Bengal

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Himachal Pradesh

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15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Haryana

Punjab

Himachal Pradesh

Fig. 3.5: Rural-Urban in ASMCRUs contd…

1981 2001



Table 3.1: Means and Standard Deviations for the Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates - Unadjusted (ASMCRU) and General Marital Childlessness Rate - Unadjusted (GMCRU) for States and Union Territories of India by Residence, 1981-2001.

Value Age group

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-49 Combined – 1981 (N=29)

Mean SD Maximum Minimum

49.99 20.59 79.73 5.33

20.78 9.20 36.00 1.93

7.75 3.49 13.62 1.01

4.44 2.16 8.63 0.67

3.49 1.77 7.02 0.58

3.64 1.96 8.09 0.59

3.52 1.89 8.09 0.63

11.49 5.30 21.46 1.26

Rural – 1981 (N=29) Mean SD Maximum Minimum

50.63 20.88 81.54 5.04

20.79 9.27 37.03 1.76

7.63 3.52 13.67 0.93

4.41 2.15 8.57 0.62

3.52 1.81 7.15 0.54

3.65 2.02 8.03 0.54

3.53 1.88 8.02 0.53

11.83 5.39 22.04 1.18

Urban – 1981 (N=29) Mean SD Maximum Minimum

46.66 19.51 74.09 7.07

20.19 8.92 33.66 2.71

7.80 3.55 13.53 1.37

4.42 2.32 8.87 0.91

3.35 1.84 7.05 0.78

3.60 2.10 8.35 0.60

3.58 2.03 8.38 0.93

10.65 4.89 19.14 1.69

Combined – 1991 (N=31) Mean SD Maximum Minimum

63.92 8.56 76.14 41.43

29.19 5.49 40.80 17.68

14.04 5.05 24.29 6.81

10.12 4.97 21.40 4.15

8.61 4.73 21.01 3.12

8.89 4.99 22.78 2.87

8.71 4.97 22.42 2.75

16.94 4.54 27.17 9.22


64.17 8.56 77.13 42.16

28.92 6.04 43.22 17.40

13.64 5.68 26.42 6.36

10.02 5.41 23.38 3.92

8.52 5.15 22.56 3.23

8.90 5.34 23.87 2.96

8.61 5.29 23.30 1.67

17.17 4.68 28.76 9.40


62.28 9.09 73.34 39.68

29.32 5.30 38.94 18.16

14.54 4.41 27.12 7.47

9.84 4.30 22.73 4.51

8.31 3.94 20.49 3.11

8.53 4.19 18.98 2.87

8.25 4.06 19.77 2.82

15.92 4.17 25.50 8.91

Combined – 2001 (N=35) Mean SD Maximum Minimum

69.28 5.35 76.76 58.41

31.86 5.29 44.12 22.38

13.80 3.83 24.47 7.44

8.03 2.87 16.25 3.46

6.15 2.31 12.34 2.52

5.90 2.22 11.20 2.35

5.69 2.14 10.98 2.38

14.79 2.49 19.56 10.57


68.67 6.07 79.01 57.69

30.48 5.92 45.58 19.90

12.59 4.28 25.13 6.23

7.47 3.03 16.50 3.01

5.80 2.40 12.95 2.24

5.61 2.29 11.43 2.12

5.49 2.18 11.22 2.18

14.58 2.72 20.54 10.51


70.68 4.18 77.06 61.22

35.23 4.32 47.19 27.37

16.34 3.50 23.85 10.32

9.22 3.01 15.60 4.49

6.86 2.49 12.11 3.09

6.45 2.51 12.33 2.81

6.18 2.45 12.56 2.56

15.28 2.72 22.20 11.13



Table 3.2: General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for India and States, 1981. RURAL-15-44 URBAN - 15-44 2001-1981 1981 1991 2001 1981 1991 2001 Rural Urban Andhra Pradesh 18.90 18.94 17.23 18.24 17.50 22.38 1.67 4.14 Karnataka 2.89 14.76 15.32 2.72 16.12 18.10 -12.43 15.38 Kerala 10.15 14.13 14.88 9.90 13.60 15.87 -4.73 5.97 Tamil Nadu 15.54 15.77 18.66 15.88 13.68 21.31 -3.12 5.43 Bihar 18.40 25.62 20.25 17.02 22.19 17.80 -1.85 0.78 Madhya Pradesh 20.80 20.55 16.36 17.64 18.96 15.05 4.44 -2.59 Rajasthan 23.99 21.24 18.22 20.62 17.81 15.81 5.77 -4.81 Uttar Pradesh 10.81 25.72 19.66 8.29 22.77 19.05 -8.85 10.76 Gujarat 20.55 19.32 16.37 18.45 17.07 17.22 4.18 -1.23 Maharashtra 9.31 10.13 13.96 6.50 9.48 15.06 -4.65 8.56 Haryana 20.42 16.72 12.69 15.80 13.44 12.53 7.73 -3.27 Punjab 12.68 13.50 13.72 13.88 13.55 15.63 -1.04 2.25 Himachal Pradesh 9.02 13.27 11.54 7.67 11.24 12.19 -2.52 4.52 Orissa 15.00 19.48 14.63 12.96 17.12 14.49 0.37 1.53 West Bengal 9.48 15.65 12.80 6.40 16.23 16.89 -3.32 10.49 India 14.58 19.44 16.81 12.07 16.20 17.31 -2.23 5.24 RURAL-15-49 URBAN - 15-49 2001-1981 1981 1991 2001 1981 1991 2001 Rural Urban Andhra Pradesh 17.75 17.84 16.26 17.33 16.68 21.34 -1.49 4.01 Karnataka 2.70 13.85 14.26 2.57 15.28 16.88 11.56 14.31 Kerala 9.20 13.16 13.56 9.05 12.67 14.47 4.36 5.42 Tamil Nadu 14.40 14.92 17.55 14.80 13.01 20.10 3.15 5.30 Bihar 16.94 24.17 20.25 15.97 21.12 16.35 3.31 0.38 Madhya Pradesh 19.26 19.27 15.19 16.56 17.93 13.93 -4.07 -2.63 Rajasthan 22.04 19.60 16.77 19.14 16.68 14.56 -5.27 -4.58 Uttar Pradesh 9.93 24.20 18.20 7.77 21.82 17.72 8.27 9.95 Gujarat 18.87 17.88 15.06 17.28 16.10 15.99 -3.81 -1.29 Maharashtra 8.57 9.40 13.03 6.07 8.91 13.96 4.46 7.89 Haryana 18.56 15.55 11.71 14.50 12.61 11.50 -6.85 -3.00 Punjab 11.49 12.36 12.54 12.27 12.65 14.36 1.05 2.09 Himachal Pradesh 8.33 12.37 10.51 7.08 10.45 11.13 2.18 4.05 Orissa 13.96 18.29 13.61 12.35 16.44 13.50 -0.35 1.15 West Bengal 8.77 14.74 12.00 5.99 15.39 15.73 3.23 9.74 India 13.44 18.22 15.62 11.28 15.35 16.13 2.18 4.85



Table 3.3a: Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted (ASMCRU) for India and States, 1981.

State/India

Age Group

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

RURAL Andhra Pradesh 58.41 25.25 11.68 8.57 7.02 8.03 8.02 Karnataka 10.59 4.31 1.73 1.20 0.93 1.02 1.06 Kerala 51.12 19.17 6.72 3.78 2.74 2.74 2.58 Tamil Nadu 62.10 28.77 11.52 7.42 5.76 6.46 6.55 Bihar 60.82 27.61 11.47 5.92 3.99 3.57 3.23 Madhya Pradesh 70.45 25.72 9.75 6.10 5.18 5.54 5.64 Rajasthan 79.90 32.28 10.79 5.83 4.33 4.34 4.04 Uttar Pradesh 36.77 15.21 5.77 3.39 2.68 2.68 2.63 Gujarat 81.54 37.03 11.66 5.93 4.61 4.57 4.62 Maharashtra 35.41 14.62 5.48 3.34 2.70 2.80 2.75 Haryana 72.46 26.94 7.73 3.48 2.68 2.43 2.16 Punjab 59.44 27.74 9.22 4.47 3.15 3.15 2.92 Himachal Pradesh 44.51 12.58 3.24 2.32 2.23 2.73 2.78 Orissa 58.54 24.06 9.73 6.38 5.31 5.75 5.75 West Bengal 37.60 12.27 4.53 2.65 2.05 2.17 2.33

India 52.56 21.72 8.28 4.92 3.85 4.01 3.95 URBAN

Andhra Pradesh 54.82 25.25 12.28 8.87 7.05 8.35 8.38 Karnataka 9.65 4.30 1.91 1.25 0.93 1.19 1.12 Kerala 46.31 20.09 8.16 4.07 3.19 3.36 3.23 Tamil Nadu 61.48 28.43 12.47 7.66 5.92 6.32 6.28 Bihar 60.02 27.34 11.40 6.77 5.24 5.41 5.23 Madhya Pradesh 64.63 26.11 10.13 6.42 5.22 5.84 5.99 Rajasthan 72.21 29.27 10.17 5.87 4.62 4.83 4.86 Uttar Pradesh 27.93 13.22 5.68 3.60 3.02 3.16 3.18 Gujarat 74.09 33.66 12.90 7.32 5.84 6.24 6.52 Maharashtra 27.80 11.23 4.42 2.62 2.14 2.41 2.27 Haryana 66.24 29.39 8.99 4.36 2.91 3.06 2.92 Punjab 59.50 28.47 10.17 5.23 3.81 3.61 3.33 Himachal Pradesh 42.07 16.03 5.43 2.12 1.94 1.98 2.03 Orissa 50.38 21.07 8.58 6.01 5.02 6.22 6.02 West Bengal 25.03 10.95 5.18 2.91 2.48 2.39 2.47

India 46.19 20.33 8.16 4.87 3.89 4.22 4.18



Table 3.3b: Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted (ASMCRU) for India and States, 1991.

State/India

Age Group

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49


India 67.11 29.22 12.89 9.03 7.69 7.93 7.75 URBAN


India 60.69 27.98 12.99 8.93 7.45 7.63 7.54



Table 3.3c: Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted (ASMCRU) for India and States, 2001.

State/India

Age Group

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49


India 70.21 30.46 12.07 7.13 5.79 5.74 5.80 URBAN


India 70.59 35.61 16.63 9.60 7.47 7.15 7.05



Table 3.4: Absolute change in the Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted

(ASMCRU) during 1981-2001.

State/India

Absolute Change = ASMCRU (2001) - ASMCRU (1981)

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Rural Andhra Pradesh 2.43 1.63 0.80 0.23 0.44 0.12 0.40 Karnataka 53.05 24.27 10.92 6.85 5.29 5.60 5.23 Kerala 19.18 14.16 8.21 4.06 3.19 2.77 2.72 Tamil Nadu 6.71 5.42 5.11 4.25 4.22 4.02 3.89 Bihar 13.00 8.48 2.97 1.93 1.90 1.95 2.39 Madhya Pradesh 2.79 1.35 -1.20 -1.34 -1.19 -1.59 -1.57 Rajasthan -4.58 -3.73 -2.20 -1.36 -0.93 -1.05 -0.75 Uttar Pradesh 39.74 19.85 8.16 4.50 3.38 2.91 2.89 Gujarat -4.89 -1.92 -0.15 0.13 0.07 -0.24 -0.20 Maharashtra 35.47 13.54 4.14 2.52 2.35 2.66 2.77 Haryana -4.66 -3.48 -1.50 -0.47 -0.44 -0.31 0.02 Punjab 15.05 6.85 2.56 1.33 1.20 0.65 0.69 Himachal Pradesh 29.69 17.80 5.34 1.65 0.94 0.51 0.70 Orissa 8.10 7.67 3.52 1.09 0.60 0.05 0.13 West Bengal 20.09 7.63 3.57 2.58 2.51 2.71 2.39

India 17.65 8.74 3.79 2.21 1.94 1.73 1.85

Urban Andhra Pradesh 13.43 11.59 7.96 5.47 4.88 3.98 4.18 Karnataka 59.43 30.84 15.72 9.17 6.78 6.54 6.37 Kerala 27.91 17.27 9.36 5.19 3.62 2.79 2.77 Tamil Nadu 11.38 11.23 8.78 6.82 6.19 5.77 5.43 Bihar 9.72 8.58 5.39 2.44 1.16 0.28 0.21 Madhya Pradesh 6.54 6.17 2.79 0.13 -0.43 -1.26 -1.50 Rajasthan 0.33 3.16 1.49 -0.32 -0.57 -1.06 -1.10 Uttar Pradesh 45.99 26.04 13.14 7.53 5.55 4.72 4.46 Gujarat 2.97 6.05 2.76 1.04 0.44 -0.25 -0.47 Maharashtra 43.28 21.88 9.84 4.88 3.38 3.06 2.94 Haryana 3.78 1.62 1.33 0.13 0.18 -0.25 -0.11 Punjab 16.83 10.44 5.69 2.75 2.15 1.70 1.80 Himachal Pradesh 33.67 21.35 8.41 3.56 1.90 1.57 1.24 Orissa 15.69 12.85 6.79 2.08 0.97 -0.38 -0.14 West Bengal 36.79 20.33 12.18 8.04 6.19 5.92 5.19

India 24.40 15.28 8.47 4.73 3.58 2.93 2.87



Table 3.5: Rural-Urban differentials in Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted

(ASMCRU) 1981-2001.

State/India

Difference = Rural – Urban

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

1981 Andhra Pradesh 3.59 0.00 -0.60 -0.30 -0.03 -0.32 -0.36 Karnataka 0.94 0.01 -0.18 -0.05 0.00 -0.17 -0.06 Kerala 4.81 -0.92 -1.44 -0.29 -0.45 -0.62 -0.65 Tamil Nadu 0.62 0.34 -0.95 -0.24 -0.16 0.14 0.27 Bihar 0.80 0.27 0.07 -0.85 -1.25 -1.84 -2.00 Madhya Pradesh 5.82 -0.39 -0.38 -0.32 -0.04 -0.30 -0.35 Rajasthan 7.69 3.01 0.62 -0.04 -0.29 -0.49 -0.82 Uttar Pradesh 8.84 1.99 0.09 -0.21 -0.34 -0.48 -0.55 Gujarat 7.45 3.37 -1.24 -1.39 -1.23 -1.67 -1.90 Maharashtra 7.61 3.39 1.06 0.72 0.56 0.39 0.48 Haryana 6.22 -2.45 -1.26 -0.88 -0.23 -0.63 -0.76 Punjab -0.06 -0.73 -0.95 -0.76 -0.66 -0.46 -0.41 Himachal Pradesh 2.44 -3.45 -2.19 0.20 0.29 0.75 0.75 Orissa 8.16 2.99 1.15 0.37 0.29 -0.47 -0.27 West Bengal 12.57 1.32 -0.65 -0.26 -0.43 -0.22 -0.14

India 6.37 1.39 0.12 0.05 -0.04 -0.21 -0.23

2001 Andhra Pradesh -7.41 -9.96 -7.76 -5.54 -4.47 -4.18 -4.14 Karnataka -5.44 -6.56 -4.98 -2.37 -1.49 -1.11 -1.20 Kerala -3.92 -4.03 -2.59 -1.42 -0.88 -0.64 -0.70 Tamil Nadu -4.05 -5.47 -4.62 -2.81 -2.13 -1.61 -1.27 Bihar 4.08 0.17 -2.35 -1.36 -0.51 -0.17 0.18 Madhya Pradesh 2.07 -5.21 -4.37 -1.79 -0.80 -0.63 -0.42 Rajasthan 2.78 -3.88 -3.07 -1.08 -0.65 -0.48 -0.47 Uttar Pradesh 2.59 -4.20 -4.89 -3.24 -2.51 -2.29 -2.12 Gujarat -0.41 -4.60 -4.15 -2.30 -1.60 -1.66 -1.63 Maharashtra -0.20 -4.95 -4.64 -1.64 -0.47 -0.01 0.31 Haryana -2.22 -7.55 -4.09 -1.48 -0.85 -0.69 -0.63 Punjab -1.84 -4.32 -4.08 -2.18 -1.61 -1.51 -1.52 Himachal Pradesh -1.54 -7.00 -5.26 -1.71 -0.67 -0.31 0.21 Orissa 0.57 -2.19 -2.12 -0.62 -0.08 -0.04 0.00 West Bengal -4.13 -11.38 -9.26 -5.72 -4.11 -3.43 -2.94

India -0.38 -5.15 -4.56 -2.47 -1.68 -1.41 -1.25



Chapter 4

Socio-Economic Differentials in Levels of

Childlessness

This chapter discusses the differentials in the levels of childlessness in Indian states by a few selected socio-economic characteristics of the women such as education, religion, caste and economic activity status etc. The discussion like previous chapters is based on the general and age specific marital childlessness rates (GMCRU and ASMCRU) for the period 1981-2001. Before we come to our analysis it may be a good idea to provide general profile of the states with respect to these variables and hence in the table 4.1 we have given share of the population by these selected characteristics in the total population of the state. For economic activity status of the women, we have given share of percentage of the female main and marginal workers in the total female population of the state. Further this information is provided for the year 2001 only. Accordingly, first three columns of the table 4.1 gives percentage of Muslim, Christian and Other religion populations in the total population of the state in 2001. Likewise, next two columns give percentage of SC and ST population in the total population of the state. The next two columns give percentage of main and marginal workers in the total female population of the state. The last column of the table gives the percentage of the literate females aged 7 years and above. The results of the 2001 census of India reveal that the Muslim comprises of about 13 per cent of the country’s total population while Christians comprise of a little over 2 per cent of the population. The remaining about 84 per cent of the country’s population belonged to Hindu and other religions such as Sikhs, Jains and Buddhists etc. There are great variations across states when it comes to the composition of the population by religion. There are a few states where share of Muslim population is relatively higher. For example, Muslims constitute about a quarter of the state total population in West Bengal and Kerala followed by Uttar Pradesh and Bihar (17-18 per cent) and Karnataka, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Rajasthan (9-12 per cent). In case of other states, their share is relatively low (6 per cent or less). With respect to Christian population, it is noted that, like Muslim population, Kerala has highest share of Christian population in the state (19 per cent) followed by Tamil Nadu (6 per cent). The share of Christian population was between one to two percent in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Orissa. In case of other states, their share was less than one percent. Thus it is interesting to note that proportional share of Christian population is slightly higher in four southern states. Likewise, share of Muslim population too is fairly high in the southern states. At the outset it may be noted that the variations in the share of SC and ST populations across state are relatively lower as compared to that observed by religion. Punjab followed by Himachal Pradesh and West Bengal (23-28 per cent). For most states, the share of SC population ranged between 15-20 per cent. Nevertheless there were a few states where their share was 10 per cent or less (Maharashtra, Kerala and Gujarat). The variations in ST



population are however more across states, the share being highest in Orissa (22 per cent) followed by Madhya Pradesh (20 per cent). Rajasthan and Gujarat also have fairly large proportion of ST population (13 and 15 per cent respectively). In case of other states, their share was between 4-9 per cent in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal and Maharashtra while it was one per cent or less in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. In 2001, about one-quarter of the Indian females were engaged in some economic activity or the other (nearly 15 per cent were main workers1 and about 11 per cent marginal workers2). The levels of main workers ranged from a low of just 6 per cent in Uttar Pradesh and 9 per cent in Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal to as high as over 24-25 per cent in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra and about 21 per cent in Karnataka and Himachal Pradesh. It is interesting to note that the relatively more women in Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Haryana and Gujarat were working as marginal workers (ranging between 14 to 23 per cent) whereas it is on the lower side for states like Kerala (less than 5 per cent) and Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Punjab and West Bengal (7 to 9 per cent). Kerala is the most progressive state in India, especially in the field of social and demographic parameters. This can be reflected in the levels of female literacy rates in 2001. As may be noted, over 87 per cent of the females aged 7 years or older in Kerala were literate, a level much higher than the national average and far ahead of all other states in the country. Some of the other states where female literacy levels are relatively better off are Maharashtra, Himachal Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Punjab. In these states about 64 to 67 per cent of the females were literate in 2001. Contrary to this, the levels of female literacy continue to be on the lower side for northern states of Bihar, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh with over half of the female population being illiterate. Further, only about half of the females were literate in Madhya Pradesh and Orissa. In other state the levels were moderate. Before coming to the findings of our analysis we would like to points following points to the benefit of the readers:

1. The differentials in the present analysis have been studied for the period 1981 through 2001.

2. The differentials have been studied for the major states of India only and for the combined, rural and urban areas separately in terms of General Marital Childlessness Rates Unadjusted (GMCRUs). However, for Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates Unadjusted (ASMCRUs) we have restricted our analysis only for the combined areas.

3. In order to examine differentials in the levels of childlessness we have selected a few of the socio-economic characteristics (namely four - religion, caste, education and economic activity status of the women) for which time series data is available for the period 1981 to 2001.

4. To examine the differentials, the variables have been categorized in broad categories. For example, differentials by caste have been studied in three groups of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Castes (from now onwards we would refer to them as SC, ST and Others respectively). Similarly, education differentials have been studied

1 The census of India (2001) defines a person as main workers if s/he has participated in any economically productive activity for six months or more during the last one year. 2 The census of India (2001) defines a person as marginal workers if s/he has participated in any economically productive activity for less than six months during the last one year.



by classifying the women as illiterate, literate but below middle, middle completed by below matric, matric completed but below graduate and those who have completed graduate and above. The religious differentials have been studied by classifying the women in four groups of Hindu, Muslim, Christian and Other religions. Similarly, economic differentials have been studied by classifying the women in three categories of main workers, marginal workers and non-workers

5. The reference category for studying the differentials has been taken as Hindu for religion, illiterate for education, Other Castes for caste and non-workers for economic activity.

6. In the tables in the present chapter we have only used absolute difference in the level of childlessness rates from the reference category. The data on the actual levels of childlessness by place of residence and age groups have been provided in the Appendix-3A for major states as well as other States and Union Territories for the period 1981-2001.

7. For the convenience of the readers, we would discuss one variable at a time. At the outset we would like to mention that the age patterns of childlessness for different socio-economic group is quite similar to that observed at the gross levels and hence we shall not be discussing this in the present chapter (the unadjusted age specific marital childlessness rate follow a particular pattern, the rates being at their maximum for the adolescents ever married women and declining rapidly through the 30-34 years and stabilizing thereafter). 4.1 Religion and Childlessness Inter-state Variations in GMCRU by Religion: 2001: Table 4.2a through 4.2c give levels of General Marital Childlessness Rate Unadjusted for India and major states by religion (Hindu, Muslim, Christian and Other religions) for the period 1981, 1991 and 2001 for combined, rural and urban areas respectively. Although we have given the rates separately for the combined areas, we would focus our discussion for rural and urban areas only as done in the previous chapters (this would also be maintained while discussing the differentials by other characteristics as well). As may be noted from the table 4.2b and Figure 4.1, at the national level, GMCRU in 1981 was relatively higher for rural Hindu women followed by the Muslim women (about 14 and 12 per cent respectively) and was lowest for the Christian women (9 per cent). In 2001 the levels have risen for all four groups of women (to nearly 16 per cent for Hindu and Muslim and 15 per cent for Christian women and to 14 per cent for other religion women. The scenario was more or less similar in the urban areas; nevertheless, the levels were relatively low as compared to the rural areas. About 12 and 11 per cent of Hindu and Muslim women living in the urban India were childless in 1981 and their share increased to 16 and 17 per cent respectively in 2001. Surprisingly, levels of GMCRU have apparently increased much faster between Christian and other religious groups during this period (from about 9 to 18 per cent for Christian women and from 10 to over 14 per cent for women from other religions. The data in table 4.2b and Figure 4.1 also reveal that during the GMCRU during 2001 for the Hindu rural women are highest in Bihar (19 per cent) followed by Uttar Pradesh (18 per cent). Further, about one in every six Hindu women of the reproductive ages in rural areas of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat were childless at the time of 2001 census. The levels of GMCRU were relatively lower for Hindu rural women in Himachal



Pradesh, West Bengal and Haryana (at about 10 to 11 per cent). Now coming to the Muslim women, the GMCRU is highest in Tamil Nadu at over 19 per cent followed by Bihar, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh (ranging between 16 to 18 per cent. The GMCRU is relatively lower in the rural Muslim women in Haryana, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal at about 12-13 per cent. In case of Christian women, the data reveals that the GMCRU is highest in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Bihar and Andhra Pradesh (16-17 per cent). The rates are relatively lower for the rural Christian women in Gujarat (10 per cent) and Kerala and Rajasthan at 12 per cent or so.

Figure 4.1: GMCRU by religion of women, 1981 & 2001

Coming to the urban areas it may be noted from the data in the table 4.2c that among the Hindu women the levels of GMCRU were highest in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu as almost one in every five Hindu women in the reproductive ages in the state reported as childless at the time of 2001 census. The levels were also high for urban Hindu women in Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Bihar and West Bengal where about 16 to 18 per cent of the married Hindu women living in the urban areas were childless during 2001. On the other hand, the levels were relatively on the lower side for the urban Hindu women in Himachal Pradesh and Haryana where about 11 per cent of the reproductive age Hindu women were childless in 2001. With respect to the Muslim women living in the urban areas, the data reveals that the levels were once again highest in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu (both southern states) with more than one in every five women in the reproductive ages as childless in 2001. The GMCRUs for the urban Muslim women ranged between 16 to 18 per cent in the states of Karnataka, Bihar, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat and West Bengal. However, it was lower in Haryana, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Orissa at 12-14 per cent. Inter-state variations seem to be slightly less in case of Christian women in the urban areas as it ranged between 13 to 19 per cent for all states except Andhra Pradesh where almost one in every four urban Christian women in the reproductive age was childless in 2001. It is interesting to note that the inter-state variations in GMCRUs are greater for women belonging to other religions (Jain, Sikhs, Buddhists and so on). As may be noted, nearly one in every three women in the aged 15-49 years from other religions was childless in 2001 in Tamil



Nadu followed by Andhra Pradesh. Similarly, one in every five women aged 15-49 years belonging to other religion was childless in 2001 in Kerala and West Bengal. The levels of GMCRU were about 16-18 per cent among other religion women in Karnataka, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat and Orissa. Absolute Change in GMCRU over Time by Religion: 1981-2001 The data in table 4.3 indicates absolute change in the GMCRU during past two decades (1981-2001) for four religious groups separately for rural and urban areas. It may be noted that the absolute change is obtained by deducting the GMCRU 1981 from that of 2001. At the outset it may be mentioned the data reveals no clear pattern as far as the change in the levels of GMCRUs are concerned as the levels have gone up in some states while in others they have declined. Likewise, the change is different in the rural and urban areas as well as for various religions. At the national, as may be noted from the bottom of the table, the GMCRU has increased for all 4 religion groups in both rural and urban areas, more rapidly in the later. Further, the increase was more rapidly among Christian women followed by Muslim women and was slower for Hindu women. For example, the GMCRU increased by over 6 and over 8 per cent points for rural and urban Christian Indian women respectively. Likewise, the increase was by over 3 per cent points for the Muslim women living in the rural areas and by nearly 6.5 per cent for the urban Muslim women. On the other hand, it increased by only about 2 per cent points for the Hindu rural women and by less than 5 per cent points for urban Hindu women. It is important to note that the increase in the GMCRU was more prominent in the urban areas as compared to the rural areas for all the four groups of women in this table. It may further we noted that at the national level, the difference between rural and urban change was more prominent for Muslim women as compared to other groups of women. Coming to the inter-state variations, we may mention that although we have given information separately for rural and urban areas we shall be primarily discussing the results for the combined areas. Further we shall focus our discussion on the comparison between Hindu, Muslim and Christian women. As may be seen, the change has been different for various states as some states have experienced faster increase as compared to the others for a particular religion and vice versa. For example, the absolute change in the GMCRU indicates that the levels have gone up in all four southern states during the period 1981-2001 for all religion groups except Hindu women. In other words, more women in 2001 in these states reported their status as ‘childless’ as compared to 1981. Further it is interesting to note that the levels of childlessness have increased more rapid for Christian women followed by Muslim women and the change is relatively low for the Hindu women. It may also be pointed put that the GMCRU for Hindu women in Andhra Pradesh has actually come down during this period (though negligibly). In case of the four backward northern states, the levels of GMCRU have declined in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan (more so among Hindu women) while they have risen in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh (more rapidly for the Christian and Muslim women). In case of Maharashtra, the level of GMCRU has increased more rapidly for Christian women (by over 11 per cent points) as compared to the Muslim women (over 7 per cent points) and Hindu women (over 5 per cent points). The levels have declined in Gujarat more rapidly for Hindu women followed by Muslim and Christian women. In Haryana, GMCRU has reduced by nearly 6-7 percent points for Hindu and Muslim women while it has increased by about 3 per cent points for Christian women. Punjab and Himachal Pradesh have experienced increase



in the GMCRU for all groups of women however the increase is relatively more for Christian women. In case of West Bengal, the GMCRU for Christian women increased by over 6 per cent points while for Hindu women it increased by over 5 per cent points. During same period, the GMCRU for Muslim women in West Bengal increased by about 4 per cent points.

Religious Differentials in GMCRU: 1981 and 2001 Table 4.4a presents the ratio of the GMCRU of Muslims and Christians to that of the Hindu for the period 1981 and 2001. Similarly, table 4.2b presents inter-religion differentials in childlessness in the GMCRUs for the period 1981 and 2001. In order to understand the differentials by religion we have taken Hindu as standard. Subsequently we have obtained the ratios and differences in the levels of GMCRUs of the other religion from that of the Hindus. The ratios have been obtained by dividing the GMCRU of various religions by that of Hindus. Similarly, the differences have been obtained by subtracting GMCRUs of other religions from that of the Hindus. Hence a value of less than one in table 4.4a would mean that the GMCRU is higher for Hindus as compared to other religion and a value of more than one would mean that it is higher for the other religion. Likewise a negative sign before the value of difference between Hindu and Muslim GMCRU for example, would mean the levels are higher for later in comparison to the former and a positive sign would mean that it is higher for Hindus. As may be seen the results in the tables are presented for rural and urban separately as well combined. Nevertheless we shall only discuss the results for combined areas only. It may also be mentioned that we have presented the results of table 4.4a and 4.4b in the figures 4.2 and 4.3 respectively as well. The data in table 4.4a and 4.4b brings out following points:

1. At the national level, in comparison to Hindu, the Muslim GMCRU was lower by about 12 per cent in 1981 while it was lower by nearly 33 per cent for Christians. By 2001 the scenario has apparently reversed, as the GMCRU was higher by about 2 per cent for Muslim women and by one per cent for Christian women as compared to that of the Hindu women.

2. At the state level, the ratio of Muslim GMCRU to that of Hindu varies from a lowest of 0.86 in Madhya Pradesh and 0.88 in Uttar Pradesh to as high as 1.28 in Kerala. The gaps between the two groups seem to have bridged for many states as the corresponding range for 2001 narrowed down to 0.94 Uttar Pradesh and 0.95 in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa to 1.21 in Andhra Pradesh.

3. In 1981, the GMCRU was lower for Muslim women in 10 states whereas by 2001, number of such states reduced to just 5. Further the gap between the two groups of women too narrowed down (with ratios coming closer to unity).

4. The relative differentials in GMCRUs have been much wider for Hindu-Christian women in comparison to what was observed for Hindu-Muslim women. As may be seen, the ratios of Christian to Hindu GMCRU in 1981 ranged from as low as 0.54 for Maharashtra (indicating the GMCRU for Christian women living in Maharashtra were half the levels of the Hindu women living in Maharashtra). With the only exception of West Bengal, the value of ratio for the Christian women was below unity in all other 14 states included in the analysis. However, the situation has changed considerably by 2001 as the ratios have exceeded unity for as many as 10 states. Not only the ratios have exceeded unity but also the values to are quite high (ranging between 1.02 in Tamil Nadu to 1.38 in Himachal Pradesh).



5. In terms of absolute difference, for the country as a whole, the general marital childlessness rates were higher among Hindus by nearly 2 per cent points during 1981 as compared to the Muslims (the difference were relatively wider in the in the rural areas). The data also reveal that over time Hindu-Muslim differentials in GMCRU at the national level have now only narrowed down during 2001 but also the trend has reversed (mainly because of the changes in the urban areas). In 2001, the GMCUR was higher for Muslims as compared to Hindu; nevertheless, the levels continue to be more for Hindu in rural areas. The differentials in GMCRU are more prominent between Hindu and Christians then they were between Hindu and Muslim (particularly during the 1981). During 1981, the GMCRU for Hindu was higher by over 4 per cent points than that of the Christians. However, these differences have narrowed down substantially by 2001. As a matter of fact the GMCRU for Christians was marginally higher than that of Hindu for the nation as a whole.

6. At the state level, in 1981 the absolute difference between Hindu-Muslim women GMCRU were notable in a few states (Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh the Hindu GMCRU in these states was higher by one to 2 per cent points or so than the Muslim GMCRU). In case of other states the difference between the two was less than a percent.

7. Unlike Hindu-Muslim differentials, the gap between Hindu and Christians seem to be wider for most of the states. The difference in GMCRU for Hindu-Christian was by 5 per cent points or more in states of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana and Gujarat. The difference was by about 2-3 per cent points in Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and Punjab.

8. The data also suggests a mix picture when it comes to the change in religious differentials over time. As may be noted, for some states the gaps have narrowed down over time whereas for others they have widened. Further, for some states the direction of the difference has also altered over time (this may be indicated by the change in the sign from positive to negative and vice versa). This observation stands true for both Hindu-Muslim and Hindu-Christian comparisons.

9. Some of the states where Hindu-Muslim differentials in GMCRUs have widened notably are Andhra Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh for Hindu-Muslim differentials and Karnataka and Himachal Pradesh for Hindu-Christian differentials.

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.30

AP KN KL TN BH MP RJ UP

Ratio of Muslim to Hindu, 1981

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.30



Figure 4.2: Ratios of GMCRUs across various religious groups



0.50

0.600.700.80

0.901.001.10

1.201.30

GJ MH HY PN HP OR WB IND


0.500.600.700.800.901.001.101.201.30



0.500.600.700.800.901.001.101.201.301.40


Ratio of Christian to Hindu, 1981

0.500.600.700.800.901.001.101.201.301.40



0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.30

1.40



0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.30

1.40



Figure 4.2: Absolute difference in GMCRUs across various religious groups

Figure 4.3: Absolute difference in GMCRUs across various religious groups



-4.00

-2.00

0.00

2.00


Hindu-Muslim GMCRU, 1981

-4.00

-2.00

0.00

2.00



-4.00

-2.00

0.00

2.00



-4.00

-2.00

0.00

2.00



-4.00

-2.00

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00


Hindu-Christian GMCRU, 1981

-4.00

-2.00

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00



-4.00

-2.00

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00



-4.00

-2.00

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00



Religious Differentials in ASMCRU: 1981 and 2001 Table 4.5a through 4.6c give relevant data on the differentials in the age specific marital childlessness rates (ASMCRUs) for India and selected states for the period 1981 and 2001 for religion. In table 4.5a to 4.5c we have given the ratio of the ASMCRUs for different religions

Figure 4.3: Absolute difference in GMCRUs contd…



to that of the Hindu and in tables 4.6a to 4.6c we have given absolute differences in the values of ASMCRUs for various religions in compared to that of the Hindu. Although we have presented both the ratios and absolute differences we shall only discuss the ratios here and that too for the combined areas only. For the convenience of the readers, we have also presented the finding from this in figures 4.4 for Hindu-Muslim differentials and 4.4 for Hindu-Christian differentials. Following points emerge from the data in tables 4.5 and 4.6 (figures 4.4 and 4.5):

1. At the national level, childlessness was higher for Hindu women in 1981 for all ages and for 2001 until age 29 years. However, after age 29 years, the rates were higher for Muslim women in 2001.

0.50

0.70

0.90

1.10

1.30

1.50

1.70

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Ratio of Muslim to Hindu ASMCRU, 1981

AP KN KL TN0.50

0.70

0.90

1.10

1.30

1.50

1.70

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49


AP KN KL TN

0.50

0.70

0.90

1.10

1.30

1.50

1.70

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49


BH MP RJ UP0.50

0.70

0.90

1.10

1.30

1.50

1.70

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49


BH MP RJ UP

0.50

0.70

0.90

1.10

1.30

1.501.70

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49


GJ MH

0.50

0.70

0.90

1.10

1.30

1.50

1.70

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49


GJ MH

0.50

0.70

0.90

1.10

1.30

1.50

1.70

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49


HY PN HP

0.50

0.70

0.90

1.10

1.30

1.50

1.70

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49


HY PN HP

Figure 4.4: Ratio of Muslim AMCRUs to Hindu



0.50

0.70

0.90

1.10

1.30

1.50

1.70

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49


OR WB IND

0.50

0.70

0.90

1.10

1.30

1.50

1.70

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49


OR W B IND

2. Amongst southern states, during 1981 childlessness was relatively more common among Hindu women as compared to the Muslim women as the ratios exceeded unity for all the 7 age groups and for all states expect Kerala in the age group 40-44 and Karnataka in the age group 45.49 years. However, in 2001 the levels were always higher for Muslim women in Andhra Pradesh for ages and for Tamil Nadu at younger ages. In rest of the instances, it continued to be higher for Hindu women.

0.200.400.600.801.001.201.401.601.802.002.202.402.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Ratio of Christian to Hindu ASMCRU, 1981

AP KN

KL TN

0.20

0.400.600.80

1.001.201.40

1.601.802.00

2.202.402.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49


AP KN

KL TN

0.20

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

15-19 20-24 25-2930-34 35-39 40-4445-49


BH MPRJ UP

0.20

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49


BH MP

RJ UP

Figure 4.5: Ratio of Christian AMCRUs to Hindu



0.20

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

15-19 20-24 25-2930-34 35-39 40-4445-49


GJ MH

0.20

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49


GJ MH

0.20

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-3940-44 45-49


HYPN

HP

0.20

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49


HY

PN

HP

0.20

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49


OR

WB

IND

0.20

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49


OR

W B

IND

3. In the northern states of during 1981 Bihar and Uttar Pradesh have shown higher levels of childlessness among Muslim women (particularly at the older ages) whereas it was higher for Hindu women in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. In 2001, however, it was higher for Muslim women for the ages beyond 25 years and higher for Hindu women in younger ages (below 25 years) in all 4 states.

4. It is interesting to note that the levels of childlessness were higher for Hindu women at all ages in 1981 in Maharashtra. By 2001, the scenario has changed in the state with the ratios exceeding unity for the ages beyond 25 years indicating that the childlessness was more common among Muslim in this group of women as compared to the Hindu women in the state. The data for Gujarat show that the childlessness was higher for

Figure 4.5: Contd..



young Hindu women whereas it was higher for Older Muslim women in 1981 as well as in 2001.

5. In the state of Haryana and Punjab, childlessness is higher for Hindu women at younger ages while it is higher for Muslim women at the older ages for both 1981 and 2001. Himachal too have shown similar pattern for the period 2001. Orissa and West Bengal have had higher levels of childlessness among Hindu women as compared to the Muslim women at all ages and for both the periods.

6. On the whole, differentials in ASMCRUs are wider between Hindu-Muslim as compared to what was observed between Hindu-Muslim. The gaps have further widened in the recent times and the levels are usually higher for the Christian women in majority of the states (more so in the northern states of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Karnataka.

4.2 Education and Childlessness

Inter-state Variation in GMCRU by Education - 2001 Tables 4.7 through 4.10 contain all the relevant data on differentials by education for India and its major states by rural-urban residence for the period 1981 to 2001. At the national level, GMCRU indicates a gradual increase as the educational level of the women rises from about 13 per cent for illiterate women to about 15 per cent for those graduate and above in 1981. The corresponding values for 2001 are about 14 per cent for illiterate and 21 per cent for those graduates and above. Similar patterns are also observed for the urban and rural areas as well for both the periods. An interesting observation from the data is that the GMCRU was almost similar for the non-literate women living in rural areas during 1981 and 2001 whereas it rises rapidly during 2001 for more and more educated women and relatively slower during 1981. These may be observed more clearly from the figure 4.6 presented below:

Figure 4.6: GMCRU by education of women, 1981 & 2001



The data in table 4.7a also suggests that the levels of GMCRU show upward change with advancement in the educational levels of the women and is true for all states but Karnataka and Maharashtra in 1981 (the GMCRU in these two states for illiterate and graduate and above educated women was somewhat at 3 and 7 per cent respectively). The data further reveals that the GMCRU vary across various categories of women by education for all the states during the period under analysis. The GMCRU for illiterate varied from a lowest of less than 3 per cent for Karnataka to over 21 per cent for Rajasthan in 1981 and from about 7 per cent in Himachal Pradesh and Haryana to over 17 per cent in Bihar. Likewise women with graduation or higher education it ranged from a little over 3 per cent for Karnataka to as high as 23 per cent for Gujarat and Rajasthan during 1981. The corresponding range for 2001 was 16 per cent in Haryana and over 29 per cent for Tamil Nadu (also see figures 4.7 below).

Figure 4.7: GMCRU for Illiterate and Graduate and above educated women, 1981 & 2001

The last columns for 2001 of tables 4.7b and 4.7c respectively give GMCRU for various educational categories of women separately for rural and urban areas. It may be seen that the GMCRU for rural areas was relatively high for illiterate women in Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu (16 per cent or over) while it was low in Himachal Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana (about 7-9 per cent). The corresponding GMCRU for women who have

Illiterate

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

AP KN KL TN BH MP RJ UP GJ MH HY PN HP OR WB

1981

2001

Graduate and Above

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00


1981

2001



completed graduation or above was over 20 per cent for all the states. In case of the urban areas, it varied from a lowest of less than 9 per cent in Haryana and Himachal Pradesh for illiterate women to over 15 per cent in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh whereas it ranged between 15 to 29 per cent for the women with graduation and above education. This indicates that unlike rural areas, there prevail considerable variations across the states as far as the GMCRU for women who have had gradation or above education.

Absolute Change in GMCRU over Time: 1981-2001 Table 4.8 and figure 4.8 give absolute change in the levels of GMCRU during 1981-2001 for India and its states. It may be pointed out that we have obtained absolute change by subtracting the 1981 value from that of the 2001. Thus a positive value would mean that the levels have gone up while a negative value would indicate decline in the levels of GMCRU over the past two-decades. One thing that is very clear from the data is there is no systematic pattern as far as the change is concerned since for some states it increases in a few categories while in other cases it decreases. Figure 4.8: Absolute change in GMCRU during 1981-2001 by education of the women

(Absolute change = GMCRU 2001 – GMCRU 1981)

Figure 4.8 contd…

Illiterate

-10.00

-5.00 0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00


Middle but below matric

-10.00

-5.00

0.00

5.00

10.00 15.00 20.00


Literate but below middle

-10.00

-5.00

0.00

5.00

10.00 15.00 20.00




A few, but important following observations may be made: 1. At the national level, the GMCRU has increased marginally among illiterate women.

However, the increase become more and more substantial as the educational level of women improves. For example, the GMCRU for women who had completed matric or higher schooling increased by greater than 6 per cent points.

2. At the state level, GMCRU has dramatically changed in Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana among illiterate women (by 6 or more per cent points) whereas it remained quite similar in Bihar, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Orissa. Change was rapid in Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana among women who had not completed middle schooling (by 7-11 per cent points).

3. Among the highly educated women (those with graduation or more), GMCRU changed by over 10 to 20 per cent points in Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and West Bengal and between 5-10 per cent in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Orissa and Haryana.

4. It is further interesting to note that the GMCRU for illiterate women in Andhra Pradesh and Orissa and women who are literate but have completed less than middle schooling actually declined over time whereas for the women in other educational categories it increased moderately.

Differentials in GMCRU by Education: 1981 and 2001 Tables 4.9a and 4.9b provide respectively ratio of GMCRU and absolute difference in the GMCRU for women with various educational levels to that of the illiterate women. We have provided the same in figures 4.9a and 4.9b respectively. With the only exception of literate but below middle educated women in 1981, GMCRU have been higher for educated women of all categories at the national level for 1981 and 2001 in comparison to illiterate women as the value of ratio exceeds unity. Further, the value of the ratio increases with advancement in the education level of the women, indicating the gaps between the two groups widened with

Matric but below graduate

-10.00

-5.00 0.00

5.00

10.00 15.00 20.00


Graduate and above

-10.00

-5.00

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00




improvement in the educational status of the women. It may be pointed out that the increment in the ratio with education is more rapid for the recent census (from 1.11 for literate but below middle to 1.39 for those who have completed middle but not matric and further to 1.53 for those who have completed matric or above education). The major findings emerging from this at the state level are summarized below:

1. The value of ratio exceeds unity for almost all instances for all the states for both 1981

and 2001 with the exception of Andhra Pradesh (for literate but below middle in 1981), West Bengal (for literate but below matric in 1981), Maharashtra (for middle and above in 1981), Madhya Pradesh (for middle but below graduate in 1981) and Kerala and Orissa (for literate but below middle in 2001).

2. As observed for nation as a whole, the values of the ratio have increased for various educational categories in majority of the states. This indicates that the levels of GMCRU in comparison to illiterate women have increased more rapid for the educated women in various categories over time. For example, the value of ratios for graduate and above women in 1981 ranged from a low of 0.99 for Maharashtra to 2.16 for Kerala. The corresponding range for 2001 is 1.05 for Bihar to 2.78 for Himachal Pradesh. Similar observations may also be made for other educational categories.

3. Interestingly, ratios were relatively high for southern states in 1981 particularly for matric and above categories. In 2001 however, though the ratios have gone up in southern states, the increment is more rapid for Haryana, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal. This clearly indicates that there exist a positive relationship in levels of GMCRU and educational status of the women.



Figure 4.9a: Ratios of GMCRUs across various educational categories

The data in table 4.9b and Figure 4.9b present the absolute difference in the levels of GMCRU between educated women and the illiterate women. As mentioned, we have computed absolute

Ratio of Literate but below Middle to Illiterate, 2001

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

3.00


Ratio of Literate but below Middle to Illiterate, 1981

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

3.00


Ratio of Middle but below Matric to Illiterate, 1981

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

3.00


Ratio of Middle but below Matric to Illiterate, 2001

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

3.00


Ratio of Matric but below Graduate to Illiterate, 1981

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

3.00


Ratio of Matric but below Graduate to Illiterate, 2001

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

3.00


Ratio of Graduate and Above to Illiterate, 1981

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

3.00


Ratio of Graduate and Above to Illiterate, 2001

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

3.00




difference by subtracting the GMCRU for women in a particular educational category from that of the illiterate women. The data is presented for 1981 and 2001 and separately for rural and urban areas. The main finding for the combined areas as below:

1. For the country as a whole, GMCRU for illiterate women in 1981 was higher by about half a per cent points compared to those who were literate below middle school whereas it was relatively higher for women who had completed middle or higher levels of education. During 2001 however, the GMCRU is consistently higher for the women in all education categories in comparison to the illiterate, though gaps are as high as by over 7 per cent points for those with graduate and higher education.

2. There prevails wide range of variations across states in terms of absolute gap among illiterate and women with various educational status in 1981 and 2001 however, in 1981 they are relatively narrow for most states among less educated women and illiterate women. As one may see from figure 4.9b, the depth of bars deepens from less educated women to women with higher education for majority of the states (in 2001).

3. The recent data for 2001 indicates that the gaps are substantially larger for the 4 southern states in 2001 between women who have completed gradation or higher education as compared to the illiterate women (from a difference of over 10 per cent in Kerala to over 14 per cent in Tamil Nadu) and Himachal Pradesh and West Bengal (11-12 per cent points). On the other hand, it was relatively of lower order for Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan (4 per cent points or less).

Figure 4.9b: Absolute Change

Absolute Difference between Illiterate minus Middle but below Matric, 2001

-15.00

-12.00

-9.00

-6.00

-3.00

0.00

3.00


Absolute Difference between Illiterate minus Middle but below Matric, 1981

-15.00

-12.00

-9.00

-6.00

-3.00

0.00

3.00


Absolute Difference between Illiterate minus

Literate but below Middle, 2001

-15.00

-12.00

-9.00

-6.00

-3.00

0.00

3.00


Absolute Difference between Illiterate minus

Literate but below Middle, 1981

-15.00

-12.00

-9.00

-6.00

-3.00

0.00

3.00




Figure 4.9b: Absolute Change contd…

Differentials in ASMCRU by Education: 1981 and 2001 Table 4.10a gives ratio of the ASMCRU for India and its states for 1981 and 2001 for the combined areas for various educational categories of women with respect to that of the illiterate women. Similarly, table 4.10b gives the absolute change in the ASMCRUs of the education women in various categories from that of the illiterate women for the period 1981 and 2001. For the convenience of the reader we have also presented the same in Figure 4.10a through 4.10d and 4.11a through 4.11d for ratios and absolute change respectively. Although it is difficult to make any conclusive statements as the pattern emerging is uncertain, a few broad observations may be made from the data:

1. In terms of the ratios, the value of ratio in 2001 exceeds unity for women who have completed middle or higher education for most of the age groups (ASMCRU is relatively higher among educated women as compared to the illiterate women).

2. With advancement in educational status of the women as well as age of the women (until age 40 years), the gaps between the two groups of women widen. However, for the older women (aged 40 years or older), though the gaps remains (the ratios are greater than the unity), they tend to bridge. For example, the ratio of ASMCRU for women who have completed graduation or higher education the value of ratio in 2001 ranged between 1.93 for women aged 20-24 years to 1.50 for women aged 35-39 years which turns 1.28 and 1.25 for women aged 40-44 years and 45-49 years respectively.

Absolute Difference between Illiterate minus Matric but below Graduate, 1981

-15.00

-12.00

-9.00

-6.00

-3.00

0.00

3.00


Absolute Difference between Illiterate minus Matric but below Graduate, 2001

-15.00

-12.00

-9.00

-6.00

-3.00

0.00

3.00


Absolute Difference between Illiterate minus Graduate and above, 1981

-15.00

-12.00

-9.00

-6.00

-3.00

0.00

3.00


Absolute Difference between Illiterate minus Graduate and above, 2001

-15.00

-12.00

-9.00

-6.00

-3.00

0.00

3.00




3. At the state level, women who have completed below matric education, ASMCRU was generally higher in 2001 in the states of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana and Punjab while in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Himachal Pradesh it was higher for the illiterate women.

4. In Maharashtra and West Bengal, it was higher among women who have completed below matric education at the younger women whereas for older women it was higher for illiterate women.

5. Among women who have completed matric or higher education (especially those who have completed graduation or higher), the AMSCRU was usually higher in comparison to illiterate for almost all of the states.

6. In Kerala, the ASMCRU was higher for women who have completed matric or higher education and were younger (aged below 35 years) in comparison to the illiterate whereas for women aged 35 years or older, it was relatively higher among illiterate women.



Figure 4.10a: Ratio of the ASMCRU for Literate but below Middle to illiterate, 1981 & 2001.

1981

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN

KL TN

2001

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN

KL TN

1981

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

2001

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

1981

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH HY

PN HP

2001

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH HY

PN HP

1981

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB IND

2001

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB IND



Figure 4.10b: Ratio of the ASMCRU for Middle but below Matric to Illiterate, 1981 & 2001

2001

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN

KL TN

1981

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN

KL TN

1981

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

2001

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

1981

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MHHY PNHP

2001

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH HY

PN HP

1981

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB IND

2001

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB IND



Figure 4.10c: Ratio of the ASMCRU for Matric but below Graduate to Illiterate, 1981 & 2001

1981

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KNKL TN

2001

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KNKL TN

1981

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MPRJ UP

2001

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MPRJ UP

2001

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH HY

PN HP

1981

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB IND

2001

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB IND

1981

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH HY PN HP



Figure 4.10d: Ratio of the ASMCRU for Graduate and above to Illiterate, 1981 & 2001

1981

0.40

0.80

1.20

1.60

2.00

2.40

2.80

3.20

3.60

4.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KNKL TN

2001

0.40

0.80

1.20

1.60

2.00

2.40

2.80

3.20

3.60

4.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KNKL TN

1981

0.40

0.80

1.20

1.60

2.00

2.40

2.80

3.20

3.60

4.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

2001

0.40

0.80

1.20

1.60

2.00

2.40

2.80

3.20

3.60

4.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP RJ UP

1981

0.40

0.80

1.20

1.60

2.00

2.40

2.80

3.20

3.60

4.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MHHY PNHP

2001

0.40

0.80

1.20

1.60

2.00

2.40

2.80

3.20

3.60

4.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH

HY PN

HP

1981

0.40

0.80

1.20

1.60

2.00

2.40

2.80

3.20

3.60

4.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB IND

2001

0.40

0.80

1.20

1.60

2.00

2.40

2.80

3.20

3.60

4.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB IND



Figure 4.11a: Absolute change of ASMCRU for literate but below middle from that of Illiterate, 1981 & 2001

1981

-14.00

-11.00

-8.00

-5.00

-2.00

1.00

4.00

7.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN

KL TN

2001

-14.00

-11.00

-8.00

-5.00

-2.00

1.00

4.00

7.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN

KL TN

1981

-14.00

-11.00

-8.00

-5.00

-2.00

1.00

4.00

7.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

2001

-14.00

-11.00

-8.00

-5.00

-2.00

1.00

4.00

7.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

1981

-14.00

-11.00

-8.00

-5.00

-2.00

1.00

4.00

7.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH

HY PN

HP

2001

-15.00

-12.00

-9.00

-6.00 -3.00

0.00

3.00

6.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH HY PN

HP

1981

-14.00

-11.00

-8.00

-5.00

-2.00

1.00

4.00

7.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR

WB

IND

2001

-14.00

-11.00

-8.00

-5.00

-2.00

1.00

4.00

7.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR

WB

IND



Figure 4.11b: Absolute change of ASMCRU for middle but below matric from that of Illiterate, 1981 & 2001

1981

-22.00

-19.00

-16.00

-13.00

-10.00

-7.00

-4.00

-1.00

2.00

5.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN

KL TN

2001

-22.00

-19.00

-16.00

-13.00

-10.00

-7.00 -4.00 -1.00 2.00

5.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KNKL TN

1981

-22.00

-19.00

-16.00

-13.00

-10.00

-7.00 -4.00 -1.00 2.00

5.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

2001

-22.00

-19.00

-16.00

-13.00

-10.00

-7.00

-4.00

-1.00

2.00

5.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

1981

-22.00

-19.00

-16.00

-13.00

-10.00

-7.00 -4.00 -1.00 2.00

5.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH HY PN

HP

-22.00

-19.00

-16.00

-13.00

-10.00

-7.00

-4.00

-1.00

2.00

5.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH

HY PNHP

2001

1981

-22.00

-19.00

-16.00

-13.00

-10.00

-7.00

-4.00

-1.00

2.00

5.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB IND

2001

-22.00

-19.00

-16.00

-13.00

-10.00

-7.00 -4.00 -1.00 2.00

5.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB IND



Figure 4.11c: Absolute change of ASMCRU for matric but below Graduate from that of Illiterate, 1981 & 2001

1981

-24.00

-21.00

-18.00

-15.00

-12.00

-9.00 -6.00 -3.00 0.00

3.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN

KL TN

2001

-24.00

-20.00

-16.00

-12.00

-8.00

-4.00

0.00

4.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KNKL TN

1981

-24.00

-21.00

-18.00

-15.00

-12.00

-9.00 -6.00 -3.00 0.00

3.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

2001

-24.00

-20.00

-16.00

-12.00

-8.00

-4.00

0.00

4.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

1981

-24.00

-21.00

-18.00

-15.00

-12.00

-9.00 -6.00 -3.00 0.00

3.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH

HY PN

HP

2001

-24.00

-20.00

-16.00

-12.00

-8.00

-4.00

0.00

4.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH

HY PN

HP

1981

-24.00

-21.00

-18.00

-15.00

-12.00

-9.00 -6.00 -3.00 0.00

3.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB IND

2001

-24.00

-20.00

-16.00

-12.00

-8.00

-4.00

0.00

4.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB IND



Figure 4.11d: Absolute change of ASMCRU for Graduate and above from that of Illiterate, 1981 & 2001

(1981

-45.00

-35.00

-25.00

-15.00

-5.00

5.00

15.00

25.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KNKL TN

2001

-45.00

-35.00

-25.00

-15.00

-5.00 5.00

15.00

25.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KNKL TN

1981

-45.00

-35.00

-25.00

-15.00

-5.00

5.00

15.00

25.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

2001

-45.00

-35.00

-25.00

-15.00

-5.00 5.00

15.00

25.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

1981

-45.00

-35.00

-25.00

-15.00

-5.00

5.00

15.00 25.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH

HY PN

HP

2001

-45.00

-35.00

-25.00

-15.00

-5.00

5.00

15.00 25.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MHHY PNHP

1981

-45.00

-35.00

-25.00

-15.00

-5.00

5.00

15.00

25.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB IND

2001

-45.00

-35.00

-25.00

-15.00

-5.00

5.00

15.00 25.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB IND



4.3 Economic Activity Status and Childlessness

Inter-state Variation in GMCRU by Economic Activity Status: 2001 Tables 4.11a to table 4.14b give relevant data on the childlessness and economic activity status of the women. The same has also been presented in the figures 4.12 through 4.15b. As may be noted from the data in the tables for this section, it is presented for the period 1981 and 1991 as the 2001 census results on the same by economic activity status of the women are not yet available to us. Thus the analysis in this section only refers to the period 1981-1991 only. The data in table 4.11a and 4.11c (and figure 4.12 below) clearly brings out that the there prevail differentials in the GMCRU of the women by their economic activity status during the period under analysis. This is also true for the rural and urban areas separately as well. In 1981, the GMCRU for the country as a whole was relatively higher for women who were economically active (about 14 per cent for main workers and 13.60 per cent for the marginal workers) and was lowest for the women who were economically not active (a little over 12 per cent).

Figure 4.12: GMCRU by economic activity status of women, 1981 & 1991

However, the situation reversed in 1991 as the GMCRU for India for the period 1991 was lower for the economically active women (nearly 17 per cent for the main workers and 16 per cent for the marginal workers) while it was 18 per cent for the women who were economically inactive. The analysis at the state level reveals more or less similar pattern. Nonetheless we would like to bring out following important observations for the readers:

1. The range of variation in the GMCRU is relatively wider for main workers across states in comparison to that of the marginal workers or non-workers. For example, the GMCRU among main workers varied from a low of about 3 per cent in Karnataka to nearly 26 per cent in Rajasthan in 1981. The corresponding range for marginal worker and non workers varied between 3 to 21 per cent and 2.4 to about 18 per cent in Karnataka and Rajasthan respectively.

2. During 1991, the GMCRU for main workers and non-workers varied from a low of 9 per cent in Maharashtra to about 24-25 per cent in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh while for marginal workers it varied between 10 to 21 per cent.



Figure 4.13: GMCRU by economic activity status of women for states, 1981 & 1991

Absolute Change in GMCRU over Time: 1981-2001 Table 4.12 and figure 4.14 give data on the absolute change in the GMCRU during 1981-91 for women by their economic activity status for India and states. As done before, the absolute change in GMCRU has been obtained by subtracting 1981 GMCRU from that of the 1981. For India as a whole, the GMCRU for main and marginal workers increased by about 2-3 per cent points during 1981-91 whereas it increased by nearly 6 per cent points for the non-workers. The data also reveals that the increase has been relatively faster in the rural areas as compared to the urban areas for the non-workers. However, among workers, increase is comparatively faster in the urban areas.

Marginal-worker

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00


19811991

Main-worker

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00


19811991

Non-worker

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00


19811991



Figure 4.14: Absolute change in GMCRU during 1981-1991 by economic activity of the women (Absolute change = GMCRU 19911 – GMCRU 1981)

At the state level there are some interesting findings in terms of the absolute change in the GMCRU. As seen, in 3 states namely Rajasthan, Gujarat and Haryana, the GMCRU has declined for all 3 categories of the women, though at differential pace (more for the main workers and less for the non-workers). In addition to this, the GMCRU has also declined during 1981-1991 among main workers in Andhra Pradesh and marginal workers and non-workers in Tamil Nadu. In rest of the other instances it has shown a positive change (indicting higher levels for 1981) for all three categories of the women. Further, on the whole increase is more for main workers in comparison to other 2 groups of women. It may also be pointed that Uttar Pradesh followed by Karnataka has exhibited highest increase in the GMCRU for all 3 groups of women, fastest among non-workers. The GMCRU in

Non-worker

-6.00

-3.00

0.00

3.00

6.00

9.00

12.00

15.00


Marginal-worker

-6.00

-3.00

0.00

3.00

6.00

9.00

12.00

15.00


Main-worker

-6.00

-3.00

0.00

3.00

6.00

9.00

15.00




Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal increased more rapid for main workers as compared to the non-workers while the change was least among marginal workers.

Differentials in GMCRU by economic status of the women Tables 4.13a and 4.13b and figures 4.15a and 4.15b give relevant information on the differentials in GMCRU by economic activity statues of the women in terms of ratios and absolute change for the period 1981 and 1991 for combined, rural and urban area for India and its major states. The main findings of this table are presented below:

1. In absolute terms, the GMCRU for main worker Indian women was in 1981 was higher by 1.65 per cent points and by 1.47 per cent points for marginal workers as compared to the economically non-active women. Further, GMCRU for main workers in India was higher by about 13 per cent in 1981 (see table 4.13a and figure 4.15a) while it was higher by about 11 per cent among marginal workers as against of those who were non-workers. However, this scenario has changed by 1991 as the GMCRU in 1991 less by nearly 4 and 10 per cent respectively for main workers and marginal workers.

Figure 4.15a: Ratios for GMCRUs by women’s economic activity status

Marginal worker to non-worker, 1991

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.30

1.40


Marginal worker to non-worker, 1981

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.30

1.40


Main worker to non-worker, 1991

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.30

1.40


Main worker to non-worker, 1981

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.30

1.40




2. There are 3 states (namely Kerala, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh) where GMCRU was lower for main workers as compared to the non-workers by about 6 to 15 per cent in 1981. In rest of the other states, it was higher for non-workers than the main workers by nearly 2-3 per cent in Tamil Nadu and Gujarat to as high as 36 per cent in Himachal Pradesh and 31-32 per cent in Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.

3. The comparison between marginal workers and non-workers indicate that in 7 states (Karnataka from south, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh from north, Maharashtra from west and Orissa and West Bengal from east) where GMCRU in 1981 was higher for marginal workers while in the remaining states it was higher for the non-workers.

4. In 1991, 4 states (Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra) had lower GMCRU for main workers whereas in other states it was higher for the non-workers. Interestingly, number of states with lower GMCRU for marginal workers increased to from 7 in 1981 to 13 as only 2 states (Maharashtra and Orissa) in 1991 had slightly higher GMCRU for marginal workers (by 2 and 4 per cent respectively).

Figure 4.15b: Absolute change in GMCRUs for economic activity status

Differentials in GMCRU by Occupation of the women We here discuss general marital childlessness in India by various occupational categories of the women (data not shown). The GMCRU for agricultural laborers it was lowest in Maharashtra (9.0) and was highest in Bihar (over 25 per cent). Among other bigger states, the GMCRU for

Non-worker - main worker 1981

-6.00 -5.00 -4.00 -3.00 -2.00 -1.00 0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00


Non-worker - main worker 1991

-5.00

-4.00

-3.00

-2.00

-1.00

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00


Non-worker - marginal worker 1981

-5.00

-4.00

-3.00

-2.00

-1.00

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00


Non-worker - marginal worker 1991

-5.00

-4.00

-3.00

-2.00

-1.00

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00




agricultural laborers was also on the higher side in Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh (16 to 24 per cent). In the cultivators, the GMCRU is once again highest in Bihar (over 24 per cent) and lowest in Maharashtra (nearly 9 per cent). Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh also have relatively higher level of GMCRU for cultivators (15 to 24 per cent). Uttar Pradesh has highest GMCRU for manual workers and other states where it is relatively high are Bihar, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh (15 to 25 per cent). However, GMCRU is lowest in Maharashtra (10 per cent) among manual workers. Amongst non-manual workers, GMCRU is highest in Uttar Pradesh (25 per cent) followed by Bihar, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh (14 to 20 per cent) whereas it is lowest in Maharashtra (9 per cent).

Differentials in ASMCRU by Economic Activity Status: 1981 and 2001 Tables 4.14a and 4.14b and figures 4.16a, 4.16b, 4.17a and 4.17b respectively give ratio and absolute change in the ASMCRUs for India and its states for 1981 and 1991 by economic activity status of the women by place of residence. Major points emerging are as follows:

1. At the national level, ratio of ASMCRU of main workers to that of the non-workers was above unity at all ages in 1981 while in 1991 it was below unity for women aged 15-24 years and above unity for those aged 25 years or older. Further, the gaps between the two groups of women widened with an advancement in age of the women for both in 1981 and 1991. It may also be pointed that over time, the gaps have narrowed apparently down between the two groups of women at all ages, more rapidly for younger women.

2. Relatively speaking, differentials have been of lower order for young women (aged below 20 years) for most of the states for both main and marginal workers, the levels being usually higher for economically active women as against of the non-working women.

3. The differentials by economic status of the women have also narrowed down for most of the states at all ages over time as the value of the ratios are usually lower in 2001 as compared to those for 1981.

4. The scenario is mixed at the state level. Nevertheless, in 1981 the ASMCRU for women aged 25 years or older who were main workers in West Bengal was more than double the level that of the non-workers. Likewise the ASMCRU in 1981 for main workers in Uttar Pradesh and Punjab was twice the level of non-worker for ages 30-34 years and older.

5. The ASMCRU for main worker in Punjab and West Bengal was nearly twice the level of non-workers in 2001 whereas in other states it was relatively less.

6. Contrary to this, the gaps between marginal workers and non-workers have been very less for most of the states both in 1981 and 2001 (especially in case of the later). Not only this, unlike what was observed for main workers, the ASMCRUs for marginal workers have relatively lower than that of the non-workers for a number of states for women at all ages in general in 2001.



Figure 4.16a: Ratio of ASMCRU for Main Worker to Non Worker, 1981 & 1991

1981

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

2.40

2.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KNKL TN

1991

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

2.40

2.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KNKL TN

1981

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

2.40

2.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MPRJ UP

1991

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

2.40

2.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MPRJ UP

1981

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

2.40

2.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ

MH

HY

PN

HP

1991

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

2.40

2.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ

MH

HY

PN

HP

1981

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

2.40

2.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR

WB

IND

1991

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

2.40

2.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB

IND



Figure 4.16b: Ratio of ASMCRU for Marginal Worker to Non Worker, 1981 & 1991

1981

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KNKL TN

1991

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KNKL TN

1981

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP RJ UP

1991

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP RJ UP

1981

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MHHY PNHP

1991

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH HY PNHP

1981

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WBIND

1991

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB

IND



Figure 4.17a: Absolute change in ASMCRU for Main Worker to Non Worker, 1981 & 1991 (AMMCRU main worker – ASMCRU non worker)

1981

-16.00

-12.00

-8.00

-4.00

0.00

4.00

8.00

12.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN

KL TN

1991

-16.00

-12.00

-8.00

-4.00

0.00

4.00

8.00

12.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN

KL TN

1981

-16.00

-12.00

-8.00

-4.00

0.00

4.00

8.00

12.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

1991

-16.00

-12.00

-8.00

-4.00

0.00

4.00

8.00

12.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

1981

-16.00

-12.00

-8.00

-4.00

0.00

4.00

8.00

12.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MHHY PNHP

1991

-16.00

-12.00

-8.00

-4.00

0.00

4.00

8.00

12.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MHHY PNHP

1981

-16.00

-12.00

-8.00

-4.00

0.00

4.00

8.00

12.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB IND

1991

-16.00

-12.00

-8.00

-4.00

0.00

4.00

8.00

12.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB IND



Figure 4.17b: Absolute change in ASMCRU for Marginal Worker to Non Worker, 1981 & 1991 (AMMCRU main worker – ASMCRU non worker)

1981

-18.00

-14.00

-10.00

-6.00

-2.00

2.00

6.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN

KL TN

1991

-18.00

-14.00

-10.00

-6.00

-2.00

2.00

6.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN

KL TN

1981

-18.00

-14.00

-10.00

-6.00

-2.00

2.00

6.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP RJ UP

1991

-18.00

-14.00

-10.00

-6.00

-2.00

2.00

6.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP RJ UP

1981

-18.00

-14.00

-10.00

-6.00

-2.00

2.00

6.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MHHY PNHP

1991

-18.00

-14.00

-10.00

-6.00

-2.00

2.00

6.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MHHY PNHP

1981

-18.00

-14.00

-10.00

-6.00

-2.00

2.00

6.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB IND

1991

-18.00

-14.00

-10.00

-6.00

-2.00

2.00

6.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB IND



4.4 Caste and Childlessness Inter-state Variation in GMCRU by Caste: 2001 In this section we discuss levels and differentials in childlessness in Indian states by caste of the women. For this we have considered SC, ST and Non-SC/ST to understand the differentials. Accordingly tables 4.15a through 4.18b and figures 4.18 through 4.24b give all relevant information with respect to childlessness and caste differentials for India and its states for the period 1981-2001. As may be noticed from the table 4.15a and 4.15b and the figures 4.18 below, at the national levels the GMCRU in 1981 was relatively higher for ST women (14.47 per cent) followed by the SC women (13.22 per cent) and was least for the Non-SC/ST women (12.74 per cent). However, in 2001 it was observed at slightly lower than 16 per cent for all three groups of women. In other words, the GMCRU in 2001 was apparently more or less similar for all three-caste groups of the women at least at the national level. Similar observations may also be made for the rural and urban India. The data also suggest that the

Figure 4.18: GMCRU by caste of the women, 1981-2001

The data further reveals that the levels of GMCRU at the national have increased for three-groups of women, more rapidly for those belonging to other castes followed by SC women whereas for ST women the increase only marginal. This stands true for the rural and urban areas of the country as well. It is interesting to note that unlike national level, there prevail differentials in the levels of GMCRU by caste of the women at the sub-national level. This my be noted from clearly from the figure 4.19 on the next page. The points emerging at the state level in this regards are as follows:

1. The GMCRU for SC women in 2001 was relatively higher in Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh (18-19 per cent) followed by Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat (14 to 16 per cent). In other states it ranged between 11 to 13 per cent.

2. For the ST women, GMCRU was observed to be lowest at 12 per cent in Himachal Pradesh and 13-14 per cent in Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. On the other



hand, it was observed at as high as 23 per cent in Tamil Nadu and 18-19 per cent in Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.

3. The GMCRU in 2001 for non-SC/ST women were highest for Tamil Nadu (nearly 19 per cent) followed by Bihar and Uttar Pradesh (over 18 per cent) whereas it was lowest in Himachal Pradesh (11 per cent or so). There were other states like Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat where it was around 16-17 per cent.

Figure 4.19: GMCRU by caste of the women for States, 1981-2001

GMCRU for SC, India

0.00

4.00

8.00

12.00

16.00

20.00

24.00


1981 2001

GMCRU for Non-SC/ST, India

0.00

4.00

8.00

12.00

16.00

20.00

24.00


1981 2001

Absolute Change in GMCRU over Time: 1981-2001 As mentioned before, the levels of GMCRU has increased during 1981-2001 for the nation as a whole. However, there is mix scenario when it comes to the states as it has increased for some whereas for others it has actually reduced. Some of the points emerging from figure 4.20 below and the data in table 4.16 are:

1. Among southern states, the GMCRU has gone up for all states except Andhra Pradesh, which has actually witnessed decline in it during 1981-2001. Further, for the Non-SC/ST women the increase is by almost 13 per cent points in Karnataka and by about 5 per cent points in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The corresponding increase among SC and ST women is by a little over 12 per cent points in Karnataka whereas it is about 2-3 per cent points among SC women and 6-7 per cent among ST women in Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

2. The GMCRU for SC women in Andhra Pradesh has come down by over a percent whereas the decline was very little for the ST women. However, non-SC/ST women in the state experienced marginal increase in the GMCR during the period.

GMCRU for ST, India

0.00

4.00

8.00

12.00

16.00

20.00

24.00


1981 2001



3. GMCRU for SC women has increased in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh (2 and 8 per cent points respectively) whereas it has declined in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan (4-5 per cent points). Similar pattern are also observed among ST & Non-SC/ST.

4. In the western states of Gujarat and Bihar, the GMCRU for SC women has declined in the former (over 4 per cent points) whereas in later it has actually gone up (nearly 5 per cent points). Similarly, the GMCRU for ST women declined by about one percent point in Gujarat whereas in Maharashtra it increased by nearly 6 per cent points. The Non-SC/ST women experienced an increase of about 6 per cent points in GMCRU in Maharashtra and in Gujarat it declined by about 3 per cent points.

Figure 4.20: Absolute change in GMCRU during 1981-2001 by caste of the women (Absolute change = GMCRU 2001 – GMCRU 1981)

5. Haryana has recorded decline in the GMCRU for SC and Non-SC/ST women (about 6 per cent) while it increased in Punjab and Himachal Pradesh (about one per cent for SC and 2-3 per cent for Non SC/ST women.

Non-SC/ST

-8.00

-5.00

-2.00

1.00

4.00

7.00

10.00 13.00


Schedule Tribe

-8.00

-5.00

-2.00

1.00

4.00

7.00

10.00

13.00


Schedule Caste

-8.00

-5.00

-2.00

1.00

4.00

7.00

10.00

13.00




6. Orissa experienced a decline of about one per cent points in GMCRU for SC women and negligible decline for ST women while it recoded nominal increase in it for the Non-SC/ST women. West Bengal on the other hand showed consistent increase in the GMCRUs for all three-groups of women, relatively faster for the Non-SC/ST women.

Differentials in GMCRU by Caste: 1981 and 2001

Tables 4.17a and 4.17b and the figures 4.21a and 4.21b give all the relevant information about the ratios of GMCRU for SC and ST women to that of the Non-SC/ST women. The major points emerging from the data are:

1. There were 3 states in 1981 where GMCRU was slightly lower for SC women (by 10 per cent in Karnataka and 3 and 2 per cent in Rajasthan and Punjab respectively) as against of the non-SC/ST women whereas in the remaining 12 states it was higher for the SC women. Further, the difference between the two groups of women was substantial in a few states like Himachal Pradesh, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu (by about 8 to 17 per cent).

2. The number of states reporting a lower GMCRU for SC women increased to 8 by 2001, nevertheless, 7 states continued to have greater GMCRU for SC women. Interestingly, the gaps between the two groups of women seemingly bridged over time for all states but Bihar, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana.

3. When ST women are compared with the non-SC/ST women it may be noted that in 1981 the GMCRUs were lower for the ST women in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra while in other states it was higher for them. The pattern was somewhat similar in 2001 as well except for Karnataka, where in 1981 ST women had relatively higher GMCRU while in 2001 they had lower GMCRU.

Figure 4.21a: Ratios for GMCRUs for SC to Non-SC/ST women, 1981 – 2001.

1981

0.85

0.90

0.95

1.00

1.05

1.10

1.15

1.20


2001

0.85

0.90

0.95

1.00

1.05

1.10

1.15

1.20




Figure 4.21b: Ratios for GMCRUs for GMCRUs for ST women in comparison to Non-SC/ST women, 1981 – 2001.

Figure 4.22a: Absolute difference in GMCRUs for SC women in comparison to Non-SC/ST women, 1981 – 2001.

1981

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00


2001

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00


1981

-3.00

-2.00

-1.00

0.00

1.00

2.00


2001

-3.00

-2.00

-1.00

0.00

1.00

2.00




Figure 4.22b: Absolute difference in GMCRUs for ST women in comparison to Non-SC/ST women, 1981 – 2001.

4. It may also be pointed that on the whole, in most of the states, these differentials in this regard are wider between ST and Non-SC/ST women as compared to those observed for SC and Non SC/ST women. Though this is largely true for 1981 and 2001, the gaps are unusually wide in 2001 in some cases. For example, the GMCRU in Uttar Pradesh for ST women in 2001 was 78 per cent higher than that of the Non SC/ST women. The corresponding gap in West Bengal, Himachal Pradesh and Orissa was by 47, 40 and 29 per cent respectively.

5. In terms of absolute differentials, it may be mentioned that the gaps have been relatively wider in West Bengal for SC women and for a number of states for ST women (Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal) during 1981 and 2001 (especially for the later period).

Differentials in ASMCRU by Caste: 1981 and 2001 Tables 4.18a and 4.18b and the figures 4.23a through 4.24b give the relevant information about the differentials in ASMCRUs by caste of the women for India and its states for the year 1981 and 2001 in terms of both ratios and absolute gap. Though there is no clear pattern emerging as far as the differentials are concerned some broad observations may be made. These are as follows:

1. At the national level, in terms of ratios, the ratios have been higher for the SC women as compared to the Non-SC/ST women during 1981 and 2001 for all age groups except

1981

-8.00

-6.00

-4.00

-2.00

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00


2001

-8.00

-6.00

-4.00

-2.00

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00




15-19 and 20-24 years in 1981. In other words, the ASMCRUs was relatively higher for SC women aged 25 years and older in 1981 and at all ages in 2001. It is also noted that in 2001 the differences between the two groups of women widen with advancement in the age of the women until age below 40 years and start to bridge marginally thereafter. It may further be pointed out that the largest gap was observed at age 35-39 years (40 per cent) followed by 36 per cent in the age group 30-34 years in 2001.

2. In case of the ST women, the ASMCRU was higher for them as compared to the Non-SC/ST women at all ages during 1981 and the differences were substantial. However, by 2001, the ASMCRU for ST women was observed to be lower than that of the Non-SC/ST women for ages below 35 years and higher thereafter. For example, the ASMCRU for ST women aged 15-19 to 30-34 years in 2001 was lower by 2 to 12 per cent as against of the Non- SC/ST women whereas it was higher by about 6 to 16 per cent for the women aged 35-39 tears or older.

3. In contrast to what observed in terms of ratios, the gaps between SC women and Non-SC/ST women are wider at younger ages in terms of the absolute difference both during 1981 and 2001. For example, in 2001 the ASMCRU for SC women was lower by about 5 per cent points in the age group 15-19 years followed by next three age groups (about 2 per cent points) and by about one per cent or so in the remaining age groups. Similar observations may also be made for the ST women.

4. There is no clear pattern at the state level, nonetheless, the ASMCRUS are on the higher side for SC women in 2001 for all states except Gujarat (where it has been lower for the SC women). Further, for most of the states, the gaps between SC and Non-SC/ST women widen as the age increases. This is particularly true for the recent times.

5. On the whole, the ASMCRUs for SC women was lower than the Non-SC/ST women for a number of states in 1981 whereas this scenario has reversed in 2001 (with more states having higher ASMCRU for Sc women as compared to non-SC/ST women.

6. The gap between SC and Non-SC/ST women has been unusually wide in Uttar Pradesh and Orissa and West Bengal. For example, the ASMCRU for SC women aged 30 years or older living in Uttar Pradesh were two to three times higher than that of the Non-SC/ST women. The corresponding gap in Orissa and West Bengal was almost by double.

7. For the ST women, the data suggests that the ASMCRU in 2001 was relatively lower for young ST women in southern states, northern states (except Bihar) and Western states of Gujarat and Maharashtra whereas reverse was true for the older women (beyond age 30 years). In other states (Himachal Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal), the ASMCRU was higher for the ST women as compared to the Non-SC/ST women for all age groups.

8. In Himachal Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal, the differences between the ST and Non-SC/ST women were relatively wider, particularly for ages beyond 30 years. For example, the ASMCRU for the women aged 30-34 years or older was higher by about 32 to 84 per cent in Orissa for ST women as compared to the Non-SC/ST women. The corresponding range for Himachal Pradesh was 29 to 45 per cent and Tamil Nadu from 42 to 54 per cent.

9. In absolute terms, as observed at the national level, the difference between ST and Non-SC/ST ASMCRU was wider at the younger ages whereas reverse was true for older ages and this was true for most of the states.



Figure 4.23a: Ratio of ASMCRU for SC women to Non-SC/ST women, 1981 & 2001

1981

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN KL TN

2001

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN

KL TN

1981

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP 2001

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

1981

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MHHY PNHP

2001

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MHHY PNHP

1981

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB

IND

2001

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB

IND



Figure 4.23b: Ratio of ASMCRU for ST women to Non-SC/ST women, 1981 & 2001

1981

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

3.00

3.40

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN KL TN

2001

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

3.00

3.40

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN KL TN

1981

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

3.00

3.40

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

2001

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

3.00

3.40

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

1981

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

3.00

3.40

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH

HP

2001

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

3.00

3.40

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH

HP

1981

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

3.00

3.40

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB

IND

2001

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

3.00

3.40

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB

IND



Figure 4.24a: Absolute change in ASMCRU for SC women from Non-SC/ST women, 1981 & 2001 (ASMCRU SC – ASMCRU Non-SC/ST)

1981

-5.00

-3.00

-1.00

1.00

3.00

5.00

7.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN KL TN

2001

-5.00

-3.00

-1.00

1.00

3.00

5.00

7.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN KL TN

1981

-5.00

-3.00

-1.00

1.00

3.00

5.00

7.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

2001

-5.00

-3.00

-1.00

1.00

3.00

5.00

7.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP RJ UP

1981

-5.00

-3.00

-1.00

1.00

3.00

5.00

7.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MHHY PNHP

2001

-5.00

-3.00

-1.00

1.00

3.00

5.00

7.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MHHY PNHP

1981

-5.00

-3.00

-1.00

1.00

3.00

5.00

7.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB

IND

2001

-5.00

-3.00

-1.00

1.00

3.00

5.00

7.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB

IND



Figure 4.24b: Absolute change in ASMCRU for ST women from Non-SC/ST women, 1981 & 2001 (ASMCRU ST – ASMCRU Non-SC/ST)

1981

-20.00

-16.00

-12.00

-8.00 -4.00 0.00

4.00

8.00

12.00

16.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN

KL TN

2001

-20.00

-16.00

-12.00

-8.00 -4.00 0.00

4.00

8.00

12.00

16.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN

KL TN

1981

-20.00

-16.00

-12.00

-8.00

-4.00

0.00

4.00

8.00

12.00 16.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

2001

-20.00

-16.00

-12.00

-8.00

-4.00

0.00

4.00

8.00

12.00 16.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

1981

-20.00

-16.00

-12.00

-8.00

-4.00

0.00

4.00

8.00

12.00 16.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ

MH

HP

2001

-20.00

-16.00

-12.00

-8.00

-4.00

0.00

4.00

8.00

12.00 16.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ

MH

HP

1981

-20.00

-16.00

-12.00

-8.00

-4.00

0.00

4.00

8.00

12.00

16.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR

WBIND

2001

-20.00

-16.00

-12.00

-8.00

-4.00

0.00

4.00

8.00

12.00 16.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR

WB

IND



Table 4.1: Share of population in the total population of the state by selected characteristics for combined areas, 2001.

India/State

Religion of the woman Caste of the woman women work Status Female Literacy

Rate (7+)

Muslim

Christian

Other Religions Schedule

Caste Schedule

Tribe % Main workers

% Marginal Workers

Andhra P. 9.17 1.55 89.28 16.19 6.59 25.21 9.72 50.43 Karnataka 12.23 1.91 85.86 16.20 6.55 20.92 10.96 56.87 Kerala 24.70 19.02 56.28 9.81 1.14 10.74 4.54 87.72 Tamil Nadu 5.56 6.07 88.37 19.00 1.04 23.79 7.52 64.43 Bihar 16.53 0.06 83.40 15.72 0.91 8.76 10.07 33.12 Madhya P. 6.37 0.28 93.35 15.17 20.27 17.31 15.79 50.29 Rajasthan 8.47 0.13 91.40 17.16 12.56 16.83 16.66 43.85 Uttar Pradesh 18.50 0.13 81.38 21.15 0.06 6.10 10.18 42.22 Gujarat 9.06 0.56 90.38 7.09 14.76 14.53 13.50 57.80 Maharashtra 10.60 1.09 88.31 10.20 8.85 24.10 8.49 67.03 Haryana 5.78 0.13 94.09 19.35 NA 13.37 13.94 55.73 Punjab 1.57 1.20 97.23 28.85 NA 11.92 6.76 63.36 Himachal P. 1.97 0.13 97.91 24.72 4.02 21.08 22.61 67.42 Orissa 2.07 2.44 95.49 16.53 22.13 8.60 16.02 50.51 West Bengal 25.25 0.64 74.11 23.02 5.50 8.86 9.22 59.61 India 13.43 2.34 84.22 16.20 8.20 14.68 10.99 53.67

Table 4.2a: General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group 15-49 years by

Religion for India and States, Combined Areas, 1981-2001.

State/India

1981 1991 2001

Hindu

Mus-

lim

Chris-

tian Other Hindu

Mus-

lim

Chris-

tian Other Hindu

Mus-

lim

Chris-

tian Others

Andhra P. 17.81 16.20 15.78 36.66 17.67 16.43 15.96 15.87 17.27 20.91 19.48 25.71

Karnataka 2.69 2.50 2.32 2.96 14.39 13.67 13.03 14.44 15.06 15.36 17.40 15.94

Kerala 8.92 11.45 7.19 -36.00 12.72 15.34 10.87 15.56 13.57 15.36 12.23 19.21

Tamil Nadu 14.72 14.15 11.65 13.40 14.49 14.52 10.19 14.26 18.56 19.97 18.85 29.95

Bihar 16.99 16.68 10.65 13.46 24.15 22.81 17.30 18.59 18.65 17.66 16.47 19.45

Madhya P. 18.94 16.29 12.41 15.22 19.13 17.61 11.34 16.15 14.96 14.16 14.12 12.64

Rajasthan 21.71 21.27 15.35 14.31 19.07 19.50 17.38 13.02 16.26 17.02 13.65 16.97

Uttar P. 9.77 8.60 7.94 6.85 24.00 22.80 20.97 18.12 18.28 17.25 19.18 17.12

Gujarat 18.61 16.72 13.79 14.86 17.42 16.16 14.25 14.62 15.39 15.76 13.33 15.87

Maharashtra 7.90 7.16 4.23 7.35 9.31 8.84 9.19 8.69 13.28 14.45 15.83 13.39

Haryana 17.95 19.98 11.05 12.27 14.82 17.30 15.69 12.73 11.63 13.18 14.03 10.69

Punjab 12.09 12.86 10.33 11.49 12.56 12.50 14.35 12.36 13.74 13.95 14.35 12.79

Himachal P. 8.21 8.55 7.07 9.34 12.16 15.19 15.37 12.07 10.49 12.62 14.48 12.30

Orissa 13.77 11.74 12.22 18.45 18.13 13.96 17.08 18.88 13.57 12.86 13.98 16.49

W. Bengal 7.81 8.92 8.91 9.53 14.74 15.27 16.14 18.52 13.00 12.73 15.01 17.35

India 13.31 11.71 8.96 10.61 17.76 17.64 13.81 12.90 15.79 16.07 15.89 13.95



Table 4.2b: General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group 15-49 years by Religion for India and States, Rural Areas, 1981-2001.

State/India

1981 1991 2001

Hindu Mus-lim

Chris-tian Other Hindu

Mus-lim


Mus-lim

Chris-tian Others

Andhra P. 17.89 16.17 15.55 18.39 17.96 16.14 15.74 19.18 16.24 16.42 16.27 21.11

Karnataka 2.69 2.83 2.79 3.16 13.92 13.21 11.45 14.81 14.25 14.18 13.65 15.00

Kerala 8.92 11.74 6.90 5.74 12.76 16.00 10.61 18.32 13.28 15.37 11.84 17.82

Tamil Nadu 14.59 13.72 11.11 14.17 15.14 15.40 10.33 12.11 17.49 19.31 17.39 28.09

Bihar 17.09 16.84 10.47 13.34 24.55 22.93 17.46 18.74 18.92 17.66 16.37 5.42

Madhya P. 19.35 17.06 12.95 17.69 19.38 17.16 9.71 17.46 15.25 14.14 13.11 13.28

Rajasthan 22.27 21.41 12.25 14.32 19.75 19.37 16.18 13.31 16.87 17.07 11.54 11.58

Uttar P. 10.05 9.19 7.73 6.75 24.37 23.27 22.46 19.79 18.38 17.13 18.08 16.73

Gujarat 19.05 16.37 12.61 13.89 17.99 16.11 14.25 16.60 15.11 14.65 10.89 14.68

Maharashtra 8.59 8.63 4.71 8.46 9.45 9.32 8.52 8.88 12.98 14.10 13.79 12.89

Haryana 18.86 20.19 6.36 12.59 15.56 17.63 17.82 13.35 11.69 13.34 15.33 10.45

Punjab 11.65 14.25 10.44 11.42 12.32 13.90 14.09 12.32 12.68 13.72 13.93 12.45

Himachal P. 8.29 8.82 3.66 9.99 12.31 15.49 14.65 12.59 10.44 12.57 14.90 11.89

Orissa 13.93 12.17 12.31 18.75 18.35 14.34 17.09 19.07 13.59 12.14 13.82 16.49

W. Bengal 8.55 9.33 9.57 10.35 14.47 15.18 16.09 19.67 11.77 12.21 13.90 16.84

India 13.76 12.28 8.96 10.93 18.48 18.30 14.19 13.50 15.72 15.57 14.97 13.74

Table 4.2b: General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group 15-49 years by

Religion for India and States, Urban Areas, 1981-2001.

State/India

1981 1991 2001

Hindu Mus-lim


Mus-lim


Mus-lim

Chris-tian Others

Andhra P. 17.47 16.24 16.39 51.04 16.70 16.66 16.31 14.29 20.56 24.44 23.51 29.24

Karnataka 2.69 2.21 1.96 2.65 15.67 14.06 13.97 13.83 16.94 16.18 19.12 17.72

Kerala 8.93 10.18 8.56 NC 12.60 13.51 11.67 13.29 14.36 15.31 13.52 22.28

Tamil Nadu 15.02 14.42 12..55 12.95 13.10 13.98 9.99 15.12 20.05 20.23 19.94 30.66

Bihar 16.13 15.67 11.63 14.29 21.08 22.09 16.45 17.55 16.07 17.66 16.62 17.04

Madhya P. 16.92 15.76 11.50 12.96 18.11 17.88 13.93 15.17 13.98 14.17 14.62 11.87

Rajasthan 19.05 21.11 17.28 14.30 16.27 19.64 18.08 12.55 14.20 16.97 15.15 11.98

Uttar P. 7.98 7.30 8.01 6.98 21.97 21.84 19.97 15.70 17.80 17.50 19.97 17.78

Gujarat 17.43 17.00 14.97 15.18 16.17 16.19 14.25 14.04 15.89 16.52 16.79 16.12

Maharashtra 6.14 6.24 4.12 5.78 9.02 8.59 9.31 8.48 13.77 14.61 16.19 13.83

Haryana 14.71 16.85 13.14 11.18 12.68 14.20 14.53 10.79 11.49 12.24 13.43 11.31

Punjab 12.54 10.74 9.92 11.84 12.76 10.11 15.29 12.51 14.56 14.29 15.37 14.01

Himachal P. 7.07 6.16 9.83 7.25 10.37 12.64 16.04 10.40 10.92 12.97 13.92 13.66

Orissa 12.43 11.01 11.74 14.01 16.58 13.33 17.00 16.13 13.42 13.90 14.96 16.45

W. Bengal 5.94 6.20 6.73 6.69 15.34 15.85 16.28 13.18 15.68 15.64 18.63 20.23

India 11.58 10.55 9.16 9.77 15.43 16.35 12.99 11.55 15.99 17.02 17.57 14.39



Table 4.3: Absolute change in the General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group 15-49 years for various religions during1981-2001.

State/India

Combined Rural Urban

Hindu Mus-lim


Mus-lim


Mus-lim

Chris-tian Others

Andhra P. -0.54 4.71 3.70 -10.95 -1.65 0.25 0.72 2.72 3.09 8.20 7.12 -21.80

Karnataka 12.37 12.86 15.08 12.98 11.56 11.35 10.86 11.84 14.25 13.97 17.16 15.07

Kerala 4.65 3.91 5.04 55.21 4.36 3.63 4.94 12.08 5.43 5.13 4.96 NC

Tamil Nadu 3.84 5.82 7.20 16.55 2.90 5.59 6.28 13.92 5.03 5.81 7.39 17.71

Bihar 1.66 0.98 5.82 5.99 1.83 0.82 5.90 -7.92 -0.06 1.99 4.99 2.75

Madhya P. -3.98 -2.13 1.71 -2.58 -4.10 -2.92 0.16 -4.41 -2.94 -1.59 3.12 -1.09

Rajasthan -5.45 -4.25 -1.70 2.66 -5.40 -4.34 -0.71 -2.74 -4.85 -4.14 -2.13 -2.32

Uttar P. 8.51 8.65 11.24 10.27 8.33 7.94 10.35 9.98 9.82 10.20 11.96 10.80

Gujarat -3.22 -0.96 -0.46 1.01 -3.94 -1.72 -1.72 0.79 -1.54 -0.48 1.82 0.94

Maharashtra 5.38 7.29 11.60 6.04 4.39 5.47 9.08 4.43 7.63 8.37 12.07 8.05

Haryana -6.32 -6.80 2.98 -1.58 -7.17 -6.85 8.97 -2.14 -3.22 -4.61 0.29 0.13

Punjab 1.65 1.09 4.02 1.30 1.03 -0.53 3.49 1.03 2.02 3.55 5.45 2.17

Himachal P. 2.28 4.07 7.41 2.96 2.15 3.75 11.24 1.90 3.85 6.81 4.09 6.41

Orissa -0.20 1.12 1.76 -1.96 -0.34 -0.03 1.51 -2.26 0.99 2.89 3.22 2.44

W. Bengal 5.19 3.81 6.10 7.82 3.22 2.88 4.33 6.49 9.74 9.44 11.90 13.54

India 2.48 4.36 6.93 3.34 1.96 3.29 6.01 2.81 4.41 6.47 8.41 4.62

Table 4.4a: Ratio of the General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group 15-

49 years of Different Religion to that of the Hindu religion, 1981-2001.

State/India


1981 2001 1981 2001 1981 2001

Mus-lim

Chris-tian

Mus-lim

Chris-tian

Mus-lim

Chris-tian

Mus-lim

Chris-tian

Mus-lim

Chris-tian

Mus-lim

Chris-tian

Andhra P. 0.91 0.89 1.21 1.13 0.90 0.87 1.01 1.00 0.93 0.94 1.19 1.14

Karnataka 0.93 0.86 1.02 1.16 1.05 1.04 1.00 0.96 0.82 0.73 0.96 1.13

Kerala 1.28 0.81 1.13 0.90 1.32 0.77 1.16 0.89 1.14 0.96 1.07 0.94

Tamil Nadu 0.96 0.79 1.08 1.02 0.94 0.76 1.10 0.99 0.96 0.84 1.01 0.99

Bihar 0.98 0.63 0.95 0.88 0.99 0.61 0.93 0.87 0.97 0.72 1.10 1.03

Madhya P. 0.86 0.66 0.95 0.94 0.88 0.67 0.93 0.86 0.93 0.68 1.01 1.05

Rajasthan 0.98 0.71 1.05 0.84 0.96 0.55 1.01 0.68 1.11 0.91 1.20 1.07

Uttar P. 0.88 0.81 0.94 1.05 0.91 0.77 0.93 0.98 0.91 1.00 0.98 1.12

Gujarat 0.90 0.74 1.02 0.87 0.86 0.66 0.97 0.72 0.98 0.86 1.04 1.06

Maharashtra 0.91 0.54 1.09 1.19 1.00 0.55 1.09 1.06 1.02 0.67 1.06 1.18

Haryana 1.11 0.62 1.13 1.21 1.07 0.34 1.14 1.31 1.15 0.89 1.07 1.17

Punjab 1.06 0.85 1.02 1.04 1.22 0.90 1.08 1.10 0.86 0.79 0.98 1.06

Himachal P. 1.04 0.86 1.20 1.38 1.06 0.44 1.20 1.43 0.87 1.39 1.19 1.27

Orissa 0.85 0.89 0.95 1.03 0.87 0.88 0.89 1.02 0.89 0.94 1.04 1.11

W. Bengal 1.14 1.14 0.98 1.15 1.09 1.12 1.04 1.18 1.04 1.13 1.00 1.19

India 0.88 0.67 1.02 1.01 0.89 0.65 0.99 0.95 0.91 0.79 1.06 1.10



Table 4.4b: Differentials in the General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group 15-49 years for various religions during1981-2001.

State/India

Hindu-Muslim: 1981 Hindu-Muslim: 2001 Hindu-Christian: 1981 Hindu- Christian: 2001

Comb. Rural Urban Comb. Rural Urban Comb. Rural Urban Comb. Rural Urban

Andhra P. 1.61 1.72 1.23 -3.64 -0.18 -3.88 2.03 2.34 1.08 -2.21 -0.03 -2.95

Karnataka 0.19 -0.14 0.48 -0.30 0.07 0.76 0.37 -0.10 0.73 -2.34 0.60 -2.18

Kerala -2.53 -2.82 -1.25 -1.79 -2.09 -0.95 1.73 2.02 0.37 1.34 1.44 0.84

Tamil Nadu 0.57 0.87 0.60 -1.41 -1.82 -0.18 3.07 3.48 2.47 -0.29 0.10 0.11

Bihar 0.31 0.25 0.46 0.99 1.26 -1.59 6.34 6.62 4.50 2.18 2.55 -0.55

Madhya P. 2.65 2.29 1.16 0.80 1.11 -0.19 6.53 6.40 5.42 0.84 2.14 -0.64

Rajasthan 0.44 0.86 -2.06 -0.76 -0.20 -2.77 6.36 10.02 1.77 2.61 5.33 -0.95

Uttar P. 1.17 0.86 0.68 1.03 1.25 0.30 1.83 2.32 -0.03 -0.90 0.30 -2.17

Gujarat 1.89 2.68 0.43 -0.37 0.46 -0.63 4.82 6.44 2.46 2.06 4.22 -0.90

Maharashtra 0.74 -0.04 -0.10 -1.17 -1.12 -0.84 3.67 3.88 2.02 -2.55 -0.81 -2.42

Haryana -2.03 -1.33 -2.14 -1.55 -1.65 -0.75 6.90 12.50 1.57 -2.40 -3.64 -1.94

Punjab -0.77 -2.60 1.80 -0.21 -1.04 0.27 1.76 1.21 2.62 -0.61 -1.25 -0.81

Himachal P. -0.34 -0.53 0.91 -2.13 -2.13 -2.05 1.14 4.63 -2.76 -3.99 -4.46 -3.00

Orissa 2.03 1.76 1.42 0.71 1.45 -0.48 1.55 1.62 0.69 -0.41 -0.23 -1.54

W. Bengal -1.11 -0.78 -0.26 0.27 -0.44 0.04 -1.10 -1.02 -0.79 -2.01 -2.13 -2.95

India 1.60 1.48 1.03 -0.28 0.15 -1.03 4.35 4.80 2.42 -0.10 0.75 -1.58



Table 4.5a: Ratio of the Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates Unadjusted (ASMCRU) by age group by Religion to that of the Hindus for India and States, 1981 and 2001.

State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Ratio of Muslim to Hindu: 1981

Andhra P. 0.93 0.97 0.96 0.98 0.90 0.95 0.93

Karnataka 0.94 0.88 0.84 0.81 0.83 0.83 1.04

Kerala 0.95 0.73 0.70 0.88 0.93 1.03 0.94

Tamil Nadu 0.93 0.85 0.84 0.89 0.81 0.89 0.83

Bihar 0.97 1.01 1.10 1.11 1.06 1.03 1.01

Madhya P. 0.87 0.92 0.95 0.99 0.91 0.94 0.95

Rajasthan 0.92 0.90 0.93 0.92 0.98 1.03 0.95

Uttar Pradesh 0.87 0.89 1.01 1.06 1.03 1.04 1.00

Gujarat 0.88 0.92 1.03 1.25 1.32 1.35 1.27

Maharashtra 0.89 0.85 0.90 0.92 0.89 0.90 0.90

Haryana 0.92 0.97 1.14 1.46 1.07 1.08 0.99

Punjab 0.92 0.87 1.08 0.94 1.63 1.68 1.15

Himachal P. 0.87 0.88 1.02 0.76 0.75 0.50 0.59

Orissa 0.85 0.70 0.73 0.76 0.72 0.93 0.76

West Bengal 0.99 0.99 0.93 1.00 0.89 0.86 0.85

India 0.84 0.85 0.91 0.92 0.86 0.83 0.82

Ratio of Muslim to Hindu: 2001

Andhra P. 1.09 1.20 1.28 1.33 1.32 1.26 1.22

Karnataka 1.01 0.96 0.91 0.93 0.95 0.94 0.95

Kerala 0.88 0.72 0.67 0.81 0.91 0.96 0.91

Tamil Nadu 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.01 0.98 0.95 0.94

Bihar 0.99 1.01 1.05 1.09 1.08 1.10 1.08

Madhya P. 0.93 1.01 1.13 1.20 1.20 1.18 1.07

Rajasthan 0.95 0.97 1.04 1.11 1.14 1.11 1.10

Uttar Pradesh 0.94 0.97 1.05 1.11 1.09 1.10 1.06

Gujarat 0.96 0.95 1.08 1.25 1.30 1.34 1.33

Maharashtra 0.96 0.98 1.02 1.11 1.09 1.08 1.05

Haryana 0.96 0.81 0.75 0.91 0.95 1.06 1.05

Punjab 0.96 0.81 0.80 0.91 0.94 0.98 1.05

Himachal P. 0.99 0.89 0.96 1.16 1.13 1.07 1.02

Orissa 0.95 0.89 0.87 0.90 0.87 0.97 0.90

West Bengal 0.93 0.82 0.71 0.77 0.79 0.85 0.89

India 0.94 0.94 0.99 1.06 1.05 1.05 1.00



Table 4. 5b: Difference in Levels of Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates Unadjusted (ASMCRU) by age group by Religion for India and States, Combined Areas, 1981 and 2001.

State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Ratio of Christian to Hindu: 1981

Andhra P. 0.87 0.90 1.00 0.93 0.83 0.95 0.92

Karnataka 1.01 1.17 1.28 0.94 0.77 0.74 1.01

Kerala 1.01 1.10 0.96 0.65 0.61 0.59 0.60

Tamil Nadu 1.01 1.01 0.98 0.82 0.71 0.66 0.67

Bihar 0.92 0.99 1.00 1.05 0.89 0.82 0.86

Madhya P. 0.90 1.09 1.16 0.71 0.74 0.84 0.84

Rajasthan 0.89 1.00 1.54 1.53 1.03 1.04 0.72

Uttar Pradesh 0.75 0.88 1.50 1.68 1.38 1.52 1.47

Gujarat 0.94 0.93 1.12 1.09 1.04 1.09 1.05

Maharashtra 0.57 0.82 0.98 0.71 0.73 0.57 0.65

Haryana 0.72 0.77 0.91 1.11 2.36 1.02 2.21

Punjab 0.96 0.83 0.88 0.85 1.08 0.92 0.21

Himachal P. 0.85 0.91 2.52 1.03 2.23 0.00 0.48

Orissa 0.95 0.99 1.01 0.95 0.98 0.97 0.86

West Bengal 1.18 1.40 1.29 1.72 1.75 1.00 1.12

India 0.86 0.97 1.00 0.89 0.81 0.81 0.78

Ratio of Christian to Hindu: 1981

Andhra P. 1.02 1.14 1.33 1.33 1.26 1.21 1.18

Karnataka 1.13 1.39 1.61 1.39 1.31 1.12 1.14

Kerala 1.12 1.21 1.16 0.87 0.79 0.74 0.70

Tamil Nadu 1.13 1.21 1.22 1.05 0.99 0.92 0.89

Bihar 1.00 1.02 1.44 1.42 1.36 1.32 1.40

Madhya P. 0.92 1.27 1.97 1.82 1.44 1.48 1.16

Rajasthan 0.86 1.12 2.01 1.53 1.74 1.56 1.65

Uttar Pradesh 0.98 1.12 1.52 1.61 1.65 1.56 1.60

Gujarat 0.91 0.90 1.31 1.30 1.18 1.16 1.05

Maharashtra 1.05 1.41 2.15 1.87 1.57 1.29 1.24

Haryana 1.12 1.65 2.58 2.65 1.71 1.70 2.05

Punjab 0.99 0.94 0.93 0.95 1.01 1.03 0.95

Himachal P. 0.98 0.98 1.52 1.51 2.05 2.81 2.41

Orissa 0.99 0.96 0.99 1.07 1.16 1.21 1.25

West Bengal 1.04 1.22 1.34 1.35 1.25 1.18 1.33

India 1.01 1.22 1.49 1.39 1.30 1.22 1.16



Table 4. 5c: Difference in Levels of Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates Unadjusted (ASMCRU) by age group by Religion for India and States, Combined Areas, 1981 and 2001.

State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Ratio of Other Religion to Hindu: 1981

Andhra P. 0.94 1.16 1.16 0.91 1.29 0.92 0.86

Karnataka 1.20 1.08 1.26 1.15 0.98 0.92 1.23

Kerala 0.00 1.16 -25.53 1.56 0.67 0.12 1.10

Tamil Nadu 1.00 0.95 0.67 0.84 1.07 0.88 0.79

Bihar 0.85 0.91 1.08 1.31 1.54 1.57 1.58

Madhya P. 0.96 1.13 0.87 0.96 0.92 1.20 1.17

Rajasthan 0.88 0.90 0.83 0.79 0.87 0.74 0.95

Uttar Pradesh 0.85 1.03 1.02 0.91 0.77 0.85 0.70

Gujarat 0.92 1.14 1.38 1.09 1.10 1.21 1.39

Maharashtra 0.99 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.96 0.82

Haryana 0.90 1.05 1.13 1.11 0.99 0.99 0.75

Punjab 1.03 1.02 1.04 0.97 1.00 1.07 1.05

Himachal P. 1.13 1.84 2.11 1.53 1.34 1.37 1.08

Orissa 0.95 1.18 1.45 1.87 2.07 1.82 2.01

West Bengal 1.05 1.32 1.59 1.86 1.77 1.70 1.60

India 0.90 1.06 1.00 0.88 0.85 0.90 0.78

Ratio of Other Religion to Hindu: 1981

Andhra P. 1.14 1.46 1.72 1.83 1.84 1.73 1.76

Karnataka 1.05 1.10 1.03 1.03 1.02 1.07 1.13

Kerala 0.99 1.06 1.35 1.66 1.65 1.89 1.81

Tamil Nadu 1.17 1.52 1.72 1.75 1.80 1.60 1.73

Bihar 1.00 1.07 1.21 1.30 1.38 1.58 1.46

Madhya P. 1.00 1.20 1.35 1.26 1.22 1.18 1.19

Rajasthan 0.95 0.97 1.05 1.12 1.15 1.12 1.12

Uttar Pradesh 1.00 1.07 1.16 1.18 1.20 1.19 1.14

Gujarat 1.01 1.35 1.59 1.49 1.45 1.33 1.34

Maharashtra 1.01 1.08 1.13 1.08 1.00 0.94 0.93

Haryana 1.03 1.21 1.27 1.25 1.19 1.05 1.00

Punjab 1.01 0.95 0.90 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.88

Himachal P. 1.02 1.18 1.51 1.69 1.46 1.47 1.25

Orissa 0.99 0.95 1.07 1.35 1.48 1.62 1.70

West Bengal 1.07 1.29 1.39 1.52 1.54 1.56 1.55

India 1.01 1.08 1.04 0.96 0.92 0.87 0.86



Table 4. 6a: Difference in Levels of Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates Unadjusted (ASMCRU) by age group by Religion for India and States, Combined Areas, 1981 and 2001.

State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Hindu – Muslim : 1981

Andhra P. 4.30 0.77 0.47 0.21 0.68 0.38 0.58

Karnataka 0.61 0.53 0.28 0.24 0.16 0.19 -0.04

Kerala 2.44 5.54 2.29 0.51 0.23 -0.08 0.17

Tamil Nadu 4.05 4.46 1.92 0.85 1.11 0.70 1.14

Bihar 1.77 -0.29 -1.13 -0.62 -0.26 -0.10 -0.02

Madhya P. 9.07 2.09 0.47 0.07 0.45 0.36 0.26

Rajasthan 6.12 3.09 0.71 0.49 0.11 -0.14 0.19

Uttar Pradesh 4.58 1.65 -0.03 -0.22 -0.08 -0.12 0.00

Gujarat 10.01 2.90 -0.34 -1.53 -1.55 -1.71 -1.35

Maharashtra 3.84 2.04 0.51 0.26 0.29 0.27 0.26

Haryana 6.07 0.80 -1.14 -1.65 -0.19 -0.20 0.02

Punjab 4.76 3.70 -0.79 0.29 -2.09 -2.12 -0.45

Himachal P. 5.93 1.55 -0.05 0.56 0.56 1.35 1.11

Orissa 8.74 7.08 2.58 1.52 1.48 0.38 1.39

West Bengal 0.45 0.10 0.32 0.01 0.25 0.33 0.36

India 8.31 3.37 0.77 0.39 0.55 0.71 0.74

Hindu – Muslim : 1981

Andhra P. -5.45 -5.66 -4.01 -3.31 -2.72 -2.38 -2.07

Karnataka -0.59 1.19 1.23 0.63 0.31 0.42 0.34

Kerala 8.94 10.31 5.54 1.63 0.60 0.24 0.56

Tamil Nadu 0.08 -0.18 0.18 -0.07 0.25 0.58 0.69

Bihar 1.00 -0.45 -0.67 -0.73 -0.45 -0.52 -0.45

Madhya P. 4.86 -0.24 -1.24 -1.02 -0.84 -0.73 -0.31

Rajasthan 3.38 0.98 -0.35 -0.54 -0.51 -0.38 -0.35

Uttar Pradesh 4.29 1.02 -0.69 -0.92 -0.59 -0.57 -0.36

Gujarat 2.86 1.87 -1.03 -1.68 -1.53 -1.64 -1.59

Maharashtra 2.62 0.64 -0.27 -0.70 -0.47 -0.46 -0.28

Haryana 2.99 4.85 1.87 0.31 0.13 -0.13 -0.12

Punjab 3.28 7.02 2.86 0.60 0.32 0.08 -0.24

Himachal P. 0.64 3.48 0.39 -0.66 -0.41 -0.21 -0.07

Orissa 3.22 3.66 1.83 0.79 0.74 0.16 0.57

West Bengal 3.99 4.19 3.23 1.68 1.29 0.89 0.64

India 4.04 1.78 0.19 -0.45 -0.30 -0.28 -0.03



Table 4. 6b: Difference in Levels of Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates Unadjusted (ASMCRU) by age group by Religion for India and States, Combined Areas, 1981 and 2001.

State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Hindu – Christian : 1981

Andhra P. 7.66 2.57 -0.03 0.59 1.19 0.40 0.64

Karnataka -0.09 -0.76 -0.51 0.08 0.22 0.28 -0.01

Kerala -0.26 -1.98 0.28 1.48 1.20 1.27 1.19

Tamil Nadu -0.74 -0.17 0.23 1.37 1.70 2.26 2.17

Bihar 4.99 0.28 -0.05 -0.31 0.44 0.69 0.46

Madhya P. 7.00 -2.24 -1.55 1.82 1.35 0.92 0.94

Rajasthan 8.75 -0.12 -5.81 -3.15 -0.12 -0.19 1.17

Uttar Pradesh 8.92 1.86 -2.87 -2.29 -1.03 -1.42 -1.29

Gujarat 5.18 2.46 -1.41 -0.55 -0.20 -0.42 -0.23

Maharashtra 14.66 2.52 0.11 0.90 0.69 1.18 0.93

Haryana 20.14 6.25 0.74 -0.38 -3.72 -0.04 -2.85

Punjab 2.57 4.80 1.12 0.74 -0.25 0.24 2.33

Himachal P. 6.57 1.15 -5.05 -0.07 -2.70 2.68 1.42

Orissa 2.75 0.35 -0.07 0.30 0.12 0.16 0.78

West Bengal -6.40 -4.72 -1.39 -1.93 -1.65 0.00 -0.30

India 7.40 0.60 -0.02 0.55 0.75 0.79 0.91

Hindu – Christian : 1981

Andhra P. -1.51 -3.97 -4.70 -3.25 -2.20 -1.89 -1.68

Karnataka -8.57 -11.95 -8.79 -3.47 -2.08 -0.81 -0.95

Kerala -9.35 -7.73 -2.65 1.13 1.37 1.59 1.78

Tamil Nadu -8.88 -7.42 -4.14 -0.60 0.08 0.93 1.22

Bihar -0.04 -0.68 -6.34 -3.30 -2.14 -1.74 -2.20

Madhya P. 6.01 -7.63 -9.24 -4.23 -1.84 -1.93 -0.67

Rajasthan 10.43 -3.49 -9.40 -2.49 -2.65 -1.91 -2.21

Uttar Pradesh 1.78 -4.22 -7.61 -5.13 -4.23 -3.34 -3.57

Gujarat 6.60 3.60 -4.00 -1.99 -0.93 -0.76 -0.26

Maharashtra -3.52 -12.23 -13.11 -5.59 -2.94 -1.58 -1.28

Haryana -7.87 -16.44 -11.69 -5.61 -1.78 -1.63 -2.50

Punjab 0.76 2.32 1.00 0.36 -0.05 -0.14 0.24

Himachal P. 1.13 0.70 -4.69 -2.07 -3.37 -5.86 -4.84

Orissa 0.87 1.23 0.16 -0.50 -0.95 -1.23 -1.46

West Bengal -2.57 -5.17 -3.77 -2.53 -1.50 -1.08 -1.91

India -0.82 -7.08 -6.49 -3.04 -1.90 -1.33 -0.99



Table 4. 6c: Difference in Levels of Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates Unadjusted (ASMCRU) by age group by Religion for India and States, Combined Areas, 1981 and 2001.

State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Hindu – Other Religion : 1981

Andhra P. 3.58 -4.03 -1.89 0.78 -2.08 0.66 1.17

Karnataka -2.11 -0.35 -0.47 -0.19 0.02 0.09 -0.25

Kerala 51.67 -3.32 NC -2.36 1.03 2.72 -0.29

Tamil Nadu -0.07 1.58 3.90 1.25 -0.41 0.78 1.42

Bihar 9.21 2.45 -0.86 -1.80 -2.20 -2.11 -1.98

Madhya P. 2.59 -3.47 1.31 0.22 0.43 -1.11 -0.97

Rajasthan 9.43 3.31 1.87 1.26 0.57 1.15 0.23

Uttar Pradesh 5.33 -0.41 -0.11 0.31 0.64 0.41 0.81

Gujarat 6.50 -5.01 -4.58 -0.54 -0.48 -1.02 -1.95

Maharashtra 0.33 0.86 0.35 0.25 0.22 0.11 0.48

Haryana 6.93 -1.37 -1.03 -0.38 0.02 0.02 0.60

Punjab -1.48 -0.44 -0.37 0.16 0.00 -0.23 -0.14

Himachal P. -5.57 -10.67 -3.68 -1.21 -0.74 -0.98 -0.22

Orissa 2.90 -4.20 -4.34 -5.45 -5.57 -4.71 -5.76

West Bengal -1.83 -3.86 -2.82 -2.31 -1.69 -1.60 -1.45

India 5.14 -1.34 0.04 0.59 0.61 0.40 0.90

Hindu – Other Religion : 1981

Andhra P. -8.61 -13.35 -10.30 -8.26 -7.06 -6.59 -7.05

Karnataka -3.25 -3.14 -0.47 -0.26 -0.12 -0.49 -0.85

Kerala 0.39 -2.17 -5.77 -5.78 -4.26 -5.41 -4.84

Tamil Nadu -11.78 -18.88 -13.27 -9.68 -8.74 -6.76 -8.05

Bihar -0.09 -2.70 -3.03 -2.34 -2.21 -3.16 -2.52

Madhya P. 0.03 -5.56 -3.36 -1.33 -0.93 -0.74 -0.80

Rajasthan 3.42 0.94 -0.50 -0.57 -0.55 -0.42 -0.40

Uttar Pradesh 0.10 -2.39 -2.37 -1.47 -1.30 -1.15 -0.84

Gujarat -0.62 -13.01 -7.62 -3.30 -2.32 -1.57 -1.68

Maharashtra -0.92 -2.41 -1.49 -0.51 0.01 0.35 0.38

Haryana -2.04 -5.26 -1.99 -0.84 -0.48 -0.12 -0.01

Punjab -0.88 1.97 1.46 0.64 0.50 0.51 0.52

Himachal P. -1.57 -5.52 -4.57 -2.80 -1.48 -1.53 -0.85

Orissa 0.62 1.52 -0.93 -2.65 -2.85 -3.58 -4.05

West Bengal -4.45 -6.81 -4.37 -3.73 -3.24 -3.42 -3.15

India -0.93 -2.57 -0.51 0.30 0.50 0.77 0.88



Table 4.7a: General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group 15-49 years by Education for India and States, Combined Areas, 1981-2001.

State/India Illiterate Literate but

below middle Middle but below

matric Matric but below

graduate Graduate and

above 1981

Andhra P. 17.88 15.11 18.24 20.59 23.93

Karnataka 2.75 2.97 3.12 3.34 3.27

Kerala 6.62 8.18 11.74 12.68 14.28

Tamil Nadu 13.82 15.11 15.62 17.79 22.46

Bihar 16.62 17.47 17.75 21.29 18.15

Madhya P. 18.47 20.72 19.96 18.14 19.16

Rajasthan 21.38 21.62 22.50 22.57 23.24

Uttar Pradesh 9.26 11.22 11.69 12.33 12.25

Gujarat 16.18 19.34 25.22 22.86 24.79

Maharashtra 7.61 8.27 7.53 6.84 7.53

Haryana 16.87 21.29 21.97 20.27 20.30

Punjab 10.05 13.76 15.61 17.82 19.51

Himachal P. 6.92 11.47 13.22 11.52 9.83

Orissa 13.69 13.68 14.81 14.54 15.62

West Bengal 8.85 7.98 8.72 9.43 10.37

India 12.97 12.41 13.03 14.01 14.66 1991

Andhra P. 17.20 16.41 19.73 22.34 23.59

Karnataka 13.44 13.84 15.89 18.29 20.91

Kerala 10.75 10.08 14.62 16.73 18.53

Tamil Nadu 14.34 13.78 14.39 14.42 16.82

Bihar 23.29 24.96 24.66 30.20 28.52

Madhya P. 18.12 21.60 24.35 21.58 20.64

Rajasthan 18.69 20.47 20.82 19.83 18.81

Uttar Pradesh 23.08 25.06 27.94 28.87 24.21

Gujarat 15.87 17.74 21.05 21.53 20.89

Maharashtra 7.97 9.44 11.61 11.25 12.03

Haryana 13.13 18.41 19.83 19.03 16.15

Punjab 10.68 12.29 15.55 17.11 15.47

Himachal P. 9.93 12.38 19.22 18.86 14.75

Orissa 17.90 16.90 19.74 21.99 22.75

West Bengal 14.33 14.10 16.15 18.48 21.51

India 17.60 15.82 17.77 19.38 19.31 2001

Andhra P. 15.28 16.83 21.42 25.64 27.89

Karnataka 12.39 14.30 19.86 20.97 23.29

Kerala 10.47 8.76 14.10 17.60 20.54

Tamil Nadu 14.96 17.36 21.25 24.50 29.11

Bihar 17.31 20.34 24.10 22.74 18.10

Madhya P. 12.51 17.61 21.10 19.57 16.71

Rajasthan 13.89 21.01 21.90 22.15 17.55

Uttar Pradesh 15.70 20.13 23.84 26.29 22.56

Gujarat 11.89 16.57 20.39 20.14 21.41

Maharashtra 10.10 11.99 17.72 18.50 18.80

Haryana 7.57 14.27 17.50 17.80 15.56

Punjab 9.54 10.96 15.14 18.94 17.81

Himachal P. 6.95 7.59 11.83 18.32 19.31

Orissa 12.84 11.79 17.50 18.28 21.19

West Bengal 10.68 12.63 14.87 18.99 21.93

India 13.71 15.19 19.00 20.99 20.93



Table 4.7b: General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group 15-49 years by Education for India and States, Rural Areas, 1981-2001.





above 1981

Andhra P. 17.92 15.41 19.94 22.08 26.52

Karnataka 2.59 3.02 3.49 4.21 5.41

Kerala 6.70 8.32 11.65 13.18 15.71

Tamil Nadu 13.77 15.89 17.26 18.93 22.28

Bihar 16.68 18.46 19.39 23.87 17.81

Madhya P. 18.80 23.82 24.25 22.37 21.44

Rajasthan 21.79 25.78 29.92 28.80 23.04

Uttar Pradesh 9.54 12.90 15.32 18.54 16.91

Gujarat 16.17 22.22 30.61 27.64 29.91

Maharashtra 8.04 9.97 9.22 9.67 9.01

Haryana 17.43 26.63 29.68 26.94 26.32

Punjab 9.98 15.09 18.96 21.80 25.67

Himachal P. 6.97 11.90 14.66 12.89 10.48

Orissa 13.71 14.47 16.95 17.85 18.03

West Bengal 8.55 8.85 11.28 13.46 13.33

India 13.29 13.48 15.22 17.24 17.57 1991

Andhra P. 17.46 17.42 22.79 27.04 29.63

Karnataka 13.14 13.99 17.66 21.49 24.59

Kerala 10.91 10.30 14.90 17.28 20.36

Tamil Nadu 14.62 14.76 16.49 17.14 19.64

Bihar 23.49 26.45 27.27 35.30 33.80

Madhya P. 18.34 23.91 30.18 26.81 24.75

Rajasthan 19.07 24.53 28.35 28.50 23.02

Uttar Pradesh 23.27 26.62 32.05 36.71 29.70

Gujarat 16.14 19.89 25.34 28.13 28.77

Maharashtra 8.03 10.36 13.82 14.91 14.50

Haryana 13.35 21.48 25.95 27.87 23.34

Punjab 10.31 12.73 17.63 21.41 21.36

Himachal P. 9.98 12.59 20.41 21.68 18.23

Orissa 17.97 17.26 21.65 26.60 27.58

West Bengal 14.26 14.35 17.08 20.93 25.21

India 17.99 16.85 20.27 24.30 24.45 2001

Andhra P. 14.73 16.57 21.40 24.77 25.34

Karnataka 12.10 14.58 21.03 22.43 25.01

Kerala 10.27 8.64 14.10 17.66 21.64

Tamil Nadu 14.37 17.31 22.42 26.01 29.43

Bihar 17.46 21.28 25.51 23.92 18.05

Madhya P. 12.81 19.26 24.92 24.36 19.08

Rajasthan 14.19 23.20 27.28 30.22 22.38

Uttar Pradesh 15.83 21.14 25.74 30.16 27.21

Gujarat 11.73 18.18 22.27 22.53 24.84

Maharashtra 9.90 12.42 19.71 21.58 20.39

Haryana 7.47 15.38 19.94 21.63 20.55

Punjab 8.98 10.73 15.70 20.77 23.22

Himachal P. 6.88 7.59 12.00 19.55 23.43

Orissa 12.87 12.05 18.56 20.10 23.90

West Bengal 10.27 12.36 14.50 19.35 23.46

India 13.82 15.76 20.31 22.94 23.33



Table 4.7b: General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group 15-49 years by Education for India and States, Urban Areas, 1981-2001.





above 1981

Andhra P. 17.72 14.58 16.97 19.99 23.55

Karnataka 2.49 2.42 2.60 2.95 2.99

Kerala 6.11 7.51 12.06 11.44 12.68

Tamil Nadu 13.98 14.16 14.59 17.31 22.49

Bihar 15.95 14.30 14.60 19.32 18.21

Madhya P. 16.22 16.24 17.76 17.18 18.94

Rajasthan 18.99 17.80 19.74 21.32 23.26

Uttar Pradesh 7.24 7.54 7.96 9.55 11.56

Gujarat 16.20 15.59 21.44 20.89 24.15

Maharashtra 6.02 5.69 6.04 6.09 7.41

Haryana 13.38 12.63 16.02 17.50 19.57

Punjab 10.32 11.10 12.82 15.97 18.49

Himachal P. 5.55 6.41 7.38 9.13 9.48

Orissa 13.45 9.66 10.52 12.19 14.98

West Bengal 5.78 4.93 5.97 7.47 9.65

India 11.17 10.41 10.86 12.58 14.21 1991

Andhra P. 15.99 14.88 17.01 19.98 22.30

Karnataka 14.67 13.52 14.65 16.92 20.42

Kerala 10.08 9.37 13.84 15.57 16.64

Tamil Nadu 13.23 12.36 12.63 13.02 16.05

Bihar 20.84 19.90 18.69 23.44 26.09

Madhya P. 16.73 17.69 19.87 19.93 20.12

Rajasthan 16.52 16.02 16.79 17.52 18.31

Uttar Pradesh 21.76 21.15 20.79 22.61 23.03

Gujarat 14.92 14.77 17.62 18.36 19.74

Maharashtra 7.80 7.94 9.55 10.04 11.73

Haryana 11.86 11.49 12.77 13.59 15.13

Punjab 12.13 11.09 12.68 13.65 14.22

Himachal P. 8.70 9.25 10.94 11.41 12.52

Orissa 17.13 14.85 14.80 17.14 20.13

West Bengal 14.68 13.43 15.02 17.39 20.85

India 15.45 13.68 14.59 16.34 18.23 2001

Andhra P. 17.96 17.50 21.45 26.33 28.68

Karnataka 13.55 13.77 18.47 20.05 22.97

Kerala 11.47 9.19 14.09 17.44 19.05

Tamil Nadu 16.52 17.42 20.23 23.70 29.04

Bihar 14.79 14.51 17.63 19.55 18.15

Madhya P. 10.91 13.04 16.50 17.24 16.36

Rajasthan 12.17 15.05 15.97 18.03 16.73

Uttar Pradesh 14.85 16.56 18.72 21.67 21.13

Gujarat 12.46 14.20 18.63 18.66 20.74

Maharashtra 10.60 11.29 15.77 16.74 18.53

Haryana 8.01 10.96 12.81 14.05 14.52

Punjab 11.33 11.63 14.11 16.98 16.61

Himachal P. 8.51 7.48 10.01 12.10 14.79

Orissa 12.57 10.33 13.87 15.28 19.45

West Bengal 12.87 13.50 15.50 18.74 21.57

India 13.19 13.80 16.87 19.29 20.26



Table 4. 8: Absolute change in the General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group 15-49 years for various educational groups during1981-2001.





above Combined

Andhra P. -2.60 1.72 3.18 5.05 3.96

Karnataka 9.64 11.33 16.74 17.63 20.02

Kerala 3.85 0.58 2.36 4.92 6.26

Tamil Nadu 1.14 2.25 5.63 6.71 6.65

Bihar 0.69 2.87 6.35 1.45 -0.05

Madhya P. -5.96 -3.11 1.14 1.43 -2.45

Rajasthan -7.49 -0.61 -0.60 -0.42 -5.69

Uttar Pradesh 6.44 8.91 12.15 13.96 10.31

Gujarat -4.29 -2.77 -4.83 -2.72 -3.38

Maharashtra 2.49 3.72 10.19 11.66 11.27

Haryana -9.30 -7.02 -4.47 -2.47 -4.74

Punjab -0.51 -2.80 -0.47 1.12 -1.70

Himachal P. 0.03 -3.88 -1.39 6.80 9.48

Orissa -0.85 -1.89 2.69 3.74 5.57

West Bengal 1.83 4.65 6.15 9.56 11.56

India 0.74 2.78 5.97 6.98 6.27 Rural

Andhra P. -3.19 1.16 1.46 2.69 -1.18

Karnataka 9.51 11.56 17.54 18.22 19.60

Kerala 3.57 0.32 2.45 4.48 5.93

Tamil Nadu 0.60 1.42 5.16 7.08 7.15

Bihar 0.78 2.82 6.12 0.05 0.24

Madhya P. -5.99 -4.56 0.67 1.99 -2.36

Rajasthan -7.60 -2.58 -2.64 1.42 -0.66

Uttar Pradesh 6.29 8.24 10.42 11.62 10.30

Gujarat -4.44 -4.04 -8.34 -5.11 -5.07

Maharashtra 1.86 2.45 10.49 11.91 11.38

Haryana -9.96 -11.25 -9.74 -5.31 -5.77

Punjab -1.00 -4.36 -3.26 -1.03 -2.45

Himachal P. -0.09 -4.31 -2.66 6.66 12.95

Orissa -0.84 -2.42 1.61 2.25 5.87

West Bengal 1.72 3.51 3.22 5.89 10.13

India 0.53 2.28 5.09 5.70 5.76 Urban

Andhra P. 0.24 2.92 4.48 6.34 5.13

Karnataka 11.06 11.35 15.87 17.10 19.98

Kerala 5.36 1.68 2.03 6.00 6.37

Tamil Nadu 2.54 3.26 5.64 6.39 6.55

Bihar -1.16 0.21 3.03 0.23 -0.06

Madhya P. -5.31 -3.20 -1.26 0.06 -2.58

Rajasthan -6.82 -2.75 -3.77 -3.29 -6.53

Uttar Pradesh 7.61 9.02 10.76 12.12 9.57

Gujarat -3.74 -1.39 -2.81 -2.23 -3.41

Maharashtra 4.58 5.60 9.73 10.65 11.12

Haryana -5.37 -1.67 -3.21 -3.45 -5.05

Punjab 1.01 0.53 1.29 1.01 -1.88

Himachal P. 2.96 1.07 2.63 2.97 5.31

Orissa -0.88 0.67 3.35 3.09 4.47

West Bengal 7.09 8.57 9.53 11.27 11.92

India 2.02 3.39 6.01 6.71 6.05



Table 4.9a: Ratio of General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group 15-49 years for various educational groups to that of the Illiterates, 1981-2001.

State/ India

1981 2001 Ratio

Literate but <

middle to Illiterate

Ratio Middle but <

matric to Illiterate

Ratio Matric but < graduate

to Illiterate

Ratio Graduate & above

to Illiterate

Ratio Literate

but < middle to Illiterate

Ratio Middle but <



to Illiterate

Ratio Graduate

& above to Illiterate

Combined Andhra P. 0.85 1.02 1.15 1.34 1.10 1.40 1.68 1.83 Karnataka 1.08 1.13 1.21 1.19 1.15 1.60 1.69 1.88 Kerala 1.24 1.77 1.92 2.16 0.84 1.35 1.68 1.96 Tamil Nadu 1.09 1.13 1.29 1.63 1.16 1.42 1.64 1.95 Bihar 1.05 1.07 1.28 1.09 1.18 1.39 1.31 1.05 Madhya P. 1.12 1.08 0.98 1.04 1.41 1.69 1.56 1.34 Rajasthan 1.01 1.05 1.06 1.09 1.51 1.58 1.59 1.26 Uttar Pradesh 1.21 1.26 1.33 1.32 1.28 1.52 1.67 1.44 Gujarat 1.20 1.56 1.41 1.53 1.39 1.71 1.69 1.80 Maharashtra 1.09 0.99 0.90 0.99 1.19 1.75 1.83 1.86 Haryana 1.26 1.30 1.20 1.20 1.89 2.31 2.35 2.06 Punjab 1.37 1.55 1.77 1.94 1.15 1.59 1.99 1.87 Himachal P. 1.66 1.91 1.66 1.42 1.09 1.70 2.64 2.78 Orissa 1.00 1.08 1.06 1.14 0.92 1.36 1.42 1.65 West Bengal 0.90 0.99 1.07 1.17 1.18 1.39 1.78 2.05 India 0.96 1.00 1.08 1.13 1.11 1.39 1.53 1.53

Rural Andhra P. 0.86 1.11 1.23 1.48 1.12 1.45 1.68 1.72 Karnataka 1.17 1.35 1.63 2.09 1.20 1.74 1.85 2.07 Kerala 1.24 1.74 1.97 2.34 0.84 1.37 1.72 2.11 Tamil Nadu 1.15 1.25 1.37 1.62 1.20 1.56 1.81 2.05 Bihar 1.11 1.16 1.43 1.07 1.22 1.46 1.37 1.03 Madhya P. 1.27 1.29 1.19 1.14 1.50 1.95 1.90 1.49 Rajasthan 1.18 1.37 1.32 1.06 1.63 1.92 2.13 1.58 Uttar Pradesh 1.35 1.61 1.94 1.77 1.34 1.63 1.91 1.72 Gujarat 1.37 1.89 1.71 1.85 1.55 1.90 1.92 2.12 Maharashtra 1.24 1.15 1.20 1.12 1.25 1.99 2.18 2.06 Haryana 1.53 1.70 1.55 1.51 2.06 2.67 2.90 2.75 Punjab 1.51 1.90 2.18 2.57 1.19 1.75 2.31 2.59 Himachal P. 1.71 2.10 1.85 1.50 1.10 1.74 2.84 3.41 Orissa 1.06 1.24 1.30 1.32 0.94 1.44 1.56 1.86 West Bengal 1.04 1.32 1.57 1.56 1.20 1.41 1.88 2.28 India 1.01 1.15 1.30 1.32 1.14 1.47 1.66 1.69

Rural Andhra P. 0.97 1.04 1.18 1.20 0.97 1.19 1.47 1.60 Karnataka 1.23 1.97 1.87 2.08 1.02 1.36 1.48 1.70 Kerala 1.01 1.04 1.24 1.61 0.80 1.23 1.52 1.66 Tamil Nadu 0.90 0.92 1.21 1.14 1.05 1.22 1.43 1.76 Bihar 1.00 1.09 1.06 1.17 0.98 1.19 1.32 1.23 Madhya P. 0.94 1.04 1.12 1.22 1.20 1.51 1.58 1.50 Rajasthan 1.04 1.10 1.32 1.60 1.24 1.31 1.48 1.37 Uttar Pradesh 0.96 1.32 1.29 1.49 1.12 1.26 1.46 1.42 Gujarat 0.95 1.00 1.01 1.23 1.14 1.50 1.50 1.66 Maharashtra 0.94 1.20 1.31 1.46 1.07 1.49 1.58 1.75 Haryana 1.08 1.24 1.55 1.79 1.37 1.60 1.75 1.81 Punjab 1.15 1.33 1.65 1.71 1.03 1.25 1.50 1.47 Himachal P. 0.72 0.78 0.91 1.11 0.88 1.18 1.42 1.74 Orissa 0.85 1.03 1.29 1.67 0.82 1.10 1.22 1.55 West Bengal 0.93 0.97 1.13 1.27 1.05 1.20 1.46 1.68 India 0.97 1.04 1.18 1.20 1.05 1.28 1.46 1.54



Table 4.9b: Differentials in the General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group 15-49 years for various educational groups during1981-2001.

State/ India

1981 2001 Ratio

Literate but <

middle to Illiterate

Ratio Middle but <



to Illiterate

Ratio Graduate & above

to Illiterate

Ratio Literate

but < middle to Illiterate

Ratio Middle but <



to Illiterate

Ratio Graduate

& above to Illiterate

Combined Andhra P. 2.77 -0.36 -2.71 -6.05 -1.55 -6.14 -10.36 -12.61 Karnataka -0.22 -0.37 -0.59 -0.52 -1.91 -7.47 -8.58 -10.90 Kerala -1.56 -5.12 -6.06 -7.66 1.71 -3.63 -7.13 -10.07 Tamil Nadu -1.29 -1.80 -3.97 -8.64 -2.40 -6.29 -9.54 -14.15 Bihar -0.85 -1.13 -4.67 -1.53 -3.03 -6.79 -5.43 -0.79 Madhya P. -2.25 -1.49 0.33 -0.69 -5.10 -8.59 -7.06 -4.20 Rajasthan -0.24 -1.12 -1.19 -1.86 -7.12 -8.01 -8.26 -3.66 Uttar Pradesh -1.96 -2.43 -3.07 -2.99 -4.43 -8.14 -10.59 -6.86 Gujarat -3.16 -9.04 -6.68 -8.61 -4.68 -8.50 -8.25 -9.52 Maharashtra -0.66 0.08 0.77 0.08 -1.89 -7.62 -8.40 -8.70 Haryana -4.42 -5.10 -3.40 -3.43 -6.70 -9.93 -10.23 -7.99 Punjab -3.71 -5.56 -7.77 -9.46 -1.42 -5.60 -9.40 -8.27 Himachal P. -4.55 -6.30 -4.60 -2.91 -0.64 -4.88 -11.37 -12.36 Orissa 0.01 -1.12 -0.85 -1.93 1.05 -4.66 -5.44 -8.35 West Bengal 0.87 0.13 -0.58 -1.52 -1.95 -4.19 -8.31 -11.25 India 0.56 -0.06 -1.04 -1.69 -1.48 -5.29 -7.28 -7.22

Rural Andhra P. 2.51 -2.02 -4.16 -8.60 -1.84 -6.67 -10.04 -10.61 Karnataka -0.43 -0.90 -1.62 -2.82 -2.48 -8.93 -10.33 -12.91 Kerala -1.62 -4.95 -6.48 -9.01 1.63 -3.83 -7.39 -11.37 Tamil Nadu -2.12 -3.49 -5.16 -8.51 -2.94 -8.05 -11.64 -15.06 Bihar -1.78 -2.71 -7.19 -1.13 -3.82 -8.05 -6.46 -0.59 Madhya P. -5.02 -5.45 -3.57 -2.64 -6.45 -12.11 -11.55 -6.27 Rajasthan -3.99 -8.13 -7.01 -1.25 -9.01 -13.09 -16.03 -8.19 Uttar Pradesh -3.36 -5.78 -9.00 -7.37 -5.31 -9.91 -14.33 -11.38 Gujarat -6.05 -14.44 -11.47 -13.74 -6.45 -10.54 -10.80 -13.11 Maharashtra -1.93 -1.18 -1.63 -0.97 -2.52 -9.81 -11.68 -10.49 Haryana -9.20 -12.25 -9.51 -8.89 -7.91 -12.47 -14.16 -13.08 Punjab -5.11 -8.98 -11.82 -15.69 -1.75 -6.72 -11.79 -14.24 Himachal P. -4.93 -7.69 -5.92 -3.51 -0.71 -5.12 -12.67 -16.55 Orissa -0.76 -3.24 -4.14 -4.32 0.82 -5.69 -7.23 -11.03 West Bengal -0.30 -2.73 -4.91 -4.78 -2.09 -4.23 -9.08 -13.19 India -0.19 -1.93 -3.95 -4.28 -1.94 -6.49 -9.12 -9.51

Rural Andhra P. 3.14 0.75 -2.27 -5.83 0.46 -3.49 -8.37 -10.72 Karnataka 0.07 -0.11 -0.46 -0.50 -0.22 -4.92 -6.50 -9.42 Kerala -1.40 -5.95 -5.33 -6.57 2.28 -2.62 -5.97 -7.58 Tamil Nadu -0.18 -0.61 -3.33 -8.51 -0.90 -3.71 -7.18 -12.52 Bihar 1.65 1.35 -3.37 -2.26 0.28 -2.84 -4.76 -3.36 Madhya P. -0.02 -1.54 -0.96 -2.72 -2.13 -5.59 -6.33 -5.45 Rajasthan 1.19 -0.75 -2.33 -4.27 -2.88 -3.80 -5.86 -4.56 Uttar Pradesh -0.30 -0.72 -2.31 -4.32 -1.71 -3.87 -6.82 -6.28 Gujarat 0.61 -5.24 -4.69 -7.95 -1.74 -6.17 -6.20 -8.28 Maharashtra 0.33 -0.02 -0.07 -1.39 -0.69 -5.17 -6.14 -7.93 Haryana 0.75 -2.64 -4.12 -6.19 -2.95 -4.80 -6.04 -6.51 Punjab -0.78 -2.50 -5.65 -8.17 -0.30 -2.78 -5.65 -5.28 Himachal P. -0.86 -1.83 -3.58 -3.93 1.03 -1.50 -3.59 -6.28 Orissa 3.79 2.93 1.26 -1.53 2.24 -1.30 -2.71 -6.88 West Bengal 0.85 -0.19 -1.69 -3.87 -0.63 -2.63 -5.87 -8.70 India 0.76 0.31 -1.41 -3.04 -0.61 -3.68 -6.10 -7.07



Table 4. 10a: Ratio of Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates Unadjusted (ASMCRU) for various Educations for India and States, 1981-2001.

State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Literate but below Middle / Illiterate: 1981

Andhra P. 0.88 0.74 0.67 0.66 0.70 0.74 0.78

Karnataka 1.10 1.08 1.00 0.91 0.87 0.89 0.78

Kerala 1.06 0.97 0.83 0.73 0.71 0.66 0.79

Tamil Nadu 1.00 0.94 0.85 0.75 0.74 0.73 0.73

Bihar 0.96 0.87 0.77 0.76 0.80 0.91 0.98

Madhya P. 0.98 0.87 0.81 0.86 0.88 0.97 1.01

Rajasthan 0.95 0.87 0.78 0.94 1.04 1.13 1.32

Uttar Pradesh 1.01 0.99 0.91 0.95 1.01 1.08 1.22

Gujarat 1.05 1.00 0.86 0.83 0.88 0.93 1.62

Maharashtra 0.96 0.88 0.76 0.76 0.81 0.79 0.87

Haryana 1.05 1.05 0.90 0.92 0.95 1.12 1.07

Punjab 1.11 1.11 0.94 0.92 0.93 0.82 0.87

Himachal P. 1.13 1.07 0.74 0.62 0.66 0.60 0.65

Orissa 0.97 0.85 0.58 0.61 0.52 0.66 0.78

West Bengal 0.97 0.79 0.63 0.66 0.74 0.75 0.79

India 0.94 0.87 0.75 0.75 0.76 0.80 0.85

Literate but below Middle / Illiterate: 2001

Andhra P. 1.04 0.95 0.87 0.85 0.85 0.81 0.80

Karnataka 1.11 1.05 1.02 0.95 0.92 0.82 0.81

Kerala 1.02 0.85 0.80 0.73 0.71 0.67 0.72

Tamil Nadu 1.12 1.08 1.03 0.95 0.95 0.88 0.87

Bihar 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.03 1.01 0.94 0.86

Madhya P. 1.11 1.15 1.10 1.05 1.04 1.00 0.96

Rajasthan 1.07 1.10 1.03 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.97

Uttar Pradesh 1.09 1.10 1.07 1.06 1.09 1.06 1.01

Gujarat 1.13 1.18 1.15 1.06 1.02 1.00 0.99

Maharashtra 1.12 1.09 0.99 0.91 0.87 0.80 0.78

Haryana 1.15 1.16 1.13 1.10 1.13 1.13 1.10

Punjab 1.22 1.12 1.01 0.99 0.99 0.97 0.98

Himachal P. 1.15 1.06 0.88 0.78 0.69 0.59 0.60

Orissa 1.05 1.00 0.89 0.75 0.68 0.58 0.53

West Bengal 1.08 0.97 0.91 0.88 0.84 0.79 0.76

India 1.04 0.98 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.89 0.85



Table 4. 10a contd….

State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Middle but below Metric / Illiterate: 1981

Andhra P. 0.93 0.81 0.70 0.67 0.66 0.71 0.72

Karnataka 1.06 1.05 0.90 0.87 0.83 0.81 0.68

Kerala 1.18 0.98 0.91 0.68 0.66 0.71 0.81

Tamil Nadu 1.01 0.88 0.83 0.69 0.71 0.68 0.75

Bihar 0.97 0.84 0.69 0.64 0.80 0.85 1.06

Madhya P. 0.98 0.98 0.80 0.79 0.74 0.70 0.84

Rajasthan 0.95 0.95 0.83 1.09 0.94 0.94 1.28

Uttar Pradesh 0.98 1.01 0.92 1.03 1.09 1.22 1.14

Gujarat 1.07 1.03 0.84 0.81 0.69 0.82 2.07

Maharashtra 0.91 0.84 0.66 0.62 0.64 0.53 0.24

Haryana 1.03 1.18 1.14 1.07 0.87 1.24 1.24

Punjab 1.19 1.18 1.07 0.98 0.95 0.97 0.88

Himachal P. 1.22 1.35 0.82 0.63 0.59 0.83 0.57

Orissa 0.94 0.76 0.51 0.44 0.39 0.46 0.63

West Bengal 0.99 0.96 0.79 0.84 0.82 0.85 0.89

India 0.91 0.86 0.71 0.68 0.68 0.72 0.76

Middle but below Metric / Illiterate: 2001

Andhra P. 1.15 1.02 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.88 0.90

Karnataka 1.20 1.09 1.08 1.00 0.96 0.86 0.89

Kerala 1.14 0.95 0.80 0.64 0.61 0.53 0.60

Tamil Nadu 1.18 1.14 1.12 1.01 0.98 0.87 0.86

Bihar 1.04 1.08 1.12 1.13 1.10 0.98 0.91

Madhya P. 1.12 1.26 1.30 1.21 1.11 0.97 0.91

Rajasthan 1.07 1.22 1.24 1.19 1.15 1.03 1.06

Uttar Pradesh 1.11 1.14 1.14 1.16 1.20 1.15 1.11

Gujarat 1.16 1.28 1.27 1.16 1.14 1.12 1.14

Maharashtra 1.22 1.19 1.09 0.99 0.89 0.79 0.76

Haryana 1.19 1.26 1.31 1.35 1.31 1.30 1.26

Punjab 1.33 1.24 1.15 1.11 1.21 1.16 1.23

Himachal P. 1.32 1.32 0.99 0.72 0.71 0.68 0.63

Orissa 1.13 1.07 0.94 0.77 0.70 0.58 0.56

West Bengal 1.24 1.27 1.25 1.17 1.05 0.90 0.89

India 1.10 1.09 1.07 1.04 1.01 0.92 0.89




State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Matric but below Graduate / Illiterate: 1981

Andhra P. 1.05 1.08 1.01 0.91 0.93 0.93 1.04

Karnataka 1.07 1.29 1.35 1.07 1.07 1.02 1.12

Kerala 1.24 1.73 1.50 0.90 0.85 0.82 1.21

Tamil Nadu 1.09 1.08 1.09 0.91 0.96 0.75 0.90

Bihar 1.05 1.08 0.92 0.92 0.97 1.20 1.44

Madhya P. 1.04 1.21 1.10 0.92 0.90 0.82 0.89

Rajasthan 1.00 1.11 1.17 1.18 1.44 1.47 1.82

Uttar Pradesh 1.09 1.20 1.20 1.18 1.37 1.31 1.59

Gujarat 1.09 1.13 1.16 1.13 1.21 1.29 2.88

Maharashtra 0.87 0.91 0.84 0.73 0.82 0.70 0.83

Haryana 1.02 1.36 1.37 1.30 1.32 1.20 1.44

Punjab 1.22 1.42 1.39 1.25 1.17 1.28 1.59

Himachal P. 1.19 1.68 1.52 0.82 0.86 0.64 0.91

Orissa 0.94 0.95 0.67 0.58 0.59 0.97 0.41

West Bengal 1.08 1.40 1.37 1.16 1.38 0.98 1.10

India 1.01 1.14 1.06 0.91 0.94 0.85 1.00

Matric but below Graduate / Illiterate: 2001

Andhra P. 1.28 1.39 1.31 1.27 1.35 1.21 1.22

Karnataka 1.29 1.42 1.40 1.23 1.19 0.98 1.03

Kerala 1.32 1.31 1.11 0.74 0.64 0.58 0.66

Tamil Nadu 1.31 1.36 1.35 1.17 1.14 0.97 0.98

Bihar 1.02 1.09 1.18 1.24 1.24 1.15 1.01

Madhya P. 1.18 1.59 1.65 1.50 1.33 1.20 1.11

Rajasthan 1.13 1.55 1.51 1.38 1.34 1.25 1.29

Uttar Pradesh 1.14 1.37 1.39 1.46 1.51 1.45 1.43

Gujarat 1.20 1.45 1.42 1.28 1.23 1.22 1.23

Maharashtra 1.30 1.47 1.37 1.14 1.00 0.84 0.83

Haryana 1.29 1.63 1.63 1.59 1.52 1.43 1.42

Punjab 1.38 1.54 1.48 1.35 1.31 1.33 1.35

Himachal P. 1.38 1.85 1.55 1.07 0.99 0.82 0.86

Orissa 1.22 1.29 1.15 0.85 0.75 0.66 0.65

West Bengal 1.43 2.08 2.03 1.73 1.59 1.29 1.32

India 1.18 1.38 1.37 1.28 1.21 1.09 1.06




State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Graduate and Above / Illiterate: 1981

Andhra P. 1.16 1.80 1.87 1.36 1.42 1.16 1.57

Karnataka 1.23 1.87 1.77 1.13 1.26 0.78 1.14

Kerala 0.39 2.69 2.57 1.26 1.02 0.75 1.68

Tamil Nadu 1.38 1.76 2.09 1.39 1.31 1.19 1.76

Bihar 0.94 1.42 1.45 1.25 1.44 1.61 1.90

Madhya P. 1.07 1.67 1.67 1.34 1.11 1.34 1.33

Rajasthan 1.09 1.51 1.78 1.80 1.92 1.90 2.26

Uttar Pradesh 1.07 1.56 1.70 1.69 1.80 2.14 3.06

Gujarat 0.96 1.60 1.99 1.51 1.48 1.62 2.93

Maharashtra 0.99 1.34 1.46 1.02 0.87 0.92 1.21

Haryana 0.93 1.78 1.95 1.38 1.50 1.88 2.10

Punjab 1.54 1.72 1.87 1.42 2.03 2.93 1.84

Himachal P. 1.14 2.07 3.06 1.00 1.46 1.19 0.89

Orissa 1.10 1.45 1.34 0.78 0.83 0.83 1.78

West Bengal 1.09 2.21 2.39 1.67 1.91 1.69 1.98

India 1.01 1.60 1.68 1.18 1.15 1.12 1.41

Graduate and Above / Illiterate: 2001

Andhra P. NA 2.17 2.40 1.86 1.74 1.61 1.67

Karnataka NA 2.25 2.63 1.82 1.56 1.23 1.31

Kerala NA 2.05 1.84 1.01 0.73 0.60 0.66

Tamil Nadu NA 2.03 2.22 1.62 1.50 1.29 1.26

Bihar NA 1.20 1.66 1.61 1.52 1.37 1.28

Madhya P. NA 2.08 2.95 1.98 1.53 1.42 1.35

Rajasthan NA 1.92 2.54 1.75 1.59 1.46 1.63

Uttar Pradesh NA 1.62 2.12 1.91 1.81 1.75 1.68

Gujarat NA 1.93 2.44 1.89 1.66 1.62 1.59

Maharashtra NA 2.24 2.77 1.67 1.25 0.96 0.97

Haryana NA 2.46 3.58 2.36 1.93 1.58 1.56

Punjab NA 1.97 2.42 1.73 1.49 1.37 1.49

Himachal P. NA 2.68 3.74 1.90 1.48 1.19 1.01

Orissa NA 1.81 2.02 1.39 1.06 0.94 0.92

West Bengal NA 3.15 4.03 2.73 2.27 1.83 1.85

India NA 1.93 2.38 1.77 1.50 1.28 1.25



Table 4. 10b: Difference in Levels of Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates Unadjusted (ASMCRU) for various Educational categories for India and States, 1981-2001.

State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Illiterate – Literate but below Middle: 1981

Andhra P. 7.12 6.95 4.08 3.15 2.21 2.17 1.85

Karnataka -1.00 -0.35 0.00 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.24

Kerala -2.87 0.47 1.18 1.28 1.01 1.20 0.63

Tamil Nadu 0.13 1.86 1.78 1.98 1.62 1.88 1.82

Bihar 2.46 3.60 2.71 1.50 0.85 0.36 0.07

Madhya P. 1.44 3.28 1.90 0.87 0.62 0.17 -0.08

Rajasthan 3.79 3.99 2.32 0.33 -0.16 -0.58 -1.30

Uttar Pradesh -0.45 0.21 0.53 0.17 -0.04 -0.22 -0.59

Gujarat -4.11 -0.05 1.64 1.09 0.60 0.38 -2.00

Maharashtra 1.50 1.68 1.36 0.81 0.51 0.60 0.34

Haryana -3.79 -1.29 0.77 0.29 0.14 -0.30 -0.17

Punjab -6.20 -2.67 0.52 0.37 0.22 0.58 0.40

Himachal P. -5.57 -0.77 0.88 0.95 0.80 1.11 0.98

Orissa 1.95 3.79 4.47 2.74 2.73 2.05 1.28

West Bengal 1.01 2.58 1.79 0.97 0.57 0.58 0.52

India 2.87 2.77 2.13 1.30 0.95 0.85 0.63

Illiterate – Literate but below Middle: 1981

Andhra P. -2.50 1.44 1.67 1.51 1.30 1.77 1.88

Karnataka -6.24 -1.33 -0.27 0.41 0.51 1.26 1.31

Kerala -1.33 4.39 3.03 2.91 2.57 2.86 2.06

Tamil Nadu -7.50 -2.60 -0.52 0.60 0.51 1.37 1.47

Bihar -3.03 -1.33 -0.36 -0.23 -0.08 0.34 0.80

Madhya P. -7.36 -3.68 -0.83 -0.24 -0.14 -0.01 0.17

Rajasthan -5.35 -2.79 -0.24 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.10

Uttar Pradesh -6.50 -3.15 -0.87 -0.44 -0.55 -0.34 -0.03

Gujarat -9.08 -5.61 -1.61 -0.39 -0.12 -0.02 0.04

Maharashtra -7.49 -2.10 0.08 0.54 0.70 1.19 1.29

Haryana -8.84 -3.27 -0.72 -0.29 -0.29 -0.26 -0.22

Punjab -13.70 -3.46 -0.14 0.07 0.05 0.11 0.08

Himachal P. -9.09 -1.19 0.85 0.94 1.12 1.60 1.59

Orissa -3.05 -0.03 1.41 2.03 2.12 2.85 3.25

West Bengal -4.16 0.66 0.77 0.73 0.86 1.26 1.36

India -2.46 0.51 0.62 0.43 0.40 0.68 0.94



Table 4. 10b contd….

State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Illiterate – Middle but below matric: 1981

Andhra P. 3.85 5.00 3.76 3.01 2.54 2.40 2.30

Karnataka -0.61 -0.21 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.21 0.36

Kerala -8.39 0.36 0.60 1.49 1.18 1.04 0.56

Tamil Nadu -0.52 3.41 2.07 2.49 1.77 2.16 1.73

Bihar 1.94 4.53 3.71 2.21 0.84 0.57 -0.22

Madhya P. 1.54 0.58 1.99 1.31 1.39 1.67 0.91

Rajasthan 4.14 1.66 1.80 -0.51 0.28 0.25 -1.15

Uttar Pradesh 0.56 -0.14 0.46 -0.11 -0.23 -0.59 -0.38

Gujarat -5.29 -1.06 1.92 1.25 1.58 0.89 -3.44

Maharashtra 3.11 2.33 1.88 1.28 0.98 1.33 2.03

Haryana -2.12 -4.68 -1.07 -0.24 0.36 -0.59 -0.55

Punjab -10.54 -4.53 -0.63 0.07 0.15 0.10 0.37

Himachal P. -9.39 -4.12 0.61 0.94 0.96 0.48 1.20

Orissa 3.43 5.87 5.27 3.88 3.48 3.30 2.17

West Bengal 0.18 0.44 1.04 0.45 0.40 0.35 0.26

India 4.85 3.10 2.45 1.68 1.29 1.19 0.99

Illiterate – Middle but below matric: 2001

Andhra P. -8.69 -0.48 0.38 0.28 0.30 1.07 0.90

Karnataka -11.66 -2.51 -0.99 0.02 0.25 1.03 0.75

Kerala -8.17 1.49 2.91 3.95 3.44 4.01 2.95

Tamil Nadu -11.19 -4.20 -1.83 -0.07 0.21 1.51 1.56

Bihar -2.84 -2.91 -1.68 -0.95 -0.56 0.09 0.52

Madhya P. -8.54 -6.47 -2.44 -0.98 -0.42 0.13 0.37

Rajasthan -5.27 -5.78 -2.00 -0.86 -0.53 -0.10 -0.20

Uttar Pradesh -7.88 -4.75 -1.90 -1.23 -1.17 -0.85 -0.60

Gujarat -11.43 -8.54 -2.80 -0.98 -0.69 -0.56 -0.68

Maharashtra -13.46 -4.61 -0.84 0.07 0.59 1.25 1.42

Haryana -11.34 -5.25 -1.71 -1.00 -0.66 -0.63 -0.55

Punjab -20.78 -6.78 -1.51 -0.63 -0.89 -0.64 -0.84

Himachal P. -19.62 -6.89 0.05 1.20 1.05 1.24 1.49

Orissa -8.09 -2.06 0.85 1.85 2.00 2.88 3.05

West Bengal -13.07 -5.19 -2.12 -1.02 -0.28 0.61 0.63

India -7.01 -2.68 -0.85 -0.31 -0.06 0.51 0.71




State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Illiterate – Matric but below graduate: 1981

Andhra P. -3.20 -2.06 -0.08 0.81 0.51 0.58 -0.35

Karnataka -0.73 -1.21 -0.61 -0.09 -0.07 -0.02 -0.13

Kerala -10.81 -12.23 -3.40 0.48 0.51 0.63 -0.62

Tamil Nadu -5.33 -2.37 -1.12 0.76 0.25 1.72 0.68

Bihar -2.98 -2.21 0.92 0.51 0.14 -0.77 -1.49

Madhya P. -2.82 -5.46 -0.98 0.48 0.52 1.01 0.64

Rajasthan -0.18 -3.50 -1.82 -1.03 -1.91 -2.05 -3.35

Uttar Pradesh -3.29 -2.97 -1.14 -0.62 -1.01 -0.85 -1.56

Gujarat -7.29 -4.49 -1.97 -0.84 -1.08 -1.48 -6.04

Maharashtra 4.40 1.23 0.88 0.92 0.48 0.84 0.46

Haryana -1.57 -9.46 -2.86 -1.08 -0.86 -0.49 -1.01

Punjab -12.71 -10.61 -3.49 -1.14 -0.55 -0.92 -1.80

Himachal P. -8.17 -7.94 -1.79 0.44 0.32 1.01 0.25

Orissa 3.25 1.21 3.59 2.91 2.34 0.21 3.48

West Bengal -2.81 -4.86 -1.78 -0.45 -0.84 0.04 -0.24

India -0.68 -3.06 -0.51 0.47 0.26 0.61 0.02

Illiterate – Matric but below graduate: 2001

Andhra P. -16.57 -10.42 -4.10 -2.62 -2.96 -1.93 -2.10

Karnataka -17.21 -11.06 -4.84 -1.91 -1.23 0.11 -0.21

Kerala -18.81 -9.03 -1.61 2.85 3.15 3.64 2.51

Tamil Nadu -19.19 -11.13 -5.51 -2.09 -1.45 0.38 0.25

Bihar -1.18 -3.28 -2.56 -1.82 -1.36 -0.79 -0.07

Madhya P. -12.20 -14.51 -5.27 -2.37 -1.33 -0.79 -0.46

Rajasthan -9.46 -14.73 -4.26 -1.70 -1.15 -0.83 -0.96

Uttar Pradesh -10.16 -12.28 -5.13 -3.53 -3.07 -2.54 -2.40

Gujarat -14.33 -13.74 -4.46 -1.70 -1.14 -1.00 -1.10

Maharashtra -18.54 -11.40 -3.49 -0.87 -0.02 0.94 1.02

Haryana -17.39 -12.55 -3.42 -1.68 -1.13 -0.89 -0.91

Punjab -23.53 -14.99 -4.88 -1.95 -1.36 -1.28 -1.31

Himachal P. -23.30 -18.23 -3.83 -0.32 0.05 0.72 0.56

Orissa -14.07 -8.58 -1.92 1.19 1.67 2.28 2.40

West Bengal -22.94 -20.46 -8.67 -4.31 -3.16 -1.72 -1.82

India -12.01 -10.84 -4.37 -2.00 -1.28 -0.55 -0.39




State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Illiterate – Graduate and above: 1981

Andhra P. -9.65 -21.07 -10.85 -3.29 -3.10 -1.37 -4.75

Karnataka -2.30 -3.60 -1.34 -0.16 -0.25 0.24 -0.15

Kerala 27.94 -28.07 -10.80 -1.24 -0.07 0.87 -2.03

Tamil Nadu -23.43 -21.90 -13.16 -3.13 -1.91 -1.28 -5.13

Bihar 3.60 -11.79 -5.34 -1.57 -1.86 -2.30 -3.07

Madhya P. -4.75 -17.33 -6.71 -2.13 -0.59 -1.94 -1.90

Rajasthan -7.33 -16.32 -8.35 -4.65 -4.00 -3.94 -5.15

Uttar Pradesh -2.61 -8.22 -4.01 -2.35 -2.17 -3.09 -5.46

Gujarat 3.28 -21.04 -11.87 -3.34 -2.44 -3.14 -6.22

Maharashtra 0.44 -4.85 -2.59 -0.08 0.36 0.23 -0.56

Haryana 4.88 -20.33 -7.29 -1.39 -1.35 -2.22 -2.53

Punjab -30.80 -18.18 -7.69 -1.91 -3.39 -6.30 -2.56

Himachal P. -6.03 -12.46 -7.03 0.00 -1.07 -0.54 0.32

Orissa -6.07 -11.17 -3.67 1.52 0.96 1.06 -4.59

West Bengal -3.19 -14.71 -6.78 -1.92 -2.03 -1.61 -2.39

India -0.39 -13.05 -5.81 -0.93 -0.59 -0.51 -1.67

Illiterate – Graduate and above: 2001

Andhra P. NA -31.36 -18.65 -8.46 -6.25 -5.60 -6.31

Karnataka NA -33.11 -19.66 -6.72 -3.66 -1.65 -2.09

Kerala NA -30.80 -12.52 -0.11 2.41 3.40 2.51

Tamil Nadu NA -31.61 -19.28 -7.58 -5.28 -3.28 -2.92

Bihar NA -6.89 -9.18 -4.60 -2.94 -1.99 -1.57

Madhya P. NA -26.71 -15.80 -4.66 -2.13 -1.67 -1.43

Rajasthan NA -24.69 -12.93 -3.40 -2.04 -1.53 -2.08

Uttar Pradesh NA -20.38 -14.91 -7.03 -4.85 -4.20 -3.84

Gujarat NA -28.26 -15.22 -5.52 -3.25 -2.89 -2.81

Maharashtra NA -30.27 -16.55 -4.22 -1.34 0.21 0.17

Haryana NA -28.90 -14.06 -3.85 -2.01 -1.21 -1.21

Punjab NA -27.14 -14.52 -4.10 -2.14 -1.43 -1.83

Himachal P. NA -36.14 -19.20 -3.88 -1.75 -0.74 -0.04

Orissa NA -24.29 -13.45 -3.21 -0.43 0.43 0.54

West Bengal NA -40.88 -25.42 -10.25 -6.83 -4.89 -4.76

India NA -26.82 -16.15 -5.62 -2.98 -1.73 -1.56



Table 4. 11: General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group 15-49 years by Economic Activity Status for India and States, 1981-2001.

State/India 1981 1991

Main Workers

Marginal Workers

Non Workers Main

Workers Marginal Workers

Non Workers

Combined Andhra P. 19.48 15.74 16.37 18.51 15.82 16.74 Karnataka 2.99 3.05 2.41 14.00 12.46 14.92 Kerala 8.24 7.32 9.64 11.91 10.10 13.56 Tamil Nadu 14.81 13.65 14.46 15.34 13.31 13.63 Bihar 15.25 14.10 17.41 24.76 20.45 23.99 Madhya P. 18.23 17.60 19.44 17.86 17.80 20.43 Rajasthan 25.68 19.52 21.03 20.78 17.71 18.73 Uttar Pradesh 12.22 9.39 9.31 24.29 20.55 24.03 Gujarat 19.03 16.99 18.49 17.49 16.79 17.35 Maharashtra 8.18 9.51 6.97 9.02 9.57 9.34 Haryana 20.32 18.16 17.35 15.17 13.87 14.87 Punjab 13.47 10.39 11.73 12.87 10.70 12.48 Himachal P. 10.09 7.80 7.44 12.54 11.68 12.28 Orissa 15.07 14.18 13.35 20.37 18.04 17.33 West Bengal 10.31 8.15 7.81 18.91 13.50 14.34 India 13.90 13.60 12.25 16.88 16.18 18.01

Rural Andhra P. 19.49 15.67 16.01 18.62 15.78 16.96 Karnataka 2.97 2.99 2.41 13.71 12.46 14.60 Kerala 8.24 7.35 9.72 12.08 10.09 13.76 Tamil Nadu 14.70 13.58 14.29 15.45 13.35 14.67 Bihar 15.26 14.08 17.62 24.75 20.46 24.53 Madhya P. 18.37 17.70 20.81 17.88 17.84 22.15 Rajasthan 26.33 19.59 21.79 21.12 17.77 20.01 Uttar Pradesh 12.38 9.49 9.67 24.03 20.51 24.74 Gujarat 19.44 17.11 19.29 17.76 16.88 18.79 Maharashtra 8.38 9.60 8.38 8.98 9.65 10.58 Haryana 21.86 18.26 18.23 15.83 13.93 15.76 Punjab 13.92 10.43 11.51 13.13 10.56 12.40 Himachal P. 10.21 7.81 7.48 12.61 11.72 12.65 Orissa 15.06 14.20 13.59 20.30 18.08 17.65 West Bengal 10.58 8.79 8.53 18.46 13.52 14.11 India 14.14 13.72 12.67 17.03 16.25 19.44

Urban Andhra P. 19.40 17.05 16.90 17.52 16.55 16.49 Karnataka 3.12 3.97 2.41 15.57 12.59 15.26 Kerala 8.06 7.01 9.34 11.35 10.18 13.07 Tamil Nadu 15.44 14.49 14.67 14.71 12.98 12.64 Bihar 15.25 15.03 16.06 24.77 19.62 20.83 Madhya P. 16.46 14.68 16.63 17.64 16.69 18.02 Rajasthan 19.69 16.83 19.16 17.48 15.87 16.62 Uttar Pradesh 10.62 6.35 7.63 26.89 21.50 21.47 Gujarat 16.82 13.52 17.40 15.95 14.11 16.16 Maharashtra 6.74 8.07 5.90 9.28 8.44 8.84 Haryana 13.20 12.10 14.63 12.27 11.24 12.65 Punjab 12.99 9.53 12.24 12.58 14.51 12.65 Himachal P. 6.75 6.62 7.17 11.08 9.26 10.37 Orissa 15.18 13.08 11.88 21.30 15.69 15.79 West Bengal 8.98 2.14 5.82 21.15 12.76 14.86 India 12.05 10.84 11.17 15.78 14.52 15.30



Table 4.12: Absolute change in the General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group 15-49 years for various economic activity status during1981-1991.

State/ India

Combined Rural Urban Main

Worker Marginal Worker

Non Worker

Main Worker

Marginal Worker

Non Worker

Main Worker

Marginal Worker

Non Worker

Andhra P. -0.97 0.08 0.37 -0.87 0.11 0.95 -1.88 -0.50 -0.41 Karnataka 11.01 9.41 12.51 10.74 9.47 12.19 12.45 8.62 12.85 Kerala 3.67 2.78 3.92 3.84 2.74 4.04 3.29 3.17 3.73 Tamil Nadu 0.53 -0.34 -0.83 0.75 -0.23 0.38 -0.73 -1.51 -2.03 Bihar 9.51 6.35 6.58 9.49 6.38 6.91 9.52 4.59 4.77 Madhya P. -0.37 0.20 0.99 -0.49 0.14 1.34 1.18 2.01 1.39 Rajasthan -4.90 -1.81 -2.30 -5.21 -1.82 -1.78 -2.21 -0.96 -2.54 Uttar Pradesh 12.07 11.16 14.72 11.65 11.02 15.07 16.27 15.15 13.84 Gujarat -1.54 -0.20 -1.14 -1.68 -0.23 -0.50 -0.87 0.59 -1.24 Maharashtra 0.84 0.06 2.37 0.60 0.05 2.20 2.54 0.37 2.94 Haryana -5.15 -4.29 -2.48 -6.03 -4.33 -2.47 -0.93 -0.86 -1.98 Punjab -0.60 0.31 0.75 -0.79 0.13 0.89 -0.41 4.98 0.41 Himachal P. 2.45 3.88 4.84 2.40 3.91 5.17 4.33 2.64 3.20 Orissa 5.30 3.86 3.98 5.24 3.88 4.06 6.12 2.61 3.91 West Bengal 8.60 5.35 6.53 7.88 4.73 5.58 12.17 10.62 9.04 India 2.98 2.58 5.76 2.89 2.53 6.77 3.73 3.68 4.13



Table 4.13a: Ratio of the General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group 15-49 years for various economic activity groups to that of the Non-Workers, 1981-2001.

State/India

Combined Rural Urban Ratio of

Main worker to Non-worker

Ratio of Marginal worker to

Non-worker

Ratio of Main worker

to Non-worker


Non-worker

Ratio of Main worker

to Non-worker


Non-worker

1981

Andhra P. 1.19 0.96 1.22 0.98 1.15 1.01

Karnataka 1.24 1.27 1.23 1.24 1.29 1.65

Kerala 0.85 0.76 0.85 0.76 0.86 0.75

Tamil Nadu 1.02 0.94 1.03 0.95 1.05 0.99

Bihar 0.88 0.81 0.87 0.80 0.95 0.94

Madhya P. 0.94 0.91 0.88 0.85 0.99 0.88

Rajasthan 1.22 0.93 1.21 0.90 1.03 0.88

Uttar Pradesh 1.31 1.01 1.28 0.98 1.39 0.83

Gujarat 1.03 0.92 1.01 0.89 0.97 0.78

Maharashtra 1.17 1.36 1.00 1.15 1.14 1.37

Haryana 1.17 1.05 1.20 1.00 0.90 0.83

Punjab 1.15 0.89 1.21 0.91 1.06 0.78

Himachal P. 1.36 1.05 1.36 1.04 0.94 0.92

Orissa 1.13 1.06 1.11 1.04 1.28 1.10

West Bengal 1.32 1.04 1.24 1.03 1.54 0.37

India 1.13 1.11 1.12 1.08 1.08 0.97

1991

Andhra P. 1.11 0.95 1.10 0.93 1.06 1.00

Karnataka 0.94 0.84 0.94 0.85 1.02 0.83

Kerala 0.88 0.74 0.88 0.73 0.87 0.78

Tamil Nadu 1.13 0.98 1.05 0.91 1.16 1.03

Bihar 1.03 0.85 1.01 0.83 1.19 0.94

Madhya P. 0.87 0.87 0.81 0.81 0.98 0.93

Rajasthan 1.11 0.95 1.06 0.89 1.05 0.95

Uttar Pradesh 1.01 0.86 0.97 0.83 1.25 1.00

Gujarat 1.01 0.97 0.95 0.90 0.99 0.87

Maharashtra 0.97 1.02 0.85 0.91 1.05 0.95

Haryana 1.02 0.93 1.00 0.88 0.97 0.89

Punjab 1.03 0.86 1.06 0.85 0.99 1.15

Himachal P. 1.02 0.95 1.00 0.93 1.07 0.89

Orissa 1.18 1.04 1.15 1.02 1.35 0.99

West Bengal 1.32 0.94 1.31 0.96 1.42 0.86

India 0.94 0.90 0.88 0.84 1.03 0.95



Table 4.13b: Differentials in the General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group 15-49 years for various economic activity groups during1981-2001.

State/India


Non-worker minus Main

worker

Non-worker minus

Marginal worker


worker

Non-worker minus

Marginal worker


worker

Non-worker minus

Marginal worker

1981

Andhra P. -3.11 0.63 -3.48 0.34 -2.50 -0.15

Karnataka -0.58 -0.64 -0.56 -0.58 -0.71 -1.56

Kerala 1.40 2.32 1.48 2.37 1.28 2.33

Tamil Nadu -0.35 0.81 -0.41 0.71 -0.77 0.18

Bihar 2.16 3.31 2.36 3.54 0.81 1.03

Madhya P. 1.21 1.84 2.44 3.11 0.17 1.95

Rajasthan -4.65 1.51 -4.54 2.20 -0.53 2.33

Uttar Pradesh -2.91 -0.08 -2.71 0.18 -2.99 1.28

Gujarat -0.54 1.50 -0.15 2.18 0.58 3.88

Maharashtra -1.21 -2.54 0.00 -1.22 -0.84 -2.17

Haryana -2.97 -0.81 -3.63 -0.03 1.43 2.53

Punjab -1.74 1.34 -2.41 1.08 -0.75 2.71

Himachal P. -2.65 -0.36 -2.73 -0.33 0.42 0.55

Orissa -1.72 -0.83 -1.47 -0.61 -3.30 -1.20

West Bengal -2.50 -0.34 -2.05 -0.26 -3.16 3.68

India -1.65 -1.35 -1.47 -1.05 -0.88 0.33

1991

Andhra P. -1.77 0.92 -1.66 1.18 -1.03 -0.06

Karnataka 0.92 2.46 0.89 2.14 -0.31 2.67

Kerala 1.65 3.46 1.68 3.67 1.72 2.89

Tamil Nadu -1.71 0.32 -0.78 1.32 -2.07 -0.34

Bihar -0.77 3.54 -0.22 4.07 -3.94 1.21

Madhya P. 2.57 2.63 4.27 4.31 0.38 1.33

Rajasthan -2.05 1.02 -1.11 2.24 -0.86 0.75

Uttar Pradesh -0.26 3.48 0.71 4.23 -5.42 -0.03

Gujarat -0.14 0.56 1.03 1.91 0.21 2.05

Maharashtra 0.32 -0.23 1.60 0.93 -0.44 0.40

Haryana -0.30 1.00 -0.07 1.83 0.38 1.41

Punjab -0.39 1.78 -0.73 1.84 0.07 -1.86

Himachal P. -0.26 0.60 0.04 0.93 -0.71 1.11

Orissa -3.04 -0.71 -2.65 -0.43 -5.51 0.10

West Bengal -4.57 0.84 -4.35 0.59 -6.29 2.10

India 1.13 1.83 2.41 3.19 -0.48 0.78



Table 4. 14a: Ratio of the Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates Unadjusted (ASMCRU) by age group by Economic Activity Status to that of the Non-Workers for India and States, 1981 and 1991.

State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Ratio of Main Workers / Non Worker: 1981

Andhra P. 1.15 1.25 1.34 1.36 1.38 1.32 1.28

Karnataka 1.27 1.39 1.44 1.55 1.42 1.36 1.46

Kerala 1.00 1.15 1.50 1.56 1.35 1.30 1.36

Tamil Nadu 1.05 1.15 1.25 1.24 1.21 1.18 1.27

Bihar 0.96 1.01 1.11 1.18 1.20 1.21 1.20

Madhya P. 1.00 1.08 1.24 1.31 1.33 1.30 1.31

Rajasthan 1.08 1.20 1.45 1.58 1.65 1.56 1.57

Uttar Pradesh 1.32 1.41 1.55 1.83 2.08 2.16 2.22

Gujarat 1.01 1.06 1.12 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15

Maharashtra 1.18 1.29 1.42 1.32 1.27 1.08 1.18

Haryana 1.04 1.05 1.49 1.46 1.55 1.58 1.63

Punjab 1.00 1.13 1.70 2.02 2.18 2.58 2.43

Himachal P. 1.10 1.02 1.92 1.45 1.56 1.64 1.76

Orissa 1.06 1.30 1.60 1.63 1.63 1.57 1.52

West Bengal 1.08 1.42 2.11 2.41 2.63 2.58 2.53

India 1.35 1.17 1.37 1.50 1.55 1.58 1.62

Ratio of Main Workers / Non Worker: 1991

Andhra P. 1.04 1.10 1.24 1.24 1.27 1.25 1.24

Karnataka 0.99 1.02 1.03 1.15 1.08 1.11 1.12

Kerala 0.98 1.10 1.36 1.45 1.36 1.29 1.34

Tamil Nadu 1.06 1.18 1.26 1.30 1.31 1.27 1.26

Bihar 0.99 1.05 1.22 1.29 1.43 1.42 1.36

Madhya P. 0.96 0.95 1.03 1.11 1.13 1.12 1.12

Rajasthan 1.03 1.10 1.30 1.36 1.45 1.38 1.40

Uttar Pradesh 1.00 1.03 1.20 1.35 1.34 1.33 1.35

Gujarat 0.98 1.03 1.11 1.13 1.17 1.12 1.19

Maharashtra 1.00 0.98 1.07 1.13 1.14 1.08 1.13

Haryana 0.96 0.96 1.28 1.50 1.53 1.77 1.83

Punjab 0.80 1.08 1.66 1.59 2.05 1.64 1.90

Himachal P. 0.95 0.82 1.00 1.28 1.37 1.38 1.44

Orissa 0.98 1.08 1.46 1.46 1.59 1.56 1.59

West Bengal 1.06 1.24 1.59 1.83 1.99 1.93 2.02

India 0.93 0.95 1.09 1.15 1.18 1.18 1.19



Table 4. 14a Contd...

State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Marginal Workers / Non Worker: 1981

Andhra P. 1.06 1.03 0.97 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.88

Karnataka 1.38 1.32 1.25 1.38 1.23 1.33 1.41

Kerala 1.01 1.00 1.06 1.04 1.15 0.96 1.18

Tamil Nadu 1.00 0.99 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.94 1.01

Bihar 0.95 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.80 0.84 0.87

Madhya P. 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.02 0.95 0.92

Rajasthan 1.01 1.01 0.98 0.92 0.89 0.85 0.84

Uttar Pradesh 1.26 1.10 0.91 0.80 0.83 0.89 0.79

Gujarat 1.01 0.98 0.86 0.58 0.80 0.83 0.81

Maharashtra 1.38 1.39 1.41 1.33 1.35 1.12 1.18

Haryana 1.03 0.91 0.90 0.67 0.66 0.78 0.63

Punjab 0.89 0.88 0.74 0.82 0.74 0.87 0.82

Himachal P. 1.02 0.90 0.82 1.04 1.14 1.25 1.30

Orissa 1.02 1.13 1.32 1.26 1.34 1.23 1.23

West Bengal 0.98 1.08 1.26 1.24 1.23 1.03 0.93

India 1.43 1.14 1.10 1.09 1.10 1.09 1.09

Marginal Workers / Non Worker: 1991

Andhra P. 1.02 0.95 0.97 0.93 0.93 0.95 0.95

Karnataka 1.00 0.91 0.76 0.75 0.75 0.77 0.79

Kerala 0.97 0.91 0.90 1.01 1.01 0.99 0.92

Tamil Nadu 1.05 1.03 0.96 0.91 0.99 0.92 0.97

Bihar 0.95 0.88 0.88 0.83 0.88 0.87 0.84

Madhya P. 0.96 0.89 0.87 0.86 0.95 0.92 0.91

Rajasthan 1.01 1.01 0.99 0.88 0.94 0.89 0.81

Uttar Pradesh 0.98 0.92 0.85 0.83 0.82 0.80 0.82

Gujarat 1.01 1.00 0.93 0.89 0.87 0.84 0.83

Maharashtra 1.08 0.99 0.89 1.00 1.06 0.98 1.01

Haryana 0.97 0.86 0.84 0.76 0.70 0.71 0.69

Punjab 0.89 0.88 0.94 0.79 0.80 0.67 0.37

Himachal P. 0.98 0.87 0.80 0.91 1.06 1.03 1.09

Orissa 0.97 0.99 1.10 1.09 1.18 1.09 1.13

West Bengal 1.00 0.90 0.86 0.85 0.94 0.83 0.90

India 0.98 0.93 0.86 0.82 0.85 0.82 0.82



Table 4. 14b: Ratio of the Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates Unadjusted (ASMCRU) by age group by Economic Activity Status to that of the Non-Workers for India and States, 1981 and 1991.

State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Non Worker – Main Workers : 1981 Andhra P. -8.17 -5.80 -3.56 -2.69 -2.31 -2.28 -2.04

Karnataka -2.50 -1.47 -0.67 -0.54 -0.33 -0.33 -0.41

Kerala -0.25 -2.84 -3.17 -1.88 -0.88 -0.79 -0.87

Tamil Nadu -3.15 -4.17 -2.71 -1.66 -1.12 -1.11 -1.57

Bihar 2.53 -0.18 -1.21 -1.06 -0.81 -0.77 -0.68

Madhya P. -0.29 -1.98 -2.14 -1.69 -1.49 -1.48 -1.60

Rajasthan -6.36 -6.12 -4.48 -3.17 -2.65 -2.34 -2.27

Uttar Pradesh -10.90 -5.83 -3.04 -2.65 -2.67 -2.85 -2.97

Gujarat -1.02 -2.20 -1.50 -0.94 -0.77 -0.74 -0.78

Maharashtra -5.40 -3.41 -1.78 -0.85 -0.59 -0.20 -0.42

Haryana -3.12 -1.28 -3.82 -1.67 -1.49 -1.46 -1.46

Punjab 0.22 -3.71 -6.58 -4.57 -3.76 -4.87 -4.19

Himachal P. -4.27 -0.26 -2.98 -0.90 -1.03 -1.38 -1.62

Orissa -3.45 -6.75 -5.04 -3.42 -2.83 -2.87 -2.66

West Bengal -2.73 -4.80 -4.66 -3.31 -2.95 -2.97 -3.13

India -14.38 -3.51 -2.78 -2.16 -1.83 -2.01 -2.14

Non Worker – Main Workers : 1991

Andhra P. -2.66 -2.49 -2.60 -1.95 -1.82 -1.83 -1.75

Karnataka 0.32 -0.42 -0.31 -1.14 -0.54 -0.77 -0.74

Kerala 1.45 -2.73 -4.09 -3.10 -2.04 -1.72 -1.80

Tamil Nadu -2.99 -4.23 -3.04 -2.63 -2.26 -2.17 -2.08

Bihar 1.04 -1.68 -3.93 -3.53 -4.36 -4.19 -3.61

Madhya P. 2.62 1.58 -0.41 -0.88 -0.87 -0.90 -0.87

Rajasthan -2.03 -3.03 -3.05 -2.05 -1.89 -1.63 -1.72

Uttar Pradesh 0.10 -1.03 -3.56 -4.37 -3.82 -3.58 -3.82

Gujarat 1.25 -0.99 -1.42 -1.01 -1.04 -0.75 -1.12

Maharashtra 0.08 0.36 -0.48 -0.55 -0.48 -0.31 -0.45

Haryana 2.78 1.22 -2.26 -1.99 -1.74 -2.28 -2.40

Punjab 13.43 -2.44 -6.89 -3.14 -4.27 -2.51 -3.37

Himachal P. 3.63 4.98 -0.02 -1.14 -1.34 -1.63 -1.95

Orissa 1.23 -2.70 -6.16 -4.48 -4.64 -4.79 -4.72

West Bengal -3.39 -5.41 -6.22 -6.23 -6.07 -5.67 -5.92

India 4.54 1.33 -1.10 -1.36 -1.33 -1.36 -1.40



Table 4. 14b Contd...

State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Non Worker - Marginal Workers: 1981

Andhra P. -3.33 -0.76 0.26 0.49 0.41 0.56 0.86

Karnataka -3.50 -1.20 -0.39 -0.38 -0.18 -0.30 -0.37

Kerala -0.31 -0.04 -0.40 -0.14 -0.37 0.11 -0.45

Tamil Nadu -0.28 0.32 0.43 0.41 0.42 0.36 -0.03

Bihar 2.97 4.19 1.65 0.74 0.80 0.60 0.45

Madhya P. 0.68 -0.05 -0.12 -0.13 -0.11 0.26 0.39

Rajasthan -1.08 -0.28 0.24 0.42 0.44 0.64 0.65

Uttar Pradesh -9.07 -1.47 0.48 0.63 0.43 0.28 0.52

Gujarat -0.70 0.72 1.67 2.70 1.03 0.84 1.00

Maharashtra -11.51 -4.59 -1.74 -0.87 -0.77 -0.30 -0.42

Haryana -2.39 2.40 0.75 1.22 0.92 0.54 0.86

Punjab 6.42 3.47 2.41 0.82 0.84 0.39 0.53

Himachal P. -0.73 1.34 0.58 -0.07 -0.25 -0.54 -0.64

Orissa -1.06 -2.91 -2.65 -1.40 -1.52 -1.17 -1.16

West Bengal 0.76 -0.88 -1.09 -0.57 -0.41 -0.05 0.15

India -17.49 -2.83 -0.73 -0.37 -0.32 -0.33 -0.31

Non Worker - Marginal Workers: 1991

Andhra P. -0.94 1.18 0.37 0.56 0.47 0.40 0.38

Karnataka 0.19 2.32 2.76 1.92 1.65 1.55 1.34

Kerala 1.65 2.49 1.09 -0.04 -0.04 0.07 0.43

Tamil Nadu -2.46 -0.72 0.48 0.81 0.08 0.62 0.25

Bihar 3.73 4.36 2.12 2.02 1.21 1.30 1.64

Madhya P. 2.59 3.11 1.62 1.11 0.35 0.57 0.64

Rajasthan -0.53 -0.38 0.12 0.70 0.26 0.48 0.80

Uttar Pradesh 1.46 2.91 2.59 2.16 1.96 2.24 2.01

Gujarat -0.40 0.12 0.92 0.84 0.76 0.97 1.00

Maharashtra -3.34 0.18 0.72 -0.02 -0.21 0.09 -0.02

Haryana 2.27 3.94 1.33 0.98 1.00 0.87 0.91

Punjab 7.47 3.71 0.66 1.11 0.79 1.30 2.37

Himachal P. 1.55 3.82 1.51 0.39 -0.23 -0.13 -0.40

Orissa 1.83 0.40 -1.41 -0.90 -1.46 -0.79 -1.04

West Bengal -0.26 2.32 1.51 1.14 0.35 1.01 0.56

India 1.08 1.95 1.80 1.61 1.10 1.35 1.30



Table 4. 15: General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group 15-49 years by Caste for India and States, Rural Areas, 1981-2001.

State/ India

1981 1991 2001

SC ST Non-

SC/ST SC ST

Non-SC/ST

SC ST Non-

SC/ST Combined

Andhra P. 19.70 18.20 17.21 19.27 18.70 17.09 18.11 18.00 17.49 Karnataka 2.41 3.04 2.69 12.58 12.72 14.73 14.71 15.07 15.26 Kerala 9.59 10.12 9.11 15.76 18.65 12.65 13.93 17.47 13.73 Tamil Nadu 15.39 16.85 14.28 17.95 20.25 13.27 18.07 22.90 18.77 Bihar 17.17 14.19 17.05 24.76 21.93 23.81 19.34 18.55 18.34 Madhya P. 19.62 18.48 18.63 20.96 20.40 17.93 15.55 13.89 15.00 Rajasthan 21.04 21.08 21.63 20.82 22.53 17.83 16.32 16.01 16.28 Uttar Pradesh 9.64 16.94 9.54 25.09 20.46 23.39 17.58 18.32 18.24 Gujarat 19.62 14.23 19.03 18.85 16.67 17.23 15.31 13.24 15.84 Maharashtra 8.50 7.38 7.73 14.26 15.76 7.72 13.34 12.99 13.48 Haryana 17.94 NA 17.63 14.66 0.00 14.85 12.18 NA 11.53 Punjab 11.58 NA 11.76 13.74 0.00 11.96 12.70 NA 13.35 Himachal P. 9.09 10.84 7.77 12.88 14.28 11.84 10.42 11.89 10.55 Orissa 14.73 16.19 12.58 17.82 18.81 17.81 13.58 16.04 12.69 West Bengal 8.29 11.38 7.72 17.54 21.92 13.19 11.78 16.03 13.20 India 13.22 14.47 12.74 19.57 19.13 16.84 15.61 15.45 15.82

Rural Andhra P. 19.81 18.10 17.25 19.63 18.72 17.31 17.53 17.86 15.77 Karnataka 2.44 3.00 2.74 12.66 12.72 14.22 14.10 14.84 14.23 Kerala 9.67 10.05 9.12 15.65 18.68 12.75 13.75 17.59 13.47 Tamil Nadu 15.52 16.75 14.00 18.13 20.59 13.79 17.46 23.60 17.44 Bihar 17.09 14.03 17.25 24.93 22.13 24.23 19.52 18.65 20.45 Madhya P. 19.73 18.44 19.53 21.43 20.48 18.05 15.89 13.88 15.56 Rajasthan 20.97 21.02 22.57 21.13 22.58 18.48 16.51 16.02 17.01 Uttar Pradesh 9.78 17.09 9.96 25.15 20.44 23.91 17.64 18.24 18.37 Gujarat 20.20 14.15 19.99 19.55 16.58 18.10 14.89 13.12 15.68 Maharashtra 9.30 7.44 8.68 14.89 16.14 7.36 13.46 12.99 12.98 Haryana 18.08 NA 18.69 14.80 NA 15.75 12.27 NA 11.57 Punjab 11.31 NA 11.57 13.56 NA 11.82 12.26 NA 12.67 Himachal P. 9.18 10.86 7.83 13.01 14.29 12.00 10.40 11.82 10.47 Orissa 14.68 16.16 12.79 17.91 18.92 18.11 13.56 16.08 12.54 West Bengal 8.55 11.53 8.53 17.10 21.77 12.58 11.36 15.94 11.84 India 13.36 14.56 13.31 20.00 19.27 17.60 15.61 15.45 15.64

Urban Andhra P. 19.04 19.70 17.09 17.44 18.45 16.55 20.98 19.72 21.42 Karnataka 2.27 3.37 2.59 12.30 12.75 15.77 16.51 16.34 16.95 Kerala 9.01 13.87 9.05 16.24 18.03 12.40 14.77 14.50 14.45 Tamil Nadu 14.83 17.72 14.78 17.24 17.70 12.41 19.51 18.96 20.19 Bihar 18.05 16.70 15.65 22.88 19.20 20.99 16.64 16.51 16.32 Madhya P. 19.11 19.44 15.95 19.21 18.86 17.64 14.50 14.06 13.83 Rajasthan 21.35 22.78 18.61 19.57 21.47 15.98 15.56 15.83 14.34 Uttar Pradesh 8.39 12.69 7.67 24.64 20.75 21.40 17.16 18.96 17.80 Gujarat 18.43 15.23 17.25 17.72 17.60 15.89 15.91 14.47 16.05 Maharashtra 6.73 6.84 5.99 13.14 12.88 8.24 13.16 13.02 14.08 Haryana 17.16 NA 14.04 14.05 NA 12.37 11.87 NA 11.44 Punjab 12.66 NA 12.17 14.42 NA 12.24 13.98 NA 14.45 Himachal P. 7.43 9.45 6.98 10.90 13.83 10.30 10.76 14.42 11.17 Orissa 15.25 16.74 11.25 17.02 16.85 16.26 13.70 15.23 13.28 West Bengal 6.41 7.85 5.90 19.97 24.60 14.42 14.02 17.42 15.98 India 12.50 12.99 11.07 17.64 17.30 14.96 15.63 15.42 16.22



Table 4. 16: Absolute change in the General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group 15-49 years for various Caste groups during1981-2001.

State/ India


SC ST Non-

SC/ST SC ST

Non-SC/ST

SC ST Non-

SC/ST Combined

Andhra P. -1.59 -0.20 0.28 -2.28 -0.24 -1.48 1.94 0.02 4.33 Karnataka 12.30 12.03 12.57 11.66 11.84 11.49 14.24 12.97 14.36 Kerala 4.34 7.35 4.62 4.08 7.54 4.35 5.76 0.63 5.40 Tamil Nadu 2.68 6.05 4.49 1.94 6.85 3.44 4.68 1.24 5.41 Bihar 2.17 4.36 1.29 2.43 4.62 3.20 -1.41 -0.19 0.67 Madhya P. -4.07 -4.59 -3.63 -3.84 -4.56 -3.97 -4.61 -5.38 -2.12 Rajasthan -4.72 -5.07 -5.35 -4.46 -5.00 -5.56 -5.79 -6.95 -4.27 Uttar Pradesh 7.94 1.38 8.70 7.86 1.15 8.41 8.77 6.27 10.13 Gujarat -4.31 -0.99 -3.19 -5.31 -1.03 -4.31 -2.52 -0.76 -1.20 Maharashtra 4.84 5.61 5.75 4.16 5.55 4.30 6.43 6.18 8.09 Haryana -5.76 NA -6.10 -5.81 NA -7.12 -5.29 NA -2.60 Punjab 1.12 NA 1.59 0.95 NA 1.10 1.32 NA 2.28 Himachal P. 1.33 1.05 2.78 1.22 0.96 2.64 3.33 4.97 4.19 Orissa -1.15 -0.15 0.11 -1.12 -0.08 -0.25 -1.55 -1.51 2.03 West Bengal 3.49 4.65 5.48 2.81 4.41 3.31 7.61 9.57 10.08 India 2.39 0.98 3.08 2.25 0.89 2.33 3.13 2.43 5.15



Table 4.17a: Ratio of the General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group 15-49 years for various caste groups for India and States,1981-2001.

State/India

Combined Rural Urban SC / Non

SCST ST/Non-

SCST SC / Non

SCST ST/Non-

SCST SC / Non

SCST ST/Non-

SCST

1981

Andhra P. 1.14 1.06 1.15 1.05 1.11 1.15

Karnataka 0.90 1.13 0.89 1.09 0.88 1.30

Kerala 1.05 1.11 1.06 1.10 1.00 1.53

Tamil Nadu 1.08 1.18 1.11 1.20 1.00 1.20

Bihar 1.01 0.83 0.99 0.81 1.15 1.07

Madhya P. 1.05 0.99 1.01 0.94 1.20 1.22

Rajasthan 0.97 0.97 0.93 0.93 1.15 1.22

Uttar Pradesh 1.01 1.78 0.98 1.72 1.09 1.65

Gujarat 1.03 0.75 1.01 0.71 1.07 0.88

Maharashtra 1.10 0.95 1.07 0.86 1.12 1.14

Haryana 1.02 NA 0.97 NA 1.22 NA

Punjab 0.98 NA 0.98 NA 1.04 NA

Himachal P. 1.17 1.40 1.17 1.39 1.06 1.35

Orissa 1.17 1.29 1.15 1.26 1.36 1.49

West Bengal 1.07 1.47 1.00 1.35 1.09 1.33

India 1.04 1.14 1.00 1.09 1.13 1.17

2001

Andhra P. 1.04 1.03 1.11 1.13 0.98 0.92

Karnataka 0.96 0.99 0.99 1.04 0.97 0.96

Kerala 1.01 1.27 1.02 1.31 1.02 1.00

Tamil Nadu 0.96 1.22 1.00 1.35 0.97 0.94

Bihar 1.05 1.01 0.95 0.91 1.02 1.01

Madhya P. 1.04 0.93 1.02 0.89 1.05 1.02

Rajasthan 1.00 0.98 0.97 0.94 1.09 1.10

Uttar Pradesh 0.96 1.00 0.96 0.99 0.96 1.07

Gujarat 0.97 0.84 0.95 0.84 0.99 0.90

Maharashtra 0.99 0.96 1.04 1.00 0.93 0.92

Haryana 1.06 NA 1.06 NA 1.04 NA

Punjab 0.95 NA 0.97 NA 0.97 NA

Himachal P. 0.99 1.13 0.99 1.13 0.96 1.29

Orissa 1.07 1.26 1.08 1.28 1.03 1.15

West Bengal 0.89 1.21 0.96 1.35 0.88 1.09

India 0.99 0.98 1.00 0.99 0.96 0.95



Table 4.17b: Absolute Difference in the General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group 15-49 years for various caste for India and States, 1981-2001.

State/India Non SC/ST – SC: 1981 Non SC/ST – SC: 2001

Comb Rural Urban Comb Rural Urban

Andhra P. -2.49 -2.56 -1.95 -0.62 -1.76 0.44

Karnataka 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.55 0.13 0.44

Kerala -0.48 -0.55 0.04 -0.20 -0.28 -0.32

Tamil Nadu -1.11 -1.52 -0.05 0.70 -0.02 0.68

Bihar -0.12 0.16 -2.40 -1.00 0.93 -0.32

Madhya P. -0.99 -0.20 -3.16 -0.55 -0.33 -0.67

Rajasthan 0.59 1.60 -2.74 -0.04 0.50 -1.22

Uttar Pradesh -0.10 0.18 -0.72 0.66 0.73 0.64

Gujarat -0.59 -0.21 -1.18 0.53 0.79 0.14

Maharashtra -0.77 -0.62 -0.74 0.14 -0.48 0.92

Haryana -0.31 0.61 -3.12 -0.65 -0.70 -0.43

Punjab 0.18 0.26 -0.49 0.65 0.41 0.47

Himachal P. -1.32 -1.35 -0.45 0.13 0.07 0.41

Orissa -2.15 -1.89 -4.00 -0.89 -1.02 -0.42

West Bengal -0.57 -0.02 -0.51 1.42 0.48 1.96

India -0.48 -0.05 -1.43 0.21 0.03 0.59

Non SC/ST – ST: 1981 Non SC/ST – ST: 2001

Andhra P. -0.99 -0.85 -2.61 -0.51 -2.09 1.70

Karnataka -0.35 -0.26 -0.78 0.19 -0.61 0.61

Kerala -1.01 -0.93 -4.82 -3.74 -4.12 -0.05

Tamil Nadu -2.57 -2.75 -2.94 -4.13 -6.16 1.23

Bihar 2.86 3.22 -1.05 -0.21 1.80 -0.19

Madhya P. 0.15 1.09 -3.49 1.11 1.68 -0.23

Rajasthan 0.55 1.55 -4.17 0.27 0.99 -1.49

Uttar Pradesh -7.40 -7.13 -5.02 -0.08 0.13 -1.16

Gujarat 4.80 5.84 2.02 2.60 2.56 1.58

Maharashtra 0.35 1.24 -0.85 0.49 -0.01 1.06

Haryana NA NA NA NA NA NA

Punjab NA NA NA NA NA NA

Himachal P. -3.07 -3.03 -2.47 -1.34 -1.35 -3.25

Orissa -3.61 -3.37 -5.49 -3.35 -3.54 -1.95

West Bengal -3.66 -3.00 -1.95 -2.83 -4.10 -1.44

India -1.73 -1.25 -1.92 0.37 0.19 0.80



Table 4.18a: Ratio of the Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates Unadjusted (ASMCRU) by age group by Caste for India and States, 1981 and 2001.

State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

SC / Non SC/ST s: 1981 Andhra P. 1.06 1.19 1.23 1.25 1.18 1.12 1.09

Karnataka 0.84 0.81 0.84 0.95 0.87 1.00 0.94

Kerala 0.99 0.98 1.10 1.27 1.33 1.29 1.15

Tamil Nadu 0.96 1.00 1.06 1.11 1.09 1.03 0.99

Bihar 0.94 0.98 1.04 1.08 1.05 0.97 0.94

Madhya P. 0.99 0.99 1.04 1.10 1.05 1.06 1.07

Rajasthan 0.97 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.91 0.92 0.86

Uttar Pradesh 0.99 0.93 0.96 0.98 0.97 1.00 0.99

Gujarat 1.01 0.98 0.87 0.86 0.83 0.83 0.87

Maharashtra 0.98 0.94 0.96 1.07 1.06 0.98 0.82

Haryana 0.96 0.90 0.87 0.89 0.89 0.86 0.92

Punjab 0.93 0.88 0.83 0.83 0.87 0.83 0.85

Himachal P. 0.90 0.84 1.17 1.64 1.69 1.65 1.49

Orissa 0.97 1.07 1.25 1.35 1.35 1.23 1.10

West Bengal 0.98 0.96 0.92 0.97 0.93 0.99 0.94

India 0.96 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.05 1.02 0.99

SC / Non SC/ST s: 2001

Andhra P. 1.03 1.16 1.24 1.15 1.11 0.98 0.96

Karnataka 1.02 1.04 1.13 1.11 1.18 1.06 1.04

Kerala 0.94 1.05 1.06 1.14 1.03 0.72 0.83

Tamil Nadu 0.95 0.99 1.03 1.23 1.26 1.06 1.25

Bihar 0.89 0.90 1.03 1.26 1.23 1.20 1.13

Madhya P. 0.96 1.09 1.27 1.33 1.39 1.32 1.29

Rajasthan 0.98 1.02 1.13 1.14 1.10 0.99 0.99

Uttar Pradesh 1.54 1.48 1.76 2.42 3.07 3.49 3.21

Gujarat 0.81 0.76 0.84 0.94 0.95 0.90 0.92

Maharashtra 0.87 0.84 0.92 1.03 1.04 1.04 0.98

Haryana NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Punjab NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Himachal P. 1.14 1.40 1.62 1.77 1.74 1.47 1.40

Orissa 1.06 1.23 1.53 1.69 1.77 1.63 1.47

West Bengal 1.12 1.53 1.84 1.93 1.91 1.58 1.52

India 1.09 1.10 1.24 1.36 1.40 1.31 1.28



Table 4. 18a Contd...

State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

ST / Non SC/ST: 1981 Andhra P. 1.03 1.16 1.24 1.15 1.11 0.98 0.96

Karnataka 1.02 1.04 1.13 1.11 1.18 1.06 1.04

Kerala 0.94 1.05 1.06 1.14 1.03 0.72 0.83

Tamil Nadu 0.95 0.99 1.03 1.23 1.26 1.06 1.25

Bihar 0.89 0.90 1.03 1.26 1.23 1.20 1.13

Madhya P. 0.96 1.09 1.27 1.33 1.39 1.32 1.29

Rajasthan 0.98 1.02 1.13 1.14 1.10 0.99 0.99

Uttar Pradesh 1.54 1.48 1.76 2.42 3.07 3.49 3.21

Gujarat 0.81 0.76 0.84 0.94 0.95 0.90 0.92

Maharashtra 0.87 0.84 0.92 1.03 1.04 1.04 0.98



Himachal P. 1.14 1.40 1.62 1.77 1.74 1.47 1.40

Orissa 1.06 1.23 1.53 1.69 1.77 1.63 1.47

West Bengal 1.12 1.53 1.84 1.93 1.91 1.58 1.52

India 1.09 1.10 1.24 1.36 1.40 1.31 1.28

ST / Non SC/ST: 2001

Andhra P. 0.95 0.92 0.90 0.94 1.03 1.05 1.11

Karnataka 0.92 0.88 0.86 0.92 0.98 1.04 1.05

Kerala 0.97 0.93 1.09 1.48 1.54 1.52 1.42

Tamil Nadu 0.93 0.97 1.01 1.19 1.28 1.36 1.50

Bihar 0.96 1.00 1.10 1.15 1.32 1.32 1.28

Madhya P. 0.92 0.82 0.80 0.92 1.06 1.09 1.24

Rajasthan 0.96 0.93 0.95 1.05 1.11 1.14 1.15

Uttar Pradesh 0.85 0.85 0.90 1.08 1.13 1.24 1.30

Gujarat 0.85 0.75 0.77 0.95 1.04 1.08 1.11

Maharashtra 0.90 0.81 0.77 0.88 0.98 1.02 1.13



Himachal P. 0.96 0.91 1.04 1.29 1.34 1.30 1.45

Orissa 0.99 1.01 1.09 1.32 1.50 1.68 1.84

West Bengal 1.04 1.14 1.18 1.22 1.26 1.27 1.32

India 0.94 0.88 0.90 0.98 1.06 1.10 1.16



Table 4.18b: Absolute Difference in Levels of Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates Unadjusted (ASMCRU) by age group by Caste for India and States, 1981 and 2001.

State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Non SC/ST – SC: 1981 Andhra P. -3.18 -4.59 -2.56 -2.03 -1.25 -0.95 -0.70

Karnataka 1.75 0.83 0.29 0.06 0.12 0.00 0.06

Kerala 0.43 0.47 -0.70 -1.00 -0.91 -0.80 -0.39

Tamil Nadu 2.21 0.06 -0.75 -0.82 -0.50 -0.20 0.04

Bihar 3.72 0.62 -0.42 -0.47 -0.19 0.13 0.22

Madhya P. 0.46 0.38 -0.36 -0.59 -0.25 -0.32 -0.37

Rajasthan 2.51 2.11 0.72 0.41 0.40 0.36 0.60

Uttar Pradesh 0.46 1.07 0.25 0.08 0.07 0.01 0.04

Gujarat -0.97 0.74 1.65 0.90 0.87 0.86 0.67

Maharashtra 0.62 0.78 0.22 -0.21 -0.16 0.06 0.47

Haryana 2.85 2.73 1.09 0.41 0.31 0.36 0.18

Punjab 4.54 3.50 1.72 0.84 0.44 0.59 0.47

Himachal P. 4.44 2.15 -0.53 -1.24 -1.27 -1.47 -1.18

Orissa 1.81 -1.58 -2.07 -1.79 -1.47 -1.13 -0.49

West Bengal 0.73 0.50 0.37 0.07 0.14 0.02 0.15

India 2.17 1.12 0.04 -0.26 -0.17 -0.07 0.05

Non SC/ST – SC: 2001

Andhra P. -1.55 -3.99 -2.65 -1.26 -0.75 0.13 0.34

Karnataka -0.25 -0.16 -0.24 -0.13 -0.17 -0.06 -0.04

Kerala 2.80 -1.04 -0.42 -0.54 -0.08 0.79 0.46

Tamil Nadu 3.22 0.43 -0.31 -1.66 -1.46 -0.37 -1.61

Bihar 6.89 2.86 -0.30 -1.51 -0.91 -0.73 -0.43

Madhya P. 2.58 -2.19 -2.46 -1.83 -1.85 -1.66 -1.51

Rajasthan 1.20 -0.53 -1.42 -0.81 -0.42 0.05 0.04

Uttar Pradesh -19.39 -7.25 -4.43 -4.86 -5.68 -6.83 -5.98

Gujarat 15.25 8.82 1.97 0.38 0.25 0.51 0.43

Maharashtra 4.30 2.15 0.41 -0.09 -0.11 -0.10 0.04



Himachal P. -6.49 -5.21 -1.97 -1.49 -1.36 -1.06 -0.96

Orissa -3.28 -5.23 -4.40 -3.58 -3.28 -3.08 -2.42

West Bengal -4.30 -6.26 -3.81 -2.42 -1.90 -1.25 -1.21

India -4.73 -2.20 -1.91 -1.68 -1.47 -1.24 -1.10



Table 4. 18b Contd...

State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Non SC/ST – ST: 1981 Andhra P. 1.29 0.00 0.12 0.21 0.22 0.26 0.11

Karnataka 5.04 4.30 2.23 0.92 0.42 0.04 -0.27

Kerala 1.59 2.24 -0.18 -1.57 -1.09 -1.07 -1.09

Tamil Nadu 3.42 3.90 2.31 1.06 0.74 0.32 -0.14

Bihar 1.11 2.21 1.29 0.72 0.24 -0.04 -0.56

Madhya P. 1.50 2.21 1.59 0.82 0.52 0.50 0.30

Rajasthan 2.58 2.25 1.13 0.42 0.33 0.27 0.17

Uttar Pradesh 2.03 3.26 2.20 1.41 1.07 0.80 0.51

Gujarat -0.69 0.03 0.55 0.60 0.61 0.64 0.75

Maharashtra 3.48 2.99 1.61 0.61 0.34 0.23 0.18

Haryana 0.39 0.82 0.94 0.56 0.49 0.40 0.30

Punjab 3.67 3.99 2.28 1.33 1.25 1.18 1.04

Himachal P. 6.41 7.09 2.63 0.42 -0.02 -0.50 -0.81

Orissa 3.24 1.75 0.52 -0.22 -0.46 -0.81 -1.07

West Bengal 2.53 4.21 3.19 2.12 1.64 1.34 1.15

India 2.68 3.26 1.89 0.98 0.62 0.41 0.14

Non SC/ST – ST: 2001

Andhra P. 3.36 2.45 1.42 0.65 -0.23 -0.43 -1.00

Karnataka 5.32 3.93 2.10 0.77 0.17 -0.26 -0.36

Kerala 2.41 2.25 -1.39 -3.86 -3.23 -2.87 -2.27

Tamil Nadu 4.88 1.23 -0.28 -2.50 -3.10 -4.03 -5.48

Bihar 2.72 0.18 -1.49 -1.23 -1.90 -1.75 -1.54

Madhya P. 5.93 5.25 2.07 0.41 -0.27 -0.36 -0.96

Rajasthan 3.35 2.05 0.46 -0.25 -0.41 -0.48 -0.52

Uttar Pradesh 11.27 5.41 1.59 -0.70 -0.86 -1.49 -1.83

Gujarat 11.71 9.71 3.14 0.38 -0.20 -0.40 -0.55

Maharashtra 7.17 5.87 2.81 0.82 0.13 -0.11 -0.67



Himachal P. 3.15 2.94 -0.43 -1.24 -1.10 -0.95 -1.45

Orissa 0.99 -0.31 -1.25 -2.22 -2.65 -3.37 -4.07

West Bengal -2.39 -3.27 -1.96 -1.59 -1.58 -1.67 -1.84

India 4.25 3.82 1.44 0.15 -0.36 -0.61 -0.96



Chapter 5

Levels of Childlessness: District Scenario In the present chapter we discuss the levels and variations in the childlessness at the district level. The main purpose of the analysis in this chapter is to highlight geographical variations in the levels of childlessness at the district level and also to understand whether there is any clustering pattern (in terms of geographical clustering) with regard to the childlessness incidence. We would try to see if the childlessness incidence has any pattern in terms of topography of the area. For example, levels of childlessness are higher around the coastal line or in the plane areas. Similarly, the levels of childlessness are high in southern states or the states in other regions of north, west or east. It is important to understand that the population living in a particular geographical condition experience lower or higher chances of childlessness. Thus the prime focus of the analysis in this chapter is to assess the geographical pattern of incidence of childlessness. Further, we would also examine whether the pattern have changed over the period of past 20 years during 1981 to 2001 using data from the respective censuses. It may be brought to the notice of the readers that the same information has also been obtained for the year 1991 but has not been included in the analysis here. In the analysis in the past sections we noticed that 1991 census results on this variable were substantially different in comparison to the 1981 and 2001 data and hence it was decided to restrict the analysis for the 1981 and 2001 only. It is important to mention that though we have presented the data in this chapter in tabular form we would be presenting a lot of maps so as to make it easy for the readers to understand the geographical pattern of the levels of childlessness. The maps have been prepared using GIS software. Like previous chapter, here too the analysis is carried out separately for rural and urban areas. It may also be pointed out that in this chapter we have restricted to the age groups of 35-39, 40-44 and 45-49 years. It is argued that in the absence of voluntary childlessness, almost all women would become mother before age 35 years, more so in the developing countries such as ours where motherhood is placed right at the top in the social ladder. It may safely be argued that in India, voluntary childless is almost non-existent as it is highly unlikely that a woman would wait beyond age 35 years to begin reproduction1. Thus the levels of childlessness in the age group 35-39, 40-44 and 45-49 years may be considered as the reflection of the levels of involuntary childlessness (or permanent sterility) in India. This is also supported by the fact that the levels of childlessness become more or less stable for the ages beyond 35 years. We have thus presented the distribution of districts by the level of childlessness among women aged 35-39, 40-44 and 45-49 years during 1981 and 2001 in

1 The data on distribution of birth by Birth Order and Age of the Woman from the DLHS-RCH reveals that less than 3 percent of the births to the women aged 35-39 and 40-44 years are of order one.



the tables 5.1A through 5.3C for combined, rural and urban areas respectively. In addition to this, in order to bring out the geographical clustering we have also presented the same in maps. Further in the Appendix – 4.1 we have presented the names of the districts that have childlessness rate of 10 percent or higher. At the outset it may be mentioned that there were 395 districts in the country in 1981 that increased to 593 in 2001. We would like to bring out following points regarding the data:

1. For some of the districts data is not available and 'NG' indicates the same in the table.

2. '--' in the table means that there are no districts in that particular category. 3. Some of the districts may not have any rural population as they are fully urbanized.

Likewise some districts may not have any urban areas. In such cases, total of districts in low, medium and high childless categories may be short of the total number of districts in the states in tables referring to rural and urban areas. The name of the districts where such situation prevails has been provided below the tables in the footnotes.

Before we begin the analysis we would like to mention that for better understanding we would like to classify the districts in the following 3 broad categories on the basis of percentages of childless women: Type of category Percentage of the childless women Group I: Low Prevalence Districts (LPD) Group II: Medium Prevalence Districts (MPD) Group III: High Prevalence Districts (HPD)

Up to 2.50 per cent 2.51 to 7.50 per cent

Greater than 7.50 per cent 5.1 ASMCRU - 35-39 YEARS: 1981-2001 The last row of the table 5.1A and Figure 5.1 clearly reveal that at the all India level, majority of the districts fall into group II (MPD, that is, medium levels of the childlessness) during both the period under analysis. As may be noted about 64 per cent and 75 per cent of the districts had 2.51 to 7.50 percent childless women in the age group 35-39 years in 1981 and 2001 respectively. Further, in 1981 there were nearly 28 per cent of the districts in group I (LPD) with low levels of childlessness which came down to just 3 per cent in 2001, indicating a sharp reduction. It is surprising to note that the percentages of the share of high prevalence districts (Group III, HPD) was a little over 4 per cent in 1981 which increased to nearly 22 per cent in 2001. Thus it may be said that at the national levels there have been dramatic shift in position of the districts from low prevalence to high prevalence. The distribution of the districts across states and Union Territories (UTs) reveals that following points:

1. Out of the total 115 low prevalence districts in 1981, 27 came from undivided Uttar Pradesh followed by Karnataka (19 districts), Maharashtra (11 districts), West Bengal (10 districts) and Arunachal Pradesh (9 districts). In other words, two-thirds of the LPD districts are from these five states. Contrary to this, out of the 18 low prevalence districts in 2001, 11 were from Haryana, 6 from Rajasthan, 2 from Manipur and one from Himachal Pradesh. It is interesting to note that all the



districts in Karnataka, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya and Mizoram belonged to LPD group in 1981. Further, in West Bengal and Himachal Pradesh they accounted for about two-thirds of the total districts and about half of them in the undivided Uttar Pradesh, Kerala.

Figure 5.1: Distribution of districts by levels of childless women in the age group

35-39 years, India 1981-2001.

27.91

63.59

4.373.04

75.21

21.58

0.00

10.00

20.0030.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.0080.00

LPD MPD HPD

1981 2001

28.88

60.92

4.854.72

74.37

19.34

0.0010.0020.0030.0040.0050.0060.0070.0080.00

LPD MPD HPD

23.79

63.11

5.581.35

69.98

26.84

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.0040.00

50.00

60.0070.00

80.00

LPD MPD HPD

2. In case of the 262 medium prevalence districts in 1981, 39 were from undivided Madhya Pradesh, 28 from the undivided Uttar Pradesh and 26 each from Rajasthan and undivided Bihar. The data further reveals that all of the districts in Gujarat, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu had medium levels of childlessness in 1981. Somewhat similar observations may also be made for 2001.

3. Coming to the high prevalence group, it may be noted that of the 18 such districts in 1981, 7 were from Andhra Pradesh, 4 from undivided Madhya Pradesh, 3 from Orissa, 2 from Manipur and one from undivided Uttar Pradesh. As may be noted, not only the number of the districts in the state in this group has increased over time (in 2001) but also many districts from all parts of the country have joined this group. For example, the number of districts in Andhra Pradesh in the HPD group increased from 7 in 1981 to 16 in 2001, from one to 8 in Jammu and Kashmir, from 3 to 8 in Orissa, from one to 15 in undivided Uttar Pradesh and from 2 to 8 in Manipur.

5.2 ASMCRU - 40-44 YEARS: 1981-2001 The last row of the table 5.2A and Figure 5.2 provide the relevant information. It may be clearly noted that at the national level, majority of the districts fall into MPD group during both the period under analysis. As seen over 60 per cent of the districts in 1981 and nearly

Combined

Rural Urban



three-fourth in 2001 fell in this category. In other words, the percentages of childless women aged 40-44 years in these districts ranged between 2.5 to 7.5 per cent. Further, there were nearly 27 per cent of the districts in the country in 1981 where proportion of childless women aged 40-44 years was 2.5 per cent or less. This proportion came down to just 5 per cent in 2001. Interestingly, share of districts in high prevalence category rose from less than 9 per cent in 1981 to nearly 21 per cent in 2001. It is thus noted that at the national levels there has been dramatic reduction in the share of low prevalence districts whereas their share has substantially gone up in both medium and high prevalence categories. Figure 5.2: Distribution of districts by levels of childless women in the age group

40-44 years, India 1981-2001.

The data on the distribution of the districts across low, medium and high categories presented in tables 5.2 bring out following:

1. It is interesting to note that all the districts of Karnataka, Meghalaya, Mizoram and 8 out of 9 districts in Arunachal Pradesh belonged to the low prevalence category in 1981. Out of the total 111 low prevalence districts in 1981, 30 belonged to the undivided Uttar Pradesh, 19 to Karnataka, 11 to Maharashtra, 10 to West Bengal and 8 to Arunachal Pradesh (comprising for about three-fourth of all the districts in the category). In 2001, out of the total 30 districts in this category, 15 were from Haryana, 8 from Rajasthan, 3 from Himachal Pradesh and one each from Andaman and Nicobar Island and Delhi.

2. In the medium category, there were 249 districts in 1981 and 441 in 2001. The major contributors of the districts in this category in 1981 were undivided Madhya Pradesh (36), undivided Bihar and Rajasthan (26 each), undivided Uttar Pradesh

26.94

8.5

20.58

60.44

5.06

74.37

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

LPD MPD HPD

1981

2001

27.67

8.74

19.23

58.25 72.17

4.08

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

LPD MPD HPD

23.06

9.22

22.6

61.4 73.01

2.7

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

LPD MPD HPD

Combined

Urban Rural



(24), Gujarat (19), Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu (15 each), Jammu and Kashmir (13) and Punjab (12). The pattern is quite similar for 2001 as far as the allocation of districts in this category across states is concerned.

3. As mentioned before, number of districts in the high prevalence category has undergone dramatic change over 1981-2001. As seen from the data with respect to the share of districts across states, out of the 35 high prevalence districts in 1981, 15 belonged to Andhra Pradesh, 7 to undivided Madhya Pradesh and 4 to Orissa. There were 2 districts each in undivided Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh and Manipur and one each in Jammu Kashmir, Tamil Nadu and Andaman Nicobar Island where the levels of childlessness among women aged 40-44 years was higher.

4. The number of districts in the high prevalence category, as noted before, has increased tremendously to 122 by 2001. Of all the high prevalence districts in 2001, 30 belong to Tamil Nadu, 19 to Andhra Pradesh and 8 to Karnataka (all southern states with relatively better socio-economic and demographic indicators otherwise). Further, amongst the eastern smaller states of the country, all 7 districts of Meghalaya, 7 out of 9 districts in Manipur, 6 out of 8 in Nagaland and 10 out of 23 districts in Assam had higher levels of childlessness. There were 8 districts in Uttar Pradesh and 7 in Orissa which belonged to high prevalence category.

5.3 ASMCRU - 45-49 YEARS: 1981-2001 The last row of the table 5.3A and figure 5.3 below clearly reveals that about 30 per cent of the districts in the country in 1981 had 2.5 per cent or fewer women aged 45-49 years who were childless. The proportion of such districts drastically reduced to less than 5 per cent in 2001. It may further be noted that about 58 and 75 per cent of the districts in the country in 1981 and 2001 respectively fell into medium category. However, the share of districts in high prevalence category rose sharply from nearly 8 per cent in 1981 to as high as 21 per cent in 2001. This indicates that the incidence of childlessness in the country has deepened in many parts of the country over time. The data on state scenario on this may be summarized in the following points:

1. Out of the total 122 low prevalence districts in 1981, 31 were from undivided Uttar Pradesh, 18 from Karnataka and 12 from Maharashtra. In Karnataka, 18 out of 19 districts had low prevalence levels of childlessness. Likewise, all districts in Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya and Mizoram had low levels of childlessness in this age group. In 2001, of the 29 low prevalence districts, 14 were from Haryana, 9 from Rajasthan, 3 from Himachal Pradesh, 2 from Delhi and one from Andaman Nicobar Island.

2. At the outset it may be pointed out that in 2001 all the districts in Gujarat, Punjab, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Chhatisgarh, Uttaranchal, Himachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Pondicherry, Sikkim, Daman Diu, Tripura, Delhi, Chandigarh, Dadra Nagar Haveli and Lakshadweep had medium levels of childless in 2001. The share of districts across states in the medium prevalence category is quite similar to that observed for the previous age group (majority of the districts coming from undivided Madhya Pradesh (65 in 2001), Uttar Pradesh (61 in 2001) and Bihar (46 in 2001). Further a sizeable proportion of districts from Maharashtra (34), Gujarat (25), Karnataka (24) and Rajasthan (26) in 2001 belonged to this category.



Figure 5.3: Distribution of districts by levels of childless women in the age group 45-49 years, India 1981-2001.

3. Coming to the low prevalence category, it may be noticed that there were 18 and 128 districts in 1981 and 2001 respectively in this category. Of these 18 districts in 1981, 7 were from Andhra Pradesh, 4 from undivided Madhya Pradesh, 3 from Orissa, 2 from Manipur and one each from Jammu Kashmir and undivided Uttar Pradesh. An important point emerging from this table is that in 2001, all districts in Tamil Nadu (30), Meghalaya (7) and Goa (2) fell in high prevalence category. Similarly, 8 out of 9 districts in Manipur and 7 out of 8 districts in Nagaland fell in high prevalence category. A sizeable proportion of districts in some other states like Andhra Pradesh (16 out of 23, 70 per cent), Jammu Kashmir (8 out of 14, 57 per cent), Assam (10 out of 23, 43 per cent), Orissa (8 out of 30, 27 per cent) and Uttar Pradesh (15 out of 70, 21 per cent) fell in high prevalence category.

5.4 Spatial pattern of incidence of childlessness at the district level: 1981-2001

As mentioned before, for the better understanding of the reader, we have provided names of the districts that have 10 per cent or higher levels of childlessness in Appendix 4.1. The information has been provided for the period 1981, 1991 and 2001 state wise for the age groups 35-39, 40-44 and 45-49 years separately for combined, rural and urban areas along with the actual levels. Also we have presented the geographic scenario of the districts with respect to the incidence of childlessness for the country and the same has been included here (see Map 5.1 to Map 5.18 below). The purpose of presenting the same on the maps is the fact that when we carry out our analysis based on the simple distribution of the units (as done above) we fail to understand the geographical patterns. Plotting the units help us understand the geographic scenario more effectively. We have once again presented the

29.61

8.01

20.57

58.01

4.89

74.53

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

LPD MPD HPD

1981

2001

30.58 19.06

7.77

56.31

6.41

73.02

0.00 10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

LPD MPD HPD

22.82 20.57 9.95

60.44

2.19

75.05

0.00 10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

LPD MPD HPD

Combined

Rural Urban



maps for the age groups 40-44 and 45-49 years of women for 1981 through 2001. In the maps we have presented data for following 6 categories: Category Level of childlessness

(% of childless women) Category Level of childlessness

(% of childless women) I 00.00 per cent* IV 5.01 – 7.50 per cent II 0.00 – 2.50 per cent V 7.51 – 10.00 per cent III 2.51 – 5.00 per cent VI More than 10.00 per cent

Note: * also includes districts for which data is not available.

MAP 5.1



MAP 5.2



MAP 5.3



MAP 5.4



MAP 5.5



MAP 5.6



MAP 5.7



MAP 5.8



MAP 5.9



MAP 5.10



MAP 5.11



MAP 5.12



MAP 5.13



MAP 5.14



MAP 5.15



MAP 5.16



MAP 5.17



MAP 5.18



Table 5.1A: Distribution of Districts by the levels of ASMCRU for women aged 35-

39 years, Combined Areas, 1981-2001.

States / UTs Childless Levels: 1981 Childless Levels: 2001 No. of Districts Low Medium High Low Medium High 1981 2001

Andhra P. -- 16 7 -- 7 16 23 23 Bihar

5 26 -- -- 33 4

31 37

Jharkhand -- 13 3 18 Gujarat -- 19 -- -- 25 -- 19 25 Haryana 4 8 -- 11 8 -- 12 19 Jammu & K -- 13 1 -- 6 8 14 14 Karnataka 19 -- -- -- 24 3 19 27 Kerala 6 6 -- -- 14 -- 12 14 Madhya P.

2 39 4 -- 45 --

45 45

Chhatisgarh -- 20 -- 16 Maharashtra 11 15 -- -- 34 1 26 35 Orissa -- 10 3 -- 22 8 13 30 Punjab 1 11 -- -- 17 -- 12 17 Rajasthan -- 26 -- 6 26 -- 26 32 Tamil Nadu -- 16 -- -- -- 30 16 30 Uttar P.

27 28 1 -- 55 15

56 70

Uttarnchal -- 6 -- 13

W. Bengal 10 6 -- -- 15 3 16 18

A&N Island 1 1 -- -- 1 1 2 2 Arunachal P. 9 -- -- -- 11 2 9 13 Himachal P. 7 5 -- 1 11 -- 12 12 Manipur 1 3 2 -- 1 8 6 9 Meghalaya 5 -- -- -- -- 7 5 7 Mizoram 3 -- -- -- 8 -- 3 8 Nagaland 3 4 -- -- 1 7 7 8 Pondicherry 1 3 -- -- 4 -- 4 4 Sikkim -- 4 -- -- 4 -- 4 4 Goa -- 1 -- -- -- 2 1 2 Daman Diu -- 2 -- -- 2 -- 2 2

Assam NG NG NG -- 13 10 10 23

Tripura NG NG NG -- 15 -- 3 4 Delhi NG NG NG -- 3 -- 1 9 Chandigarh NG NG NG -- 1 -- 1 1 DN Haveli NG NG NG -- 1 -- 1 1 Lakshadweep NG NG NG -- 1 -- 1 1

INDIA N %

115 (27.91)

262 (63.59)

18 (4.37)

18 (3.04)

446 (75.21)

128 (21.58)

412 (100.0)

593 (100.0)

Note: NG stands for not given as data are not available.



Table 5.1B: Distribution of Districts by the levels of ASMCRU for women aged 35-

39 years, Rural Areas, 1981-2001.

States / UTs Childless Levels: 1981 Childless Levels: 2001 No. of Districts

Low Medium High Low Medium High 1981 2001

Andhra P. -- 15 7 -- 11 11 23 23 Bihar

6 25 -- -- 34 3

31 37

Jharkhand -- 12 6 18 Gujarat -- 19 -- -- 25 -- 19 25 Haryana 3 9 -- 16 3 -- 12 19 Jammu & K -- 13 1 -- 6 8 14 14 Karnataka 19 -- -- - 25 2 19 27 Kerala 6 6 -- -- 14 -- 12 14 Madhya P.

3 38 4 -- 45 --

45 45

Chhatisgarh -- 14 2 16 Maharashtra 11 14 -- -- 33 -- 26 35 Orissa -- 9 4 -- 22 8 13 30 Punjab 1 11 -- -- 17 -- 12 17 Rajasthan -- 26 -- 8 24 -- 26 32 Tamil Nadu -- 15 -- -- 1 28 16 30 Uttar P.

29 25 2 -- 60 10

56 70

Uttarnchal -- 13 -- 13

W. Bengal 11 4 -- -- 15 2 16 18

A&N Island 1 1 -- -- 1 1 2 2 Arunachal P. 9 -- -- -- 11 2 9 13 Himachal P. 7 5 -- 1 11 -- 12 12 Manipur 1 3 2 -- 1 8 6 9 Meghalaya 5 -- -- -- -- 7 5 7 Mizoram 3 -- -- -- 8 -- 3 8 Nagaland 3 4 -- -- 1 7 7 8 Pondicherry 1 2 -- -- 2 -- 4 4 Sikkim -- 4 -- -- 4 -- 4 4 Goa -- 1 -- -- -- 2 1 2 Daman Diu -- 2 -- 1 1 -- 2 2 Assam NG NG NG -- 15 8 10 23

Tripura NG NG NG -- 4 -- 3 4 Delhi NG NG NG 2 5 -- 1 9

Chandigarh NG NG NG -- 1 -- 1 1 DN Haveli NG NG NG -- 1 -- 1 1 Lakshadweep NG NG NG -- 1 -- 1 1

INDIA N %

119 (28.88)

251 (60.92)

20 (4.85)

28 (4.72)

441 (74.37)

115 (19.34)

412 (100.0)

593 (100.0)

Note: 1. NG stands for not given as data are not available. 2. 1981: No rural area in Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh), Greater Bombay district (Maharashtra), Madras

(Tamil Nadu), Calcutta (West Bengal) and Yanam (Pondicherry). 3. 2001: No rural area in Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh), Mumbai (Suburban) and Mumbai (Maharashtra),

Chennai (Tamil Nadu), Kolkatta (West Bengal), Mahe & Yanam (Pondicherry) and New Delhi and Delhi Central districts.



Table 5.1C: Distribution of Districts by the levels of ASMCRU for women aged 35-

39 years, Urban Areas, 1981-2001.



Andhra P. -- 13 10 -- 5 18 23 23 Bihar

-- 31 -- -- 31 6

31 37

Jharkhand -- 16 2 18 Gujarat -- 18 -- -- 22 2 19 25 Haryana 3 9 -- 5 14 -- 12 19 Jammu & K 2 11 1 -- 7 7 14 14 Karnataka 19 -- -- -- 19 8 19 27 Kerala 1 10 -- -- 11 3 12 14 Madhya P.

4 35 6 -- 45 --

45 45

Chhatisgarh -- 16 -- 16 Maharashtra 13 13 -- -- 34 1 26 35 Orissa -- 11 2 -- 27 3 13 30 Punjab 1 11 -- -- 15 2 12 17 Rajasthan 1 25 -- 1 31 -- 26 32 Tamil Nadu -- 16 -- -- -- 30 16 30 Uttar P.

20 35 1 -- 37 33

56 70

Uttarnchal -- 13 -- 13 W. Bengal 9 7 -- -- 12 6 16 18 A&N Island 1 -- -- -- 1 -- 2 2 Arunachal P. 5 -- -- 1 8 3 9 13 Himachal P. 7 3 -- 1 9 -- 12 12 Manipur 1 3 2 -- -- 5 6 9 Meghalaya 5 -- -- -- 3 4 5 7 Mizoram 3 -- -- -- 7 -- 3 8 Nagaland 5 1 -- -- 2 6 7 8 Pondicherry 1 3 -- -- 4 -- 4 4 Sikkim 1 2 1 1 2 1 4 4 Goa -- 1 -- -- -- 2 1 2 Daman Diu -- 2 -- -- 2 -- 2 2 Assam NG NG NG -- 7 16 10 23 Tripura NG NG NG -- 3 1 3 4 Delhi NG NG NG -- 9 -- 1 9

Chandigarh NG NG NG -- 1 -- 1 1 DN Haveli NG NG NG -- 1 -- 1 1 Lakshadweep NG NG NG -- 1 -- 1 1

INDIA N %

102 (24.75)

260 (63.11)

23 (5.58)

9 (1.52)

415 (69.98)

159 (26.81)

412 (100.0)

593 (100.0)

Note: 1. NG stands for not given as data are not available. 2. 1981: No Urban areas Dang (Gujarat), Wayanad (Kerala), Nicobar (Andaman & Nicobar

Island), East Kameng, Upper Subansiri, Dibang Valley and Tirap districts (Arunachal Pradesh), Lahul Spiti and Kinnaur districts (Himachal Pradesh) and Phek (Nagaland).

3. 2001: No Urban areas in Dangs (Gujarat), Senapati, Tamenglong, Churachandpur and Ukhrul (Manipur), Upper Siang (Arunachal Pradesh), and Lawngtlai (Mizoram), Lahul & Spiti and Kinnaur (Himachal Pradesh) and Nicobar (Andaman & Nicobar Island).



Table 5.2A: Distribution of Districts by the levels of ASMCRU for women aged 40-

44 years, Combined Areas, 1981-2001.


Andhra P. -- 8 15 -- 4 19 23 23 Bihar

5 26 -- -- 36 1

31 37

Jharkhand -- 14 4 18 Gujarat -- 19 -- -- 25 -- 19 25 Haryana 5 7 -- 15 4 -- 12 19 Jammu & K -- 13 1 -- 9 5 14 14 Karnataka 19 -- -- -- 19 8 19 27 Kerala 4 8 -- -- 14 -- 12 14 Madhya P.

2 36 7 2 43 --

45 45

Chhatisgarh -- 13 3 16 Maharashtra 11 15 -- -- 35 -- 26 35 Orissa -- 9 4 -- 23 7 13 30 Punjab -- 12 -- -- 17 -- 12 17 Rajasthan -- 26 -- 8 24 -- 26 32 Tamil Nadu -- 15 1 -- -- 30 16 30 Uttar P.

30 24 2 -- 62 8

56 70

Uttarnchal -- 13 -- 13 W. Bengal 10 6 -- -- 15 3 16 18 A&N Island 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 2 Arunachal P. 8 1 -- -- 10 3 9 13 Himachal P. 3 7 2 3 9 -- 12 12 Manipur 1 3 2 -- 2 7 6 9 Meghalaya 5 -- - -- -- 7 5 7 Mizoram 3 -- -- -- 8 -- 3 8 Nagaland 3 4 -- -- 2 6 7 8 Pondicherry 1 3 -- -- 4 -- 4 4 Sikkim -- 4 -- -- 4 -- 4 4 Goa -- 1 -- -- 2 -- 1 2 Daman Diu -- 2 -- -- 2 -- 2 2

Assam NG NG NG -- 13 10 10 23

Tripura NG NG NG -- 4 -- 3 4 Delhi NG NG NG 1 8 -- 1 9 Chandigarh NG NG NG -- 1 -- 1 1 DN Haveli NG NG NG -- 1 -- 1 1 Lakshadweep NG NG NG -- 1 -- 1 1

INDIA N %

111 (26.94)

249 (60.44)

35 (8.50)

30 (5.06)

441 (74.37)

122 (20.58)

412 (100.0)

593 (100.0)




Table 5.2B: Distribution of Districts by the levels of ASMCRU for women aged 40-44 years, Rural Areas, 1981-2001.



Andhra P. -- 7 15 -- 6 16 23 23 Bihar

5 26 -- -- 36 1

31 37

Jharkhand -- 12 6 18 Gujarat -- 19 -- 1 24 -- 19 25 Haryana 6 6 -- 18 1 -- 12 19 Jammu & K -- 13 1 -- 8 6 14 14 Karnataka 19 -- -- -- 20 7 19 27 Kerala 7 5 -- -- 14 -- 12 14 Madhya P.

2 36 7 2 43 --

45 45

Chhatisgarh -- 12 4 16 Maharashtra 11 14 -- -- 33 -- 26 35 Orissa -- 9 4 -- 22 8 13 30 Punjab 1 11 -- -- 17 -- 12 17 Rajasthan -- 26 -- 11 21 -- 26 32 Tamil Nadu -- 14 1 -- -- 29 16 30 Uttar P.

30 23 3 -- 66 4

56 70

Uttarnchal -- 13 -- 13 W. Bengal 10 5 -- -- 15 2 16 18 A&N Island 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 2 Arunachal P. 8 1 -- -- 10 3 9 13 Himachal P. 2 8 2 3 9 -- 12 12 Manipur 1 3 2 -- 2 7 6 9 Meghalaya 5 -- -- -- -- 7 5 7 Mizoram 3 -- -- 1 7 -- 3 8 Nagaland 2 5 -- -- 2 6 7 8 Pondicherry 1 2 -- -- 2 -- 4 4 Sikkim -- 4 -- -- 4 -- 4 4 Goa -- 1 -- -- 2 -- 1 2 Daman Diu -- 2 -- 1 1 -- 2 2

Assam NG NG NG -- 16 7 10 23

Tripura NG NG NG -- 4 -- 3 4 Delhi NG NG NG 3 4 -- 1 9 Chandigarh NG NG NG 1 -- -- 1 1 DN Haveli NG NG NG -- 1 -- 1 1 Lakshadweep NG NG NG -- 1 -- 1 1

INDIA N %

114 (27.67)

240 (58.25)

36 (8.74)

42 (4.08)

428 (72.17)

114 (19.23)

412 (100.0)

593 (100.0)

Note: 1. 1981: No rural area in Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh), Greater Bombay district (Maharashtra),

Madras (Tamil Nadu), Calcutta (West Bengal) and Yanam (Pondicherry). 2. 1981: Assam, Delhi, Tripura, Chandigarh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli & Lakshadweep data are not

available. 3. 2001: No rural area in Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh), Mumbai (Suburban) and Mumbai

(Maharashtra), Chennai (Tamil Nadu), Kolkatta (West Bengal), Mahe & Yanam (Pondicherry) and New Delhi and Delhi Central districts.



Table 5.2C: Distribution of Districts by the levels of ASMCRU for women aged 40-44 years, Urban Areas, 1981-2001.



Andhra P. -- 6 17 -- 3 20 23 23 Bihar

1 30 -- -- 33 4

31 37

Jharkhand -- 17 1 18 Gujarat -- 16 2 -- 23 1 19 25 Haryana 4 8 -- 8 11 -- 12 19 Jammu & K 2 10 2 -- 7 7 14 14 Karnataka 18 1 -- -- 18 9 19 27 Kerala 3 8 -- -- 12 2 12 14 Madhya P.

4 33 8 1 44 --

45 45

Chhatisgarh -- 16 -- 16 Maharashtra 8 17 1 -- 35 -- 26 35 Orissa 1 8 4 -- 27 3 13 30 Punjab 1 11 -- -- 17 -- 12 17 Rajasthan 1 25 -- 3 29 -- 26 32 Tamil Nadu -- 15 1 -- -- 30 16 30 Uttar P.

15 40 1 -- 50 20

56 70

Uttarnchal 1 11 1 13 W. Bengal 8 8 -- -- 14 4 16 18 A&N Island -- 1 -- -- 1 -- 2 2 Arunachal P. 5 -- -- 1 9 2 9 13 Himachal P. 8 2 -- 1 9 -- 12 12 Manipur 1 3 2 -- 1 4 6 9 Meghalaya 5 -- -- -- 3 4 5 7 Mizoram 3 -- -- -- 6 1 3 8 Nagaland 5 1 -- -- 2 6 7 8 Pondicherry 1 3 -- -- 4 -- 4 4 Sikkim 1 3 -- 1 3 -- 4 4 Goa -- 1 -- -- 2 -- 1 2 Daman Diu -- 2 -- -- 1 1 2 2

Assam NG NG NG -- 9 14 10 23

Tripura NG NG NG -- 4 -- 3 4 Delhi NG NG NG -- 9 -- 1 9 Chandigarh NG NG NG -- 1 -- 1 1 DN Haveli NG NG NG -- 1 -- 1 1 Lakshadweep NG NG NG -- 1 -- 1 1

INDIA N %

95 (23.06)

253 (61.40)

38 (9.22)

16 (2.70)

433 (73.01)

134 (22.60)

412 (100.0)

593 (100.0)

Note: 1. 1981: No Urban areas Dang (Gujarat), Wayanad (Kerala), Nicobar (Andaman & Nicobar Island), East

Kameng, Upper Subansiri, Dibang Valley and Tirap districts (Arunachal Pradesh), Lahul Spiti and Kinnaur districts (Himachal Pradesh) and Phek (Nagaland).

2. 1981: Assam, Delhi, Tripura, Chandigarh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Lakshadweep data are not available. 3. 2001: No Urban areas in Nicobar (Andaman & Nicobar Island), Upper Siang (Arunachal Pradesh), Lahul

Spiti and Kinnaur (Himachal Pradesh), Senapati, Tamenglong, Churachandpur and Ukhrul (Manipur), Dangs (Gujarat) and Lawngtlai (Mizoram).



Table 5.3A: Distribution of Districts by the levels of ASMCRU for women aged 45-49 years, Combined Areas, 1981-2001.


Andhra P. -- 7 16 -- 4 19 23 23 Bihar

7 24 -- -- 36 1

31 37

Jharkhand -- 14 4 18 Gujarat -- 18 1 -- 25 -- 19 25 Haryana 7 5 -- 14 5 -- 12 19 Jammu & K -- 13 1 -- 11 3 14 14 Karnataka 18 1 -- -- 19 8 19 27 Kerala 6 6 -- -- 14 -- 12 14 Madhya P.

3 35 7 -- 45 --

45 45

Chhatisgarh -- 12 4 16 Maharashtra 12 14 -- -- 35 -- 26 35 Orissa -- 10 3 -- 20 10 13 30 Punjab 1 11 -- -- 17 -- 12 17 Rajasthan 3 23 -- 9 23 -- 26 32 Tamil Nadu -- 15 1 -- -- 30 16 30 Uttar P.

31 23 2 -- 63 7

56 70

Uttarnchal -- 13 -- 13 W. Bengal 9 7 -- -- 15 3 16 18 A&N Island 1 1 -- 1 -- 1 2 2 Arunachal P. 9 -- -- -- 8 5 9 13 Himachal P. 3 8 1 3 9 -- 12 12 Manipur 1 3 2 -- 2 7 6 9 Meghalaya 5 -- -- -- -- 7 5 7 Mizoram 3 -- -- -- 8 -- 3 8 Nagaland 2 5 -- -- 3 5 7 8 Pondicherry 1 3 -- -- 4 -- 4 4 Sikkim -- 4 -- -- 4 -- 4 4 Goa -- 1 -- -- 2 -- 1 2 Daman Diu -- 2 -- -- 2 -- 2 2

Assam NG NG NG -- 15 8 10 23

Tripura NG NG NG -- 4 -- 3 4 Delhi NG NG NG 2 7 -- 1 9 Chandigarh NG NG NG -- 1 -- 1 1 DN Haveli NG NG NG -- 1 -- 1 1 Lakshadweep NG NG NG -- 1 -- 1 1

INDIA N %

122 (29.61)

239 (58.01)

33 (8.01)

29 (4.89)

442 (74.53)

122 (20.57)

412 (100.0)

593 (100.0)




Table 5.3B: Distribution of Districts by the levels of ASMCRU for women aged 45-49 years, Rural Areas, 1981-2001.


Low Medium High Low Medium High 1981 2001 Andhra P. -- 8 14 -- 5 17 23 23 Bihar

9 22 -- -- 36 1

31 37

Jharkhand -- 12 6 18 Gujarat -- 18 1 -- 25 -- 19 25 Haryana 10 2 -- 18 1 -- 12 19 Jammu & K -- 13 1 -- 11 3 14 14 Karnataka 18 1 -- -- 21 6 19 27 Kerala 6 6 -- -- 14 -- 12 14 Madhya P.

3 36 6 -- 44 1

45 45

Chhatisgarh -- 11 5 16 Maharashtra 10 15 -- -- 33 -- 26 35 Orissa -- 10 3 -- 20 10 13 30 Punjab 1 11 -- 1 16 -- 12 17 Rajasthan 4 22 -- 10 22 -- 26 32 Tamil Nadu -- 14 1 -- -- 29 16 30 Uttar P.

32 21 3 -- 66 4

56 70

Uttarnchal -- 13 -- 13 W. Bengal 9 6 -- -- 15 2 16 18 A&N Island 1 1 -- 1 -- 1 2 2 Arunachal P. 8 1 -- -- 8 5 9 13 Himachal P. 3 8 1 3 9 -- 12 12 Manipur 1 3 2 -- 2 7 6 9 Meghalaya 5 -- -- -- -- 7 5 7 Mizoram 3 -- -- -- 8 -- 3 8 Nagaland 2 5 -- -- 5 3 7 8 Pondicherry 1 2 -- -- 2 -- 4 4 Sikkim -- 4 -- -- 4 -- 4 4

Goa -- 1 -- -- 2 -- 1 2

Daman Diu -- 2 -- -- 2 -- 2 2 Assam NG NG NG -- 17 6 10 23 Tripura NG NG NG -- 4 -- 3 4 Delhi NG NG NG 5 2 -- 1 9 Chandigarh NG NG NG -- 1 -- 1 1 DN Haveli NG NG NG -- 1 -- 1 1 Lakshadweep NG NG NG -- 1 -- 1 1

INDIA N %

126 (30.58)

232 (56.31)

32 (7.77)

38 (6.41)

433 (73.02)

113 (19.06)

412 (100.0)

593 (100.0)

Note: 1. 1981: No rural area in Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh), Greater Bombay district (Maharashtra), Madras (Tamil

Nadu), Calcutta (West Bengal) and Yanam (Pondicherry). 2. 1981: Assam, Delhi, Tripura, Chandigarh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli & Lakshadweep data are not available. 3. 2001: No rural area in Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh), Mumbai (suburban) and Mumbai (Maharashtra),

Chennai (Tamil Nadu), Kolkatta (West Bengal), Mahe & Yanam (Pondicherry) and New Delhi & Delhi Central (Delhi).



Table 5.3C: Distribution of Districts by the levels of ASMCRU for women aged 45-49 years, Urban Areas, 1981-2001.


Andhra P. -- 6 17 -- 2 21 23 23 Bihar

-- 29 2 -- 36 1

31 37

Jharkhand -- 17 1 18 Gujarat -- 16 2 -- 23 1 19 25 Haryana 4 8 -- 7 12 -- 12 19 Jammu & K -- 13 1 -- 10 4 14 14 Karnataka 19 -- -- -- 19 8 19 27 Kerala 3 8 -- -- 13 1 12 14 Madhya P.

1 35 9 1 44 --

45 45

Chhatisgarh -- 16 -- 16 Maharashtra 9 17 -- -- 35 -- 26 35 Orissa 2 8 3 1 26 3 13 30 Punjab 4 8 -- -- 17 -- 12 17 Rajasthan 1 24 1 3 29 -- 26 32 Tamil Nadu -- 15 1 -- -- 30 16 30 Uttar P.

16 38 2 -- 51 19

56 70

Uttarnchal -- 10 3 13 W. Bengal 8 7 1 -- 15 3 16 18 A&N Island -- 1 -- -- 1 -- 2 2 Arunachal P. 5 -- -- -- 8 4 9 13 Himachal P. 6 4 -- 1 9 -- 12 12 Manipur 1 3 2 -- 1 4 6 9 Meghalaya 5 -- -- -- 2 5 5 7 Mizoram 3 -- -- -- 7 -- 3 8 Nagaland 5 -- 1 -- 3 5 7 8 Pondicherry 1 3 -- -- 4 -- 4 4 Sikkim 1 3 -- -- 2 2 4 4 Goa -- 1 -- -- 2 -- 1 2 Daman Diu -- 2 -- -- 2 -- 2 2 Assam NG NG NG -- 13 10 10 23 Tripura NG NG NG -- 4 -- 3 4 Delhi NG NG NG -- 9 -- 1 9 Chandigarh NG NG NG -- 1 -- 1 1 DN Haveli NG NG NG -- 1 -- 1 1 Lakshadweep NG NG NG -- 1 -- 1 1

INDIA N %

94 (22.82)

249 (60.44)

41 (9.95)

13 (2.19)

445 (75.05)

122 (20.57)

412 (100.0)

593 (100.0)

Note: 1. 1981: No Urban areas in Dang (Gujarat), Wayanad (Kerala), Nicobar (Andaman & Nicobar Island), East

Kameng, Upper Subansiri, Dibang Valley and Tirap districts (Arunachal Pradesh), Lahul Spiti and Kinnaur districts (Himachal Pradesh) and Phek (Nagaland).

1. 1981: Assam, Delhi, Tripura, Chandigarh, Dadra Nagar Haveli and Lakshadweep data are not available. 2. 2001: No Urban areas in Nicobar (Andaman & Nicobar Island), Upper Siang (Arunachal Pradesh),

Lahul Spiti and Kinnaur (Himachal Pradesh), Senapati, Tamenglong, Churachandpur and Ukhrul (Manipur), Dangs (Gujarat) and Lawngtlai (Mizoram).



Chapter 6

Factors affecting and Consequences of childlessness on women

In the present section we attempt to understand various dimensions of childlessness in India and its states using data from the National Family Health Survey conducted during 1998-99 by the IIPS, Mumbai (referred as NFHS II). This has been done in view of the fact that the NFHS data gives us greater scope to undertake in-depth analysis on the issue in comparison to the census data (which we have used in our analysis so far). This is possible because in case of NFHS we have access to individual data file. This allows us to carry out tabulation as per or need which is not possible from the census data. Thus in the present section we try to throw in-depth light on the levels and differentials of childlessness by a number of characteristics at the national and state level. Although there are obvious advantages of the NFHS data over census data, there are some limitations as well. First and foremost, the sample size in NFHS has a clear limitation to undertake the analysis of childless women in the conventional five-year age groups. As a result of this, we have computed the childlessness rates for the two groups of women- younger and older women (women aged 15-29 years and 30-49 years respectively). Also as we have noted in the previous sections the levels of childlessness more or less stabilize by age 30 years. Further, the levels of childlessness at ages beyond 30 years may be taken as the indicator of the levels of infertility in the population such as ours. It may be worth to remind that here too we have considered all zero parity women at the time of survey as childless. Before coming to the discussion on factors associated with the childlessness we would like to present a very brief discussion on the levels and differentials of childlessness among the women in the reproductive ages as emerged from the NFHS data (with emphasis on the variables for which differentials could not be studied from the census data). Table 6.1 provides levels of childlessness for the women aged 15-29, 30-49 and 15-49 years for India and its states for the period 1998-99. In the same table we have also provided the same for regions of the country as a whole. For better understanding, the states have been classified into six regions of East, West, North, South, Central and Northeast regions and the details of the states under each of the region are provided in the footnote below the table. In addition to the percentages of the childless women, we have also given the total number of women in each of the category on which our analysis is based. As may be noted from the table, the General Marital Childlessness Rate (GMCR) for the nation as a whole is 11 per cent (in other words, about over one in every 10 women in the reproductive ages surveyed in NFHS in India were childless at the time of survey). It may be recalled that the corresponding figure for 2001 from census data was about 16 per cent. Among major states, the GMCR ranged from low levels of about 7-8 per cent in Haryana and Punjab to nearly 13 per cent in Bihar followed by about 12 per cent in Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. IN case of other smaller states, it was observed at 12 percent in Himachal Pradesh and 9-10 per cent in Arunachal Pradesh and Tripura and between 4-8 percent for rest of the other states. At the regional


level (see lower panel of the table) the GMCR was relatively higher in central and east regions (at 12 per cent) followed by west and south regions and are lowest in the north and northeastern regions. The data also revealed that the levels of childlessness are higher among younger women as compared to the older women (which is obvious and have also been noted in the analysis based on the census data presented in the previous sections). It is interesting to point out that the percentage of childlessness among women aged 15-29 years is relatively higher for Bihar and Uttar Pradesh (at 22 per cent) in comparison to other states. This becomes very important in view of the fact that the age at marriage for females is very low in these two state and the same time values attached to motherhood are probably stronger in comparison to any other states. In case of women aged 30-49 years, the GMCR among major states varied from a lowest of close to 2 per cent in Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan to 4 per cent or higher in Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Maharashtra, Orissa and Tamil Nadu. Interestingly, south (at 4 per cent), west (at 3.8 per cent) and northeast (at 3.5 per cent) regions have exhibited higher levels of GMCR for older women as compared to about 2 per cent in northern region and central regions. It may be noticed from the table 6.2 that the levels of GMCR does not show any variation by economic status of the household as measured by Standard of Living Index (SLI) foe all women, however, less percentage of younger women from poor household were childless (17 percent) as compared to those either from medium or higher socio-economic strata (20 per cent). The scenario has reversed completely for older women, childlessness levels being higher for women from low SLI households (4 per cent) as compared to those from medium or high SLI households (3 per cent). The percentages of childless women increased notably from less than 10 per cent among illiterate women to over 15 per cent among those who had completed secondary education. This increase is steeper among young women (from about 17 per cent among illiterate to nearly 25 per cent among those who had completed higher education. With respect to age at marriage of the women, the levels are apparently higher for those marrying later than age 18 years (nearly 15 per cent) as compared to those marrying at very young ages (less than 7 per cent for those marrying before age 15 years). These differences are much wider for younger women; only 11 per cent of women who married before age 15 years were childless which increased to over 27 per cent among those who married after age 18 years. It may also be observed that the incidence of childlessness is higher for those who had experienced sexually transmitted infection (nearly 12 per cent) as compared those who did not experience any sexually transmitted infection (about 10 per cent). The analysis of data on the differentials in childlessness at the regional levels presented in Table 6.3a through 6.3c for women aged 15-29 years, 30-49 years and 15-49 years respectively (also see figures 6.1 and 6.2). The patterns emerging are rather unclear and mix. However, the data reveals that there prevail wide variations in the levels of childlessness by socio-economic characteristics at least for some of the indicators at the regional level. For example, among young women aged 15-29 years, the levels of childless were substantially higher among women in high SLI households (23-24 per cent) compared to those in other regions (19-22 percent). Similarly, the levels of childless among young women reporting substance use is notably higher in west and south regions as compared to other regions (17 per cent versus 9-12 per cent). In the east, western and central regions, higher percentage of the young women who experienced any sexually transmitted infection were childless (21-22 per cent) as compared to those in other regions (18-20 per cent).


Among the older women aged 30-49 years it may be seen from table 6.3b that relatively higher proportion of women from low SLI households in west and south regions were childless (5 per cent) as compared to those in other regions (2-3 per cent). Likewise, in levels of childlessness were higher for women from high SLI households in east, west and northeast regions (about 5 percent) compared to those in other regions (2-3 per cent). Four to five per cent of women who reported substance use in south and central regions were childless (5 per cent) as compared to those in other regions (1 per cent in east, 2 per cent in northeast, for example). On the other hand, the differentials by reproductive morbidity status were wider among women in western region (5 per cent among those who experienced any sexually transmitted infection compared to 3 per cent among those who did not experience any sexually transmitted infection). Figures 6.1: Percentages of women aged 15-29 years who were childless at the time

of survey by regions of India, 1998-99.


Figures 6.1 contd…..

Figures 6.2: Percentages of women aged 30-49 years who were childless at the time

of survey by regions of India, 1998-99.


Figures 6.2 contd…..

6.1 Factors Affecting Childlessness Tables 6.4 presents the results of the logistic regression analysis for India separately for three groups of women aged 15-24 years, 30-49 years and 15-49 years respectively. In the final table here we have presented the results for one model only. However, in our analysis we ran three different models wherein in the first model we have considered variables such as woman’s place of residence, her religion, caste, educational and


standard of living index of the household only. In the second model in addition to these variables, we also introduced woman’s age at marriage. In the final model we also added variables such as her body mass index (for nutrition status), substance abuse and experience of any reproductive morbidity by the woman. The analysis based on these three different models suggests that the relationship of the independent variables with that of the dependent variable did not change with respect to the common variables in all three models. In other words, inclusion of additional variable did not alter the association between childlessness and independent variables that were common in various models. This is observed for all the three age groups considered here. As a result of this it was decided to present the results based on the more exhaustive model which include all these variables. Further, although we have presented the results for three groups of women separately, we focus our discussions only for all women aged 15-49 years of age. At the outset it may be noted that all the independent variables included in the analysis have emerged as an important factor as far as the childlessness is concerned. This is true for all three categories of the women considered in the present analysis. The results in table 6.4 clearly reveal that the likelihood of childlessness (at the significance level of one per cent) is closely associated with place of residence, religion, caste, standard of living index, her educational status, age at marriage, body mass index (BMI), substance use and experience of any sexually transmitted infection. It may be pointed out that the likelihood of childlessness is 28 per cent higher among rural woman as compared to their counterparts living in the urban areas. Likewise, SC and ST women are more likely to be childless as compared to the Non-SC/ST women (7 and 26 per cent respectively). The differentials in this respect are more evident with regards to the education and BMI. For example, likelihood of a illiterate woman being childless is 43 per cent less than a woman who had completed higher education. Those women whose BMI is less than 18.5 or greater than 25 are 20 and 54 per cent, respectively, less likely to be childless as compared to those whose BMI is between 18.5 to 25.0. The data further suggests that the likelihood of childlessness is more than double for the women who marry later than 18 years of age as compared to those who marry before reaching age 15 years. Further, likelihood of childlessness is about 69 per cent more for the women who marry between ages 15 to 18 years as compared to those who marry before reaching age 15 years. Women who have experienced any sexually transmitted infections have 21 per cent higher chances of being childless as compared to those who have not experienced any reproductive morbidity. 6.2 Consequences of Childlessness on women In the present analysis an attempt is also made to examine the consequences of childlessness on the lives of the woman. As mentioned before, the NFHS data provide information on the current marital status of the women and incidence of domestic violence in the past 12 months prior to the survey date. We understand that this data may not be able to through the light on the nature of relationship of these variables with that of the childlessness as it fails to provide information on the exact reason for marriage dissolution (in case of marital status) and/or incidence of gender based violence. However, in spite of this limitation we have used this data to understand the consequence of childlessness on martial disruption and gender based violence. Thus our results need to be understood in this context. It may further be pointed out that because of the sample size concerns we have presented analysis of this for the six regions of the country. The


regions have been created on the lines suggested by the NFHS and the list of states falling in the region is presented below:

Region Names of the States East Orissa, Bihar and West Bengal West Maharashtra, Goa and Gujarat North Jammu & Kashmir, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana South Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka Central Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh Northeast Tripura, Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh,

Nagaland and Sikkim Table 6.5 and 6.6 give percentages of women who have experienced gender based violence and were divorced/separated/deserted at the time of survey separately for those women who were childless and those who were not. This has been presented for the period 1998-99 for India and its six regions as described earlier. In addition to this, we have also examined the interrelationship between levels of childlessness on the levels of fertility as measured by total fertility rate (TFR). This relationship has been examined at the district level. For this we have used the percentages of the childless women in the age group 35-49 years. Ram et. al. (2005) have estimated the vital statistics at the district level using census 2001 data for all the districts in India. For fertility levels at the district level we have used their estimates of TFR. The results obtained of the cross tabulation between the two variables have been presented in table 6.7. A. Childlessness and Marital Disruption Before coming to the discussion we would like to mention that we have presented the analysis here once again for younger and older women. The data in table 6.5 and Figure 6.3 below give the percentages of women who were divorced/separated/deserted at the time of survey separately for childless and those with child(ren) for India and its regions by broad ages of the women (younger and older women). The results are very clear. Whether it is national level or regional levels or younger and older women, percentages of women who were divorced/separated/disserted were notably higher for those who were childless as compared to those who have any child(ren). The impact of childless on the marital disruption is apparently far more serious for the older women as compared to the younger women. This is quite logical in the sense that in situations where woman fail to have a child the families may give some more time to the woman and wait before taking the final plunge. At the national level, for example, about 5 per cent of the young women aged 15-29 years who were childless were divorced/separated/deserted as against of just less than 3 per cent among those with children. Among the older women aged 30-39 years, over 29 per cent women were divorced/separated/deserted among those who were childless as against of about 8 per cent among those with children. This clearly indicates that the atrocities in terms of marital disruption have been more severe among childless women as compared to the women who have children. Figures 6.3: Percentages of divorced/deserted women by their childlessness status,

1998-99.


Figures 6.3 contd…

Similar observations are also made in different regions of the country. As a matter of fact the gaps actually widen up much more in some regions. More women residing in the southern region, for example, suffer marital disruption as compared to their counterparts with children. Among older women, the gaps were wide for all regions in general and for women in west, south and east regions in particular. Over 36 per cent of the childless women aged 30-49 years and about 6 per cent of them in the age group 15-29 years living in southern states were divorced/separated/ disserted in comparison to 11 and less than 4 per cent, respectively, among those with children. It may be recalled from our earlier discussion that the levels of childlessness are much higher in southern states of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Not only this, there are many districts in these two states where more than 10 per cent of the women in 2001 were childless. Among the younger women, the gaps between childless women and those with children in terms of percentages of divorced/separated/disserted is once again notable in western (6 per cent as against of 3 per cent) and central regions (over 4 per cent as against of 2 per cent).

B. Childlessness and domestic Violence perpetrated by husband and in-laws


At the outset we would like to mention that the relationship between childlessness and experience of domestic violence perpetrated by husband and in-laws in our analysis has not emerged in the expected direction for younger women. As may be seen from the data in table, the percentages of women who experienced violence perpetrated by husband and in-laws among young women is consistently high for those with children as compared to those without any child. This is true for country as a whole and also for six regions individually. We do not have any explanation for this. In view of this, we discuss the results for older women only. As may be noted from the data in table 6.6 and Figure 6.4, at the all India level, the proportion of women reportedly were beaten by the husbands and in-laws as was over 23 per cent among childless women aged 30-49 years as compared to 21 per cent those who have children and for the women who had children. At the regional level, the results are similar, nonetheless, it may be noted that higher proportion of older childless women from the north region reported that they were beaten by their husbands/in-laws as compared to their counterparts with children (16 per cent versus 12 per cent). Similarly, about 27 per cent of the older childless women in central region reported violence as against of less than 23 per cent among those with children. Figures 6.4: Percentages of women aged 30-49 years who reported experiencing

domestic violence perpetrated by husband/in-laws by their childlessness status, 1998-99.

C: Childlessness and Total Fertility Rate At the outset we may mention that the correlation coefficient between percentage of childless women and TFR is –0.302 (significant at the 0.01 level) indicating that the fertility levels are lower in the districts wherever childlessness incidence is higher. The distribution of districts by fertility levels for various levels of childlessness in table 6.7 reveals that the proportional share of districts with low fertility increases with the increase in the percentages of childless women. For example, the share of district with below replacement level fertility was less than 5 per cent among districts with less than 2.5 per cent childless women aged 35-49 years which increased over 17 per cent among


those with 2.51 to 5.00 per cent childless women to further nearly 29 per cent among those with 5.01 to 7.5 per cent childlessness. Further, the share of districts in below replacement is over 44 per cent among districts with 7.51 – 10.00 per cent childless and rises to over 56 per cent in case of districts with more than 10 per cent childlessness. On the other hand, share of districts with TFR of more than 4 declines with the increase in the levels of childlessness. For example, TFR was more than 4.00 in over 9 per cent of the districts. This increases to nearly 5 per cent among those with childlessness of 7.51 – 10.00 and to less than 3 per cent among those with greater than 10.00 per cent childlessness. Figures 6.5: Distribution of districts by levels of childlessness among women aged

35-49 years and TFR, India, 1998-99.


Table 6.1: Percentage of childless women in the age group 15-29, 30-49 and 15-49

years for States and Regions of India, 1998-99. States

Proportion of childless women among all women 15-29 years 30-49 years 15-49 years

% No. % No. % No. States

Major states Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Gujarat Haryana Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Smaller states Arunachal Pradesh Goa Himachal Pradesh Jammu Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Sikkim Tripura New Delhi

19.3 19.3 22.1 20.5 15.3 17.9 21.6 20.0 16.9 18.6 17.9 20.7 18.2 21.9 18.5

15.2 25.8 17.3 14.3 13.8 7.6

11.5 13.5 16.7 18.7 17.9

4015 1030 4693 1715 767

2297 1109 3593 4111 1479 759

2301 2584 7170 3628

46 31

208 294 58 79 23 52 18

134 431

4.0 4.0 2.6 2.8 1.5 3.4 3.8 3.1 4.4 4.6 1.7 2.3 4.4 2.0 3.6

2.5 6.6 1.9 2.1 2.8 1.3 2.7 2.9 0.0 2.9 2.0

4061 1180 4307 2495 945

2561 2053 3396 4596 1725 1173 2424 3523 6973 4027

40 76

317 427 108 80 37 70 20

171 690

11.6 11.1 12.8 10.5 7.6

10.3 10.1 11.8 10.3 11.0 8.1

11.3 10.2 12.1 10.7

9.3

12.1 8.0 7.2 7.2 4.4 6.3 7.4 7.7 9.8 8.1

8075 2209 9000 4411 1712 4859 3163 6990 8707 3204 1931 4726 6106

14143 7655

86

107 525 722 166 159 63

122 39

305 1121

Regions# East West North South Central Northeast

20.3 18.1 18.6 19.0 21.3 18.0

9800 6057 4760

10005 10763 1442

3.3 3.8 2.0 4.0 2.3 3.5

10058 7167 5976

12198 10369 1706

11.7 10.4 9.4

10.7 12.0 10.2

19859 13224 10737 22202 2133 3149

All India 19.6 42828 3.2 47474 11.0 90304 # East Region: Orissa, Bihar and West Bengal; West Region: Maharashtra, Goa and Gujarat; North Region: Jammu & Kashmir, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Delhi and Haryana; South Region: Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka; Central Region: Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh; Northeast Region: Tripura, Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland and Sikkim.


Table 6.2. Percentage of childless women in the age group 15-29, 30-49 and 15-49 by selected background characteristics for States and Regions of India, 1998-99.

15-29 30-49 15-49 %

ChildlessNo. of

Women %

ChildlessNo. of

Women %

Childless No. of

WomenPlace of Residence of EW

Rural Urban

Religion of EW Hind Muslim Christian Others

Caste of EW SC ST Others

SLI (HH) Low Medium High

Education of EW Illiterate Primary Secondary Higher

Husband’s Work status Not working Working

Age at first marriage EW Below 15 years 15-18 years Greater than 18 years

BMI of EW Below 18.5 18.5-25.0 Greater than 25.0

Substance use* of EW User Non-user

STI status of EW Has STI No STI

19.5 20.0

19.9 18.3 18.9 18.9

19.1 19.4 19.8

17.8 20.1 20.0

17.4 20.0 23.4 24.7

39.0 19.2

11.2 20.7 27.1

15.9 21.8 16.8

11.8 19.8

20.7 18.9

33120 9708

35046 5729 875 1177

8139 4052 30657

14929 20075 7321

23042 8425 4434 6562

1050 41778

9788 23314 9726

14585 22166 2513

1001 41828

17157 25671

3.1 3.3

3.2 2.5 4.8 2.7

2.8 3.9 3.2

3.8 2.9 2.9

3.2 2.8 3.4 3.6

5.0 3.1

2.8 2.4 5.4

3.3 3.2 3.1

3.6 3.2

3.3 3.1

33540 13935

38778 5589 1413 1696

8378 3811 35286

14473 21749 10714

29030 9120 3014 6303

1433 46052

11236 23852 12386

13502 23035 7197

2549 44926

17774 29701

11.3 10.2

11.2 10.5 10.2 9.4

10.8 11.9 10.9

10.9 11.2 10.6

9.5 11.1 15.3 14.4

19.4 10.8

6.7 11.1 14.7

9.9 12.3 6.7

5.9 11.2

11.9 10.4

66660 23643

73824 11319 2287 2873

16518 7863 65923

29402 41823 18034

52432 17546 7448 12868

2483 87821

21024 47167 22112

28087 45201 9711

3550 86753

34931 55373

• Means either drink or some regularly or have done so ever.


Table 6.3a: Percentage of childless women in the age group 15-29 years by their background characteristics for India and States, 1998-99.

$ Substance user means either drink alcohol or smoke regularly/ever smoked. ** Professional includes technical and managerial jobs.

Background

Characteristics

East West North South Central Northeast

% N % N % N % N % N % N

Place of Rural 20.3 8587 17.3 3742 18.5 3420 18.5 7282 21.2 8798 18.0 1291

residence Urban 19.9 1213 19.3 2315 18.7 1340 20.2 2722 21.6 1965 17.2 10763

Religion Hindu 20.6 7962 18.9 5038 18.7 3698 18.9 8281 21.4 9284 17.6 784

Muslim 18.3 1664 12.9 620 15.9 485 19.2 1180 20.3 1348 20.8 432

Christian 23.8 63 25.0 72 23.8 21 18.0 516 35.1 37 12.7 166

Others 27.0 111 14.0 328 19.9 557 37.0 27 16.0 94 18.0 61

Caste SC 19.7 2258 16.7 825 19.0 997 17.6 1908 21.4 1994 14.4 160

ST 21.5 985 17.5 897 21.6 315 21.5 428 19.5 1025 14.4 402

Others 20.3 6557 18.5 4336 18.2 3448 19.2 7669 21.5 7746 20.2 880

SLI Low 18.6 5059 16.0 1862 16.9 682 18.0 3494 17.6 3209 17.0 623

Medium 22.2 3732 16.8 1249 18.2 2363 18.9 4832 22.4 1714 18.5 654

High 22.2 934 23.4 5926 19.7 1675 21.4 1624 23.9 10604 18.5 124

Education Illiterate 18.7 5942 13.7 2576 16.0 2586 16.3 4543 19.0 7125 15.9 628

EW Primary 21.5 2065 18.5 1497 20.5 767 18.4 2150 22.5 1541 18.0 405

Secondary 23.0 842 22.8 785 23.0 483 19.9 1169 30.0 907 19.2 250

Higher 24.9 947 24.4 1199 22.1 924 24.6 2142 26.9 1191 23.9 159

Working Not working 37.1 310 28.6 98 38.8 121 23.9 117 49.1 369 30.6 36

Husband Working 19.7 9489 17.9 5960 18.1 4640 18.9 9889 20.3 10395 17.7 1407

Age at 1st < 15 years 10.3 2110 11.1 1442 13.1 603 11.5 2237 11.7 3209 5.4 186

Marriage 15-18 years 20.4 5742 16.9 3097 17.6 2687 19.2 5016 23.7 5958 16.5 812

EW > 18 years 30.5 1948 27.2 1517 22.7 1470 24.6 2751 31.4 1596 25.9 444

BMI <18.5 15.9 3840 14.6 2529 15.0 1304 16.9 3558 16.1 2994 17.2 360

18.5-25 23.3 5116 21.2 2909 20.6 2764 20.9 5359 22.8 5095 18.7 923

>25 21.0 447 15.0 379 13.7 402 16.0 846 19.7 390 12.0 50

Substance User$ 8.5 351 17.1 35 12.2 74 16.7 228 11.2 178 11.1 135

Use Non User 20.7 9449 18.1 6022 18.7 4687 19.0 9776 21.5 10586 18.7 1307

STI status Has STI 21.9 4159 21.4 2255 18.7 1896 20.2 3814 21.2 4229 17.8 804

No STI 19.1 5641 16.1 3802 18.5 2865 18.2 6191 21.3 6534 18.2 638


Table 6.3b: Percentage of Childless Women in the age group 30-49 years by their background characteristics for India and States, 1998-99.


Background

Characteristics


% N % N % N % N % N % N

Place of Rural 3.2 8175 3.3 3965 2.1 3848 4.1 8374 2.3 7735 3.6 1441

residence Urban 3.7 1883 4.5 3202 1.8 2127 3.7 3823 2.4 2634 3.0 266

Religion Hindu 3.3 8365 3.8 5961 2.1 4524 4.1 9962 2.4 8900 3.8 1065

Muslim 3.1 1470 2.8 602 1.3 600 2.6 1297 1.7 1283 3.6 336

Christian 2.4 82 10.3 107 0.0 32 4.7 899 10.2 59 2.6 232

Others 7.1 141 4.0 497 1.6 819 0.0 39 1.6 126 1.4 73

Caste SC 2.5 2085 2.7 1011 2.7 1131 3.6 2171 2.3 1811 3.0 169

ST 4.8 942 4.1 869 2.3 304 3.4 326 4.5 848 2.5 521

Others 3.4 7032 4.0 5287 1.8 4541 4.0 9701 2.1 7710 4.1 1016

SLI Low 3.3 4723 4.6 1755 2.1 745 5.1 3724 2.8 2908 3.7 616

Medium 3.2 3884 3.4 3204 2.0 2728 3.6 5849 2.1 5274 3.0 849

High 3.8 1372 3.6 2065 1.9 2443 3.0 2561 2.3 2031 5.0 241


EW Primary 3.1 2006 3.0 1789 1.4 850 2.9 2790 2.8 1277 2.7 408

Secondary 3.9 491 3.6 552 3.0 396 3.9 903 2.2 462 2.8 211

Higher 4.6 871 4.3 1267 1.9 1034 3.6 1914 3.4 1042 5.6 177


Husband Working 3.3 9757 3.6 6917 2.0 5826 3.9 11791 2.3 10117 3.6 1634

Age at 1st < 15 years 3.1 2364 4.0 1668 1.7 727 3.5 3024 1.6 3247 3.9 206

Marriage 15-18 years 2.6 5578 2.5 3446 1.8 3206 3.0 5324 2.1 5488 1.9 810

EW > 18 years 5.5 2116 5.9 2052 2.4 2043 5.6 3850 4.5 1635 5.5 691

BMI <18.5 3.1 3822 3.8 2154 2.2 1300 4.3 3170 2.5 2688 3.5 367

18.5-25 3.3 4915 3.8 3317 2.1 3046 3.8 6262 2.5 4407 3.6 1088

>25 3.8 927 4.0 1379 1.5 1307 3.7 2451 1.7 999 3.0 134

Substance User$ 3.3 855 1.1 93 2.7 255 4.9 627 4.1 439 2.1 280

Use Non User 3.3 9203 3.8 7074 1.9 5720 3.9 11571 2.2 9930 3.8 1426


No STI 3.2 5957 3.1 4691 2.0 3662 4.3 8299 2.1 6184 3.4 907


Table 6.3c: Percentage of Childless Women in the age group 15-49 years by their background characteristics for India and States, 1998-99.


Background

Characteristics


% N % N % N % N % N % N

Place of Rural 12.0 16763 10.7 7707 9.8 7268 10.8 15657 12.4 16533 10.4 2731

residence Urban 10.0 3096 10.1 5517 8.4 3467 10.6 6545 10.6 4599 8.2 417

Religion Hindu 11.7 16327 10.7 11000 9.6 8223 10.8 18242 12.1 18184 9.6 1849

Muslim 11.2 3134 7.9 1222 7.8 1085 10.5 2477 11.3 2631 13.3 768

Christian 11.6 146 15.8 177 9.4 53 9.6 1416 19.8 96 6.8 398

Others 15.9 252 8.0 824 9.0 1376 15.2 66 7.7 221 9.0 134

Caste SC 11.4 4342 9.0 1836 10.3 2128 10.1 4079 12.3 3805 8.5 329

ST 13.3 1928 10.9 1767 12.1 620 13.7 754 12.7 1873 7.7 923

Others 11.5 13589 10.5 9623 8.9 7989 10.7 17370 11.8 15455 11.6 1898

SLI Low 11.2 9782 10.5 3617 9.2 1427 1.3 7219 10.6 6118 10.4 1239

Medium 12.6 7616 9.7 6018 9.5 5091 10.5 10682 12.7 10955 9.9 1463

High 11.3 2306 11.1 3314 9.1 4118 10.2 4186 12.2 3745 10.1 365


EW Primary 12.4 4072 9.9 3286 10.5 1618 9.6 2071 13.6 2817 10.3 813

Secondary 16.0 1333 14.9 1337 14.0 878 12.9 4056 20.6 1367 11.7 461

Higher 15.2 1818 14.1 2467 11.4 1958 14.7 22201 15.9 2232 14.3 336


Husband Working 11.4 19246 10.3 12877 9.1 10466 10.8 21680 11.4 20511 10.1 3040

Age at 1st < 15 years 6.5 4475 7.3 3110 6.8 1330 6.9 5261 6.6 6456 4.6 392

Marriage 15-18 years 11.6 11320 9.3 6545 9.0 5894 10.9 10341 13.4 11446 9.2 1622

EW > 18 years 17.5 4064 15.0 3570 10.9 3511 13.5 6600 17.8 3232 13.5 1135

BMI <18.5 9.5 7662 9.6 4684 8.6 2604 11.0 6728 9.7 5662 10.3 727

18.5-25 13.5 10031 11.9 6226 10.9 5809 11.7 11621 13.4 21646 10.6 2012

>25 9.4 1374 6.4 1758 9.2 1708 6.9 3297 6.8 5682 4.9 183

Substance User$ 4.8 1206 6.3 128 4.9 329 8.0 854 6.0 616 5.1 415

Use Non User 12.1 18652 10.4 13096 9.5 10407 10.8 21348 12.2 20516 10.9 2734


No STI 10.9 11598 12.9 8493 9.3 6527 10.2 14490 12.0 12719 9.6 1546


Table 6.4: Results of Logistic Regression for childless women aged 15-34, 35-49 and 15-49 years for all India, 1998-99.

Background Characteristics Present Age of the Woman 15-34 35-49 15-49 Place of residence

Urban® Rural 1.191* 0.929 1.282*

Religion Hindu ® Muslim 0.926 0.722* 0.998

Christian 0.794 1.245*** 0.731* Others 0.795** 0.848 0.782*

Caste Others ®

SC 1.047 0.808*** 1.067** ST 1.154** 1.086 1.264*

SLI High ®

Low 1.093*** 1.697* 1.450* Medium 1.075*** 1.214** 1.264*

Education of Women Higher ® Illiterate 0.851* 1.157 0.568* Primary 0.882*** 0.972 0.664*

Secondary 1.002 1.052 0.971 Age at first Marriage

< 15 years® 15-18 years 1.982* 0.893 1.687*

>18 years 2.896* 1.984* 2.254* BMI

18.5 - 25® <18.5 0.710* 1.003 0.804*

>25 0.669* 1.043 0.460* Substance Use

Not User ® User 0.572* 1.046 0.508*

Reproductive Morbidity Absent® Present 1.221* 1.040 1.211*

Constant 0.121 0.021 0.076

Note: Dependent Variable: Childless (Yes =1, No=0). ® Denotes reference category * p < 0.01 ** p < 0.05 *** p < 0.10


Table 6.5: Percentages of divorced/separated/ deserted women by their childlessness status, 1998-99.

Table 6.6: Percentages of women who were beaten by their husband / in-laws since age

15 year by their childlessness status, 1998-99.

# East Region: Orissa, Bihar and West Bengal; West Region: Maharashtra, Goa and Gujarat; North Region: Jammu & Kashmir, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana; South Region: Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka; Central Region: Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh; North-East Region: Tripura, Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland and Sikkim (According to NFHS). * All values are calculated without using weight.

States / Regions# 15-29 years 30-49 years 15-49 years

Childless Not childless Childless Not childless Childless Not childless All India

4.7 (8414)

2.7 (34414)

29.3 (1510)

8.4 (45965)

8.4 (9925)

6.0 (80378)

East 4.2

(1986) 2.8

(7814) 27.8

(335) 8.0

(9723) 7.7

(2322) 5.7

(17537)

West 6.2

(1096) 3.2

(4961) 31.9

(273) 9.5

(6893) 11.3

(1369) 6.9

(11854)

North 2.4

(886) 1.3

(3875) 16.9 (118)

5.6 (5858)

4.0 (1003)

3.9 (9732)

South 5.7

(1897) 3.5

(8107) 36.1 (482)

11.1 (11715)

11.9 (2379)

8.0 (19823)

Central 4.3

(2290) 2.1

(8474) 23.1 (242)

6.0 (10129)

6.1 (2531)

4.2 (18601)

North-East 5.4

(260) 4.3

(1183) 20.0 (60)

10.3 (1646)

8.1 (320)

7.8 (2829)

States / Regions# 15-29 years 30-49 years 15-49 years

Childless Not childless Childless Not childless Childless Not childless All India

10.9 (8415)

20.0 (34414)

23.4 (1510)

20.5 (45965)

12.8 (9924)

20.3 (80378)

East 12.7

(1987) 22.8

(7814) 25.4 (335)

22.9 (9723)

14.6 (2322)

22.9 (17537)

West 7.7

(1096) 14.9

(4961) 18.2 (274)

15.1 (6893)

9.8 (1370)

15.0 (11855)

North 4.9

(886) 11.5

(3875) 15.5 (118)

11.8 (5858)

6.1 (1004)

11.7 (9732)

South 13.9

(1897) 23.6

(8107) 26.6 (482)

25.1 (11715)

16.4 (2379)

24.5 (19824)

Central 11.2

(2291) 21.8

(8473) 26.6 (241)

22.6 (10128)

12.7 (2532)

22.2 (18602)

North-East 6.9

(259) 14.5

(1183) 16.4 (61)

14.5 (1647)

8.8 (320)

14.5 (2830)


Table 6.7: Interrelationship between percentages of the childless women aged 35-

49 years and the levels of total fertility rate in the districts of India, 2001.

% childless women aged 35-49

TFR

Below 2.1 2.1 – 3.00 3.01 – 4.00 More than

4.00 Total Below 2.50

2.51 – 5.00

5.01 – 7.50

7.51 – 10.00

More than

10.00

Total

4.5

17.5

28.7

44.2

56.4

27.7

72.7

33.6

39.0

36.0

28.2

37.1

13.6

40.8

31.4

15.1

12.8

30.7

9.1

8.1

0.9

4.7

2.6

4.6

22 (100.00)

223 (100.00)

223 (100.00)

86 (100.00)

39 (100.00)

593 (100.00)


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183

Appendix 1

184 Appendix 1.1: Trends in Adjusted Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Adjusted

(ASMCRA) and the General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRA) and Rural-Urban Differentials in India, 1981-2001.

India

ASMCRA GMCRA15-49 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Absolute Change (ABSCHANGE 1) and Percent Change (PCTCHANGE2): 1981-91 ABSCHANGE 1

Combined Rural

Urban PCTCHANGE2

Combined Rural

Urban

9.14 8.16 12.25

15.67 12.10 17.43

3.22 2.68 4.96

11.69 8.71 15.63

2.96 2.75 3.72

27.13 19.83 27.80

3.25 3.18 3.27

50.70 32.92 41.71

3.26 3.25 3.43

66.13 39.68 54.44

3.16 3.21 3.10

59.51 37.90 50.32

3.08 3.12 3.06

58.33 37.32 49.84

2.11 2.03 2.74

12.83 10.94 17.39


Combined Rural

Urban PCTCHANGE2

Combined Rural

Urban

2.82 1.47 8.77

4.66 2.14 12.49

0.97 -0.48 5.27

3.43 -1.55 17.30

-0.49 -1.66 2.21

-4.46 -12.0918.31

-1.82 -2.52 -0.29

-28.13-26.11-4.07

-1.89 -2.44 -0.80

-37.95-29.65-13.82

-2.31 -2.79 -1.35

-43.42-32.71-23.52

-2.22 -2.60 -1.43

-42.05 -30.95 -24.66

-2.80 -3.64 -0.53

-16.25 -18.90 -3.39


Combined Rural

Urban PCTCHANGE2

Combined Rural

Urban

11.96 9.63 21.02

24.13 15.58 29.78

4.19 2.20 10.23

16.50 7.25 28.72

2.47 1.09 5.93

23.08 7.56 35.66

1.43 0.66 2.98

21.60 6.67 31.04

1.37 0.81 2.63

28.31 9.79 35.21

0.85 0.42 1.75

15.74 4.94 24.48

0.86 0.52 1.63

15.87 6.13 23.12

-0.69 -1.61 2.21

-4.96 -9.66 13.70

Rural - Urban Gap (R-U Gap)Rural-Urban 3

1981 1991 2001

11.01 6.92 -0.38

2.87 0.59 -5.16

0.28 -0.69 -4.56

-0.15 -0.24 -2.47

0.14 -0.04 -1.68

-0.08 0.03 -1.41

-0.14 -0.08 -1.25

3.31 2.60 -0.51

A. ASMCRA (for the ith age group)

1 defined as: 1981-1991: ASMCRA (1991) – ASMCRA (1981) 1991-2001: ASMCRA (2001) – ASMCRA (1991) 1981-2001: ASMCRA (2001) – ASMCRA (1981)

2 defined as: 1981-1991: [ASMCRA (1991) – ASMCRA (1981)] / ASMCRA (1981) * 100 1991-2001: [ASMCRA (2001) – ASMCRA (1991)] / ASMCRA (1991) * 100 1981-2001: [ASMCRA (2001) – ASMCRA (1981)] / ASMCRA (1981) * 100

3 defined as: ASMCRA (Rural) - ASMCRA (Urban) B. GMCRA 1 defined as: 1981-1991: GSMCRA (1991) – GSMCRA (1981)

1991-2001: GSMCRA (2001) – GSMCRA (1991) 1981-2001: GSMCRA (2001) – GSMCRA (1981)

2 defined as: 1981-1991: [GSMCRA (1991) – GSMCR A (1981)] / GSMCRA (1981) * 100 1991-2001: [GSMCRA (2001) – GSMCRA (1991)] / GSMCRA (1991) * 100 1981-2001: [GSMCRA (2001) – GSMCRA (1981)] / GSMCRA (1981) * 100

3 defined as: GSMCRA (Rural) - GSMCRA (Urban)

185

Appendix 1.2: Adjusted General Marital Childlessness Rates-Adjusted (ASMCRA) and the Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRA) by Residence, India 1981.

India

ASMCRA GMCRA 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-49

Combined Our estimate Vemuri

Difference

58.3 77.1

-18.8

27.6 30.3

-2.7

10.9 11.4

-0.5

6.4 6.5

-0.1

4.9 5.0

-0.1

5.3 5.4

-0.1

5.3 5.3

0.0

16.5 18.5

-2.00

Rural Our estimate Vemuri

Difference

60.6 78.1

-17.5

28.3 30.5

-2.2

11.0 11.3

-0.3

6.5 6.4

0.1

5.0 4.9

0.1

5.3 5.3

0.0

5.3 5.2

0.1

17.2 19.1

-1.9

Urban Our Estimate

Vemuri

Difference

49.6 72.2

-22.6

25.4 29.8

-4.4

10.7 11.7

-1.0

6.3 6.6

-0.3

4.8 5.2

-0.4

5.4 5.7

-0.3

5.4 5.6

-0.2

13.9 16.6

-2.7

Vemuri (1987) The Difference is equal to our estimate minus Vemuri estimate.

186

Appendix 2

187

Appendix 2.1A

Means and Standard Deviations for the Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates - Adjusted (ASMCRA) and General Marital Childlessness Rate - Adjusted (GMCRA) for

States and Union Territories of India by Residence, 1981.

ASMCRA GMCRA 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-49

A: All states included (N=26) Combined – 1981

Mean 54.49 25.72 10.42 6.22 4.95 5.34 5.27 14.49 SD 17.02 5.69 2.99 2.73 2.54 2.75 2.79 3.87

Max 79.83 36.31 19.93 16.61 14.86 15.73 15.63 21.53 Min 14.42 13.64 5.79 2.00 0.86 0.87 0.82 7.10

Rural – 1981 Mean 56.31 26.79 11.14 6.99 5.76 6.15 6.05 15.68

SD 16.60 7.17 6.49 6.50 6.34 6.51 6.46 6.28 Max 81.66 48.25 40.80 37.47 35.55 36.49 36.14 40.03 Min 14.80 15.04 5.65 1.92 0.75 0.72 0.65 7.17

Urban – 1981 Mean 49.21 23.97 9.91 5.66 4.31 4.84 4.89 12.73

SD 17.78 6.26 2.41 1.87 1.69 1.80 1.77 3.82 Max 74.16 34.04 13.72 9.65 7.75 9.18 9.21 19.27 Min 11.33 10.08 5.06 2.73 0.85 1.70 2.13 4.76

B: Karnataka, Meghalaya & Mizoram are excluded (N = 23) Combined – 1981

Mean 59.07 26.76 10.46 6.16 4.88 5.27 5.16 14.98 SD 11.66 5.06 3.09 2.82 2.61 2.83 2.81 3.73

Max 79.83 36.31 19.93 16.61 14.86 15.73 15.63 21.53 Min 38.67 17.86 5.79 2.00 0.86 0.87 0.82 7.35

Rural – 1981 Mean 60.92 27.82 11.23 6.94 5.72 6.10 5.95 16.22

SD 10.78 6.92 6.87 6.88 6.71 6.89 6.81 6.43 Max 81.66 48.25 40.80 37.47 35.55 36.49 36.14 40.03 Min 42.19 17.46 5.65 1.92 0.75 0.72 0.65 7.17

Urban – 1981 Mean 53.71 25.28 10.08 5.83 4.44 4.96 5.00 13.37

SD 13.22 5.22 2.30 1.88 1.64 1.80 1.75 3.47 Max 74.16 34.04 13.72 9.65 7.75 9.18 9.21 19.27 Min 26.96 14.29 5.06 2.73 1.80 2.42 2.24 6.05

Note: 1. DNH PNS is Zero in the urban areas & hence El-Badry could not be applied for adjusting the rates. 2. Assam and Tripura, data on CEB is not available 3. Delhi is excluded as adjusted values in combined areas turned negative. 4. Nagaland is dropped, as the adjusted values for the rural areas turned negative. 5. Karnataka, Meghalaya & Mizoram are excluded, as unadjusted and adjusted values are different.

188

Appendix 2.1B

Means and Standard Deviations for the Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates - Adjusted (ASMCRA) and General Marital Childlessness Rate - Adjusted (GMCRA) for States and

Union Territories of India by Residence, 1991.

ASMCRA GMCRA

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-49 Combined – 1991 (N=29)

Mean 65.58 30.85 15.03 10.85 9.25 9.58 9.38 17.99 SD 7.09 5.54 5.95 6.04 5.85 6.09 6.02 5.30

Max 76.38 42.44 31.31 28.66 27.26 27.52 26.91 32.55 Min 48.06 22.27 7.10 4.18 3.11 2.87 2.76 11.01

Rural – 1991 (N=29) Mean 66.00 30.67 14.66 10.79 9.21 9.65 9.33 18.31

SD 7.16 6.47 6.80 6.67 6.47 6.68 6.57 5.66 Max 77.50 46.48 35.07 32.26 31.03 31.91 30.60 36.14 Min 50.35 21.46 6.84 3.94 3.24 3.04 1.67 11.44

Urban – 1991 (N=29) Mean 63.57 30.77 15.42 10.43 8.77 9.07 8.77 16.74

SD 6.86 4.25 4.75 4.96 4.65 4.77 4.64 4.39 Max 73.32 40.56 29.09 24.80 22.53 21.11 21.65 27.21 Min 44.24 24.23 9.70 4.57 3.10 2.86 2.82 10.52

Note: Daman and Diu, PNS is Zero so El=Badry could not be applied; JK data on CEB is not available and Meghalaya is excluded as adjusted values in urban areas turned negative.

Appendix 2.1C Means and Standard Deviations for the Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates - Adjusted (ASMCRA) and General Marital Childlessness Rate - Adjusted (GMCRA) for States and Union Territories of India by Residence, 2001

ASMCRA GMCRA

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-49 Combined – 2001 (N=35) Mean SD Maximum Minimum

69.28 5.35 76.76 58.41

31.86 5.29 44.12 22.38

13.80 3.83 24.47 7.44

8.03 2.87 16.25 3.46

6.15 2.31 12.34 2.52

5.90 2.22 11.20 2.35

5.69 2.14 10.98 2.38

14.79 2.49

19.56 10.57


68.67 6.07 79.01 57.69

30.48 5.92 45.58 19.90

12.59 4.28 25.13 6.23

7.47 3.03 16.50 3.01

5.80 2.40 12.95 2.24

5.61 2.29 11.43 2.12

5.49 2.18 11.22 2.18

14.58 2.72

20.54 10.51


70.68 4.18 77.06 61.22

35.23 4.32 47.19 27.37

16.34 3.50 23.85 10.32

9.22 3.01 15.60 4.49

6.86 2.49 12.11 3.09

6.45 2.51 12.33 2.81

6.18 2.45 12.56 2.56

15.28 2.72

22.20 11.13

189

Appendix 2.2

Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Adjusted (ASMCRA) and the General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRA) by Residence, India and States, 1981

ASMCRA GMCRA Combined 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Major States Andhra Pradesh 59.97 27.08 12.74 9.35 7.62 8.85 8.83 20.02 18.88Bihar 68.72 33.27 13.92 7.45 5.25 5.06 4.76 21.89 20.27Gujarat 79.83 36.31 12.19 6.44 5.02 5.07 5.19 20.03 18.50Haryana 73.19 28.35 8.32 3.75 2.71 2.57 2.32 20.05 18.25Jammu & Kashmir 67.81 31.16 12.05 6.24 4.48 4.76 4.72 17.18 15.86Karnataka 26.24 20.62 10.24 6.21 4.99 5.67 5.41 13.13 12.45Kerala 51.08 22.06 8.42 4.47 3.27 3.39 3.23 11.34 10.34Madhya Pradesh 69.42 25.75 9.82 6.06 4.95 5.45 5.56 20.07 18.62Maharashtra 44.83 24.83 9.89 5.70 4.47 4.78 4.71 14.76 13.72Orissa 57.18 23.95 9.76 5.60 4.49 5.08 5.16 14.37 13.36Punjab 59.55 30.30 10.63 5.22 3.51 3.49 3.25 13.72 12.50Rajasthan 78.70 31.75 10.70 5.89 4.44 4.49 4.26 23.39 21.53Tamil Nadu 61.91 28.72 11.88 7.58 5.96 6.73 6.81 15.74 14.64Uttar Pradesh 59.55 32.06 12.74 7.36 5.68 5.75 5.71 21.23 19.65West Bengal 40.71 17.86 7.38 4.02 2.99 3.62 4.27 12.08 11.32Minor States & UTs A & N Island 43.74 18.73 7.13 4.79 3.98 5.09 4.91 12.13 11.61Arunachal Pradesh 41.67 18.03 5.79 2.00 0.86 0.87 0.82 8.11 7.35 Himachal Pradesh 51.11 20.35 5.86 3.17 3.50 4.60 5.38 12.95 12.15Manipur 38.67 27.38 19.93 16.61 14.86 15.73 15.63 19.62 19.14Meghalaya 17.53 18.82 12.42 9.17 8.02 8.44 9.41 12.82 12.56Mizoram 14.42 13.64 7.44 4.62 3.28 3.50 3.49 7.44 7.10 Nagaland 17.84 12.55 7.69 4.65 3.38 4.43 3.91 6.56 6.26 Pondicherry 59.03 23.83 9.23 5.69 4.43 5.37 5.12 13.37 12.38Sikkim 61.03 26.15 9.81 6.24 5.17 4.77 4.21 15.89 14.85Goa, Daman & Diu 64.26 31.78 13.68 7.63 5.37 6.06 6.02 13.29 12.39Dadra & Nagar Haveli 69.12 26.41 8.90 5.04 4.33 3.75 3.77 16.48 15.15Chandigarh 63.45 29.68 10.53 3.99 2.69 2.36 2.20 13.13 12.21Delhi 48.27 21.98 6.21 0.87 -0.67 -0.77 -0.76 9.67 8.70 Lakshadweep 63.12 26.15 8.29 6.45 6.59 7.34 5.50 16.23 15.05India 58.32 27.55 10.91 6.41 4.93 5.31 5.28 17.73 16.45

190

Appendix 2.2: contd… ASMCRA GMCRA Urban 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Major States Andhra Pradesh 56.74 27.03 13.26 9.65 7.71 9.18 9.21 19.51 18.57Bihar 62.95 30.10 12.70 7.65 5.90 6.20 6.04 18.74 17.62Gujarat 74.16 34.04 13.08 7.45 5.91 6.33 6.58 18.63 17.44Haryana 66.49 30.09 9.27 4.29 2.81 2.92 2.85 16.04 14.72Jammu & Kashmir 55.08 26.01 10.28 5.08 3.79 4.07 4.54 12.14 11.26Karnataka 19.50 18.60 11.96 4.89 4.45 4.71 3.88 11.40 10.79Kerala 45.76 21.87 9.28 4.03 3.08 3.41 3.61 10.35 9.49 Madhya Pradesh 64.47 26.35 10.24 6.54 5.16 5.86 6.08 17.69 16.61Maharashtra 34.90 22.01 9.75 5.62 4.37 5.00 4.79 12.34 11.64Orissa 51.08 22.48 9.28 6.54 5.51 6.78 6.86 13.74 13.13Punjab 58.99 30.68 11.29 5.69 3.90 3.76 3.69 14.08 12.94Rajasthan 72.35 29.47 10.25 5.96 4.72 4.92 5.00 20.74 19.27Tamil Nadu 61.51 28.53 12.52 7.72 6.06 6.63 6.61 15.98 14.92Uttar Pradesh 41.51 28.79 13.72 9.13 7.75 7.94 8.26 18.02 17.12West Bengal 26.96 16.10 8.54 4.63 3.83 4.28 4.66 9.17 8.70 Minor States & UTs A & N Island 47.96 22.05 7.76 4.37 2.96 3.83 4.22 12.47 11.94Arunachal Pradesh 37.04 16.08 5.06 2.75 1.80 2.55 3.30 10.12 9.82 Himachal Pradesh 43.21 20.94 7.78 2.73 2.42 3.11 2.90 9.77 9.08 Manipur 30.71 14.29 6.89 3.72 2.32 3.03 3.62 6.43 6.05 Meghalaya 11.33 13.01 8.65 5.38 4.49 5.26 6.04 8.00 7.85 Mizoram 13.50 10.08 5.12 2.79 0.85 1.70 2.13 5.01 4.76 Nagaland 14.35 12.35 5.93 1.97 0.93 4.15 3.31 6.18 6.04 Pondicherry 56.81 22.76 9.58 5.66 4.25 5.83 5.37 13.15 12.24Sikkim 53.73 25.23 9.81 6.86 4.12 4.06 4.07 15.82 15.05Goa, Daman & Diu 60.88 30.03 13.47 7.95 5.77 6.38 6.05 13.71 12.90Dadra & Nagar Haveli 54.55 23.53 9.80 4.45 2.78 2.88 2.91 12.84 12.05Chandigarh 63.42 29.90 10.63 4.07 2.77 2.42 2.24 13.04 12.12Delhi 46.97 21.84 6.27 0.83 -0.73 -0.83 -0.81 9.22 8.28 Lakshadweep 68.54 26.65 7.46 6.10 5.23 5.64 4.47 16.11 14.88India 49.57 25.39 10.70 6.26 4.84 5.40 5.42 14.84 13.92

191

Appendix 2.2: contd… ASMCRA GMCRA Rural 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Major States Andhra Pradesh 60.84 27.10 12.57 9.27 7.60 8.77 8.73 20.17 18.98Bihar 69.56 33.68 14.06 7.40 5.13 4.89 4.57 22.28 20.59Gujarat 81.66 37.32 11.76 5.99 4.62 4.57 4.64 20.67 18.98Haryana 74.29 27.88 8.01 3.59 2.69 2.49 2.19 21.15 19.23Jammu & Kashmir 69.57 32.32 12.53 6.54 4.65 4.93 4.75 18.44 17.02Karnataka 28.55 20.97 9.39 6.32 4.92 5.73 5.63 13.39 12.69Kerala 52.09 22.08 8.19 4.54 3.28 3.35 3.11 11.53 10.50Madhya Pradesh 70.25 25.60 9.71 5.94 4.90 5.36 5.44 20.64 19.09Maharashtra 49.49 26.59 10.23 6.06 4.85 5.03 5.02 16.29 15.07Orissa 57.03 23.33 9.13 4.67 3.55 4.07 4.16 13.64 12.57Punjab 59.81 30.14 10.33 5.08 3.39 3.43 3.15 13.61 12.36Rajasthan 80.01 32.38 10.83 5.87 4.36 4.39 4.08 24.06 22.11Tamil Nadu 62.09 28.83 11.55 7.51 5.92 6.77 6.89 15.63 14.51Uttar Pradesh 63.49 32.92 12.63 7.09 5.35 5.41 5.30 22.01 20.28West Bengal 44.10 18.61 7.11 3.90 2.83 3.57 4.34 13.25 12.39Minor States & UTs A & N Island 42.63 17.46 6.88 4.98 4.41 5.54 5.18 12.03 11.51Arunachal Pradesh 42.19 18.27 5.85 1.92 0.75 0.72 0.65 7.96 7.17 Himachal Pradesh 51.66 20.38 5.65 3.16 3.55 4.67 5.54 13.20 12.38Manipur 57.92 48.25 40.80 37.47 35.55 36.49 36.14 40.55 40.03Meghalaya 19.55 20.65 13.67 10.41 9.21 9.56 10.56 14.32 14.02Mizoram 14.80 15.04 8.38 5.40 4.28 4.29 4.18 8.41 8.04 Nagaland 14.74 8.50 3.51 0.53 -0.84 -0.04 -0.50 2.07 1.73 Pondicherry 61.19 25.04 8.84 5.72 4.61 4.89 4.86 13.59 12.53Sikkim 62.56 26.35 9.81 6.12 5.35 4.86 4.22 15.91 14.81Goa, Daman & Diu 66.65 32.66 13.78 7.46 5.17 5.92 5.99 13.06 12.13Dadra & Nagar Haveli 69.72 26.60 8.82 5.09 4.44 3.79 3.81 16.73 15.35Chandigarh 63.63 26.96 8.86 2.49 1.11 1.37 1.44 14.41 13.45Delhi 59.39 23.98 4.67 0.71 -0.44 -0.55 -0.59 15.09 13.76Lakshadweep 58.51 25.81 9.10 6.82 7.86 8.88 6.42 16.42 15.29India 60.58 28.26 10.98 6.47 4.98 5.32 5.28 18.62 17.23

192

Appendix 2.3 Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Adjusted (ASMCRA) and the General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRA) by Residence, India and States, 1991 ASMCRA GMCRA Combined 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49 Major States Andhra Pradesh 61.59 26.63 12.54 9.32 7.71 8.65 8.49 18.95 17.92 Bihar 73.60 37.33 18.77 12.88 11.00 10.98 10.73 25.58 24.16 Gujarat 76.38 37.30 13.41 7.91 6.41 6.34 6.26 19.09 17.80 Haryana 71.62 27.12 8.29 4.18 3.42 3.16 3.12 15.96 14.87 Karnataka 56.40 25.98 11.92 8.31 6.97 7.54 7.07 15.76 14.88 Kerala 64.53 28.01 12.09 7.76 6.33 6.32 5.79 14.06 13.10 Madhya Pradesh 71.23 28.18 12.16 8.27 7.21 7.79 7.87 20.60 19.36 Maharashtra 48.06 25.57 10.35 6.89 5.62 5.84 5.70 14.29 13.41 Orissa 66.64 33.12 15.11 10.98 9.33 9.90 9.41 19.44 18.32 Punjab 65.64 32.34 11.14 5.69 4.39 4.27 4.01 14.01 12.91 Rajasthan 74.85 32.48 11.45 6.35 4.89 4.94 4.90 21.81 20.20 Tamil Nadu 56.01 31.48 16.72 12.79 10.86 11.62 11.80 18.85 17.99 Uttar Pradesh 76.05 36.76 18.58 13.51 11.90 11.81 11.89 26.03 24.58 West Bengal 57.68 23.23 11.37 8.43 7.12 7.02 6.79 15.93 15.04 Minor States & UTs A & N Island 61.70 22.68 9.57 5.73 4.62 4.25 5.72 12.33 11.74 Arunachal Pradesh 64.03 34.74 24.32 21.43 21.05 22.82 22.46 27.73 27.21 Assam 59.96 24.44 11.46 7.81 6.15 6.31 5.62 15.28 14.42 Himachal Pradesh 72.35 26.01 7.10 4.48 4.19 5.02 5.43 13.24 12.36 Manipur 61.46 37.14 25.67 21.38 19.36 18.93 19.44 25.08 24.40 Meghalaya 60.48 43.80 35.04 32.09 30.12 30.85 31.19 36.32 35.85 Mizoram 73.70 42.44 31.31 28.66 27.26 27.52 26.91 33.16 32.55 Nagaland 63.50 35.92 23.95 19.58 17.92 18.57 18.24 23.78 23.06 Pondicherry 63.92 28.74 14.05 10.07 7.53 8.61 7.75 16.72 15.73 Sikkim 63.82 31.53 19.14 16.34 14.02 15.21 15.05 22.62 21.94 Tripura 53.22 22.27 9.58 6.05 4.18 4.38 3.82 12.97 12.08 Daman & Diu 69.76 29.09 12.13 9.21 8.39 8.45 8.75 16.34 15.45 Goa 69.98 40.86 22.81 14.67 11.43 11.31 10.56 19.31 18.12 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 68.87 27.86 13.63 9.20 9.23 8.62 7.84 18.90 17.81 Chandigarh 69.75 29.71 10.15 4.66 3.11 2.87 2.76 11.87 11.01 Delhi 66.37 28.26 10.38 5.27 3.87 3.60 3.53 13.47 12.57 Lakshadweep 68.88 36.42 18.82 16.09 11.04 13.58 13.06 23.41 22.20 India 67.46 30.77 13.87 9.66 8.19 8.47 8.36 19.71 18.56

193

Appendix 2.3: contd…. ASMCRA GMCRA Urban 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49 Major States Andhra Pradesh 60.41 27.33 12.92 9.64 7.89 8.73 8.82 18.02 17.19 Bihar 69.60 35.46 18.29 13.03 10.88 11.44 11.48 22.37 21.31 Gujarat 73.32 35.85 13.76 8.35 6.87 6.96 7.09 17.59 16.62 Haryana 68.67 28.99 9.86 4.80 3.90 3.48 3.72 13.52 12.68 Karnataka 56.88 27.85 14.10 9.47 7.75 8.41 7.97 16.47 15.65 Kerala 61.94 28.60 12.81 7.43 6.03 5.78 5.74 13.50 12.58 Madhya Pradesh 69.33 30.62 13.76 9.47 7.76 8.33 8.10 19.28 18.24 Maharashtra 44.24 25.73 11.52 7.23 5.63 5.98 5.70 13.63 12.91 Orissa 60.88 30.40 14.71 11.47 9.46 10.27 10.68 17.35 16.68 Punjab 64.64 32.05 11.79 6.37 5.19 5.16 4.78 13.93 13.01 Rajasthan 70.00 30.36 11.24 6.58 5.05 5.18 5.71 18.39 17.25 Tamil Nadu 51.43 31.15 18.05 13.82 11.78 11.89 11.87 19.07 18.30 Uttar Pradesh 69.30 36.04 19.58 14.84 13.38 13.43 13.47 23.12 22.16 West Bengal 56.25 27.78 15.31 10.72 8.77 8.45 8.58 16.39 15.55 Minor States & UTs A & N Island 66.49 25.67 10.81 6.25 3.26 2.91 5.10 13.20 12.51 Arunachal Pradesh 56.21 24.61 12.70 9.00 10.02 10.49 10.64 16.62 13.95 Assam 57.58 28.72 15.16 9.08 6.50 6.51 5.85 15.52 14.65 Himachal Pradesh 69.59 28.38 9.70 4.57 3.96 3.68 3.49 11.32 10.52 Manipur 62.21 40.56 29.09 24.80 22.53 21.11 21.65 27.93 27.21 Meghalaya 7.44 -6.90 -12.66 -16.07 -17.86 -17.64 -17.04 -13.01 -13.34Mizoram 71.41 35.61 24.69 22.09 20.28 19.77 19.68 26.57 25.95 Nagaland 61.60 30.79 19.75 13.36 12.59 13.36 12.50 20.22 19.72 Pondicherry 63.23 29.04 14.97 10.64 8.43 8.98 8.33 17.08 16.14 Sikkim 64.36 33.45 20.00 14.24 10.89 15.14 12.31 21.58 20.88 Tripura 53.76 24.23 12.25 7.83 5.31 5.47 4.45 13.51 12.58 Daman & Diu 70.22 32.31 14.78 10.67 10.14 9.58 10.03 17.79 16.79 Goa 66.25 37.83 21.33 12.74 9.35 8.74 8.13 17.37 16.24 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 69.03 27.93 16.70 6.65 10.19 11.67 7.25 18.28 17.38 Chandigarh 70.69 30.26 10.39 4.69 3.10 2.86 2.82 11.60 10.74 Delhi 66.54 28.83 10.73 5.35 3.90 3.63 3.54 13.41 12.50 Lakshadweep 67.75 38.36 21.11 17.84 13.67 15.10 14.97 25.63 24.38 India 61.82 30.35 14.42 9.89 8.27 8.50 8.48 17.54 16.66

194

Appendix 2.3: contd…. ASMCRA GMCRA Rural 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49 Major States Andhra Pradesh 61.93 26.37 12.40 9.20 7.66 8.64 8.40 19.29 18.18 Bihar 74.00 37.57 18.83 12.86 11.02 10.91 10.62 26.01 24.54 Gujarat 77.50 38.02 13.22 7.66 6.15 6.02 5.87 19.89 18.42 Haryana 72.09 26.60 7.71 3.94 3.24 3.04 2.92 16.78 15.60 Karnataka 56.28 25.15 10.84 7.72 6.56 7.13 6.66 15.41 14.50 Kerala 65.26 27.81 11.82 7.86 6.42 6.50 5.80 14.25 13.27 Madhya Pradesh 71.65 27.53 11.65 7.89 7.03 7.62 7.79 20.98 19.68 Maharashtra 50.35 25.61 9.62 6.75 5.70 5.87 5.81 14.81 13.82 Orissa 67.25 33.48 15.17 10.90 9.30 9.85 9.25 19.75 18.56 Punjab 66.02 32.47 10.83 5.36 4.01 3.92 3.72 14.05 12.88 Rajasthan 76.09 33.09 11.49 6.26 4.82 4.86 4.68 22.80 21.05 Tamil Nadu 58.16 31.94 16.34 12.59 10.73 11.80 12.04 19.05 18.15 Uttar Pradesh 77.13 36.93 18.32 13.16 11.49 11.45 11.58 26.70 25.14 West Bengal 57.99 21.97 9.99 7.49 6.36 6.38 6.06 15.77 14.86 Minor States & UTs A & N Island 59.89 21.46 9.09 5.53 5.14 4.76 5.95 11.98 11.44 Arunachal Pradesh 65.08 36.56 26.47 23.42 22.61 23.92 23.35 29.45 28.81 Assam 60.14 23.96 10.99 7.64 6.11 6.29 5.60 15.26 14.39 Himachal Pradesh 72.48 25.84 6.84 4.47 4.22 5.15 5.60 13.42 12.54 Manipur 61.14 35.83 24.36 19.98 18.06 18.01 18.59 23.94 23.27 Meghalaya 57.03 40.06 30.66 27.91 25.89 26.69 26.94 32.32 31.82 Mizoram 73.47 46.48 35.07 32.26 31.03 31.91 30.60 36.79 36.14 Nagaland 63.95 37.58 25.09 21.02 18.90 19.23 18.74 24.53 23.70 Pondicherry 64.91 28.17 12.34 8.85 5.92 7.88 6.76 16.00 14.93 Sikkim 63.68 31.21 18.88 16.41 14.20 15.11 15.18 22.58 21.91 Tripura 53.14 21.95 9.08 5.67 3.94 4.16 3.69 12.87 11.98 Daman & Diu 69.39 26.76 9.95 7.94 6.64 7.23 7.36 15.07 14.25 Goa 73.68 43.22 23.97 16.20 13.07 13.10 12.06 20.82 19.53 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 68.86 27.86 13.33 9.45 9.13 8.36 7.88 18.96 17.85 Chandigarh 65.24 26.64 8.40 4.33 3.24 3.11 1.67 14.23 13.54 Delhi 65.73 24.17 7.41 4.44 3.46 3.17 3.28 13.85 13.11 Lakshadweep 70.97 33.94 15.60 13.60 7.62 11.75 10.48 20.41 19.24 India 68.74 30.94 13.73 9.65 8.23 8.53 8.40 20.51 19.26

195

Appendix 2.4

El-Bardy’s coefficients ‘a’ and ‘b’ for India and States, 1981

Combined Rural Urban a b a b a b

States Andhra Pradesh 0.0252 0.0008 0.0206 0.0008 0.0392 0.0004 Arunachal Pradesh 0.014 -0.0002 0.002 -0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 Assam -0.0008 0.0002 -0.0009 0.0002 0.0024 -0.0003 Bihar 0.0143 0.0008 0.0147 0.0008 0.0105 0.0009 Goa 0.0043 -0.0005 -0.0004 0.0001 0.0153 0.002 Gujrat 0.0463 0.0099 0.0452 0.0104 0.0487 0.0089 Haryana 0.003 0.0004 0.0026 0.0004 0.0046 0.0005 Himachal Pradesh 0.0168 0.0012 0.0169 0.0009 0.0188 0.0031 Karnataka 0.0509 0.0082 0.0574 0.0087 0.0326 0.008 Kerala 0.0185 0.0039 0.0228 0.0035 0.0026 0.0054 Maharashtra 0.541 0.0068 0.5207 0.0049 0.5832 0.0082 Manipur 0.0817 0.0022 0.0699 0.0052 0.1043 -0.0049 Meghalaya 1.6753 -0.1729 1.1836 -0.1259 -2.7081 0.2864 Mizoram 0.5706 -0.0958 0.5543 -0.1064 0.4128 -0.0584 Madhya Pradesh 0.0217 0.0011 0.0222 0.0014 0.0194 0.0003 Nagaland 0.0377 0.0051 0.041 0.0059 -0.0055 0.0065 Orissa 0.0186 0.0015 0.0187 0.0013 0.0178 0.0022 Punjab 0.0485 0.0043 0.0512 0.0031 0.0431 0.0067 Rajasthan 0.0638 0.0042 0.0697 0.0036 0.0389 0.0067 Sikkim 0.0993 -0.0004 0.1105 -0.0012 -0.0663 0.0219 Tamil Nadu 0.3514 -0.0019 0.2827 -0.0003 0.5492 -0.0116 Tripura 0.0295 0.0051 0.0294 0.0054 0.0306 0.0036 Uttar Pradesh 0.0402 0.0037 0.0419 0.0014 0.032 0.0123 West Bengal 0.0107 0.002 0.0102 0.0016 0.0141 0.0029

UT A & N Island -0.0006 0.0012 -0.0035 0.0009 0.0041 0.0022 Chandigarh 0.0000 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 Dadra & Nagar Haveli 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Daman 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Delhi 0.0325 0.00002 0.0451 -0.0007 0.0306 0.0002 Lakshadweep 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 Pondichery 0.0098 0.0033 0.0182 0.0012 0.0018 0.0049 INDIA 0.0767 0.0032 0.0671 0.0021 0.1185 0.0039

196

Appendix 2.5

El-Bardy’s coefficients ‘a’ and ‘b’ for India and States, 1991 Combined Rural Urban

a b a b a b States

Andhra Pradesh 0.0782 -0.0002 0.0767 -0.0001 0.0837

-0.0008 Arunachal Pradesh 0.1366 0.0662 0.1354 0.0679 0.1781 0.0439 Bihar 0.2178 0.0034 0.2288 0.0041 0.1185 0.0010 Gujrat 0.0102 0.0015 0.0087 0.0008 0.0151 0.0024 Haryana 0.0358 0.0039 0.0368 0.0028 0.0315 0.0074 Himachal Pradesh 0.5933 0.0223 0.6008 0.0230 0.4749 0.0199 Jammu & Kashmir 0.0131 0.0036 0.0150 0.0034 -0.0022 0.0050 Karnataka 4.5188 0.0255 4.5475 0.0209 4.1050 0.0484 Kerala 0.2357 0.0146 0.2477 0.0129 0.1659 0.0234 Maharashtra 0.9780 0.0182 0.8756 0.0130 1.2998 0.0221 Manipur 1.7372 -0.0519 4.5726 -0.2564 -0.0217 0.0668 Meghalaya 12.5168 -0.0081 14.7398 -0.0204 6.4712 0.0292 Mizoram 3.7837 0.0204 4.5320 0.0092 2.0111 0.0489 Madhya Pradesh -0.0020 0.0128 -0.0048 0.0132 0.0110 0.0109 Nagaland 1.2081 0.0379 -0.3593 0.0811 2.2680 0.0548 Orissa 0.0109 0.0153 -0.0337 0.0249 0.0856 0.0035 Punjab 0.1223 0.0126 0.1253 0.0099 0.1162 0.0186 Rajasthan 0.0041 -0.0001 0.0031 -0.0001 0.0080 -0.0001 Sikkim 0.0176 0.0062 0.0171 0.0064 0.0202 0.0056 Tamil Nadu 0.0029 0.0005 0.0022 0.0007 0.0049 0.0001 Uttar Pradesh 1.2259 0.0170 1.1910 0.0180 1.4715 0.0080 West Bengal 0.6051 0.0342 0.5859 0.0256 0.7463 0.0518

UT A & N Island 0.3229 0.0013 0.3486 -0.0005 0.2762 0.0052 Chandigarh 0.0531 0.0029 0.0512 0.0154 0.0531 0.0022 Dadra Nagar Haveli 0.0046 0.0003 0.0048 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 Goa, Daman & Diu 0.0048 0.0010 0.0086 0.0010 -0.0059 0.0015 Delhi 0.3003 0.0515 0.4782 0.0395 0.2819 0.0528 Lakshadweep 0.0295 0.0000 0.0604 -0.0029 0.0002 0.0024 Pondicherry -0.0282 0.0070 -0.0259 0.0069 -0.0310 0.0072 INDIA 0.3342 0.0127 0.3334 0.0106 0.3350 0.0190

197

Appendix 3

198

Detail Tables for Age Specific and General

Marital Childlessness Rates By Religion and

Place of Residence, 1981-2001

199

Appendix – 3A

Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted (ASMCRU) and the General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) by Religion, COMBINED Areas, India and States, 1981

ASMCRU GMCRU

Hindu 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49 Andhra Pradesh 58.18 25.37 11.87 8.67 7.10 8.13 8.15 18.92 17.81

Karnataka 10.42 4.35 1.80 1.24 0.95 1.09 1.07 2.87 2.69

Kerala 51.67 20.56 7.63 4.22 3.10 3.09 2.97 9.83 8.92

Tamil Nadu 62.17 28.91 11.97 7.62 5.96 6.58 6.65 15.85 14.72

Bihar 61.08 27.58 11.28 5.90 4.07 3.73 3.40 18.42 16.99

Madhya Pradesh 70.00 25.83 9.87 6.18 5.22 5.60 5.71 20.42 18.94

Rajasthan 79.20 31.97 10.76 5.91 4.41 4.46 4.22 23.58 21.71

Uttar Pradesh 36.36 15.12 5.75 3.39 2.73 2.74 2.72 10.61 9.77

Gujarat 80.38 36.19 11.97 6.23 4.85 4.90 5.03 20.16 18.61

Maharashtra 33.94 13.76 5.16 3.15 2.57 2.72 2.67 8.54 7.90

Haryana 72.22 27.43 7.93 3.59 2.73 2.56 2.36 19.70 17.95

Punjab 58.73 27.78 9.30 4.80 3.32 3.12 2.96 13.26 12.09

Himachal Pradesh 44.50 12.64 3.33 2.29 2.20 2.68 2.74 8.89 8.21

Orissa 57.97 23.79 9.57 6.29 5.22 5.75 5.73 14.77 13.77

West Bengal 35.69 11.94 4.74 2.69 2.19 2.28 2.42 8.43 7.81

India 52.62 21.76 8.33 4.99 3.95 4.16 4.13 14.39 13.31

Muslim Andhra Pradesh 53.88 24.60 11.40 8.46 6.42 4.84 7.57 17.12 16.20

Karnataka 9.81 3.82 1.52 1.00 0.79 0.90 1.11 2.64 2.50

Kerala 49.23 15.02 5.34 3.71 2.87 3.17 2.80 12.39 11.45

Tamil Nadu 58.12 24.45 10.05 6.77 4.85 5.88 5.51 15.22 14.15

Bihar 59.31 27.87 12.41 6.52 4.33 3.83 3.42 18.03 16.68

Madhya Pradesh 60.93 23.74 9.40 6.11 4.77 5.24 5.45 17.43 16.29

Rajasthan 73.08 28.88 10.05 5.42 4.30 4.60 4.03 22.93 21.27

Uttar Pradesh 31.78 13.47 5.78 3.61 2.81 2.86 2.72 9.27 8.60

Gujarat 70.37 33.29 12.31 7.76 6.40 6.61 6.38 17.94 16.72

Maharashtra 30.10 11.72 4.65 2.89 2.28 2.45 2.41 7.67 7.16

Haryana 66.15 26.63 9.07 5.24 2.92 2.76 2.34 21.76 19.98

Punjab 53.97 24.08 10.09 4.51 5.41 5.24 3.41 13.96 12.86


Orissa 49.23 16.71 6.99 4.77 3.74 5.37 4.34 12.51 11.74

West Bengal 35.24 11.84 4.42 2.68 1.94 1.95 2.06 9.58 8.92

India 44.31 18.39 7.56 4.60 3.40 3.45 3.39 12.59 11.71

200

Appendix – 3A Contd…1981 Combined

ASMCRU GMCRU

Christian 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 50.52 22.80 11.90 8.08 5.91 7.73 7.51 16.73 15.78Karnataka 10.51 5.11 2.31 1.16 0.73 0.81 1.08 2.50 2.32 Kerala 51.93 22.54 7.35 2.74 1.90 1.82 1.78 8.08 7.19 Tamil Nadu 62.91 29.08 11.74 6.25 4.26 4.32 4.48 12.73 11.65Bihar 56.09 27.30 11.33 6.21 3.63 3.04 2.94 11.83 10.65Madhya Pradesh 63.00 28.07 11.42 4.36 3.87 4.68 4.77 13.39 12.41Rajasthan 70.45 32.09 16.57 9.06 4.53 4.65 3.05 16.60 15.35Uttar Pradesh 27.44 13.26 8.62 5.68 3.76 4.16 4.01 8.43 7.94 Gujarat 75.20 33.73 13.38 6.78 5.05 5.32 5.26 14.87 13.79Maharashtra 19.28 11.24 5.05 2.25 1.88 1.54 1.74 4.59 4.23 Haryana 52.08 21.18 7.19 3.97 6.45 2.60 5.21 11.73 11.05Punjab 56.16 22.98 8.18 4.06 3.57 2.88 0.63 11.64 10.33Himachal Pradesh 37.93 11.49 8.38 2.36 4.90 0.00 1.32 7.74 7.07 Orissa 55.22 23.44 9.64 5.99 5.10 5.59 4.95 13.11 12.22West Bengal 42.09 16.66 6.13 4.62 3.84 2.28 2.72 9.70 8.91

India 45.22 21.16 8.35 4.44 3.20 3.37 3.22 3.27 8.96

Other Religions Andhra Pradesh 54.60 29.40 13.76 7.89 9.18 178.51 6.98 39.82 36.66

Karnataka 12.53 4.70 2.27 1.43 0.93 1.00 1.32 3.15 2.96

Kerala 0.00 23.88 -194.80 6.58 2.07 0.37 3.26 -42.38 -36.00

Tamil Nadu 62.24 27.33 8.07 6.37 6.37 5.80 5.23 14.41 13.40

Bihar 51.87 25.13 12.14 7.70 6.27 5.84 5.38 14.57 13.46

Madhya Pradesh 67.41 29.30 8.56 5.96 4.79 6.71 6.68 16.29 15.22

Rajasthan 69.77 28.66 8.89 4.65 3.84 3.31 3.99 15.65 14.31

Uttar Pradesh 31.03 15.53 5.86 3.08 2.09 2.33 1.91 7.51 6.85

Gujarat 73.88 41.20 16.55 6.77 5.33 5.92 6.98 16.11 14.86

Maharashtra 33.61 12.90 4.81 2.90 2.35 2.61 2.19 8.02 7.35

Haryana 65.29 28.80 8.96 3.97 2.71 2.54 1.76 13.71 12.27

Punjab 60.21 28.22 9.67 4.64 3.32 3.35 3.10 12.65 11.49


Orissa 55.07 27.99 13.91 11.74 10.79 10.46 11.49 19.25 18.45

West Bengal 37.52 15.80 7.56 5.00 3.88 3.88 3.87 10.26 9.53

India 47.48 23.10 8.29 4.40 3.34 3.76 3.23 11.61 10.61

201

Appendix – 3A Contd…

Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted and the General Marital Childlessness Rates by Religion, COMBINED Areas, India and States, 1991

ASMCRU GMCRU Hindu 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 61.43 26.24 12.24 9.04 7.51 8.39 8.29 18.71 17.67Karnataka 56.08 25.24 11.45 7.97 6.72 7.06 6.46 15.28 14.39Kerala 67.65 29.21 12.31 8.16 6.70 6.71 6.40 13.59 12.72Tamil Nadu 53.56 25.45 12.73 9.90 8.41 9.02 9.04 15.28 14.49Bihar 73.58 37.11 18.53 12.57 10.87 10.80 10.51 25.59 24.15Madhya Pradesh 70.66 27.60 11.85 8.03 7.01 7.62 7.73 20.36 19.13Rajasthan 72.05 30.78 10.81 5.87 4.55 4.54 4.49 20.62 19.07Uttar Pradesh 75.57 35.68 17.76 12.84 11.34 11.23 11.32 25.46 24.00Gujarat 76.76 36.16 12.77 7.52 6.02 5.95 5.90 18.71 17.42Maharashtra 42.20 18.00 6.83 4.44 3.76 3.86 3.74 9.98 9.31 Haryana 71.84 26.80 8.12 4.11 3.34 3.14 3.07 15.90 14.82Punjab 64.97 30.69 10.51 5.56 4.62 4.27 4.15 13.54 12.56Himachal Pradesh 72.26 25.60 6.90 4.39 4.11 4.89 5.18 13.04 12.16Orissa 66.77 32.94 14.89 10.85 9.14 9.69 9.21 19.26 18.13West Bengal 58.28 23.63 11.59 8.41 7.09 6.83 6.58 15.65 14.74India 66.96 29.27 12.98 9.00 7.65 7.89 7.77 18.91 17.76Muslim Andhra Pradesh 56.56 24.53 12.11 9.44 7.42 8.49 7.87 17.31 16.43Karnataka 53.40 22.31 10.18 7.57 6.02 6.38 6.18 14.46 13.67Kerala 62.63 22.35 9.66 7.94 6.60 7.09 5.64 16.38 15.34Tamil Nadu 48.70 23.03 12.10 9.48 7.72 8.20 8.27 15.28 14.52Bihar 69.18 35.74 18.70 13.27 10.57 10.93 11.12 23.98 22.81Madhya Pradesh 64.55 26.58 12.76 9.06 8.01 7.98 7.73 18.59 17.61Rajasthan 67.02 28.79 10.75 6.71 4.88 5.35 4.50 20.88 19.50Uttar Pradesh 70.37 34.32 18.54 13.82 12.25 12.21 12.14 23.99 22.80Gujarat 68.23 32.97 12.76 8.30 7.35 7.64 6.80 17.21 16.16Maharashtra 36.74 14.98 6.17 4.72 3.80 3.78 3.38 9.40 8.84 Haryana 67.01 24.87 8.33 4.49 3.54 3.50 3.26 18.45 17.30Punjab 62.07 25.45 9.36 5.48 4.30 3.45 4.87 13.31 12.50Himachal Pradesh 72.41 24.53 8.11 4.77 3.85 3.96 4.73 16.22 15.19Orissa 55.69 23.43 10.52 7.39 6.41 7.78 6.66 14.78 13.96West Bengal 55.64 20.91 9.91 7.85 6.61 6.94 6.42 16.09 15.27India 61.62 26.65 12.79 9.75 8.17 8.47 8.13 18.61 17.64

202


ASMCRU GMCRU Christian 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 55.78 22.92 13.13 8.44 7.71 8.43 8.78 16.74 15.96Karnataka 52.75 30.52 14.83 8.68 6.60 6.71 5.23 14.08 13.03Kerala 72.79 35.32 13.44 5.97 4.74 4.53 3.89 11.86 10.87Tamil Nadu 49.02 21.97 10.63 7.23 6.03 5.97 5.60 10.89 10.19Bihar 65.81 37.23 18.20 12.85 9.57 8.74 8.02 18.65 17.30Madhya Pradesh 49.61 26.63 11.77 6.25 5.05 4.77 4.96 12.18 11.34Rajasthan 55.83 40.06 18.88 10.05 7.58 8.91 8.07 18.40 17.38Uttar Pradesh 48.82 36.19 18.68 14.50 12.21 15.54 12.51 22.04 20.97Gujarat 64.76 31.74 17.28 8.48 7.89 4.67 8.62 14.99 14.25Maharashtra 37.31 22.51 11.97 6.88 5.11 3.34 3.15 10.01 9.19 Haryana 70.00 34.62 14.32 2.26 10.00 3.00 15.08 15.75 15.69Punjab 62.57 29.47 12.43 6.13 5.58 4.96 6.47 15.30 14.35Himachal Pradesh 72.73 28.57 12.32 7.91 6.90 11.22 5.95 16.44 15.37Orissa 59.41 30.48 15.14 11.15 10.22 11.31 10.32 17.97 17.08West Bengal 62.23 26.72 14.64 12.05 9.64 7.25 8.29 17.09 16.14India 56.05 29.22 14.61 9.29 7.77 7.81 7.41 14.68 13.81Other Religions Andhra Pradesh 55.31 28.21 8.66 12.51 6.24 15.75 2.73 17.20 15.87Karnataka 63.51 28.98 10.88 7.78 6.26 6.18 5.65 15.45 14.44Kerala 81.48 28.57 18.78 11.97 15.20 6.69 4.42 16.80 15.56Tamil Nadu 60.43 27.65 14.31 8.03 7.35 7.63 3.39 15.52 14.26Bihar 62.09 31.36 16.09 12.91 10.62 10.68 9.89 19.75 18.59Madhya Pradesh 64.63 33.61 12.57 8.44 5.39 7.70 6.50 17.29 16.15Rajasthan 68.19 31.34 9.15 5.28 3.98 3.77 3.55 14.15 13.02Uttar Pradesh 53.04 32.97 16.13 10.79 9.41 7.83 8.32 19.18 18.12Gujarat 66.65 42.55 16.52 8.91 5.73 5.98 4.69 16.05 14.62Maharashtra 39.67 17.20 6.61 4.49 3.43 3.47 3.52 9.36 8.69 Haryana 69.61 33.48 10.24 4.56 4.25 3.22 3.12 13.74 12.73Punjab 65.37 31.73 10.71 5.34 4.09 3.98 3.69 13.47 12.36Himachal Pradesh 70.65 30.63 10.11 5.25 5.02 4.93 5.11 13.05 12.07Orissa 61.78 26.80 16.44 10.92 12.81 13.38 10.72 19.86 18.88West Bengal 62.42 29.13 14.79 12.10 9.34 10.53 11.11 19.46 18.52India 56.78 28.27 10.89 6.64 5.30 5.35 5.03 13.89 12.90

203

Appendix – 3A Contd… Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted and the General Marital Childlessness Rates by Religion, COMBINED Areas, India and States, 2001

ASMCRU GMCRU Hindu 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 61.90 28.89 14.22 9.99 8.44 9.05 9.29 18.25 17.27Karnataka 64.99 30.75 14.40 8.87 6.72 7.01 6.69 16.18 15.06Kerala 75.88 37.37 16.60 8.80 6.55 6.06 5.95 14.88 13.57Tamil Nadu 70.05 36.14 18.46 12.91 10.92 11.27 11.07 19.68 18.56Bihar 73.68 36.01 14.56 7.87 5.87 5.45 5.53 20.19 18.65Madhya Pradesh 73.13 28.12 9.56 5.14 4.15 4.06 4.14 16.13 14.96Rajasthan 74.91 29.38 9.35 4.73 3.57 3.41 3.40 17.66 16.26Uttar Pradesh 76.80 35.90 14.77 8.39 6.52 6.00 5.91 19.74 18.28Gujarat 76.99 36.81 12.93 6.74 5.15 4.81 4.88 16.68 15.39Maharashtra 71.18 29.94 11.41 6.40 5.18 5.43 5.37 14.27 13.28Haryana 68.40 25.36 7.41 3.41 2.49 2.33 2.37 12.62 11.63Punjab 74.64 37.33 14.11 6.94 5.24 4.66 4.48 14.93 13.74Himachal Pradesh 74.30 30.84 8.97 4.08 3.20 3.23 3.44 11.51 10.49Orissa 66.67 32.14 13.60 7.54 5.89 5.74 5.81 14.59 13.57West Bengal 59.62 23.34 11.17 7.15 6.04 6.09 5.72 13.90 13.00India 70.81 31.78 13.24 7.73 6.23 6.12 6.17 16.98 15.79Muslim Andhra Pradesh 67.35 34.55 18.23 13.30 11.16 11.43 11.36 22.01 20.91Karnataka 65.58 29.56 13.17 8.24 6.41 6.59 6.35 16.43 15.36Kerala 66.94 27.06 11.06 7.17 5.95 5.82 5.39 16.55 15.36Tamil Nadu 69.97 36.32 18.28 12.98 10.67 10.69 10.38 21.18 19.97Bihar 72.68 36.46 15.23 8.60 6.32 5.97 5.98 19.05 17.66Madhya Pradesh 68.27 28.36 10.80 6.16 4.99 4.79 4.45 15.20 14.16Rajasthan 71.53 28.40 9.70 5.27 4.08 3.79 3.75 18.33 17.02Uttar Pradesh 72.51 34.88 15.46 9.31 7.11 6.57 6.27 18.56 17.25Gujarat 74.13 34.94 13.96 8.42 6.68 6.45 6.47 16.88 15.76Maharashtra 68.56 29.30 11.68 7.10 5.65 5.89 5.65 15.37 14.45Haryana 65.41 20.51 5.54 3.10 2.36 2.46 2.49 14.07 13.18Punjab 71.36 30.31 11.25 6.34 4.92 4.58 4.72 14.89 13.95Himachal Pradesh 73.66 27.36 8.58 4.74 3.61 3.44 3.51 13.66 12.62Orissa 63.45 28.48 11.77 6.75 5.15 5.58 5.24 13.76 12.86West Bengal 55.63 19.15 7.94 5.47 4.75 5.20 5.08 13.49 12.73India 66.77 30.00 13.05 8.18 6.53 6.40 6.20 17.19 16.07


204

ASMCRU GMCRU Christian 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 63.41 32.86 18.92 13.24 10.64 10.94 10.97 20.58 19.48Karnataka 73.56 42.70 23.19 12.34 8.80 7.82 7.64 18.93 17.40Kerala 85.23 45.10 19.25 7.67 5.18 4.47 4.17 13.74 12.23Tamil Nadu 78.93 43.56 22.60 13.51 10.84 10.34 9.85 20.32 18.85Bihar 73.72 36.69 20.90 11.17 8.01 7.19 7.73 17.69 16.47Madhya Pradesh 67.12 35.75 18.80 9.37 5.99 5.99 4.81 15.47 14.12Rajasthan 64.48 32.87 18.75 7.22 6.22 5.32 5.61 14.89 13.65Uttar Pradesh 75.02 40.12 22.38 13.52 10.75 9.34 9.48 20.60 19.18Gujarat 70.39 33.21 16.93 8.73 6.08 5.57 5.14 14.53 13.33Maharashtra 74.70 42.17 24.52 11.99 8.12 7.01 6.65 17.40 15.83Haryana 76.27 41.80 19.10 9.02 4.27 3.96 4.87 15.23 14.03Punjab 73.88 35.01 13.11 6.58 5.29 4.80 4.24 15.53 14.35Himachal Pradesh 73.17 30.14 13.66 6.15 6.57 9.09 8.28 15.22 14.48Orissa 65.80 30.91 13.44 8.04 6.84 6.97 7.27 14.84 13.98West Bengal 62.19 28.51 14.94 9.68 7.54 7.17 7.63 15.94 15.01India 71.63 38.86 19.73 10.77 8.13 7.45 7.16 17.27 15.89Other Religions Andhra Pradesh 70.51 42.24 24.52 18.25 15.50 15.64 16.34 26.80 25.71Karnataka 68.24 33.89 14.87 9.13 6.84 7.50 7.54 17.08 15.94Kerala 75.49 39.54 22.37 14.58 10.81 11.47 10.79 20.59 19.21Tamil Nadu 81.83 55.02 31.73 22.59 19.66 18.03 19.12 31.40 29.95Bihar 73.77 38.71 17.59 10.21 8.08 8.61 8.05 20.85 19.45Madhya Pradesh 73.10 33.68 12.92 6.47 5.08 4.80 4.94 13.70 12.64Rajasthan 71.49 28.44 9.85 5.30 4.12 3.83 3.80 18.27 16.97Uttar Pradesh 76.70 38.29 17.14 9.86 7.82 7.15 6.75 18.52 17.12Gujarat 77.61 49.82 20.55 10.04 7.47 6.38 6.56 17.45 15.87Maharashtra 72.10 32.35 12.90 6.91 5.17 5.08 4.99 14.50 13.39Haryana 70.44 30.62 9.40 4.25 2.97 2.45 2.38 11.72 10.69Punjab 75.52 35.36 12.65 6.30 4.74 4.15 3.96 14.02 12.79Himachal Pradesh 75.87 36.36 13.54 6.88 4.68 4.76 4.29 13.53 12.30Orissa 66.05 30.62 14.53 10.19 8.74 9.32 9.86 17.36 16.49West Bengal 64.07 30.15 15.54 10.88 9.28 9.51 8.87 18.47 17.35India 71.74 34.35 13.75 7.43 5.73 5.35 5.29 15.13 13.95

205

Appendix – 3B

Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted (ASMCRU) and the General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) by Religion, RURAL Areas, India and States, 1981

ASMCRU GMCRU Hindu 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 58.80 25.47 11.79 8.62 7.09 8.06 8.08 19.05 17.89Karnataka 10.52 4.28 1.72 1.21 0.94 1.03 1.03 2.88 2.69 Kerala 52.02 20.15 7.32 4.18 3.02 2.99 2.88 9.84 8.92 Tamil Nadu 62.14 28.92 11.64 7.55 5.89 6.61 6.72 15.74 14.59Bihar 61.07 27.59 11.29 5.79 3.92 3.54 3.19 18.57 17.09Madhya Pradesh 70.60 25.75 9.79 6.12 5.20 5.53 5.64 20.90 19.35Rajasthan 80.23 32.58 10.89 5.89 4.38 4.39 4.09 24.23 22.27Uttar Pradesh 37.12 15.35 5.76 3.37 2.69 2.68 2.63 10.94 10.05Gujarat 81.83 37.15 11.68 5.91 4.57 4.52 4.56 20.75 19.05Maharashtra 35.39 14.63 5.47 3.34 2.72 2.82 2.78 9.33 8.59 Haryana 73.03 26.86 7.59 3.37 2.67 2.39 2.19 20.73 18.86Punjab 58.41 26.88 8.30 4.25 2.86 2.80 2.71 12.84 11.65Himachal Pradesh 44.58 12.42 3.17 2.30 2.22 2.72 2.79 8.98 8.29 Orissa 58.75 24.11 9.70 6.31 5.24 5.69 5.69 14.98 13.93West Bengal 37.95 12.21 4.52 2.60 2.06 2.25 2.43 9.24 8.55 India 53.43 21.99 8.35 5.00 3.95 4.12 4.09 14.92 13.76Muslim Andhra Pradesh 54.72 23.03 10.30 7.97 6.15 7.41 7.26 17.15 16.17Karnataka 11.07 4.41 1.68 0.99 0.87 0.87 1.42 2.97 2.83 Kerala 50.28 15.34 5.36 3.84 2.83 3.04 2.71 12.72 11.74Tamil Nadu 59.94 24.76 9.16 6.54 4.69 6.00 5.44 14.83 13.72Bihar 59.99 28.06 12.48 6.43 4.15 3.53 3.19 18.23 16.84Madhya Pradesh 64.50 23.43 7.98 4.95 3.93 5.01 5.02 18.33 17.06Rajasthan 76.18 29.54 9.94 5.42 3.54 3.90 3.38 23.22 21.41Uttar Pradesh 34.16 14.28 5.89 3.54 2.64 2.72 2.59 9.94 9.19 Gujarat 73.78 35.16 11.09 6.52 5.36 5.32 5.38 17.71 16.37Maharashtra 33.69 14.54 5.84 3.39 2.67 2.59 2.89 9.31 8.63 Haryana 66.66 26.68 9.23 5.02 2.95 2.78 2.27 22.05 20.19Punjab 57.13 26.21 11.84 5.41 6.43 4.86 4.34 15.49 14.25Himachal Pradesh 39.34 11.22 3.30 1.81 1.62 1.41 1.60 9.54 8.82 Orissa 50.42 17.04 7.42 4.87 3.54 5.33 4.17 13.06 12.17West Bengal 36.73 12.20 4.41 2.62 1.86 1.81 1.95 10.05 9.33 India 46.06 18.99 7.66 4.50 3.19 3.23 3.09 13.26 12.28

206

Appendix – 3B Contd…1981 RURAL

ASMCRU GMCRU Christian 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 50.71 21.65 10.60 7.73 5.70 7.79 7.14 16.54 15.55Karnataka 13.69 6.73 2.69 1.07 0.62 0.87 0.90 3.08 2.79 Kerala 52.38 22.25 6.37 2.48 1.77 1.65 1.58 7.79 6.90 Tamil Nadu 64.23 28.67 10.86 5.74 3.92 4.09 4.10 12.22 11.11Bihar 55.34 27.04 10.72 6.10 3.38 3.02 2.47 11.73 10.47Madhya Pradesh 65.87 26.78 11.20 4.54 3.82 4.57 4.19 14.18 12.95Rajasthan 64.29 20.18 8.60 8.99 4.16 0.00 0.00 13.65 12.25Uttar Pradesh 30.59 13.13 5.66 2.59 3.07 2.00 4.55 8.14 7.73 Gujarat 71.39 30.60 11.80 5.47 2.40 3.58 4.81 13.65 12.61Maharashtra 21.68 12.90 3.46 2.97 1.76 1.23 1.14 5.19 4.71 Haryana 45.65 10.20 0.00 6.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.59 6.36 Punjab 56.58 24.14 7.64 4.15 3.53 2.95 0.59 11.81 10.44Himachal Pradesh 18.75 5.19 4.65 2.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.05 3.66 Orissa 56.11 23.64 9.13 6.42 5.21 5.51 5.14 13.23 12.31West Bengal 44.18 16.81 6.18 4.73 3.63 1.97 2.46 10.45 9.57 India 46.41 21.16 7.78 4.28 3.04 3.27 2.98 9.76 8.96 Other Religions Andhra Pradesh 52.37 25.55 11.55 11.43 11.18 10.04 10.92 19.33 18.39Karnataka 12.84 4.39 2.37 1.70 1.10 0.96 1.32 3.38 3.16 Kerala 9.09 17.90 5.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.58 5.74 Tamil Nadu 60.94 22.46 6.92 7.70 9.05 5.19 7.98 15.05 14.17Bihar 51.13 24.66 12.09 7.79 6.39 5.57 5.41 14.46 13.34Madhya Pradesh 68.01 27.94 9.43 7.39 6.79 8.91 8.23 18.88 17.69Rajasthan 69.24 26.79 8.90 4.30 3.71 3.39 3.65 15.73 14.32Uttar Pradesh 30.53 14.77 5.52 2.70 1.72 2.06 1.86 7.40 6.75 Gujarat 81.21 37.37 13.90 3.90 4.93 5.91 6.40 15.29 13.89Maharashtra 37.19 14.69 5.50 3.34 2.61 2.79 2.29 9.30 8.46 Haryana 65.05 28.64 8.54 3.88 2.65 2.69 1.73 14.09 12.59Punjab 60.06 28.15 9.57 4.55 3.22 3.27 3.02 12.60 11.42Himachal Pradesh 50.18 24.59 7.02 3.77 3.32 4.29 3.09 10.92 9.99 Orissa 54.94 27.44 14.21 12.12 11.32 10.74 11.85 19.55 18.75West Bengal 37.65 15.74 7.93 5.53 4.50 4.49 3.99 11.16 10.35India 49.12 23.61 8.57 4.60 3.52 3.54 3.29 11.98 10.93

207

Appendix – 3B Contd…

Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted and the General Marital Childlessness Rates by Religion, RURAL Areas, India and States, 1991


208


ASMCRU GMCRU Christian 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 54.81 21.06 11.39 8.06 6.92 7.62 8.79 16.52 15.74Karnataka 56.68 30.19 11.42 6.49 5.77 5.85 3.45 12.63 11.45Kerala 71.64 34.56 12.83 5.81 4.49 4.40 3.76 11.58 10.61Tamil Nadu 52.67 22.16 10.18 7.11 6.31 6.03 5.86 11.05 10.33Bihar 66.18 37.36 17.68 12.99 9.71 8.18 7.99 18.85 17.46Madhya Pradesh 46.03 21.33 7.38 5.28 4.23 4.77 5.13 10.28 9.71 Rajasthan 41.72 32.08 12.86 10.91 11.58 11.14 0.00 17.44 16.18Uttar Pradesh 51.11 35.37 14.03 11.65 13.41 17.60 11.02 23.70 22.46Gujarat 60.92 28.25 14.56 8.73 8.01 6.56 8.18 15.05 14.25Maharashtra 29.20 19.67 10.54 6.17 5.41 1.81 2.54 9.38 8.52 Haryana 73.91 33.33 9.47 0.00 14.29 0.00 14.38 18.36 17.82Punjab 62.18 28.89 11.01 6.62 5.33 5.47 6.86 14.98 14.09Himachal Pradesh 72.00 28.57 7.41 3.17 4.26 5.71 5.88 15.47 14.65Orissa 61.37 30.18 14.86 11.03 9.57 10.96 10.15 18.02 17.09West Bengal 62.65 25.98 13.45 11.84 7.96 7.57 8.74 16.95 16.09India 57.08 29.27 14.26 9.58 8.08 8.34 7.95 15.06 14.19Other Religions Andhra Pradesh 61.79 28.64 11.64 6.79 3.90 15.87 0.00 21.29 19.18Karnataka 63.89 25.78 10.64 8.21 6.63 7.40 5.98 15.95 14.81Kerala 81.48 33.82 19.43 18.09 15.98 7.48 0.00 20.91 18.32Tamil Nadu 66.23 18.31 11.05 7.37 2.89 9.12 2.51 13.71 12.11Bihar 62.51 30.81 16.27 13.35 10.70 10.99 9.68 19.97 18.74Madhya Pradesh 65.21 30.37 12.11 8.79 6.56 9.27 7.74 18.65 17.46Rajasthan 66.87 30.16 9.53 4.81 3.29 3.36 3.58 14.47 13.31Uttar Pradesh 56.10 33.58 16.06 10.74 10.60 8.70 9.06 20.98 19.79Gujarat 72.69 45.15 16.40 11.64 4.98 5.40 4.31 18.56 16.60Maharashtra 40.45 16.97 6.08 4.52 3.52 3.67 3.67 9.62 8.88 Haryana 69.78 33.78 10.26 4.51 4.44 3.03 2.68 14.42 13.35Punjab 65.52 31.79 10.39 5.07 3.86 3.75 3.54 13.47 12.32Himachal Pradesh 70.83 31.81 9.62 4.70 4.90 5.19 5.64 13.57 12.59Orissa 61.14 26.49 16.50 11.24 13.31 13.74 10.70 20.08 19.07West Bengal 62.89 28.80 14.67 13.28 10.08 11.64 12.50 20.56 19.67India 58.56 28.71 10.98 6.82 5.57 5.64 5.32 14.56 13.50

209

Appendix – 3B Contd…

Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted and the General Marital Childlessness Rates by Religion, RURAL Areas, India and States, 2001


210


ASMCRU GMCRU Christian 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 60.09 26.69 13.61 9.48 7.87 8.42 8.90 17.21 16.27Karnataka 69.34 36.65 18.22 9.15 6.32 5.81 5.50 14.97 13.65Kerala 84.77 44.15 18.69 7.21 4.93 4.19 3.91 13.31 11.84Tamil Nadu 78.12 40.38 19.83 11.82 9.52 9.39 9.23 18.76 17.39Bihar 72.03 34.53 16.60 8.26 7.93 6.38 7.62 17.48 16.37Madhya Pradesh 66.21 24.70 11.61 7.17 4.05 5.36 4.57 14.13 13.11Rajasthan 60.06 22.08 9.18 5.27 4.52 4.34 5.39 12.21 11.54Uttar Pradesh 73.82 34.89 16.84 9.80 8.35 6.87 7.85 19.33 18.08Gujarat 66.57 24.98 10.08 5.90 4.96 4.56 4.58 11.73 10.89Maharashtra 72.53 34.30 16.80 8.37 6.26 5.84 5.93 14.96 13.79Haryana 78.33 35.15 15.19 8.62 5.39 3.66 7.64 16.08 15.33Punjab 74.08 34.75 11.78 5.88 4.36 3.90 3.86 15.05 13.93Himachal Pradesh 74.07 28.57 13.07 4.38 6.42 7.41 9.23 15.42 14.90Orissa 65.60 30.19 12.67 7.73 6.76 6.85 7.37 14.63 13.82West Bengal 60.72 26.35 12.45 7.96 6.41 6.20 6.61 14.77 13.90India 69.89 36.48 17.66 9.66 7.47 6.91 6.70 16.27 14.97Other Religions

Andhra Pradesh 65.11 32.16 18.14 14.03 10.63 12.46 12.99 22.07 21.11Karnataka 66.13 29.60 13.10 8.62 6.28 7.37 7.31 16.06 15.00Kerala 75.00 36.86 19.67 13.11 9.53 9.93 7.93 19.42 17.82Tamil Nadu 77.86 45.82 26.52 22.38 20.04 19.10 19.11 29.47 28.09Bihar 73.25 37.75 16.78 10.19 8.03 8.50 8.67 21.56 5.42 Madhya Pradesh 72.72 29.44 10.56 6.25 5.56 5.34 5.75 14.23 13.28Rajasthan 69.62 29.42 8.96 4.37 3.11 2.84 2.71 12.68 11.58Uttar Pradesh 76.06 34.78 14.19 8.42 6.85 6.20 5.91 18.05 16.73Gujarat 71.16 38.03 15.40 8.71 7.15 5.67 5.80 16.08 14.68Maharashtra 72.72 29.75 10.42 5.96 4.89 5.02 5.08 13.90 12.89Haryana 69.32 28.69 8.16 3.97 2.67 2.31 2.13 11.42 10.45Punjab 74.81 34.31 11.72 5.89 4.44 3.88 3.68 13.64 12.45Himachal Pradesh 75.95 34.59 12.62 6.61 4.55 4.56 4.21 13.07 11.89Orissa 65.66 29.71 14.09 10.22 8.86 9.68 10.08 17.33 16.49West Bengal 63.64 28.37 14.23 9.98 8.61 8.95 8.48 17.91 16.84India 70.95 32.31 12.30 6.98 5.54 5.28 5.24 14.86 13.74

211

Appendix – 3C

Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted (ASMCRU) and the General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) by Religion, URBAN Areas, India and States, 1981

ASMCRU GMCRU Hindu 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 55.37 25.04 12.14 8.87 7.16 8.45 8.50 18.38 17.47Karnataka 10.03 4.59 2.04 1.31 0.99 1.28 1.19 2.86 2.69 Kerala 49.45 22.63 8.99 4.40 3.45 3.50 3.37 9.80 8.93 Tamil Nadu 62.27 28.88 12.66 7.80 6.12 6.50 6.45 16.11 15.02Bihar 61.23 27.44 11.20 6.71 5.20 5.30 5.27 17.19 16.13Madhya Pradesh 65.78 26.22 10.19 6.46 5.33 5.98 6.07 18.02 16.92Rajasthan 73.01 29.31 10.21 6.00 4.55 4.82 4.89 20.52 19.05Uttar Pradesh 29.14 13.75 5.70 3.51 2.95 3.16 3.27 8.51 7.98 Gujarat 75.20 33.71 12.63 7.04 5.58 5.97 6.35 18.62 17.43Maharashtra 28.23 11.61 4.52 2.70 2.2 2.47 2.36 6.58 6.14 Haryana 66.47 29.45 8.92 4.32 2.90 3.15 2.98 16.01 14.71Punjab 59.17 28.66 10.23 5.36 3.79 3.46 3.24 13.67 12.54Himachal Pradesh 42.18 16.01 5.29 2.09 1.91 2.06 1.98 7.66 7.07 Orissa 50.57 21.19 8.59 6.14 5.09 6.26 6.15 13.04 12.43West Bengal 25.64 11.13 5.25 2.88 2.48 2.35 2.42 6.37 5.94 India 48.03 20.89 8.28 4.94 3.98 4.30 4.29 12.40 11.58Muslim Andhra Pradesh 52.96 25.98 12.36 8.93 6.67 2.11 7.89 17.09 16.24Karnataka 8.61 3.34 1.39 1.01 0.71 0.92 0.83 2.35 2.21 Kerala 44.13 13.67 5.25 3.19 3.07 3.72 3.18 10.95 10.18Tamil Nadu 57.06 24.28 10.55 6.92 4.95 5.79 5.55 15.46 14.42Bihar 54.00 26.70 11.98 7.08 5.45 5.82 4.97 16.71 15.67Madhya Pradesh 57.83 23.95 10.33 6.89 5.28 5.40 5.74 16.81 15.76Rajasthan 69.62 28.16 10.16 5.42 5.14 5.50 4.82 22.61 21.11Uttar Pradesh 25.00 11.70 5.54 3.78 3.18 3.15 3.00 7.77 7.30 Gujarat 67.91 31.79 13.24 8.74 7.14 7.66 7.20 18.12 17.00Maharashtra 27.40 10.10 3.99 2.59 2.03 2.35 2.08 6.66 6.24 Haryana 56.52 25.98 7.09 8.00 2.53 2.54 4.04 17.67 16.85Punjab 47.83 21.13 7.86 3.16 3.71 5.86 1.73 11.67 10.74Himachal Pradesh 28.70 9.92 4.08 1.08 1.82 0.66 1.98 6.54 6.16 Orissa 46.95 16.13 6.34 4.61 4.05 5.45 4.68 11.59 11.01West Bengal 22.05 9.21 4.53 3.05 2.41 2.74 2.77 6.54 6.20 India 39.72 17.15 7.36 4.81 3.82 3.88 4.03 11.22 10.55

212

Appendix – 3C Contd…1981 URBAN

ASMCRU GMCRU Christian 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 49.87 25.82 14.82 8.92 6.45 7.56 8.56 17.23 16.39Karnataka 7.60 3.89 2.04 1.22 0.82 0.76 1.23 2.06 1.96 Kerala 49.62 24.06 11.91 3.80 2.46 2.55 2.76 9.47 8.56 Tamil Nadu 60.72 29.74 13.05 7.04 4.85 4.74 5.20 13.57 12..55Bihar 62.45 28.84 14.29 6.70 4.84 3.16 6.04 12.34 11.63Madhya Pradesh 53.39 30.50 11.75 4.11 3.95 4.91 6.05 12.08 11.50Rajasthan 90.38 41.45 21.15 9.10 4.73 7.13 5.32 18.40 17.28Uttar Pradesh 24.52 13.31 9.51 6.7 4.00 4.85 3.80 8.54 8.01 Gujarat 81.43 37.71 14.64 7.91 7.68 7.23 5.75 16.07 14.97Maharashtra 18.10 10.77 5.41 2.09 1.90 1.62 1.88 4.45 4.12 Haryana 58.00 25.09 9.79 2.78 9.04 3.70 10.00 13.41 13.14Punjab 54.48 18.93 9.95 3.75 3.73 2.58 0.79 11.00 9.92 Himachal Pradesh 61.54 18.31 11.83 2.56 7.46 0.00 2.27 10.74 9.83 Orissa 50.31 22.36 12.00 3.90 4.53 6.06 3.59 12.49 11.74West Bengal 23.70 16.02 5.95 4.31 4.42 3.24 3.51 7.17 6.73 India 41.70 21.18 9.66 4.79 3.58 3.63 3.86 9.87 9.16 Other Religions Andhra Pradesh 57.85 32.23 15.23 5.40 7.70 303.48 2.80 55.42 51.04Karnataka 11.60 5.11 2.13 1.01 0.69 1.10 1.32 2.80 2.65 Kerala -4.00 33.13 -483.76 12.61 3.31 0.61 6.02 -92.60 -77.71Tamil Nadu 63.75 29.99 8.52 5.61 4.73 6.26 3.23 14.04 12.95Bihar 58.91 28.07 12.43 6.98 5.41 8.03 5.11 15.33 14.29Madhya Pradesh 66.18 30.52 7.86 4.72 3.05 4.79 5.26 13.92 12.96Rajasthan 71.03 31.79 8.86 5.22 4.05 3.18 4.59 15.52 14.30Uttar Pradesh 32.23 16.51 6.25 3.56 2.59 2.67 1.98 7.66 6.98 Gujarat 70.54 42.65 17.23 7.56 5.46 5.92 7.21 16.37 15.18Maharashtra 26.66 10.53 4.04 2.31 1.99 2.30 2.03 6.22 5.78 Haryana 66.84 29.39 10.33 4.28 2.88 2.08 1.86 12.44 11.18Punjab 61.10 28.58 10.14 5.09 3.85 3.84 3.58 12.92 11.84Himachal Pradesh 49.61 18.68 7.01 2.74 1.70 1.59 2.57 7.90 7.25 Orissa 58.58 36.19 8.79 7.01 4.20 6.85 6.50 14.92 14.01West Bengal 36.13 16.06 6.38 3.45 1.91 2.05 3.44 7.13 6.69 India 42.01 21.89 7.69 3.89 2.89 4.63 3.08 10.66 9.77

213

Appendix – 3C Contd…

Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted and the General Marital Childlessness Rates by Religion, URBAN Areas, India and States, 1991


214


ASMCRU GMCRU Christian 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 58.38 26.51 15.64 8.92 8.87 9.75 8.76 17.10 16.31Karnataka 50.06 30.70 16.85 9.86 7.10 7.22 6.42 14.93 13.97Kerala 76.73 37.96 15.43 6.44 5.53 4.93 4.31 12.73 11.67Tamil Nadu 42.85 21.66 11.28 7.39 5.59 5.88 5.14 10.64 9.99 Bihar 62.39 36.39 20.70 12.19 8.92 11.59 8.23 17.59 16.45Madhya Pradesh 61.00 36.25 19.08 7.78 6.28 4.78 4.71 15.24 13.93Rajasthan 69.94 46.95 21.77 9.49 5.47 7.63 11.04 18.99 18.08Uttar Pradesh 43.77 36.93 21.91 16.13 11.74 14.32 13.31 20.90 19.97Gujarat 69.97 36.59 19.22 8.28 7.81 2.98 9.00 14.94 14.25Maharashtra 38.60 23.18 12.22 7.00 5.07 3.59 3.26 10.12 9.31 Haryana 63.41 35.96 16.38 3.26 9.12 4.49 15.79 14.43 14.53Punjab 63.74 31.79 17.74 4.55 6.39 3.08 4.93 16.41 15.29Himachal Pradesh 75.00 28.57 17.89 11.84 8.70 14.29 6.00 17.38 16.04Orissa 45.45 32.66 16.52 11.69 13.15 13.06 11.31 17.70 17.00West Bengal 59.80 30.06 18.72 12.65 14.00 6.33 7.07 17.55 16.28India 53.21 29.12 15.35 8.72 7.14 6.74 6.19 13.87 12.99Other Religions Andhra Pradesh 42.12 27.99 7.52 14.95 7.15 15.70 4.18 15.27 14.29Karnataka 62.26 33.76 11.26 7.20 5.69 4.26 4.96 14.68 13.83Kerala 0.00 24.05 18.18 8.43 14.52 6.17 10.10 13.56 13.29Tamil Nadu 54.39 31.11 15.40 8.21 9.23 6.97 3.97 16.20 15.12Bihar 58.43 35.07 14.93 10.07 10.13 8.30 11.51 18.27 17.55Madhya Pradesh 63.71 36.26 12.87 8.20 4.62 6.51 5.51 16.28 15.17Rajasthan 72.12 33.45 8.56 6.02 4.98 4.37 3.51 13.62 12.55Uttar Pradesh 44.35 31.98 16.22 10.87 7.94 6.64 7.19 16.59 15.70Gujarat 63.11 41.64 16.55 8.14 5.93 6.16 4.82 15.33 14.04Maharashtra 38.46 17.48 7.14 4.46 3.33 3.22 3.31 9.06 8.48 Haryana 68.35 32.32 10.18 4.70 3.71 3.72 4.28 11.59 10.79Punjab 64.60 31.41 12.06 6.44 5.05 5.03 4.39 13.49 12.51Himachal Pradesh 69.62 25.82 11.76 6.83 5.33 4.17 3.30 11.36 10.40Orissa 80.30 30.93 15.62 6.87 6.57 8.04 10.94 16.78 16.13West Bengal 57.18 31.35 15.35 7.69 6.55 6.37 5.15 14.27 13.18India 51.09 27.22 10.69 6.26 4.75 4.69 4.31 12.40 11.55

215

Appendix – 3C Contd…

Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted and the General Marital Childlessness Rates by Religion, URBAN Areas, India and States, 2001


216


ASMCRU GMCRU Christian 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 69.83 41.80 25.22 17.55 13.88 13.95 13.54 24.81 23.51Karnataka 75.34 45.31 25.38 13.80 9.96 8.80 8.67 20.73 19.12Kerala 86.61 48.20 21.12 9.14 5.99 5.32 5.00 15.11 13.52Tamil Nadu 79.60 46.23 24.62 14.68 11.82 11.03 10.33 21.48 19.94Bihar 82.35 42.61 27.71 15.14 8.11 8.09 7.86 18.01 16.62Madhya Pradesh 68.97 45.11 22.47 10.35 6.81 6.24 4.91 16.16 14.62Rajasthan 74.00 47.36 25.51 8.80 7.24 5.81 5.71 16.91 15.15Uttar Pradesh 77.15 46.30 26.63 16.17 12.11 10.70 10.38 21.55 19.97Gujarat 83.50 52.51 27.28 12.53 7.49 6.75 5.78 18.63 16.79Maharashtra 75.34 44.17 26.00 12.62 8.43 7.20 6.76 17.84 16.19Haryana 74.14 46.65 21.17 9.21 3.80 4.05 3.99 14.82 13.43Punjab 73.35 35.76 16.51 8.33 7.36 6.74 5.05 16.71 15.37Himachal Pradesh 71.43 33.85 14.63 8.13 6.73 10.96 7.50 14.94 13.92Orissa 67.29 36.24 18.06 9.81 7.27 7.58 6.75 16.09 14.96West Bengal 70.19 39.21 23.89 14.97 10.85 9.70 10.28 19.91 18.63India 75.78 43.74 23.47 12.70 9.31 8.41 7.99 19.10 17.57Other Religions Andhra Pradesh 77.37 50.56 29.29 21.26 18.89 17.92 18.97 30.43 29.24Karnataka 74.80 41.98 17.98 10.05 7.91 7.77 7.98 19.00 17.72Kerala 77.78 46.70 28.57 18.04 13.35 14.20 16.88 23.20 22.28Tamil Nadu 84.26 58.59 33.52 22.65 19.51 17.61 19.13 32.12 30.66Bihar 77.96 42.84 20.00 10.24 8.21 8.88 6.57 18.60 17.04Madhya Pradesh 74.53 41.54 15.77 6.73 4.59 4.27 4.11 13.04 11.87Rajasthan 75.45 42.55 14.32 5.45 4.00 3.66 3.56 13.23 11.98Uttar Pradesh 79.38 46.92 22.23 12.29 9.19 8.44 7.87 19.33 17.78Gujarat 80.44 53.09 21.60 10.31 7.52 6.51 6.71 17.73 16.12Maharashtra 71.37 35.00 15.02 7.73 5.42 5.13 4.92 15.04 13.83Haryana 74.73 36.97 12.75 5.00 3.66 2.74 2.90 12.51 11.31Punjab 78.44 39.76 16.16 7.83 5.74 5.03 4.86 15.40 14.01Himachal Pradesh 75.63 43.13 16.53 7.71 5.11 5.41 4.59 15.05 13.66Orissa 77.61 43.03 19.71 9.85 7.35 5.02 7.31 17.73 16.45West Bengal 69.13 44.34 23.28 15.53 12.52 11.99 10.69 21.70 20.23India 74.27 39.42 16.69 8.35 6.08 5.48 5.37 15.70 14.39

217


Marital Childlessness Rates By Education and

Place of Residence, 1981-2001

218

Appendix – 3D

Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted and the General Marital Childlessness Rates by Education of the Woman, Combined Areas, India and States, 1981

ASMCRU GMCRU Illiterate 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 58.80 26.33 12.47 9.14 7.37 8.36 8.30 58.80 26.33Karnataka 10.15 4.12 1.73 1.23 0.95 1.09 1.11 10.15 4.12 Kerala 45.80 16.64 6.86 4.68 3.45 3.53 2.97 45.80 16.64Tamil Nadu 61.57 29.00 12.07 8.06 6.18 6.85 6.79 61.57 29.00Bihar 60.99 28.01 11.84 6.21 4.22 3.80 3.42 60.99 28.01Madhya Pradesh 69.82 25.91 9.99 6.27 5.27 5.63 5.71 69.82 25.91Rajasthan 78.94 31.78 10.73 5.79 4.33 4.37 4.09 78.94 31.78Uttar Pradesh 35.62 14.67 5.71 3.39 2.70 2.71 2.65 35.62 14.67Gujarat 78.14 35.26 12.00 6.51 5.07 5.08 3.22 78.14 35.26Maharashtra 34.39 14.22 5.59 3.41 2.69 2.82 2.68 34.39 14.22Haryana 71.15 26.01 7.66 3.63 2.71 2.51 2.29 71.15 26.01Punjab 56.75 25.34 8.85 4.60 3.29 3.26 3.03 56.75 25.34Himachal Pradesh 41.97 11.61 3.41 2.51 2.32 2.79 2.81 41.97 11.61Orissa 58.22 24.96 10.75 6.99 5.74 6.07 5.92 58.22 24.96West Bengal 35.78 12.18 4.87 2.87 2.23 2.32 2.44 35.78 12.18India 52.17 21.76 8.59 5.18 4.03 4.19 4.08 52.17 21.76Literate < Middle Andhra Pradesh 51.68 19.38 8.39 5.99 5.16 6.19 6.45 51.68 19.38Karnataka 11.15 4.47 1.73 1.12 0.83 0.97 0.87 11.15 4.47 Kerala 48.67 16.17 5.68 3.40 2.44 2.33 2.34 48.67 16.17Tamil Nadu 61.44 27.14 10.29 6.08 4.56 4.97 4.97 61.44 27.14Bihar 58.53 24.41 9.13 4.71 3.37 3.44 3.35 58.53 24.41Madhya Pradesh 68.38 22.63 8.09 5.40 4.65 5.46 5.79 68.38 22.63Rajasthan 75.15 27.79 8.41 5.46 4.49 4.95 5.39 75.15 27.79Uttar Pradesh 36.07 14.46 5.18 3.22 2.74 2.93 3.24 36.07 14.46Gujarat 82.25 35.31 10.36 5.42 4.47 4.70 5.22 82.25 35.31Maharashtra 32.89 12.54 4.23 2.60 2.18 2.22 2.34 32.89 12.54Haryana 74.94 27.30 6.89 3.34 2.57 2.81 2.46 74.94 27.30Punjab 62.95 28.01 8.33 4.23 3.07 2.68 2.63 62.95 28.01Himachal Pradesh 47.54 12.38 2.53 1.56 1.52 1.68 1.83 47.54 12.38Orissa 56.27 21.17 6.28 4.25 3.01 4.02 4.64 56.27 21.17West Bengal 34.77 9.60 3.08 1.90 1.66 1.74 1.92 34.77 9.60 India 49.30 18.99 6.46 3.88 3.08 3.34 3.45 49.30 18.99

219

Appendix – 3D Contd…..Combined 1981

ASMCRU GMCRU Middle < Matric 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 54.95 21.33 8.71 6.13 4.83 5.96 6.00 54.95 21.33Karnataka 10.76 4.33 1.56 1.07 0.79 0.88 0.75 10.76 4.33 Kerala 54.19 16.28 6.26 3.19 2.27 2.49 2.41 54.19 16.28Tamil Nadu 62.09 25.59 10.00 5.57 4.41 4.69 5.06 62.09 25.59Bihar 59.05 23.48 8.13 4.00 3.38 3.23 3.64 59.05 23.48Madhya Pradesh 68.28 25.33 8.00 4.96 3.88 3.96 4.80 68.28 25.33Rajasthan 74.80 30.12 8.93 6.30 4.05 4.12 5.24 74.80 30.12Uttar Pradesh 35.06 14.81 5.25 3.50 2.93 3.30 3.03 35.06 14.81Gujarat 83.43 36.32 10.08 5.26 3.49 4.19 6.66 83.43 36.32Maharashtra 31.28 11.89 3.71 2.13 1.71 1.49 0.65 31.28 11.89Haryana 73.27 30.69 8.73 3.87 2.35 3.10 2.84 73.27 30.69Punjab 67.29 29.87 9.48 4.53 3.14 3.16 2.66 67.29 29.87Himachal Pradesh 51.36 15.73 2.80 1.57 1.36 2.31 1.61 51.36 15.73Orissa 54.79 19.09 5.48 3.11 2.26 2.77 3.75 54.79 19.09West Bengal 35.60 11.74 3.83 2.42 1.83 1.97 2.18 35.60 11.74India 47.32 18.66 6.14 3.50 2.74 3.00 3.09 47.32 18.66Matric < Graduate 62.00 28.39 12.55 8.33 6.86 7.78 8.65 62.00 28.39Andhra Pradesh 10.88 5.33 2.34 1.32 1.02 1.11 1.24 10.88 5.33 Karnataka 56.61 28.87 10.26 4.20 2.94 2.90 3.59 56.61 28.87Kerala 66.90 31.37 13.19 7.30 5.93 5.13 6.11 66.90 31.37Tamil Nadu 63.97 30.22 10.92 5.70 4.08 4.57 4.91 63.97 30.22Bihar 72.64 31.37 10.97 5.79 4.75 4.62 5.07 72.64 31.37Madhya Pradesh 79.12 35.28 12.55 6.82 6.24 6.42 7.44 79.12 35.28Rajasthan 38.91 17.64 6.85 4.01 3.71 3.56 4.21 38.91 17.64Uttar Pradesh 85.43 39.75 13.97 7.35 6.15 6.56 9.26 85.43 39.75Gujarat 29.99 12.99 4.71 2.49 2.21 1.98 2.22 29.99 12.99Maharashtra 72.72 35.47 10.52 4.71 3.57 3.00 3.30 72.72 35.47Haryana 69.46 35.95 12.34 5.74 3.84 4.18 4.83 69.46 35.95Punjab 50.14 19.55 5.20 2.07 2.00 1.78 2.56 50.14 19.55Himachal Pradesh 54.97 23.75 7.16 4.08 3.40 5.86 2.44 54.97 23.75Orissa 38.59 17.04 6.65 3.32 3.07 2.28 2.68 38.59 17.04West Bengal 52.85 24.82 9.10 4.71 3.77 3.58 4.06 52.85 24.82India 62.00 28.39 12.55 8.33 6.86 7.78 8.65 62.00 28.39

220

Appendix – 3D Contd…..Combined 1981

ASMCRU GMCRU Graduate & Above 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 68.45 47.40 23.32 12.43 10.47 9.73 13.05 68.45 47.40Karnataka 12.45 7.72 3.07 1.39 1.20 0.85 1.26 12.45 7.72 Kerala 17.86 44.71 17.66 5.92 3.52 2.66 5.00 17.86 44.71Tamil Nadu 85.00 50.90 25.23 11.19 8.09 8.13 11.92 85.00 50.90Bihar 57.39 39.80 17.18 7.78 6.08 6.10 6.49 57.39 39.80Madhya Pradesh 74.57 43.24 16.70 8.40 5.86 7.57 7.61 74.57 43.24Rajasthan 86.27 48.10 19.08 10.44 8.33 8.31 9.24 86.27 48.10Uttar Pradesh 38.23 22.89 9.72 5.74 4.87 5.80 8.11 38.23 22.89Gujarat 74.86 56.30 23.87 9.85 7.51 8.22 9.44 74.86 56.30Maharashtra 33.95 19.07 8.18 3.49 2.33 2.59 3.24 33.95 19.07Haryana 66.27 46.34 14.95 5.02 4.06 4.73 4.82 66.27 46.34Punjab 87.55 43.52 16.54 6.51 6.68 9.56 5.59 87.55 43.52Himachal Pradesh 48.00 24.07 10.44 2.51 3.39 3.33 2.49 48.00 24.07Orissa 64.29 36.13 14.42 5.47 4.78 5.01 10.51 64.29 36.13West Bengal 38.97 26.89 11.65 4.79 4.26 3.93 4.83 38.97 26.89India 52.56 34.81 14.40 6.11 4.62 4.70 5.75 52.56 34.81

221

Appendix – 3D

Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted and the General Marital Childlessness Rates by Education of the Woman, Rural Areas, India and States, 1981

ASMCRU GMCRU Illiterate 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 59.55 26.45 12.30 8.95 7.25 8.18 8.11 59.55 26.45Karnataka 10.38 4.16 1.69 1.21 0.95 1.05 1.08 10.38 4.16 Kerala 46.50 16.86 6.89 4.69 3.40 3.46 2.87 46.50 16.86Tamil Nadu 61.89 29.14 11.87 7.86 6.05 6.71 6.73 61.89 29.14Bihar 61.11 28.06 11.81 6.06 4.05 3.60 3.23 61.11 28.06Madhya Pradesh 70.51 26.07 9.93 6.12 5.18 5.51 5.61 70.51 26.07Rajasthan 80.05 32.46 10.83 5.78 4.26 4.28 3.96 80.05 32.46Uttar Pradesh 36.53 15.06 5.77 3.38 2.65 2.64 2.58 36.53 15.06Gujarat 79.76 36.21 11.93 6.20 4.73 4.64 2.67 79.76 36.21Maharashtra 35.83 15.10 5.89 3.51 2.74 2.82 2.72 35.83 15.10Haryana 71.81 26.10 7.64 3.48 2.62 2.35 2.14 71.81 26.10Punjab 57.45 25.63 8.73 4.46 3.15 3.16 2.92 57.45 25.63Himachal Pradesh 42.07 11.57 3.40 2.52 2.32 2.80 2.83 42.07 11.57Orissa 58.86 25.19 10.75 6.91 5.66 5.97 5.85 58.86 25.19West Bengal 37.42 12.59 4.91 2.83 2.15 2.22 2.38 37.42 12.59India 53.10 22.19 8.66 5.13 3.97 4.08 3.98 53.10 22.19Literate < Middle Andhra Pradesh 51.46 18.69 8.03 5.71 5.20 6.30 6.76 51.46 18.69Karnataka 11.53 4.69 1.77 1.20 0.81 0.83 0.75 11.53 4.69 Kerala 49.41 16.32 5.53 3.37 2.34 2.18 2.24 49.41 16.32Tamil Nadu 62.07 27.91 10.21 5.83 4.34 4.78 5.04 62.07 27.91Bihar 58.56 24.62 8.91 4.57 3.19 3.14 3.05 58.56 24.62Madhya Pradesh 70.03 22.60 8.06 5.66 5.00 6.16 6.76 70.03 22.60Rajasthan 77.78 28.83 9.12 6.14 5.23 5.73 7.05 77.78 28.83Uttar Pradesh 37.92 15.24 5.23 3.16 2.64 3.05 3.37 37.92 15.24Gujarat 85.49 38.29 10.28 4.76 3.97 3.95 4.49 85.49 38.29Maharashtra 34.83 13.85 4.71 2.85 2.51 2.53 3.03 34.83 13.85Haryana 76.17 28.40 6.93 2.96 3.02 3.51 2.38 76.17 28.40Punjab 63.33 29.04 8.53 4.00 2.83 2.59 2.47 63.33 29.04Himachal Pradesh 47.80 12.41 2.49 1.54 1.57 1.82 1.86 47.80 12.41Orissa 57.11 21.51 6.76 4.26 3.07 3.96 4.73 57.11 21.51West Bengal 37.51 10.15 2.89 1.79 1.39 1.71 1.90 37.51 10.15India 50.27 19.32 6.35 3.76 2.98 3.25 3.45 50.27 19.32

222

Appendix – 3D Contd…..Rural 1981

ASMCRU GMCRU Middle < Matric 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 54.55 20.15 8.26 6.04 4.69 6.71 6.86 54.55 20.15Karnataka 11.10 4.48 1.75 1.04 0.76 0.69 0.89 11.10 4.48 Kerala 55.38 15.17 5.99 3.08 2.06 2.29 2.11 55.38 15.17Tamil Nadu 61.83 25.82 9.71 5.15 4.25 5.20 5.56 61.83 25.82Bihar 58.93 23.18 7.84 3.90 3.17 3.08 3.68 58.93 23.18Madhya Pradesh 69.42 23.63 7.88 5.56 6.73 5.32 8.00 69.42 23.63Rajasthan 76.89 32.57 11.62 6.99 7.42 8.65 12.13 76.89 32.57Uttar Pradesh 37.88 16.08 5.57 3.74 3.61 4.92 4.73 37.88 16.08Gujarat 87.24 38.05 9.95 4.39 2.59 2.85 6.26 87.24 38.05Maharashtra 34.12 13.61 4.19 2.55 2.32 2.65 0.25 34.12 13.61Haryana 75.35 31.41 9.34 3.83 3.32 4.75 4.47 75.35 31.41Punjab 65.39 32.37 10.44 4.23 2.84 3.00 3.26 65.39 32.37Himachal Pradesh 51.49 15.83 2.69 1.27 1.68 2.93 2.19 51.49 15.83Orissa 56.30 19.64 5.54 3.30 3.05 3.02 4.15 56.30 19.64West Bengal 39.79 12.48 3.43 2.31 1.67 1.82 2.12 39.79 12.48India 48.78 19.11 6.14 3.47 2.86 3.33 3.56 48.78 19.11Matric < Graduat Andhra Pradesh 60.94 25.32 10.95 8.37 7.69 8.94 14.55 60.94 25.32Karnataka 11.90 6.04 2.39 1.27 0.74 0.51 2.80 11.90 6.04 Kerala 57.66 29.19 10.06 3.91 2.79 2.41 3.35 57.66 29.19Tamil Nadu 67.51 30.26 12.33 6.92 5.07 6.04 6.23 67.51 30.26Bihar 61.08 28.97 10.87 5.94 4.60 4.09 6.04 61.08 28.97Madhya Pradesh 73.01 30.62 11.35 8.37 4.85 8.63 6.46 73.01 30.62Rajasthan 79.79 34.93 15.59 11.21 12.50 16.45 10.93 79.79 34.93Uttar Pradesh 42.62 19.99 8.64 5.22 6.69 6.56 7.48 42.62 19.99Gujarat 88.41 41.75 13.01 5.87 5.47 8.94 13.08 88.41 41.75Maharashtra 32.55 13.64 4.71 2.74 3.35 3.83 3.00 32.55 13.64Haryana 75.19 35.77 10.90 5.32 5.82 7.38 9.07 75.19 35.77Punjab 71.14 38.93 14.48 6.05 4.38 5.08 7.59 71.14 38.93Himachal Pradesh 50.03 19.17 4.39 2.06 2.05 1.57 4.14 50.03 19.17Orissa 58.60 24.22 7.42 4.37 5.25 7.58 4.39 58.60 24.22West Bengal 44.16 18.79 6.58 3.64 4.51 3.90 3.50 44.16 18.79India 53.73 25.71 9.46 5.01 4.34 4.68 5.45 53.73 25.71

223

Appendix – 3D Contd…..Rural 1981

ASMCRU GMCRU Graduate & Above 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 65.50 44.98 22.25 17.01 10.73 10.34 19.19 65.50 44.98Karnataka 31.11 10.98 3.88 1.18 3.77 2.55 0.00 31.11 10.98Kerala 13.89 45.82 18.76 6.55 3.50 2.06 5.12 13.89 45.82Tamil Nadu 76.92 48.34 25.95 10.90 6.02 7.52 9.83 76.92 48.34Bihar 45.71 32.87 15.91 9.46 2.80 6.35 2.76 45.71 32.87Madhya Pradesh 77.52 41.81 15.18 11.26 7.67 18.36 3.60 77.52 41.81Rajasthan 90.74 42.58 16.13 14.54 8.75 15.72 25.58 90.74 42.58Uttar Pradesh 41.37 25.47 12.06 7.28 8.84 7.07 13.84 41.37 25.47Gujarat 66.67 57.55 21.83 10.93 7.69 1.89 18.52 66.67 57.55Maharashtra 50.43 17.87 8.18 3.08 3.23 2.37 1.42 50.43 17.87Haryana 71.26 48.35 13.77 8.37 3.50 0.00 0.00 71.26 48.35Punjab 100.00 48.96 22.54 10.61 10.02 12.79 5.26 100.00 48.96Himachal Pradesh 38.46 23.60 10.18 2.83 2.55 5.93 2.13 38.46 23.60Orissa 100.00 37.40 12.57 5.55 10.70 0.00 29.41 100.00 37.40West Bengal 46.02 30.36 12.33 4.82 5.21 7.78 17.22 46.02 30.36India 51.26 35.94 16.06 7.49 5.56 5.76 8.79 51.26 35.94

224

Appendix – 3D

Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted and the General Marital Childlessness Rates by Education of the Woman, Urban Areas, India and States, 1981

ASMCRU GMCRU Illiterate 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 54.61 25.73 13.25 10.15 8.01 9.35 9.31 54.61 25.73Karnataka 9.13 3.97 1.90 1.35 0.95 1.26 1.25 9.13 3.97 Kerala 39.81 14.89 6.57 4.62 3.78 3.97 3.60 39.81 14.89Tamil Nadu 60.33 28.41 12.87 8.90 6.69 7.39 7.02 60.33 28.41Bihar 59.08 27.26 12.11 7.92 6.02 6.03 5.74 59.08 27.26Madhya Pradesh 63.66 24.70 10.33 7.26 5.84 6.41 6.37 63.66 24.70Rajasthan 71.79 27.78 10.14 5.85 4.72 4.91 4.82 71.79 27.78Uttar Pradesh 26.85 11.79 5.29 3.51 3.01 3.22 3.12 26.85 11.79Gujarat 70.98 31.39 12.28 7.72 6.31 6.72 6.65 70.98 31.39Maharashtra 27.85 10.94 4.58 3.06 2.53 2.83 2.52 27.85 10.94Haryana 64.61 25.36 7.81 4.53 3.19 3.36 3.05 64.61 25.36Punjab 54.18 24.20 9.32 5.24 3.86 3.65 3.44 54.18 24.20Himachal Pradesh 37.02 12.79 3.82 2.24 2.29 2.42 2.32 37.02 12.79Orissa 50.82 22.24 10.77 7.89 6.70 7.37 6.92 50.82 22.24West Bengal 23.42 9.56 4.68 3.08 2.62 2.78 2.75 23.42 9.56 India 45.42 19.19 8.20 5.49 4.41 4.80 4.61 45.42 19.19Literate < Middle Andhra Pradesh 52.17 20.68 9.03 6.46 5.11 6.00 6.00 52.17 20.68Karnataka 10.35 4.05 1.66 1.00 0.85 1.14 1.01 10.35 4.05 Kerala 44.29 15.34 6.46 3.54 2.88 2.96 2.75 44.29 15.34Tamil Nadu 60.54 26.06 10.39 6.38 4.80 5.17 4.89 60.54 26.06Bihar 58.37 23.57 9.83 5.12 3.76 4.18 4.04 58.37 23.57Madhya Pradesh 64.23 22.70 8.15 5.06 4.31 4.87 5.13 64.23 22.70Rajasthan 71.45 26.60 7.74 4.90 3.99 4.49 4.58 71.45 26.60Uttar Pradesh 28.32 12.15 5.07 3.34 2.88 2.77 3.08 28.32 12.15Gujarat 74.80 30.49 10.48 6.24 5.01 5.45 5.87 74.80 30.49Maharashtra 27.82 9.94 3.46 2.22 1.78 1.89 1.80 27.82 9.94 Haryana 68.93 24.69 6.83 3.83 2.19 2.34 2.51 68.93 24.69Punjab 61.91 25.12 7.86 4.76 3.43 2.78 2.75 61.91 25.12Himachal Pradesh 40.37 11.90 3.12 1.68 1.16 1.03 1.73 40.37 11.90Orissa 49.77 18.72 4.29 4.19 2.75 4.24 4.26 49.77 18.72West Bengal 24.74 8.11 3.49 2.10 2.04 1.78 1.94 24.74 8.11 India 46.52 18.24 6.66 4.09 3.25 3.48 3.46 46.52 18.24

225

Appendix – 3D Contd…..Urban 1981

ASMCRU GMCRU Middle < Matric 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 55.39 22.32 9.02 6.19 4.91 5.54 5.60 55.39 22.32Karnataka 10.36 4.20 1.40 1.08 0.80 0.96 0.69 10.36 4.20 Kerala 48.96 20.96 7.27 3.53 2.98 3.02 3.12 48.96 20.96Tamil Nadu 62.32 25.41 10.21 5.81 4.49 4.48 4.89 62.32 25.41Bihar 59.46 24.25 8.71 4.17 3.65 3.41 3.59 59.46 24.25Madhya Pradesh 67.26 26.39 8.07 4.71 3.06 3.64 4.21 67.26 26.39Rajasthan 73.49 29.02 7.98 6.08 3.29 3.29 4.06 73.49 29.02Uttar Pradesh 28.72 12.90 4.93 3.31 2.58 2.56 2.41 28.72 12.90Gujarat 78.77 34.79 10.18 5.78 3.83 4.58 6.75 78.77 34.79Maharashtra 27.44 10.18 3.33 1.87 1.42 1.22 1.78 27.44 10.18Haryana 68.83 29.89 8.29 3.89 2.07 2.63 2.46 68.83 29.89Punjab 69.87 26.90 8.56 4.76 3.30 3.22 2.45 69.87 26.90Himachal Pradesh 49.85 15.05 3.35 2.41 0.81 1.65 1.17 49.85 15.05Orissa 49.61 17.46 5.34 2.85 1.48 2.58 3.48 49.61 17.46West Bengal 28.32 10.74 4.19 2.49 1.89 2.01 2.20 28.32 10.74India 44.94 18.09 6.14 3.53 2.66 2.82 2.89 44.94 18.09Matric < Graduate Andhra Pradesh 62.70 29.80 13.17 8.31 6.62 7.47 7.45 62.70 29.80Karnataka 10.25 5.03 2.33 1.33 1.08 1.21 1.03 10.25 5.03 Kerala 53.01 27.90 10.78 4.86 3.25 3.79 4.00 53.01 27.90Tamil Nadu 66.56 31.92 13.57 7.44 6.21 4.91 6.09 66.56 31.92Bihar 67.86 31.40 10.96 5.55 3.82 4.76 4.51 67.86 31.40Madhya Pradesh 72.50 31.58 10.88 5.27 4.73 4.17 4.95 72.50 31.58Rajasthan 78.89 35.36 11.92 6.02 5.34 5.28 7.13 78.89 35.36Uttar Pradesh 34.41 16.22 6.12 3.65 3.03 2.96 3.67 34.41 16.22Gujarat 83.09 38.64 14.37 7.87 6.32 6.12 8.69 83.09 38.64Maharashtra 28.30 12.72 4.71 2.43 2.04 1.81 2.17 28.30 12.72Haryana 69.86 35.29 10.38 4.53 3.09 2.27 2.43 69.86 35.29Punjab 68.27 34.21 11.32 5.60 3.67 3.93 4.27 68.27 34.21Himachal Pradesh 50.67 20.64 6.67 2.09 1.96 1.91 1.80 50.67 20.64Orissa 50.24 23.27 6.95 3.93 2.89 5.41 2.12 50.24 23.27West Bengal 33.62 15.89 6.69 3.24 2.85 2.13 2.62 33.62 15.89India 52.10 24.31 8.93 4.59 3.60 3.32 3.77 52.10 24.31

226

Appendix – 3D Contd…..Urban 1981

ASMCRU GMCRU Graduate & Above 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 69.53 47.87 23.47 11.79 10.44 9.66 12.55 69.53 47.87Karnataka 8.77 7.24 2.98 1.41 1.04 0.76 1.32 8.77 7.24 Kerala 25.00 43.28 16.20 5.23 3.54 3.11 4.92 25.00 43.28Tamil Nadu 87.23 51.36 25.10 11.24 8.46 8.23 12.24 87.23 51.36Bihar 60.89 41.49 17.41 7.52 6.55 6.06 6.97 60.89 41.49Madhya Pradesh 74.09 43.40 16.86 8.13 5.71 6.92 7.78 74.09 43.40Rajasthan 85.68 48.69 19.42 10.03 8.29 7.75 7.89 85.68 48.69Uttar Pradesh 36.98 22.35 9.38 5.56 4.47 5.69 7.59 36.98 22.35Gujarat 78.03 56.05 24.13 9.74 7.49 8.58 9.08 78.03 56.05Maharashtra 29.41 19.22 8.18 3.52 2.28 2.60 3.31 29.41 19.22Haryana 63.69 45.99 15.10 4.75 4.09 5.00 4.93 63.69 45.99Punjab 85.59 42.50 15.51 5.80 6.29 9.25 5.62 85.59 42.50Himachal Pradesh 58.33 24.38 10.59 2.33 3.76 2.54 2.58 58.33 24.38Orissa 54.55 35.68 14.98 5.45 3.78 5.75 6.52 54.55 35.68West Bengal 35.43 26.12 11.52 4.78 4.16 3.69 4.06 35.43 26.12India 52.96 34.60 14.13 5.90 4.51 4.60 5.47 52.96 34.60

227

Appendix – 3E


ASMCRU GMCRU Illiterate 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 60.05 25.60 12.53 9.43 7.85 8.81 8.55 18.26 17.20Karnataka 53.46 23.07 10.59 7.99 6.67 7.17 6.55 14.36 13.44Kerala 55.17 24.89 12.44 11.26 8.35 8.71 7.11 12.01 10.75Tamil Nadu 51.90 25.42 13.24 10.83 9.16 9.70 9.53 15.26 14.34Bihar 72.26 36.47 18.57 12.83 10.96 10.96 10.62 24.73 23.29Madhya Pradesh 68.81 26.23 11.59 8.05 7.08 7.73 7.74 19.39 18.12Rajasthan 71.19 30.10 10.75 5.88 4.59 4.57 4.42 20.32 18.69Uttar Pradesh 73.72 34.70 17.86 13.05 11.51 11.34 11.37 24.57 23.08Gujarat 73.52 33.77 12.59 7.84 6.31 6.24 5.95 17.25 15.87Maharashtra 37.13 14.98 6.16 4.64 3.98 4.01 3.80 8.65 7.97 Haryana 68.38 24.23 7.55 4.18 3.36 3.09 2.97 14.27 13.13Punjab 60.83 27.80 10.10 5.49 4.43 4.14 3.85 11.87 10.68Himachal Pradesh 66.43 20.47 6.91 4.98 4.72 5.40 5.46 10.83 9.93 Orissa 64.55 31.82 15.57 11.59 9.95 10.33 9.58 19.15 17.90West Bengal 55.67 21.50 10.64 8.61 7.30 7.19 6.82 15.28 14.33India 65.79 28.58 13.26 9.58 8.17 8.34 8.06 18.87 17.60Literate < Middle Andhra Pradesh 60.46 22.38 9.48 7.29 6.03 6.57 6.52 17.27 16.41Karnataka 57.63 23.90 10.08 7.13 6.49 6.07 5.74 14.64 13.84Kerala 57.85 21.46 10.26 7.86 6.64 6.47 5.47 10.91 10.08Tamil Nadu 52.67 23.80 11.23 8.51 6.98 7.28 6.98 14.47 13.78Bihar 74.31 35.22 16.98 12.07 10.27 9.85 10.24 26.18 24.96Madhya Pradesh 74.13 27.25 11.06 7.67 6.60 6.97 7.55 22.57 21.60Rajasthan 73.14 29.65 9.14 5.23 4.11 4.06 4.59 21.64 20.47Uttar Pradesh 77.14 34.74 16.41 11.90 10.72 10.92 11.42 26.13 25.06Gujarat 77.44 35.28 11.43 6.69 5.44 5.50 5.62 18.94 17.74Maharashtra 43.80 17.19 6.20 4.17 3.49 3.39 3.38 10.01 9.44 Haryana 75.96 27.28 7.47 3.48 2.99 2.91 3.18 19.31 18.41Punjab 67.38 29.82 9.14 4.86 3.43 3.32 2.99 13.06 12.29Himachal Pradesh 73.89 23.41 5.34 3.42 3.10 3.30 3.58 12.82 12.38Orissa 68.86 32.69 12.58 8.98 7.22 7.63 7.28 17.81 16.90West Bengal 58.04 19.96 8.94 6.52 5.71 5.46 5.27 14.95 14.10India 64.71 25.76 10.50 7.44 6.29 6.36 6.20 16.75 15.82

228

Appendix – 3E Contd…..Combined 1991

ASMCRU GMCRU Middle < Matric 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 64.72 25.41 9.22 7.41 5.90 5.55 5.93 20.54 19.73Karnataka 60.22 24.76 10.68 7.33 5.88 5.84 5.39 16.65 15.89Kerala 65.18 25.49 9.83 6.40 5.28 4.88 4.99 15.23 14.62Tamil Nadu 54.40 23.68 11.00 7.98 6.53 6.25 6.49 15.00 14.39Bihar 75.53 35.53 15.95 10.34 8.72 8.35 8.28 25.83 24.66Madhya Pradesh 76.88 31.84 11.14 7.26 6.02 6.30 6.64 25.29 24.35Rajasthan 73.77 31.90 9.87 5.90 3.69 4.20 3.90 21.71 20.82Uttar Pradesh 78.52 35.76 16.29 11.86 10.18 10.34 10.95 28.87 27.94Gujarat 81.09 36.70 11.29 6.40 5.58 5.03 5.99 21.79 21.05Maharashtra 46.95 19.00 6.31 3.86 2.96 3.11 3.08 12.08 11.61Haryana 78.35 30.98 8.47 3.52 2.97 3.91 3.56 20.62 19.83Punjab 71.27 32.38 10.38 4.89 4.81 4.29 4.03 16.32 15.55Himachal Pradesh 81.41 31.89 6.15 3.36 3.01 2.98 3.50 19.78 19.22Orissa 71.21 33.64 11.95 8.26 6.78 7.17 7.24 20.29 19.74West Bengal 62.54 24.86 10.58 7.13 5.81 6.13 6.39 16.79 16.15India 66.32 27.40 10.68 7.17 5.84 5.91 6.02 18.49 17.77Matric < Graduate Andhra Pradesh 70.78 32.22 13.08 8.78 6.88 7.32 8.24 22.94 22.34Karnataka 65.96 32.91 14.36 8.32 6.85 7.54 6.74 18.88 18.29Kerala 74.98 34.71 13.93 7.09 5.37 5.32 5.27 17.45 16.73Tamil Nadu 58.63 26.35 12.54 8.58 6.85 6.97 7.12 14.88 14.42Bihar 76.68 41.65 20.20 12.60 10.51 10.81 11.90 31.07 30.20Madhya Pradesh 79.55 37.62 14.08 8.83 6.94 6.92 7.32 22.36 21.58Rajasthan 77.82 36.30 11.23 6.63 4.81 5.72 5.68 20.57 19.83Uttar Pradesh 80.26 41.65 19.04 13.82 12.30 12.83 13.01 29.70 28.87Gujarat 84.23 42.42 14.05 8.00 6.72 6.45 6.81 22.29 21.53Maharashtra 48.64 23.20 8.34 4.59 3.80 3.67 3.37 11.75 11.25Haryana 80.36 35.75 10.22 4.81 4.07 3.49 4.44 19.63 19.03Punjab 73.54 37.78 11.95 5.95 4.38 4.77 5.21 17.73 17.11Himachal Pradesh 83.02 37.00 9.81 4.62 3.62 3.72 4.24 19.39 18.86Orissa 77.97 37.88 15.83 10.23 7.03 8.44 8.94 22.44 21.99West Bengal 71.88 38.19 17.15 10.18 8.39 8.19 8.16 19.19 18.48India 72.24 34.80 13.97 8.43 6.85 6.90 7.03 20.08 19.38

229

Appendix – 3E Contd…..Combined 1991


230

Appendix – 3E


ASMCRU GMCRU Illiterate 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 60.73 25.94 12.57 9.34 7.77 8.65 8.38 18.58 17.46Karnataka 53.68 22.94 10.03 7.49 6.26 6.79 6.18 14.06 13.14Kerala 56.92 25.19 12.49 11.40 8.53 8.72 7.00 12.21 10.91Tamil Nadu 54.00 26.25 13.34 10.76 9.16 9.82 9.74 15.55 14.62Bihar 72.58 36.71 18.61 12.75 10.88 10.81 10.48 24.95 23.49Madhya Pradesh 69.33 26.36 11.45 7.77 6.88 7.51 7.58 19.64 18.34Rajasthan 71.77 30.77 10.85 5.80 4.47 4.44 4.24 20.76 19.07Uttar Pradesh 74.34 34.90 17.69 12.72 11.09 10.96 10.98 24.83 23.27Gujarat 74.78 34.68 12.65 7.62 6.09 5.95 5.70 17.61 16.14Maharashtra 37.56 15.13 6.15 4.56 3.91 3.90 3.76 8.74 8.03 Haryana 68.79 24.28 7.36 3.99 3.20 2.94 2.83 14.52 13.35Punjab 61.68 28.14 9.67 5.01 3.93 3.77 3.57 11.50 10.31Himachal Pradesh 66.75 20.45 6.89 4.99 4.68 5.41 5.53 10.87 9.98 Orissa 65.15 32.17 15.58 11.47 9.82 10.17 9.39 19.26 17.97West Bengal 56.15 21.31 10.25 8.15 6.78 6.73 6.23 15.25 14.26India 66.74 29.11 13.36 9.51 8.08 8.23 7.97 19.32 17.99Literate < Middle Andhra Pradesh 60.84 22.25 9.31 6.98 5.72 6.73 6.60 18.29 17.42Karnataka 57.69 23.89 9.68 6.61 6.08 5.64 5.19 14.76 13.99Kerala 58.84 21.71 10.28 7.92 6.73 6.62 5.44 11.14 10.30Tamil Nadu 56.02 25.49 11.68 8.36 6.90 7.56 7.17 15.46 14.76Bihar 75.37 35.83 17.05 11.73 10.22 9.90 9.81 27.67 26.45Madhya Pradesh 75.21 27.50 10.35 7.23 6.39 6.71 7.88 24.75 23.91Rajasthan 73.99 30.87 8.90 5.15 4.14 4.15 5.04 25.57 24.53Uttar Pradesh 78.51 35.26 15.76 11.01 9.62 10.17 10.41 27.68 26.62Gujarat 79.45 37.25 11.68 6.26 5.14 5.13 5.20 21.17 19.89Maharashtra 45.67 18.24 6.32 4.09 3.57 3.38 3.60 10.92 10.36Haryana 77.00 27.97 7.60 3.15 3.03 3.46 3.30 22.15 21.48Punjab 68.48 30.32 9.26 4.47 3.15 2.92 2.57 13.43 12.73Himachal Pradesh 73.99 23.53 5.29 3.39 3.09 3.35 3.59 13.01 12.59Orissa 69.63 33.28 12.54 8.80 7.04 7.37 6.87 18.20 17.26West Bengal 58.95 19.65 7.97 5.60 4.96 4.65 4.45 15.18 14.35India 66.31 26.47 10.40 7.17 6.12 6.27 6.04 17.79 16.85

231

Appendix – 3E Contd…..Rural 1991


232

Appendix – 3E Contd…..Rural 1991


233

Appendix – 3E


ASMCRU GMCRU Illiterate 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 56.10 23.96 12.37 9.81 8.18 9.54 9.31 16.81 15.99Karnataka 52.42 23.65 12.80 10.19 8.29 8.82 8.02 15.59 14.67Kerala 46.56 23.28 12.17 10.61 7.54 8.66 7.53 11.09 10.08Tamil Nadu 43.31 22.18 12.82 11.09 9.15 9.24 8.73 14.12 13.23Bihar 66.77 33.10 18.06 13.76 11.90 12.58 12.13 21.96 20.84Madhya Pradesh 64.36 25.36 12.50 9.76 8.14 8.99 8.67 17.78 16.73Rajasthan 67.15 26.09 10.24 6.36 5.25 5.24 5.43 17.83 16.52Uttar Pradesh 67.12 33.21 18.94 15.14 14.01 13.87 13.89 22.80 21.76Gujarat 68.18 30.33 12.40 8.59 7.05 7.28 6.88 15.98 14.92Maharashtra 35.56 14.50 6.20 4.90 4.17 4.38 3.97 8.38 7.80 Haryana 64.97 23.94 8.57 5.19 4.19 3.94 3.71 12.83 11.86Punjab 57.87 26.58 11.69 7.31 6.39 5.71 5.01 13.30 12.13Himachal Pradesh 54.67 21.04 7.48 4.63 5.60 5.02 3.53 9.77 8.70 Orissa 56.59 27.37 15.43 12.85 11.35 12.12 11.78 17.92 17.13West Bengal 52.22 22.70 12.75 10.86 9.51 9.12 9.50 15.42 14.68India 58.57 25.45 12.73 9.96 8.62 8.88 8.57 16.42 15.45Literate < Middle Andhra Pradesh 59.58 22.61 9.72 7.73 6.46 6.35 6.42 15.70 14.88Karnataka 57.46 23.93 11.00 8.30 7.32 6.86 6.61 14.37 13.52Kerala 53.61 20.54 10.17 7.64 6.35 6.01 5.58 10.11 9.37 Tamil Nadu 46.41 21.17 10.54 8.72 7.10 6.93 6.74 13.00 12.36Bihar 67.50 32.46 16.74 13.13 10.40 9.75 11.19 20.90 19.90Madhya Pradesh 70.67 26.69 12.23 8.35 6.88 7.29 7.24 18.73 17.69Rajasthan 71.30 27.92 9.40 5.31 4.08 3.99 4.31 17.17 16.02Uttar Pradesh 70.00 32.95 18.04 13.85 12.77 12.28 12.94 22.08 21.15Gujarat 72.36 31.82 11.08 7.23 5.78 5.94 6.08 15.78 14.77Maharashtra 39.41 15.14 6.01 4.30 3.38 3.41 3.12 8.50 7.94 Haryana 69.73 24.89 7.16 4.15 2.93 2.26 3.09 12.44 11.49Punjab 63.82 28.03 8.74 6.01 4.14 4.22 3.68 12.00 11.09Himachal Pradesh 71.10 21.14 6.11 3.94 3.21 2.77 3.53 9.87 9.25 Orissa 62.58 28.30 12.82 10.03 8.11 8.81 9.08 15.56 14.85West Bengal 53.78 21.06 11.82 8.85 7.34 7.08 6.78 14.29 13.43India 59.49 24.03 10.71 7.98 6.60 6.51 6.44 14.54 13.68

234

Appendix – 3E Contd…..Urban 1991

ASMCRU GMCRU Middle < Matric 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 63.48 25.47 10.03 7.63 6.14 5.85 5.24 17.86 17.01Karnataka 58.70 24.12 11.10 7.63 5.82 6.11 5.78 15.43 14.65Kerala 61.85 25.62 10.41 6.41 5.58 5.26 5.54 14.44 13.84Tamil Nadu 48.35 21.60 10.67 7.98 6.19 6.20 6.17 13.24 12.63Bihar 71.24 30.85 15.18 10.12 8.03 8.51 8.44 19.74 18.69Madhya Pradesh 75.35 31.18 11.63 7.67 6.07 6.14 5.97 20.90 19.87Rajasthan 72.25 30.35 10.03 6.05 3.47 3.70 3.22 17.70 16.79Uttar Pradesh 71.96 32.71 16.76 11.98 10.04 10.58 9.65 21.80 20.79Gujarat 79.85 33.85 10.61 6.48 5.62 5.29 6.07 18.34 17.62Maharashtra 42.32 17.04 6.23 3.95 2.98 2.96 2.67 10.04 9.55 Haryana 73.51 28.45 8.14 3.68 3.16 3.47 3.17 13.54 12.77Punjab 71.87 28.92 10.17 5.47 5.36 4.98 4.36 13.50 12.68Himachal Pradesh 78.28 25.09 7.06 3.66 3.12 2.57 2.83 11.81 10.94Orissa 64.61 29.62 11.54 8.74 6.83 6.82 7.03 15.41 14.80West Bengal 61.53 27.21 13.38 8.86 6.68 7.10 6.80 15.87 15.02India 60.93 25.31 10.67 7.25 5.74 5.90 5.71 15.33 14.59Matric < Graduate Andhra Pradesh 71.64 31.68 13.03 8.88 6.69 7.39 8.06 20.59 19.98Karnataka 65.88 32.54 14.41 8.51 6.90 7.37 6.55 17.54 16.92Kerala 74.32 34.51 14.47 7.26 6.16 5.34 5.32 16.40 15.57Tamil Nadu 55.58 24.64 12.01 8.40 6.66 6.71 6.79 13.47 13.02Bihar 76.58 39.04 18.03 11.51 9.07 9.88 10.18 24.34 23.44Madhya Pradesh 79.98 38.42 14.06 9.00 6.61 6.64 6.47 20.80 19.93Rajasthan 76.87 35.64 11.12 6.28 4.62 5.40 5.11 18.24 17.52Uttar Pradesh 76.95 38.43 18.04 13.76 11.79 11.98 11.31 23.45 22.61Gujarat 82.90 39.75 13.66 7.79 6.62 6.28 6.49 19.11 18.36Maharashtra 45.62 22.60 8.54 4.70 3.78 3.53 3.27 10.55 10.04Haryana 75.45 33.35 10.26 4.78 3.52 3.29 3.62 14.16 13.59Punjab 72.39 34.77 10.64 5.65 4.08 4.05 4.66 14.29 13.65Himachal Pradesh 81.00 32.08 9.93 4.32 3.66 2.90 2.92 12.06 11.41Orissa 72.95 33.66 13.78 10.52 7.07 7.48 6.94 17.67 17.14West Bengal 72.39 39.15 18.16 11.10 8.72 8.06 7.87 18.23 17.39India 69.40 32.85 13.34 8.28 6.63 6.52 6.39 17.05 16.34

235

Appendix – 3E Contd…..Urban 1991


236

Appendix – 3F


ASMCRU GMCRU Illiterate 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 58.58 26.85 13.34 9.82 8.41 9.21 9.46 58.58 26.85Karnataka 58.98 26.47 12.06 8.21 6.48 7.16 6.84 58.98 26.47Kerala 59.55 29.23 14.82 10.90 8.79 8.59 7.40 59.55 29.23Tamil Nadu 61.09 30.80 15.83 12.19 10.54 11.47 11.21 61.09 30.80Bihar 72.84 35.21 13.90 7.55 5.68 5.41 5.60 72.84 35.21Madhya Pradesh 69.19 24.71 8.11 4.75 3.99 4.01 4.14 69.19 24.71Rajasthan 72.64 26.74 8.41 4.51 3.43 3.32 3.31 72.64 26.74Uttar Pradesh 73.15 32.77 13.30 7.73 5.97 5.59 5.61 73.15 32.77Gujarat 70.44 30.35 10.56 6.17 4.90 4.65 4.76 70.44 30.35Maharashtra 61.96 24.43 9.37 6.26 5.41 5.99 5.92 61.96 24.43Haryana 60.81 19.84 5.45 2.84 2.16 2.08 2.15 60.81 19.84Punjab 62.52 28.01 10.22 5.64 4.34 3.89 3.70 62.52 28.01Himachal Pradesh 61.89 21.53 7.00 4.32 3.64 3.91 4.02 61.89 21.53Orissa 63.23 30.01 13.14 8.15 6.64 6.80 6.90 63.23 30.01West Bengal 53.52 19.01 8.39 5.93 5.36 5.87 5.63 53.52 19.01India 67.33 28.81 11.72 7.27 6.02 6.10 6.20 67.33 28.81Literate < Middle Andhra Pradesh 61.08 25.41 11.67 8.31 7.11 7.44 7.58 61.08 25.41Karnataka 65.22 27.80 12.33 7.80 5.97 5.90 5.53 65.22 27.80Kerala 60.88 24.84 11.79 7.99 6.22 5.73 5.34 60.88 24.84Tamil Nadu 68.59 33.40 16.35 11.59 10.03 10.10 9.74 68.59 33.40Bihar 75.87 36.54 14.26 7.78 5.76 5.07 4.80 75.87 36.54Madhya Pradesh 76.55 28.39 8.94 4.99 4.13 4.02 3.97 76.55 28.39Rajasthan 77.99 29.53 8.65 4.48 3.38 3.25 3.21 77.99 29.53Uttar Pradesh 79.65 35.92 14.17 8.17 6.52 5.93 5.64 79.65 35.92Gujarat 79.52 35.96 12.17 6.56 5.02 4.67 4.72 79.52 35.96Maharashtra 69.45 26.53 9.29 5.72 4.71 4.80 4.63 69.45 26.53Haryana 69.65 23.11 6.17 3.13 2.45 2.34 2.37 69.65 23.11Punjab 76.22 31.47 10.36 5.57 4.29 3.78 3.62 76.22 31.47Himachal Pradesh 70.98 22.72 6.15 3.38 2.52 2.31 2.43 70.98 22.72Orissa 66.28 30.04 11.73 6.12 4.52 3.95 3.65 66.28 30.04West Bengal 57.68 18.35 7.62 5.20 4.50 4.61 4.27 57.68 18.35India 69.79 28.30 11.10 6.84 5.62 5.42 5.26 69.79 28.30

237

Appendix – 3F Contd…..Combined 2001


238

Appendix – 3F Contd…..Combined 2001

ASMCRU GMCRU Graduate & Above 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh NA 58.21 31.99 18.28 14.66 14.81 15.77 NA 58.21Karnataka NA 59.58 31.72 14.93 10.14 8.81 8.93 NA 59.58Kerala NA 60.03 27.34 11.01 6.38 5.19 4.89 NA 60.03Tamil Nadu NA 62.41 35.11 19.77 15.82 14.75 14.13 NA 62.41Bihar NA 42.10 23.08 12.15 8.62 7.40 7.17 NA 42.10Madhya Pradesh NA 51.42 23.91 9.41 6.12 5.68 5.57 NA 51.42Rajasthan NA 51.43 21.34 7.91 5.47 4.85 5.39 NA 51.43Uttar Pradesh NA 53.15 28.21 14.76 10.82 9.79 9.45 NA 53.15Gujarat NA 58.61 25.78 11.69 8.15 7.54 7.57 NA 58.61Maharashtra NA 54.70 25.92 10.48 6.75 5.78 5.75 NA 54.70Haryana NA 48.74 19.51 6.69 4.17 3.29 3.36 NA 48.74Punjab NA 55.15 24.74 9.74 6.48 5.32 5.53 NA 55.15Himachal Pradesh NA 57.67 26.20 8.20 5.39 4.65 4.06 NA 57.67Orissa NA 54.30 26.59 11.36 7.07 6.37 6.36 NA 54.30West Bengal NA 59.89 33.81 16.18 12.19 10.76 10.39 NA 59.89India NA 55.63 27.87 12.89 9.00 7.83 7.76 NA 55.63

239

Appendix – 3F



240

Appendix – 3F Contd…..Rural 2001


241

Appendix – 3F Contd…..Rural 2001


242

Appendix – 3F



243

Appendix – 3F Contd…..Urban 2001


244

Appendix – 3F Contd…..Urban 2001


245


Marital Childlessness Rates By Caste and Place

of Residence, 1981-2001

246

Appendix – 3G

Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted and the General Marital Childlessness Rates by Caste of the Woman, Combined Areas, India and States, 1981

ASMCRU GMCRU Schedule Caste 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 60.26 28.90 13.83 10.26 8.03 8.90 8.70 20.95 19.70Karnataka 8.91 3.60 1.53 1.16 0.82 1.06 1.02 2.55 2.41 Kerala 50.02 18.90 7.61 4.73 3.63 3.58 3.05 10.51 9.59 Tamil Nadu 60.27 28.62 12.45 8.14 6.19 6.58 6.42 16.57 15.39Bihar 58.10 27.27 11.79 6.29 4.22 3.60 3.21 18.58 17.17Madhya Pradesh 69.76 24.99 9.56 6.21 4.95 5.46 5.65 21.16 19.62Rajasthan 76.69 29.82 9.88 5.40 4.00 4.15 3.71 22.89 21.04Uttar Pradesh 35.34 14.03 5.55 3.35 2.67 2.73 2.67 10.46 9.64 Gujarat 82.28 36.57 10.83 5.59 4.23 4.34 4.62 21.27 19.62Maharashtra 33.44 12.99 4.92 3.28 2.66 2.61 2.17 9.23 8.50 Haryana 69.52 25.27 7.16 3.35 2.48 2.27 2.18 19.66 17.94Punjab 56.57 25.43 8.24 4.07 3.02 2.84 2.68 12.70 11.58Himachal Pradesh 41.16 11.01 3.73 3.18 3.10 3.74 3.58 9.73 9.09 Orissa 55.47 23.89 10.30 6.96 5.71 6.02 5.62 15.81 14.73West Bengal 34.79 11.22 4.19 2.52 1.94 2.13 2.18 8.93 8.29 India 49.39 20.30 8.06 4.99 3.88 4.01 3.87 14.29 13.22Schedule Tribe Andhra Pradesh 58.63 28.30 13.92 9.49 7.53 7.82 7.66 19.31 18.20Karnataka 10.91 4.59 2.06 1.35 1.11 1.12 1.12 3.25 3.04 Kerala 47.65 20.41 7.33 4.27 2.80 1.99 2.20 11.07 10.12Tamil Nadu 59.26 28.25 12.01 8.98 7.15 6.75 8.07 17.94 16.85Bihar 54.93 25.03 11.67 7.33 4.94 4.46 3.86 15.49 14.19Madhya Pradesh 67.64 27.56 11.66 7.45 6.55 6.80 6.79 19.84 18.48Rajasthan 78.00 32.46 12.02 6.62 4.82 4.46 4.27 22.81 21.08Uttar Pradesh 55.19 22.35 10.23 8.29 8.42 9.57 8.69 17.88 16.94Gujarat 66.06 28.49 10.51 6.11 4.85 4.69 4.86 15.37 14.23Maharashtra 29.76 11.62 4.73 3.16 2.61 2.77 2.60 7.96 7.38 Haryana NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Punjab NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Himachal Pradesh 52.09 18.37 5.17 3.43 3.19 3.33 3.36 11.79 10.84Orissa 60.56 27.54 12.63 8.75 7.52 7.97 7.55 17.25 16.19West Bengal 39.82 17.98 8.37 5.01 3.98 3.40 3.54 12.24 11.38India 56.29 23.62 10.01 6.41 5.18 5.18 5.02 15.57 14.47

247

Appendix – 3G contd……Combined 1981

ASMCRU GMCRU Other Castes 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 57.08 24.31 11.27 8.23 6.78 7.95 8.00 18.26 17.21Karnataka 10.66 4.43 1.82 1.22 0.94 1.06 1.08 2.87 2.69 Kerala 50.45 19.37 6.91 3.73 2.72 2.78 2.66 10.05 9.11 Tamil Nadu 62.48 28.68 11.70 7.32 5.69 6.38 6.46 15.39 14.28Bihar 61.82 27.89 11.37 5.82 4.03 3.73 3.43 18.47 17.05Madhya Pradesh 70.22 25.37 9.20 5.62 4.70 5.14 5.28 20.09 18.63Rajasthan 79.20 31.93 10.60 5.81 4.40 4.51 4.31 23.50 21.63Uttar Pradesh 35.80 15.10 5.80 3.43 2.74 2.74 2.71 10.35 9.54 Gujarat 81.31 37.31 12.48 6.49 5.10 5.20 5.29 20.61 19.03Maharashtra 34.06 13.77 5.14 3.07 2.50 2.67 2.64 8.36 7.73 Haryana 72.37 28.00 8.25 3.76 2.79 2.63 2.36 19.37 17.63Punjab 61.11 28.93 9.96 4.91 3.46 3.43 3.15 12.95 11.76Himachal Pradesh 45.60 13.16 3.20 1.94 1.83 2.27 2.40 8.44 7.77 Orissa 57.28 22.31 8.23 5.17 4.24 4.89 5.13 13.52 12.58West Bengal 35.52 11.72 4.56 2.59 2.08 2.15 2.33 8.33 7.72 India 51.56 21.42 8.10 4.73 3.71 3.94 3.92 13.78 12.74

248

Appendix – 3G

Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted and the General Marital Childlessness Rates by Caste of the Woman, Rural Areas, India and States, 1981

ASMCRU GMCRU Schedule Caste 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 61.00 29.40 13.94 10.24 7.98 8.72 8.57 21.12 19.81Karnataka 9.28 3.71 1.50 1.13 0.86 1.08 0.94 2.61 2.44 Kerala 50.56 18.96 7.49 4.71 3.56 3.55 3.05 10.60 9.67 Tamil Nadu 61.28 29.56 12.73 8.23 6.26 6.55 6.52 16.74 15.52Bihar 57.99 27.32 11.75 6.15 4.03 3.44 2.99 18.52 17.09Madhya Pradesh 70.68 25.10 9.45 6.04 4.86 5.32 5.60 21.33 19.73Rajasthan 77.74 30.34 9.95 5.33 3.95 4.08 3.72 22.86 20.97Uttar Pradesh 36.06 14.28 5.59 3.36 2.66 2.67 2.63 10.63 9.78 Gujarat 86.03 39.15 11.37 5.91 4.06 4.13 4.06 22.09 20.20Maharashtra 36.65 14.78 5.65 3.56 2.71 2.77 2.26 10.17 9.30 Haryana 70.34 25.32 7.18 3.29 2.48 2.06 1.95 19.89 18.08Punjab 56.70 25.64 8.15 4.04 2.88 2.66 2.57 12.42 11.31Himachal Pradesh 41.28 10.94 3.72 3.25 3.14 3.84 3.66 9.82 9.18 Orissa 56.11 24.13 10.29 6.80 5.57 5.87 5.46 15.79 14.68West Bengal 36.04 11.44 4.21 2.50 1.87 2.09 2.12 9.23 8.55 India 49.98 20.64 8.17 5.00 3.85 3.95 3.82 14.46 13.36Schedule Tribe Andhra Pradesh 59.15 28.53 13.89 9.33 7.52 7.74 7.63 19.22 18.10Karnataka 10.96 4.50 1.95 1.33 1.07 1.07 1.15 3.19 3.00 Kerala 47.40 20.05 7.45 4.19 2.86 1.91 2.23 10.99 10.05Tamil Nadu 59.11 28.17 12.02 8.96 6.94 6.98 8.29 17.83 16.75Bihar 54.99 24.83 11.49 7.09 4.79 4.29 3.70 15.34 14.03Madhya Pradesh 67.75 27.58 11.62 7.36 6.47 6.71 6.75 19.82 18.44Rajasthan 78.20 32.58 12.01 6.50 4.73 4.37 4.20 22.75 21.02Uttar Pradesh 55.65 22.53 10.21 8.11 8.34 9.84 8.59 18.08 17.09Gujarat 66.34 28.52 10.47 6.02 4.74 4.64 4.71 15.31 14.15Maharashtra 29.86 11.72 4.74 3.14 2.57 2.72 2.54 8.03 7.44 Haryana NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Punjab NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Himachal Pradesh 52.27 18.36 5.12 3.46 3.16 3.31 3.35 11.81 10.86Orissa 60.82 27.57 12.58 8.67 7.46 7.91 7.52 17.23 16.16West Bengal 40.28 18.17 8.44 5.06 4.05 3.46 3.54 12.41 11.53India 56.85 23.86 10.06 6.38 5.16 5.15 5.01 15.69 14.56

249

Appendix – 3G contd……Rural 1981


250

Appendix – 3G Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted and the General Marital Childlessness

Rates by Caste of the Woman, Urban Areas, India and States, 1981

ASMCRU GMCRU Schedule Caste 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 55.84 26.23 13.26 10.38 8.33 10.10 9.59 19.95 19.04Karnataka 7.55 3.21 1.62 1.25 0.65 0.94 1.34 2.36 2.27 Kerala 45.05 18.34 8.50 4.84 4.10 3.78 3.04 9.89 9.01 Tamil Nadu 56.55 25.01 11.37 7.75 5.87 6.75 5.96 15.86 14.83Bihar 59.48 26.71 12.24 7.81 6.28 5.54 5.86 19.20 18.05Madhya Pradesh 65.35 24.56 9.99 6.99 5.37 6.17 5.96 20.37 19.11Rajasthan 72.36 27.76 9.57 5.70 4.27 4.52 3.65 23.02 21.35Uttar Pradesh 28.54 12.03 5.27 3.26 2.75 3.32 3.01 8.96 8.39 Gujarat 74.48 31.98 9.82 4.92 4.59 4.85 6.00 19.62 18.43Maharashtra 26.18 9.61 3.54 2.64 2.53 2.19 1.94 7.21 6.73 Haryana 64.85 25.05 7.09 3.66 2.51 3.35 3.54 18.49 17.16Punjab 56.17 24.71 8.61 4.22 3.55 3.59 3.16 13.76 12.66Himachal Pradesh 37.73 12.32 3.98 1.88 2.19 1.66 2.04 8.04 7.43 Orissa 49.94 21.69 10.39 8.49 7.10 7.53 7.53 16.01 15.25West Bengal 24.57 9.51 4.04 2.61 2.39 2.44 2.54 6.84 6.41 India 46.06 18.66 7.48 4.90 4.01 4.40 4.15 13.35 12.50Schedule Tribe Andhra Pradesh 52.54 25.53 14.42 12.13 7.72 9.26 8.30 20.58 19.70Karnataka 10.50 5.15 2.82 1.51 1.39 1.48 0.90 3.63 3.37 Kerala 63.04 35.65 2.05 8.46 0.00 6.52 0.00 14.88 13.87Tamil Nadu 60.42 28.87 11.98 9.18 8.97 4.60 5.71 18.94 17.72Bihar 53.94 27.97 14.07 10.96 7.14 7.58 6.71 17.76 16.70Madhya Pradesh 64.44 26.93 12.64 9.95 8.50 9.43 8.13 20.45 19.44Rajasthan 73.09 29.68 12.32 9.79 7.81 7.11 6.32 24.19 22.78Uttar Pradesh 31.96 17.54 10.51 12.78 10.04 0.00 12.40 12.71 12.69Gujarat 62.48 28.17 10.96 7.15 6.39 5.44 7.12 16.06 15.23Maharashtra 28.59 10.76 4.65 3.31 3.04 3.27 3.17 7.27 6.84 Haryana NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Punjab NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Himachal Pradesh 34.38 19.05 8.49 1.25 5.26 5.17 3.92 10.09 9.45 Orissa 55.20 26.97 13.61 10.32 8.58 9.08 8.40 17.54 16.74West Bengal 26.81 13.24 6.81 3.99 2.22 1.85 3.45 8.25 7.85 India 46.67 20.26 9.29 6.95 5.59 5.69 5.30 13.76 12.99

251

Appendix – 3G contd…… Urban 1981


252

Appendix – 3H

Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted and the General Marital Childlessness Rates by Caste of the Woman, Combined Areas, India and States, 1991

ASMCRU GMCRU Schedule Caste 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 61.42 27.70 13.76 10.58 8.68 9.59 9.33 20.36 19.27Karnataka 46.90 20.17 9.22 7.07 5.89 6.58 5.98 13.29 12.58Kerala 64.22 28.26 15.14 11.32 9.85 10.07 9.15 16.67 15.76Tamil Nadu 56.95 29.03 15.58 12.58 10.97 11.88 11.98 18.77 17.95Bihar 71.87 35.12 18.12 12.54 10.99 11.15 11.36 26.05 24.76Madhya Pradesh 69.94 27.37 12.56 9.52 8.63 9.32 9.58 22.18 20.96Rajasthan 75.69 30.91 11.57 7.09 5.92 5.82 6.17 22.39 20.82Uttar Pradesh 72.86 34.51 18.77 14.46 13.04 13.21 13.11 26.47 25.09Gujarat 81.77 38.55 12.70 7.59 6.26 6.41 6.30 20.30 18.85Maharashtra 49.47 21.61 10.64 8.94 7.91 8.49 8.07 15.00 14.26Haryana 66.30 24.83 7.88 4.12 3.36 3.14 3.08 15.70 14.66Punjab 64.41 30.20 10.78 6.29 4.88 4.72 4.61 14.84 13.74Himachal Pradesh 68.48 21.15 6.54 4.86 5.09 6.35 6.58 13.64 12.88Orissa 61.95 30.21 13.65 9.89 7.98 9.14 8.42 18.87 17.82West Bengal 56.83 23.57 12.78 10.02 8.83 8.76 7.95 18.33 17.54India 65.87 28.91 14.01 10.53 9.20 9.63 9.50 20.66 19.57Schedule Tribe Andhra Pradesh 60.39 27.54 13.58 10.09 8.80 9.30 9.37 19.66 18.70Karnataka 47.47 20.94 9.29 7.10 5.94 6.55 6.21 13.42 12.72Kerala 66.97 32.15 17.13 12.91 11.00 11.06 8.94 19.83 18.65Tamil Nadu 59.57 29.38 16.14 14.17 12.26 14.13 15.11 20.86 20.25Bihar 65.10 33.76 19.09 14.42 12.28 12.12 11.16 23.19 21.93Madhya Pradesh 67.89 28.74 14.27 11.14 10.22 10.75 10.83 21.48 20.40Rajasthan 77.58 35.79 14.97 9.39 7.72 7.47 7.23 24.16 22.53Uttar Pradesh 65.81 29.16 13.43 11.38 10.18 11.23 12.14 21.43 20.46Gujarat 69.15 30.78 12.99 9.14 8.20 7.92 8.13 17.65 16.67Maharashtra 51.71 23.12 11.97 10.24 9.52 9.79 9.85 16.44 15.76Haryana 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Punjab 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Himachal Pradesh 74.90 27.74 8.36 5.50 4.82 5.24 6.23 15.31 14.28Orissa 63.15 31.32 15.30 11.13 10.41 10.91 9.89 19.89 18.81West Bengal 62.87 31.59 17.78 14.32 12.08 11.56 11.40 22.95 21.92India 64.37 29.35 14.71 11.24 10.05 10.30 10.09 20.15 19.13

253

Appendix – 3H contd……Combined 1991

ASMCRU GMCRU Other Castes 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 60.94 25.58 11.83 8.67 7.17 8.09 7.95 18.10 17.09Karnataka 58.66 26.29 11.93 8.16 6.83 7.08 6.49 15.67 14.73Kerala 64.72 27.59 11.48 7.23 5.82 5.90 5.33 13.61 12.65Tamil Nadu 51.74 24.04 11.79 9.00 7.53 8.01 7.98 14.04 13.27Bihar 73.80 37.51 18.53 12.52 10.61 10.58 10.33 25.25 23.81Madhya Pradesh 71.38 27.27 10.84 6.49 5.36 5.95 5.93 19.20 17.93Rajasthan 69.44 29.64 9.79 4.99 3.65 3.75 3.53 19.33 17.83Uttar Pradesh 75.34 35.73 17.64 12.59 11.06 10.85 10.95 24.81 23.39Gujarat 76.77 36.73 12.82 7.31 5.74 5.69 5.50 18.55 17.23Maharashtra 38.38 16.39 5.67 3.23 2.56 2.49 2.37 8.37 7.72 Haryana 72.90 27.59 8.36 4.16 3.43 3.16 3.10 15.94 14.85Punjab 65.59 31.70 10.59 5.12 4.08 3.85 3.62 13.02 11.96Himachal Pradesh 74.25 27.40 7.07 4.20 3.74 4.36 4.62 12.76 11.84Orissa 70.31 34.16 15.05 10.93 8.99 9.44 9.18 18.96 17.81West Bengal 57.29 21.86 9.94 7.17 5.97 5.95 5.86 14.07 13.19India 66.27 28.88 12.47 8.42 7.03 7.20 7.04 17.98 16.84

254

Appendix – 3G Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted and the General Marital Childlessness

Rates by Caste of the Woman, Rural Areas, India and States, 1981

ASMCRU GMCRU Schedule Caste 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 61.96 28.09 14.00 10.73 8.82 9.67 9.32 20.79 19.63Karnataka 47.32 20.46 9.21 7.02 5.91 6.60 6.08 13.38 12.66Kerala 64.52 27.98 14.71 11.10 9.71 9.94 8.92 16.58 15.65Tamil Nadu 58.36 29.87 15.69 12.57 10.97 11.88 12.01 19.00 18.13Bihar 72.39 35.42 18.22 12.51 10.99 11.00 11.17 26.26 24.93Madhya Pradesh 70.73 27.66 12.62 9.56 8.75 9.33 9.68 22.74 21.43Rajasthan 76.62 31.67 11.81 7.18 5.94 5.81 6.08 22.80 21.13Uttar Pradesh 73.15 34.64 18.65 14.27 12.79 13.00 12.79 26.58 25.15Gujarat 84.88 40.69 12.91 7.43 6.12 6.17 5.85 21.30 19.55Maharashtra 50.20 22.47 11.24 9.49 8.61 9.22 8.55 15.73 14.89Haryana 66.76 24.98 7.84 4.00 3.21 2.99 2.93 15.88 14.80Punjab 65.24 30.70 10.70 5.98 4.57 4.45 4.32 14.70 13.56Himachal Pradesh 68.59 21.14 6.52 4.90 5.11 6.48 6.74 13.77 13.01Orissa 63.20 30.75 13.75 9.78 7.90 8.97 8.19 19.02 17.91West Bengal 57.25 23.08 12.11 9.31 8.13 8.17 7.44 17.91 17.10India 66.81 29.48 14.23 10.62 9.28 9.69 9.53 21.16 20.00Schedule Tribe Andhra Pradesh 60.79 27.78 13.67 10.07 8.84 9.28 9.34 19.70 18.72Karnataka 47.52 21.04 9.31 7.06 6.04 6.61 6.28 13.42 12.72Kerala 67.04 32.23 17.02 12.90 11.05 11.16 9.00 19.86 18.68Tamil Nadu 60.80 29.99 16.33 14.30 12.59 14.51 15.44 21.21 20.59Bihar 65.30 33.86 19.25 14.50 12.42 12.14 11.19 23.42 22.13Madhya Pradesh 67.99 28.80 14.30 11.17 10.26 10.77 10.83 21.58 20.48Rajasthan 77.77 35.96 15.07 9.41 7.72 7.43 7.17 24.24 22.58Uttar Pradesh 65.78 29.19 13.46 11.08 9.77 10.77 11.59 21.47 20.44Gujarat 69.21 30.77 12.86 8.96 8.04 7.78 8.01 17.58 16.58Maharashtra 51.99 23.39 12.21 10.56 9.86 10.14 10.21 16.83 16.14Haryana NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Punjab NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Himachal Pradesh 74.90 27.60 8.27 5.43 4.82 5.19 6.24 15.33 14.29Orissa 63.50 31.62 15.43 11.10 10.41 10.95 9.83 20.03 18.92West Bengal 63.12 31.59 17.54 14.08 11.74 11.27 11.27 22.81 21.77India 64.71 29.57 14.79 11.25 10.09 10.32 10.11 20.31 19.27

255

Appendix – 3H contd……Rural 1991


256

Appendix – 3H

Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted and the General Marital Childlessness Rates by Caste of the Woman, Urban Areas, India and States, 1991


257

Appendix – 3H contd…… Urban 1991


258

Appendix – 3I Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted and the General Marital Childlessness

Rates by Caste of the Woman, Combined Areas, India and States, 2001


259

Appendix – 3I contd……Combined 2001

ASMCRU GMCRU Other Castes 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 62.87 29.63 14.77 10.41 8.74 9.30 9.46 18.48 17.49Karnataka 66.64 31.82 14.92 9.07 6.81 6.98 6.63 16.42 15.26Kerala 71.29 34.57 15.56 8.02 6.01 5.56 5.35 15.08 13.73Tamil Nadu 71.25 37.36 19.16 13.14 11.03 11.22 10.90 19.96 18.77Bihar 73.81 36.45 14.86 8.09 5.97 5.52 5.50 19.87 18.34Madhya Pradesh 74.40 29.66 10.38 5.45 4.25 4.13 4.04 16.21 15.00Rajasthan 75.80 30.03 9.59 4.77 3.57 3.40 3.37 17.71 16.28Uttar Pradesh 76.72 36.48 15.38 8.86 6.86 6.27 6.09 19.70 18.24Gujarat 78.40 38.23 13.65 7.04 5.34 4.96 5.01 17.17 15.84Maharashtra 72.24 31.02 12.09 6.71 5.30 5.48 5.35 14.51 13.48Haryana 68.29 25.53 7.62 3.56 2.61 2.42 2.43 12.52 11.53Punjab 76.37 37.16 13.83 6.91 5.27 4.65 4.42 14.59 13.35Himachal Pradesh 76.70 32.98 9.70 4.21 3.20 3.12 3.22 11.63 10.55Orissa 67.49 32.26 13.38 7.03 5.26 4.94 4.82 13.75 12.69West Bengal 58.96 23.27 11.16 7.26 6.11 6.17 5.82 14.10 13.20India 71.17 32.62 13.80 8.01 6.37 6.17 6.11 17.05 15.82

260

Appendix – 3I Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted and the General Marital Childlessness

Rates by Caste of the Woman, Rural Areas, India and States, 2001


261

Appendix – 3I contd……Rural 2001


262

Appendix – 3I

Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted and the General Marital Childlessness Rates by Caste of the Woman, Urban Areas, India and States, 2001


263

Appendix – 3I contd…… Urban 2001


264


Marital Childlessness Rates By Economic

Activity Status and Place of Residence, 1981-

2001

265

Appendix – 3J

Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted and the General Marital Childlessness Rates by economic activity status of the Woman, Combined Areas, India and States, 1981

ASMCRU GMCRU Main Workers 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 61.96 28.65 13.93 10.17 8.33 9.36 9.30 20.69 19.48Karnataka 11.76 5.24 2.21 1.53 1.12 1.24 1.31 3.18 2.99 Kerala 50.58 21.74 9.48 5.23 3.43 3.44 3.32 9.05 8.24 Tamil Nadu 64.09 31.61 13.72 8.59 6.52 7.12 7.44 15.95 14.81Bihar 58.73 28.03 12.62 6.97 4.88 4.46 4.04 16.63 15.25Madhya Pradesh 69.91 27.11 11.20 7.18 6.06 6.46 6.69 19.68 18.23Rajasthan 83.61 36.75 14.49 8.59 6.70 6.53 6.26 27.61 25.68Uttar Pradesh 45.40 20.21 8.56 5.85 5.15 5.31 5.40 13.16 12.22Gujarat 80.45 37.94 13.59 7.33 5.80 5.81 5.98 20.51 19.03Maharashtra 35.31 15.17 6.02 3.49 2.76 2.75 2.79 8.89 8.18 Haryana 74.24 28.91 11.61 5.33 4.19 3.96 3.77 21.79 20.32Punjab 59.76 31.81 15.97 9.05 6.96 7.96 7.12 14.14 13.47Himachal Pradesh 46.95 13.29 6.22 2.90 2.86 3.53 3.74 10.79 10.09Orissa 60.55 29.14 13.41 8.89 7.29 7.90 7.74 16.10 15.07West Bengal 38.14 16.34 8.87 5.65 4.76 4.85 5.18 10.91 10.31India 55.05 23.92 10.34 6.51 5.18 5.50 5.57 14.96 13.90Marginal Workers Andhra Pradesh 57.12 23.61 10.11 6.99 5.61 6.52 6.40 16.82 15.74Karnataka 12.76 4.97 1.93 1.37 0.97 1.21 1.27 3.24 3.05 Kerala 50.64 18.94 6.71 3.49 2.92 2.54 2.90 8.04 7.32 Tamil Nadu 61.22 27.12 10.58 6.52 4.98 5.65 5.90 14.69 13.65Bihar 58.29 23.66 9.76 5.17 3.27 3.09 2.91 15.34 14.10Madhya Pradesh 68.94 25.18 9.18 5.62 4.68 4.72 4.70 19.01 17.60Rajasthan 78.33 30.91 9.77 5.00 3.61 3.55 3.34 21.19 19.52Uttar Pradesh 43.57 15.85 5.04 2.57 2.05 2.18 1.91 10.36 9.39 Gujarat 80.13 35.02 10.42 3.69 4.00 4.23 4.20 18.42 16.99Maharashtra 41.42 16.35 5.98 3.51 2.94 2.85 2.79 10.37 9.51 Haryana 73.51 25.23 7.04 2.44 1.78 1.96 1.45 19.80 18.16Punjab 53.56 24.63 6.98 3.66 2.36 2.70 2.40 11.42 10.39Himachal Pradesh 43.41 11.69 2.66 2.07 2.08 2.69 2.76 8.42 7.80 Orissa 58.16 25.30 11.02 6.87 5.98 6.20 6.24 15.15 14.18West Bengal 34.65 12.42 5.30 2.91 2.22 1.93 1.90 8.94 8.15 India 58.16 23.24 8.29 4.72 3.67 3.82 3.74 14.76 13.60

266

Appendix – 3J contd….Combined 1981

ASMCRU GMCRU Non Workers 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 53.79 22.85 10.37 7.48 6.02 7.08 7.26 17.35 16.37Karnataka 9.26 3.77 1.54 0.99 0.79 0.91 0.90 2.58 2.41 Kerala 50.33 18.90 6.31 3.35 2.55 2.65 2.45 10.63 9.64 Tamil Nadu 60.94 27.44 11.01 6.93 5.40 6.01 5.87 15.59 14.46Bihar 61.26 27.85 11.41 5.91 4.07 3.69 3.36 18.84 17.41Madhya Pradesh 69.62 25.13 9.06 5.49 4.57 4.98 5.09 20.89 19.44Rajasthan 77.25 30.63 10.01 5.42 4.05 4.19 3.99 22.91 21.03Uttar Pradesh 34.50 14.38 5.52 3.20 2.48 2.46 2.43 10.10 9.31 Gujarat 79.43 35.74 12.09 6.39 5.03 5.07 5.20 20.05 18.49Maharashtra 29.91 11.76 4.24 2.64 2.17 2.55 2.37 7.50 6.97 Haryana 71.12 27.63 7.79 3.66 2.70 2.50 2.31 19.12 17.35Punjab 59.98 28.10 9.39 4.48 3.20 3.09 2.93 12.93 11.73Himachal Pradesh 42.68 13.03 3.24 2.00 1.83 2.15 2.12 8.15 7.44 Orissa 57.10 22.39 8.37 5.47 4.46 5.03 5.08 14.34 13.35West Bengal 35.41 11.54 4.21 2.34 1.81 1.88 2.05 8.45 7.81 India 40.67 20.41 7.56 4.35 3.35 3.49 3.43 13.23 12.25

267

Appendix – 3J:

Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted and the General Marital Childlessness Rates by economic activity status of the Woman, Rural Areas, India and States, 1981

ASMCRU GMCRU Main Workers 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 62.10 28.47 13.53 9.90 8.08 9.06 8.99 20.72 19.49Karnataka 11.79 5.12 2.04 1.45 1.04 1.14 1.21 3.17 2.97 Kerala 50.74 21.33 8.92 5.09 3.35 3.28 10.28 9.10 8.24 Tamil Nadu 63.88 31.08 12.84 8.17 6.29 6.96 7.21 15.86 14.70Bihar 58.75 27.95 12.39 6.78 4.62 4.15 3.73 16.68 15.26Madhya Pradesh 70.06 26.96 10.94 6.90 5.86 6.19 6.47 19.85 18.37Rajasthan 84.06 36.94 14.16 8.24 6.28 6.13 5.74 28.32 26.33Uttar Pradesh 45.87 20.36 8.21 5.54 4.95 5.04 5.14 13.36 12.38Gujarat 80.71 37.97 12.64 6.72 5.26 4.95 5.28 20.98 19.44Maharashtra 35.39 15.19 5.81 3.39 2.69 2.66 2.65 9.13 8.38 Haryana 74.75 28.05 10.29 4.79 3.63 3.85 3.21 23.48 21.86Punjab 60.43 31.11 14.54 9.15 7.18 7.31 6.38 14.78 13.92Himachal Pradesh 46.95 13.22 6.07 2.89 2.85 3.53 3.74 10.93 10.21Orissa 60.97 29.11 13.22 8.78 7.16 7.65 7.59 16.11 15.06West Bengal 38.58 16.26 8.33 5.34 4.39 4.42 4.69 11.25 10.58India 55.36 23.93 9.96 6.32 5.03 5.31 5.35 15.25 14.14Marginal Workers Andhra Pradesh 57.12 23.56 9.93 6.94 5.56 6.41 6.33 16.77 15.67Karnataka 12.56 4.79 1.88 1.31 0.97 1.21 1.24 3.18 2.99 Kerala 51.12 18.79 6.62 3.43 2.91 2.39 9.16 8.09 7.35 Tamil Nadu 61.13 26.71 10.25 6.50 4.88 5.67 5.88 14.61 13.58Bihar 58.15 23.66 9.74 5.18 3.24 3.05 2.84 15.33 14.08Madhya Pradesh 69.09 25.24 9.15 5.60 4.68 4.75 4.71 19.12 17.70Rajasthan 78.44 30.98 9.80 5.02 3.61 3.55 3.31 21.27 19.59Uttar Pradesh 43.87 16.03 5.07 2.59 2.07 2.11 1.93 10.47 9.49 Gujarat 80.31 35.17 10.47 3.65 3.96 4.25 4.16 18.55 17.11Maharashtra 41.51 16.44 5.94 3.49 2.90 2.83 2.74 10.47 9.60 Haryana 73.54 25.33 7.00 2.46 1.80 1.94 1.49 19.90 18.26Punjab 53.99 24.53 7.09 3.68 2.41 2.73 2.31 11.47 10.43Himachal Pradesh 43.41 11.66 2.66 2.08 2.09 2.69 2.76 8.43 7.81 Orissa 58.22 25.36 11.05 6.87 6.01 6.17 6.21 15.19 14.20West Bengal 36.03 13.27 5.32 3.00 2.25 2.18 2.41 9.46 8.79 India 58.39 23.36 8.27 4.73 3.66 3.81 3.73 14.89 13.72

268

Appendix – 3J contd….Rural 1981


269

Appendix – 3J:

Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted and the General Marital Childlessness Rates by economic activity status of the Woman, Urban Areas, India and States, 1981

ASMCRU GMCRU Main Workers 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 59.73 30.90 17.85 12.63 10.62 12.05 12.24 20.33 19.40Karnataka 11.45 6.09 3.17 1.90 1.51 1.73 1.80 3.29 3.12 Kerala 47.18 26.89 13.63 5.95 3.89 4.34 4.66 8.68 8.06 Tamil Nadu 65.95 35.42 18.30 10.58 7.68 7.98 8.77 16.43 15.44Bihar 58.73 28.03 12.62 6.97 4.88 4.46 4.04 16.63 15.25Madhya Pradesh 66.59 29.47 14.49 10.37 8.11 9.20 9.26 17.48 16.46Rajasthan 74.69 34.23 17.41 11.15 9.70 9.46 10.02 20.91 19.69Uttar Pradesh 33.25 17.94 11.77 8.59 6.86 7.66 7.76 11.06 10.62Gujarat 77.22 37.71 18.64 10.17 8.11 9.40 9.09 17.88 16.82Maharashtra 33.94 14.92 7.39 4.08 3.19 3.35 3.74 7.16 6.74 Haryana 60.42 36.63 16.63 6.92 5.77 4.36 6.04 13.91 13.20Punjab 57.78 32.89 17.43 8.94 6.75 8.63 8.10 13.45 12.99Himachal Pradesh 46.52 17.49 9.74 3.10 3.19 3.43 3.59 7.12 6.75 Orissa 53.86 29.56 15.52 10.07 8.73 10.80 9.51 15.95 15.18West Bengal 31.08 17.16 11.85 6.78 6.04 6.33 7.09 9.26 8.98 India 49.86 23.81 13.06 7.73 6.16 6.82 7.11 12.72 12.05Marginal Workers Andhra Pradesh 57.28 24.69 13.41 8.01 6.57 8.76 8.06 17.95 17.05Karnataka 17.01 8.21 2.71 2.34 1.01 1.22 1.80 4.23 3.97 Kerala 43.60 20.86 7.55 4.02 3.05 3.74 3.98 7.55 7.01 Tamil Nadu 62.73 32.53 14.66 6.74 6.11 5.39 6.15 15.68 14.49Bihar 67.95 24.01 10.73 5.08 4.75 5.42 6.90 15.99 15.03Madhya Pradesh 63.18 23.41 10.01 6.31 4.74 3.86 4.51 15.87 14.68Rajasthan 73.77 27.74 8.74 4.24 3.56 3.52 4.54 18.18 16.83Uttar Pradesh 31.09 10.64 4.19 2.08 1.33 4.27 1.20 6.99 6.35 Gujarat 73.18 29.71 8.87 4.88 4.88 3.49 5.39 14.51 13.52Maharashtra 38.99 14.47 6.73 3.98 3.63 3.20 3.64 8.63 8.07 Haryana 70.90 19.05 9.00 1.78 0.76 2.68 0.00 13.71 12.10Punjab 43.51 27.26 3.85 3.14 1.12 1.81 4.76 10.12 9.53 Himachal Pradesh 43.18 15.50 2.12 1.08 0.40 2.70 2.78 7.09 6.62 Orissa 55.64 22.53 9.62 7.06 4.86 7.66 7.60 13.71 13.08West Bengal 10.13 3.55 4.75 1.96 1.58 0.67 0.27 2.85 2.14 India 50.74 20.02 8.68 4.63 3.90 3.88 3.84 11.82 10.84

270

Appendix – 3J contd….Urban 1981


271

Appendix – 3K

Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted and the General Marital Childlessness Rates by economic activity status of the Woman, Combined Areas, India and States, 1991

ASMCRU GMCRU Main Workers 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 62.26 27.49 13.65 10.08 8.44 9.29 9.15 19.57 18.51Karnataka 55.62 25.55 11.87 8.83 7.14 7.59 6.99 14.83 14.00Kerala 63.40 30.24 15.31 10.05 7.78 7.59 7.10 12.75 11.91Tamil Nadu 54.84 27.88 14.56 11.37 9.56 10.08 10.02 16.18 15.34Bihar 72.30 38.63 21.95 15.73 14.43 14.26 13.61 26.07 24.76Madhya Pradesh 69.06 27.15 12.44 8.78 7.57 8.21 8.29 19.03 17.86Rajasthan 72.99 32.91 13.17 7.67 6.06 5.93 6.00 22.35 20.78Uttar Pradesh 74.74 36.61 21.22 16.94 14.91 14.58 14.84 25.60 24.29Gujarat 75.08 36.74 14.13 8.56 7.08 6.86 7.03 18.72 17.49Maharashtra 40.98 17.49 7.16 4.79 3.98 3.97 3.90 9.70 9.02 Haryana 69.21 26.32 10.40 5.99 5.03 5.23 5.29 16.13 15.17Punjab 52.38 33.73 17.26 8.42 8.32 6.46 7.13 13.69 12.87Himachal Pradesh 70.43 23.44 7.40 5.26 4.93 5.90 6.36 13.29 12.54Orissa 65.65 34.94 19.62 14.20 12.57 13.33 12.76 21.42 20.37West Bengal 60.53 27.96 16.76 13.73 12.18 11.75 11.75 19.70 18.91India 62.71 28.13 13.93 10.16 8.68 8.94 8.82 17.90 16.88Marginal Workers Andhra Pradesh 60.54 23.82 10.68 7.57 6.15 7.06 7.02 16.84 15.82Karnataka 55.75 22.81 8.80 5.77 4.95 5.27 4.91 13.32 12.46Kerala 63.20 25.02 10.13 6.99 5.78 5.80 4.87 10.90 10.10Tamil Nadu 54.31 24.37 11.04 7.93 7.22 7.29 7.69 14.12 13.31Bihar 69.61 32.59 15.90 10.18 8.86 8.77 8.36 21.76 20.45Madhya Pradesh 69.09 25.62 10.41 6.79 6.35 6.74 6.78 18.96 17.80Rajasthan 71.49 30.26 10.00 4.92 3.91 3.82 3.48 19.25 17.71Uttar Pradesh 73.38 32.67 15.07 10.41 9.13 8.76 9.01 21.99 20.55Gujarat 76.73 35.63 11.79 6.71 5.28 5.14 4.91 18.16 16.79Maharashtra 44.40 17.67 5.96 4.26 3.71 3.57 3.47 10.34 9.57 Haryana 69.72 23.60 6.81 3.02 2.29 2.08 1.98 14.93 13.87Punjab 58.34 27.58 9.71 4.17 3.26 2.65 1.39 11.90 10.70Himachal Pradesh 72.51 24.60 5.87 3.73 3.82 4.40 4.81 12.58 11.68Orissa 65.05 31.84 14.87 10.62 9.39 9.33 9.08 19.16 18.04West Bengal 57.40 20.23 9.03 6.36 5.76 5.07 5.27 14.35 13.50India 66.17 27.51 11.03 7.19 6.25 6.23 6.12 17.35 16.18

272

Appendix – 3K contd….Combined 1991

ASMCRU GMCRU Non Workers 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 59.60 25.00 11.05 8.13 6.62 7.46 7.40 17.71 16.74Karnataka 55.94 25.13 11.56 7.69 6.60 6.82 6.25 15.85 14.92Kerala 64.85 27.51 11.22 6.95 5.74 5.87 5.30 14.54 13.56Tamil Nadu 51.85 23.65 11.52 8.74 7.30 7.91 7.94 14.38 13.63Bihar 73.34 36.95 18.02 12.20 10.07 10.07 10.00 25.42 23.99Madhya Pradesh 71.68 28.73 12.03 7.90 6.70 7.31 7.42 21.69 20.43Rajasthan 70.96 29.88 10.12 5.62 4.17 4.30 4.28 20.23 18.73Uttar Pradesh 74.84 35.58 17.66 12.57 11.09 11.00 11.02 25.45 24.03Gujarat 76.33 35.75 12.71 7.55 6.04 6.11 5.91 18.61 17.35Maharashtra 41.06 17.85 6.68 4.24 3.50 3.66 3.45 9.96 9.34 Haryana 71.99 27.54 8.14 4.00 3.29 2.95 2.89 15.97 14.87Punjab 65.81 31.29 10.37 5.28 4.05 3.95 3.76 13.55 12.48Himachal Pradesh 74.06 28.42 7.38 4.12 3.59 4.27 4.41 13.29 12.28Orissa 66.88 32.24 13.46 9.72 7.93 8.54 8.04 18.48 17.33West Bengal 57.14 22.55 10.54 7.50 6.11 6.08 5.83 15.25 14.34India 67.25 29.46 12.83 8.80 7.35 7.58 7.42 19.16 18.01

273

Appendix – 3K

Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted and the General Marital Childlessness Rates by economic activity status of the Woman, Rural Areas, India and States, 1991

ASMCRU GMCRU Main Workers 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 62.37 27.36 13.29 9.85 8.20 9.08 8.96 19.71 18.62Karnataka 55.54 24.95 10.81 8.11 6.65 7.21 6.60 14.55 13.71Kerala 63.94 29.68 14.87 9.90 7.97 7.61 7.11 12.92 12.08Tamil Nadu 55.54 27.76 14.17 11.10 9.41 10.06 10.04 16.32 15.45Bihar 72.35 38.54 21.69 15.38 14.20 13.90 13.26 26.09 24.75Madhya Pradesh 69.14 26.96 11.93 8.31 7.21 7.94 8.05 19.06 17.88Rajasthan 73.09 33.03 12.77 7.28 5.68 5.51 5.69 22.73 21.12Uttar Pradesh 74.82 36.39 20.26 16.06 14.03 13.71 14.19 25.38 24.03Gujarat 75.44 36.50 13.41 8.06 6.64 6.29 6.70 19.03 17.76Maharashtra 41.04 17.08 6.46 4.41 3.76 3.76 3.70 9.68 8.98 Haryana 69.69 25.57 8.97 4.99 4.48 4.82 4.86 16.83 15.83Punjab 52.84 30.75 15.35 7.94 7.02 6.16 6.50 14.01 13.13Himachal Pradesh 70.52 23.22 6.97 5.07 4.86 5.93 6.41 13.36 12.61Orissa 65.78 34.89 19.11 13.86 12.40 13.11 12.36 21.39 20.30West Bengal 60.68 27.51 15.28 12.34 10.85 10.36 10.01 19.31 18.46India 62.95 27.93 13.35 9.78 8.43 8.71 8.61 18.09 17.03Marginal Workers Andhra Pradesh 60.61 23.67 10.61 7.48 6.08 6.95 6.87 16.82 15.78Karnataka 55.82 22.76 8.67 5.76 4.92 5.23 4.84 13.32 12.46Kerala 63.82 24.59 9.69 7.07 5.69 5.80 4.64 10.91 10.09Tamil Nadu 54.98 24.49 10.95 7.79 7.15 7.31 7.72 14.17 13.35Bihar 69.69 32.60 15.89 10.16 8.83 8.66 8.30 21.79 20.46Madhya Pradesh 69.14 25.58 10.33 6.69 6.35 6.67 6.77 19.01 17.84Rajasthan 71.60 30.34 10.03 4.88 3.90 3.84 3.41 19.32 17.77Uttar Pradesh 73.58 32.65 14.89 10.15 8.86 8.55 8.87 21.96 20.51Gujarat 77.02 35.72 11.81 6.72 5.28 5.13 4.87 18.28 16.88Maharashtra 44.51 17.66 5.90 4.20 3.76 3.55 3.49 10.43 9.65 Haryana 69.62 23.57 6.77 3.04 2.32 2.09 1.98 15.00 13.93Punjab 60.52 26.70 9.86 4.04 2.54 2.71 1.43 11.75 10.56Himachal Pradesh 72.58 24.61 5.85 3.72 3.82 4.43 4.85 12.62 11.72Orissa 65.14 31.89 14.91 10.63 9.39 9.31 9.03 19.21 18.08West Bengal 57.49 20.28 8.96 6.25 5.76 4.98 5.20 14.38 13.52India 66.37 27.56 10.98 7.12 6.20 6.18 6.07 17.44 16.25

274

Appendix – 3K contd….Rural 1991

ASMCRU GMCRU Non Workers 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 59.45 23.98 10.51 7.77 6.49 7.45 7.21 18.08 16.96Karnataka 55.31 23.60 10.27 6.97 6.27 6.36 5.80 15.60 14.60Kerala 65.58 27.26 10.89 7.02 5.72 6.07 5.27 14.76 13.76Tamil Nadu 55.63 25.24 11.88 9.07 7.65 8.67 8.68 15.52 14.67Bihar 73.78 37.28 18.12 12.22 10.09 10.03 9.91 26.02 24.53Madhya Pradesh 72.63 27.74 11.37 7.49 6.58 7.19 7.50 23.58 22.15Rajasthan 71.75 30.22 10.00 5.53 4.06 4.24 4.08 21.75 20.01Uttar Pradesh 75.65 35.71 17.45 12.23 10.67 10.64 10.61 26.29 24.74Gujarat 78.34 37.33 12.75 7.37 5.90 6.04 5.51 20.43 18.79Maharashtra 43.46 18.03 6.41 4.41 3.86 4.26 4.15 11.32 10.58Haryana 72.62 27.13 7.62 3.88 3.19 2.90 2.77 16.97 15.76Punjab 66.13 31.52 10.15 4.96 3.77 3.67 3.50 13.55 12.40Himachal Pradesh 74.40 28.56 7.19 4.27 3.64 4.50 4.66 13.71 12.65Orissa 67.80 32.71 13.53 9.62 7.81 8.43 7.86 18.88 17.65West Bengal 57.38 20.94 8.93 6.44 5.27 5.50 5.19 15.04 14.11India 69.19 30.28 13.13 9.08 7.60 7.87 7.63 20.75 19.44

275

Appendix – 3K

Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted and the General Marital Childlessness Rates by economic activity status of the Woman, Urban Areas, India and States, 1991

ASMCRU GMCRU Main Workers 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 60.59 29.02 16.91 11.94 10.24 11.01 10.78 18.33 17.52Karnataka 56.40 30.01 17.67 12.27 9.34 9.52 9.02 16.36 15.57Kerala 59.46 33.14 17.03 10.53 7.15 7.54 7.07 12.16 11.35Tamil Nadu 47.56 28.81 16.75 12.68 10.26 10.16 9.86 15.45 14.71Bihar 70.46 41.26 27.11 21.28 17.52 19.09 18.54 25.67 24.77Madhya Pradesh 67.51 30.18 17.95 13.14 10.44 10.57 10.49 18.64 17.64Rajasthan 70.92 31.26 17.10 10.87 8.86 8.97 8.66 18.53 17.48Uttar Pradesh 72.31 40.14 31.05 24.36 21.41 21.48 20.78 27.79 26.89Gujarat 69.96 39.05 18.59 11.02 8.93 9.49 8.68 16.94 15.95Maharashtra 40.13 21.52 11.47 6.74 5.00 5.09 5.15 9.83 9.28 Haryana 57.07 34.34 17.14 9.46 6.57 6.38 6.68 12.97 12.27Punjab 50.63 39.94 19.71 8.90 9.42 6.72 7.70 13.34 12.58Himachal Pradesh 62.43 34.93 17.08 8.14 5.98 5.43 5.48 11.85 11.08Orissa 62.45 36.04 26.02 17.75 14.31 15.81 17.90 17.04 21.30West Bengal 58.13 32.60 26.23 19.81 16.89 16.16 17.52 21.72 21.15India 58.62 30.36 18.14 12.46 10.08 10.29 10.18 16.55 15.78Marginal Workers Andhra Pradesh 59.24 26.28 11.70 8.93 7.23 8.99 10.29 17.11 16.55Karnataka 53.82 24.06 11.45 6.02 5.57 6.05 6.39 13.30 12.59Kerala 56.82 28.47 12.98 6.53 6.31 5.80 6.12 10.89 10.18Tamil Nadu 47.34 23.19 11.84 9.09 7.76 7.10 7.32 13.69 12.98Bihar 65.27 32.06 16.21 10.69 10.18 13.11 11.00 20.52 19.62Madhya Pradesh 66.89 26.80 12.74 9.29 6.42 8.38 6.84 17.70 16.69Rajasthan 67.39 27.55 9.24 6.07 4.03 3.09 5.72 16.85 15.87Uttar Pradesh 65.23 33.24 18.77 16.38 15.00 13.94 12.23 22.67 21.50Gujarat 64.74 32.60 11.17 6.39 5.47 5.32 6.44 14.85 14.11Maharashtra 42.14 17.93 6.72 5.08 3.20 3.82 3.23 9.01 8.44 Haryana 79.32 24.73 8.57 2.31 1.01 1.46 2.07 11.97 11.24Punjab 0.00 51.67 3.91 7.09 15.90 0.00 0.00 16.03 14.51Himachal Pradesh 65.38 23.44 6.75 4.10 3.73 2.53 2.62 10.01 9.26 Orissa 57.14 28.20 12.60 10.24 9.33 10.22 11.87 11.71 15.69West Bengal 53.72 18.41 11.18 9.07 5.88 7.74 7.55 13.25 12.76India 59.07 26.33 12.02 8.57 7.10 7.34 7.33 15.32 14.52

276

Appendix – 3K contd….Urban 1991

ASMCRU GMCRU Non Workers 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 59.82 26.12 11.57 8.48 6.76 7.48 7.66 17.32 16.49Karnataka 56.90 26.89 12.87 8.41 6.93 7.34 6.80 16.12 15.26Kerala 62.44 28.19 12.05 6.77 5.79 5.40 5.38 14.01 13.07Tamil Nadu 47.30 22.16 11.19 8.45 6.96 7.17 7.12 13.30 12.64Bihar 69.42 34.91 17.49 12.10 9.97 10.32 10.52 21.92 20.83Madhya Pradesh 69.14 30.24 12.83 8.40 6.84 7.46 7.30 19.05 18.02Rajasthan 68.93 29.32 10.29 5.76 4.33 4.41 4.66 17.77 16.62Uttar Pradesh 69.48 35.01 18.31 13.66 12.33 12.24 12.52 22.43 21.47Gujarat 73.74 34.33 12.69 7.67 6.14 6.17 6.30 17.14 16.16Maharashtra 39.58 17.76 6.78 4.17 3.37 3.42 3.13 9.41 8.84 Haryana 68.81 28.70 9.27 4.27 3.51 3.07 3.21 13.50 12.65Punjab 65.00 30.76 10.83 5.97 4.65 4.66 4.43 13.55 12.65Himachal Pradesh 70.96 27.61 8.21 3.49 3.31 3.00 2.86 11.17 10.37Orissa 60.68 29.62 13.15 10.13 8.44 9.11 9.07 10.31 15.79West Bengal 56.15 27.36 14.35 9.63 7.63 7.20 7.17 15.75 14.86India 60.91 27.79 12.32 8.31 6.92 7.04 7.01 16.16 15.30

277

Appendix 4

278

Appendix – 4.1.1

Names of the districts with AMSCRU of 10 per cent or higher, 1981

Name of the state Name of the districts ASMCRU

35-39 40-44 45-49 Combined

Jammu & Kashmir Ladakh -- -- 11.58 Andhra Pradesh Nizamabad -- 10.28 -- Cuddapah -- 10.50 10.69 Nellore -- 11.56 12.25 Chittoor -- 10.28 10.32 Madhya Pradesh Surguja 10.83 -- -- Uttar Pradesh Uttarkashi 11.58 12.2 15.96

Rural Jammu & Kashmir Ladakh -- -- 11.24 Andhra Pradesh Nizamabad -- 10.17 -- Cuddapah -- 10.21 10.36 Nellore -- 11.54 12.55 Chittoor -- 10.4 10.59 Madhya Pradesh Surguja 10.94 -- -- Mandla -- 10.13 -- Uttar Pradesh Uttarkashi 12.19 12.81 16.51

Urban Jammu & Kashmir Ladakh 11.07 11.36 14.47 Madhya Pradesh Surguja -- 10.31 -- Seoni -- 11.84 10.05 Raigarh -- 11.89 14.67 Bastar 10.11 12.46 -- Balaghat -- -- 10.98 Andhra Pradesh Nizamabad -- 10.87 -- Medak -- 11.42 -- Cuddapah -- 11.91 12.26 Nellore -- 11.66 10.87 Rangareddi -- -- 10.21 Manipur Manipur West 14.29 14.49 22.45 Uttar Pradesh Tehri Garhwal -- -- 15.9 Nagaland Mon -- -- 14.29 NOTE: '--' indicates values are less than 10%

279

Appendix – 4.2.1

Districts with AMSCRU of 10 per cent or higher (combined), 1991


35-39 40-44 45-49 Madhya Pradesh Sehore -- 11.18 10.54 Hoshangabad 12.21 12.98 11.84 Shivpuri -- -- 10.73 Chhatarpur -- -- 10.64 Indore -- -- 10.82 Betul 11.42 11.16 12.35 Narsimhapur 11.74 13.04 11.56 Seoni -- 10.17 -- Balaghat 11.07 12.46 12.87 Surguja 10.62 10.14 10.29 Orissa Sundargarh 11.30 11.40 11.94 Dhenkanal 12.08 13.59 11.80 Mayurbhanj 10.28 -- -- Kalahandi 13.58 13.98 12.74 Koraput 11.95 12.57 11.89 Andhra Pradesh Visakhapatnam -- 10.48 10.10 Hyderabad 10.52 10.69 10.90 Vizianagaram -- -- 11.06 Goa North Goa 15.23 15.38 14.41 Tamil Nadu North Arcot Ambedkar 11.29 11.42 11.59 Dharmapuri 10.35 11.45 11.30 Madurai -- -- 10.13 South Arcot 10.89 12.02 11.47 Salem 10.33 10.84 10.94 Periyar 10.92 11.75 -- Ramanathapuram 11.59 11.64 12.41 Sikkim West District 16.82 17.49 17.44 South District 10.23 10.28 10.73 East District 13.64 14.85 14.16 Assam Kokrajhar 15.07 16.49 15.19 Lakhimpur 15.91 14.91 14.55 Meghalaya East Garo Hills 19.19 22.29 22.15

West Khasi Hills 18.91 21.93 21.91 Jaintia Hills 11.82 11.85 13.71

280

Appendix – 4.2.1: Contd…


35-39 40-44 45-49 Arunachal P. Tawang 39.50 41.10 39.24 West Kameng 24.69 24.98 22.10 East Kameng 39.30 41.01 42.14 Lower Subansiri 25.15 27.70 27.03 Upper Subansiri 30.73 34.67 35.72 East Siang 27.49 27.58 30.85 Lohit 15.83 17.53 17.65 Changlang 11.39 10.46 12.37 Tirap 14.14 16.31 14.90 Nagaland Mon 20.84 21.48 19.78 Tuensang 14.40 14.45 13.99 Mokokchung 23.92 22.31 22.24 Wokha 25.17 28.42 26.77 Zunheboto 21.92 23.69 24.53 Phek 17.21 17.16 18.14 Kohima 13.46 13.26 12.69 Manipur Senapati 18.07 18.80 18.58 Tamenglong 14.09 15.48 14.16 Imphal 19.62 19.00 19.29 Bishnupur 18.20 17.19 18.03 Thoubal 13.14 12.62 13.00 Ukhrul 27.82 25.85 31.70 Chandel 15.40 14.57 14.62 Churachandpur 16.61 15.38 15.63 Mizoram Aizawl 17.54 18.45 17.05 Lunglei 15.36 13.98 14.83 Chhimtuipui 17.92 16.14 17.75 Uttar Pradesh Uttar Kashi 12.18 16.29 15.24

Chamoli 16.19 18.29 17.95 Meerut 19.33 21.13 21.83 Ghaziabad 23.25 23.79 22.75 Bulandshahr 13.96 13.91 14.98 Moradabad 17.79 17.24 18.86 Rampur 16.15 17.24 15.41 Bareilly 10.65 10.84 -- Pilibhit 11.51 10.67 10.75

281



35-39 40-44 45-49 Uttar Pradesh Shahjahanpur 14.65 14.57 14.44 Aligarh 16.13 16.26 16.28 Agra 18.10 17.35 18.09 Farrukhabad 14.58 15.21 13.64 Etawah 14.95 16.18 14.80 Allahabad 10.21 10.25 10.06 Hamirpur 12.34 11.03 10.60 Kheri 17.69 16.99 16.89 Sitapur 15.83 15.63 14.67 Bahraich 11.42 11.52 11.72 Bara Banki 20.46 20.50 20.83 Faizabad 12.66 12.54 12.27 Sultanpur 10.10 11.14 10.71 Basti 19.45 17.98 18.91 Gorakhpur 13.04 13.70 12.82 Azamgarh 11.47 11.49 10.98 Jaunpur 19.68 19.04 19.87 Ghazipur 14.61 14.13 14.23 Varanasi 17.28 15.80 16.40 Kanpur Dehat 12.39 12.12 13.15 Jalaun 12.07 12.62 11.02 Siddharth Nagar 12.29 13.29 14.17 Maharajganj 15.75 16.44 17.36 Karnataka Dakshin Kannad 10.35 -- -- Bihar Patna -- -- 10.04

Nalanda 10.57 11.05 11.04 Nawada 14.45 13.49 12.76 Gaya 16.77 16.57 15.77 Aurangabad 13.42 13.15 11.34 Bhojpur 20.11 17.89 18.79 Saran 11.72 11.71 11.07 Siwan 10.62 -- -- Purba Champaran 18.61 19.32 18.28 Begusarai 10.18 10.22 10.72 Samastipur 14.35 13.74 14.66 Madhubani 10.38 10.62 -- Saharsa 10.41 10.49 -- Bhagalpur 11.41 11.85 10.78 Jehanabad 16.85 15.41 15.59

282



35-39 40-44 45-49 Bihar Madhepura 14.91 13.92 13.95 Khagaria 15.15 15.63 16.65 Godda 13.09 14.49 13.17 Sahibganj 26.39 24.31 25.47 Dumka 13.80 12.54 11.88 Deoghar 11.27 10.71 11.08 Purbi Singhbhum -- -- 10.10 Pashchimi Singhbhum 11.09 10.53 -- Araria -- 10.39 10.07 Gujarat Surat 10.94 11.68 11.40 West Bengal Calcutta 10.20 -- 10.30

283

Appendix – 4.2.2

Districts with AMSCRU of 10 per cent or higher (Rural), 1991


35-39 40-44 45-49 Himachal Pradesh Sirmaur -- -- 10.66 Madhya Pradesh Sehore -- 10.88 10.57 Shivpuri -- -- 11.06 Chhatarpur -- -- 10.40 Betul 11.94 11.78 13.19 Narsimhapur 10.99 12.96 12.03 Indore -- -- 11.27 Balaghat 11.33 12.66 13.14 Surguja 11.38 10.36 10.60 Orissa Sundargarh 12.40 12.34 13.19 Dhenkanal 12.67 14.20 12.09 Kalahandi 13.93 14.33 12.99 Koraput 12.17 12.75 12.23 Ganjam 11.16 12.29 11.94 Mayurbhanj 10.60 10.15 -- Andhra Pradesh Visakhapatnam 10.33 11.34 10.75 Vizianagaram -- -- 11.29 Nellore -- 10.01 -- Goa North Goa 16.88 17.17 15.71 Tamil Nadu Dakshin Kannad 10.75 -- -- North Arcot Ambedkar 11.10 11.48 11.97 Dharmapuri 10.45 11.75 11.62 Madurai -- -- 10.93 South Arcot 10.30 11.65 11.32 Salem 10.26 11.14 11.34 Periyar 11.30 12.07 10.16 Ramanathapuram 11.64 11.94 11.90 Tiruchchirappalli -- -- 10.38 Sikkim West District 16.46 17.31 17.18 South District 10.52 10.40 10.95 East District 13.96 14.44 14.25 Assam Kokrajhar 15.55 16.75 15.86 Lakhimpur 15.48 14.46 13.69

284



35-39 40-44 45-49 Meghalaya East Garo Hills 17.68 18.41 18.57 West Khasi Hills 19.19 22.29 22.15 Jaintia Hills 12.43 12.47 14.23 Arunachal P. Tawang 39.50 41.10 39.24 West Kameng 23.13 23.95 22.28 East Kameng 39.30 41.01 42.14 Lower Subansiri 29.62 30.43 29.64 Upper Subansiri 30.73 34.67 35.72 East Siang 29.77 29.09 31.50 Lohit 18.56 20.22 20.03 Changlang 11.39 10.46 12.37 Tirap 14.48 16.73 14.94 Nagaland Mon 21.73 21.81 19.84 Tuensang 14.99 14.87 14.13 Mokokchung 24.30 23.60 23.66 Wokha 27.45 29.86 27.53 Zunheboto 22.73 24.81 25.03 Phek 18.28 17.36 18.22 Kohima 13.83 12.93 12.72 Manipur Senapati 18.07 18.80 18.58 Tamenglong 14.09 15.48 14.16 Imphal 15.62 15.86 15.88 Bishnupur 19.13 18.72 19.20 Thoubal 13.92 13.36 13.84 Ukhrul 27.82 25.85 31.70 Chandel 13.14 12.76 13.16 Churachandpur 17.61 16.03 15.82 Mizoram Aizawl 22.37 24.26 21.41 Lunglei 13.83 13.15 12.04 Chhimtuipui 19.01 17.44 19.08 Uttar Pradesh Uttar Kashi 12.70 16.24 15.80

Chamoli 16.33 17.92 17.47 Meerut 21.68 23.23 24.64 Ghaziabad 29.22 28.63 27.19 Bulandshahr 16.13 16.08 16.59 Moradabad 20.28 19.73 21.55

285



35-39 40-44 45-49 Uttar Pradesh Rampur 13.04 15.35 13.56 Shahjahanpur 13.46 13.91 13.69 Aligarh 19.12 18.96 18.59 Agra 20.18 18.93 19.43 Farrukhabad 12.41 12.87 11.19 Etawah 13.25 14.48 13.39 Hamirpur 11.95 10.91 -- Kheri 17.76 16.22 16.43 Sitapur 16.39 16.00 14.92 Bahraich 10.36 10.81 10.96 Bara Banki 20.98 20.99 21.11 Faizabad 10.54 10.65 10.62 Sultanpur -- 11.24 10.59 Basti 18.50 17.26 18.26 Gorakhpur 13.37 13.77 13.12 Azamgarh 10.83 10.96 10.65 Jaunpur 19.65 18.96 19.97 Ghazipur 15.13 14.38 14.72 Kanpur Dehat 12.52 12.08 13.15 Jalaun 10.25 11.22 -- Siddharth Nagar 12.29 13.36 14.22 Maharajganj 15.78 16.20 17.55 Bihar Nalanda 10.39 10.71 10.41 Nawada 14.14 13.19 12.47

Gaya 16.14 16.04 15.30 Aurangabad 13.45 13.23 11.25 Bhojpur 19.87 17.68 18.33 Saran 11.80 11.71 11.08 Siwan 10.25 -- -- Purba Champaran 18.28 18.82 18.15 Samastipur 14.86 14.20 15.10 Madhubani 10.25 10.53 -- Saharsa 10.36 10.33 -- Bhagalpur 11.56 11.59 10.75 Dhanbad 11.22 10.57 -- Jehanabad 16.96 15.41 15.77 Madhepura 14.89 13.84 13.66 Khagaria 14.74 14.99 15.92 Godda 12.62 14.38 12.96 Sahibganj 26.07 23.81 25.35

286



35-39 40-44 45-49 Bihar Dumka 13.71 12.35 11.57 Deoghar 11.63 11.21 11.65 Purbi Singhbhum 11.02 11.40 11.55 Pashchimi Singhbhum 11.08 10.56 -- Kishanganj -- 10.04 -- Gujrat Surat 13.05 12.89 12.89

287

Appendix – 4.2.3

Districts with AMSCRU of 10 percent or higher (Urban), 1991


35-39 40-44 45-49 Madhya Pradesh Sehore -- 12.71 10.42 Hoshangabad 23.82 25.22 25.58 Gwalior -- 10.83 -- Shivpuri -- 10.12 -- Chhatrapur 10.95 -- 11.88 Satna 10.72 -- 10.43 Rewa 11.19 14.25 12.90 Ujjain -- -- 10.87 Jhabua 15.18 10.53 11.75 West Nimar -- 11.53 -- Chhindwara -- 12.66 11.31 Bilaspur -- -- 10.35 Narsimhapur 15.93 13.43 -- Indore -- 10.67 10.61 Seoni 11.15 16.84 -- Balaghat -- 10.48 -- Orissa Koraput 10.24 10.92 -- Ganjam 10.27 10.91 11.63 Mayurbhanj -- -- 12.78 Puri 16.18 15.77 18.36 Kendujhar -- 11.47 -- Andhra Pradesh Nellore -- -- 10.12 Hyderabad 10.52 10.69 10.90 Goa North Goa 12.27 11.78 11.34 Tamil Nadu North Arcot Ambedkar 11.71 11.31 10.69 South Arcot 14.17 14.06 12.38 Salem 10.50 10.03 -- Periyar -- 10.60 -- Ramanathapuram 11.37 10.42 14.72 P. M. Thevar 12.45 12.51 12.75 Dindigul Anna 10.41 -- 12.15 Pudukkottai -- -- 10.90 Sikkim West District 36.59 28.13 31.03 East District 12.26 16.93 13.68

288



35-39 40-44 45-49 Assam Kokrajhar -- 13.39 -- Lakhimpur 21.95 23.95 30.36 Karbi Anglong -- 11.34 -- Cachar 10.07 11.23 -- Meghalaya West Garo Hills 11.57 11.19 14.41 West Khasi Hills 14.47 14.95 16.88 Arunachal P. West Kameng 37.58 35.48 20.00 East Siang 15.94 17.09 22.93 Tirap -- -- 13.64 Nagaland Mon -- 14.39 18.27 Tuensang -- -- 10.78 Mokokchung 22.06 13.70 -- Wokha 14.58 17.77 19.42 Zunheboto 14.44 11.92 16.04 Phek -- 13.04 15.87 Kohima 12.63 14.24 12.59 Manipur Imphal 25.15 23.03 24.21 Bishnupur 16.51 14.46 15.84 Thoubal 11.72 11.34 11.60 Chandel 27.88 25.94 24.72 Churachandpur 12.77 12.68 14.83 Mizoram Aizawl 13.59 13.64 12.91 Lunglei 17.80 15.32 19.70 Chhimtuipui 10.65 -- -- Uttar Pradesh Uttar Kashi -- 17.29 -- Chamoli 14.31 23.38 27.66 Tehri Garhwal 10.08 10.55 --

Meerut 15.75 17.51 16.42 Almora 17.45 -- -- Ghaziabad 17.58 18.47 17.17 Moradabad 11.85 10.73 11.77 Rampur 24.17 22.41 20.74 Bareilly 14.36 15.04 14.63 Pilibhit 17.47 18.22 18.53 Shahjahanpur 18.75 17.13 17.40

289



35-39 40-44 45-49 Uttar Pradesh Agra 15.61 15.09 16.11

Etah 17.49 14.28 17.78 Farrukhabad 23.43 25.53 25.13 Etawah 22.42 25.53 22.48 Allahabad 16.32 15.30 16.33 Lalitpur 12.54 14.50 10.25 Hamirpur 14.06 11.61 13.94 Kheri 17.17 23.63 21.57 Sitapur 12.10 12.77 12.59 Hardoi 12.40 11.53 12.40 Rae Barali 14.22 16.11 11.76 Baharich 23.58 22.00 23.36 Gonda 13.22 12.69 14.32 Bara Banki 15.36 15.27 17.51 Faizabad 28.65 28.25 26.99 Sultanpur 13.56 -- 13.59 Pratapgarh 16.87 16.53 14.21 Basti 34.27 30.16 30.03 Gorakhpur 11.65 13.38 11.44 Azamgarh 20.13 19.89 16.45 Jaunpur 20.08 20.44 18.19 Ghazipur -- 10.84 -- Varanasi 38.23 36.83 38.20 Bijnor 12.66 12.06 10.41 Kanpur Dehat 10.69 12.12 13.15 Jalaun 17.47 17.52 16.55

Siddharth Nagar 12.42 10.89 12.24 Maharajganj 15.08 21.59 12.63 Mau -- 10.14 -- Firozabad -- 10.57 12.12

Bihar Patna 11.35 11.73 12.52 Nalanda 11.63 13.26 15.37 Nawada 18.79 17.63 17.94 Gaya 20.90 19.75 19.31 Aurangabad 13.15 11.96 12.68 Rohtas 23.65 24.96 20.20 Bhojpur 21.93 19.55 22.74 Saran 10.90 11.68 10.91 Siwan 17.58 16.48 17.26 Purba Champaran 24.69 28.54 20.66

290



35-39 40-44 45-49 Bihar Sitamarhi 15.19 12.39 13.64

Muzaffarrpur 11.69 12.20 10.57 Begusarai 14.41 17.82 21.21 Darbhanga 10.95 -- 12.05 Madhubani 13.78 13.19 10.45 Saharsa 11.04 12.57 -- Munger 10.03 10.26 10.62 Bhagalpur 10.29 13.78 11.01 Palamu 10.24 -- 11.06 Jehanabad 15.18 15.38 12.86 Madhepura 15.20 15.29 18.44 Khagaria 21.69 26.92 28.87 Godda 28.93 21.51 20.00 Sahibganj 30.49 31.62 27.06 Dumka 15.29 16.18 17.57 Gumla 10.31 13.73 10.67 Pashchimi Singhbhum 11.14 10.34 -- Araria 13.10 18.09 19.59 Gujrat Surat -- 10.13 -- Kheda 10.34 10.65 11.14 Panch Mahals 11.89 11.35 -- Vadodara -- 10.03 10.66 Rajasthan Bhilwara -- 10.12 -- West Bengal Calcutta 10.20 -- 10.30 Birbhum 13.17 -- 10.09 Karnataka Bellary 14.07 10.76 10.69 Pondichery Karaikal 10.40 10.57 -- Daman & Diu Daman 13.23 13.00 12.26

291

Appendix – 4.3.1

Districts with AMSCRU of 10 per cent or higher (C0mbined), 2001


35-39 40-44 45-49 Jammu & Kashmir Kupwara 13.08 11.85 10.31 Sri Nagar 11.52 -- -- Baramula 11.08 -- -- Uttar Pradesh Agra 11.76 11.52 10.90 Varanasi 10.33 -- -- Allahabad 10.89 10.17 10.08 West Bengal Kolkata 12.37 11.65 10.78 Orissa Koraput -- 10.58 11.90 Rayagada -- -- 10.76 Malkangiri -- -- 10.73 Andhra Pradesh Adilabad -- 10.28 10.90 Nizamabad 10.88 11.66 11.07 Hyderabad 19.97 19.31 19.01 Rangareddi 13.76 14.09 14.45 Visakhapatnam 11.19 12.05 12.49 Tamil Nadu Chennai 19.83 19.32 18.69 Thiruvallur 14.03 14.12 14.45 Kancheepuram 13.53 13.59 13.43 Cuddalore -- 10.70 10.66 Salem 11.36 12.13 11.95 Namakkal 11.04 11.81 11.76 Erode 10.76 11.15 10.54 Coimbatore 11.68 11.55 11.22 Dindigul 11.01 11.50 11.11 Madurai 12.34 12.64 12.39 Sivaganga -- 10.09 10.09 Ramanathapuram 10.51 10.07 10.10 Virudhunagar 10.76 10.99 10.98 Toothukudi 10.50 10.31 -- Tirunelveli 11.16 10.80 10.40 Thiruvarur -- -- 10.01 Arunachal Pradesh Lower Subansiri 12.83 15.11 13.58 Papum Pare 11.15 11.96 12.16 Upper Siang -- -- 11.76

292



35-39 40-44 45-49 Meghalaya West Garo Hills 13.27 13.82 13.86 East Khasi Hills 10.05 -- -- East Garo Hills 11.89 11.50 14.05 South Garo Hills -- -- 10.62 Ri Bhoi 11.24 12.46 12.12 Nagaland Tuensang 12.30 11.96 11.56 Dimapur 10.30 -- -- Mokokchung 10.63 -- -- Zunheboto 10.47 -- -- Kohima 12.61 11.04 11.06 Manipur Senapati 11.24 11.14 10.06 Ukhrul 13.28 11.45 -- Tamenglong 16.65 13.66 13.39 Bishnupur 13.53 11.51 10.82 Imphal West 12.62 10.56 -- Churachandpur 18.89 18.00 14.48 Chandel 20.49 17.20 16.86

293

Appendix – 4.3.2

Districts with AMSCRU of 10 per cent or higher, Rural 2001


35-39 40-44 45-49 Jammu & Kash'r Srinagar 14.59 14.99 12.47 Baramula 10.65 -- -- Kupwara 13.15 11.90 10.30 Orissa Koraput -- 11.31 12.89 Rayagada -- 10.30 11.35 Malkangiri -- 10.17 10.96 Andhra Pradesh Adilabad 10.49 10.79 11.17 Nizamabad 10.43 11.31 10.69 Visakhapatnam -- 10.38 11.11 Cuddapah -- 10.22 10.23 Chittoor -- -- 10.28 Tamil Nadu Thiruvallur 12.63 13.38 13.83 Kancheepuram 12.00 12.14 12.32 Cuddalore 10.13 11.21 11.32 Thanjavur -- -- 10.12 Salem 11.40 12.19 12.32 Namakkal 11.05 12.09 12.07 Erode 11.28 11.49 10.71 Coimbatore 11.14 11.27 10.61 Dindigul 12.01 12.35 11.97 Madurai 12.41 12.60 12.78 Tiruchirappalli -- 10.08 10.14 Sivaganga 10.15 10.31 10.33 Ramanathapuram 11.21 10.51 10.55 Virudhunagar 11.58 11.94 11.55 Toothukudi 10.59 10.58 -- Tirunelveli 11.80 11.53 11.31 Thiruvarur -- -- 10.16 The Nilgiris -- 10.36 10.21 Kanniyakumari 10.13 10.07 -- Arunachal P. Lower Subansiri 13.87 15.83 13.78 Upper Siang -- -- 11.76 Meghalaya West Garo Hills 13.09 13.73 13.72 East Khasi Hills 10.02 -- -- East Garo Hills 12.72 12.50 14.92 South Garo Hills -- -- 10.85

294



35-39 40-44 45-49 Meghalaya Ri Bhoi 11.28 12.65 12.62 Nagaland Tuensang 12.80 12.22 11.80 Kohima 10.91 -- -- Mokokchung 10.56 -- -- Manipur Senapati 11.24 11.14 10.06 Ukhrul 13.28 11.45 -- Tamenglong 16.65 13.66 13.39 Bishnupur 14.61 12.02 11.28 Imphal West 13.57 12.29 11.01 Churachandpur 18.89 18.00 14.48 Chandel 22.06 18.23 17.77

295

Appendix – 4.3.3

Districts with AMSCRU of 10 percent or higher (Urban), 2001


35-39 40-44 45-49 Jammu & Kashmir Kupwara 11.32 10.47 10.70 Pulwama 12.27 11.23 -- Sri Nagar 10.78 -- -- Baramula 13.03 10.15 -- Kargil 13.72 10.14 -- Uttar Pradesh Agra 18.17 18.28 17.36 Allahabad 17.92 16.13 15.83 Sant Ravidas Nagar 10.73 11.28 10.36 Balrampur 10.61 -- -- Mau 10.34 -- -- Varanasi 13.88 12.70 11.60 Azamgarh 13.37 12.27 11.42 Bihar Gaya 11.38 10.54 -- Jharkhand Palamu 10.90 10.46 -- Gujarat Sabar Kantha 10.87 10.02 11.38 West Bengal Kolkata 12.37 11.65 10.78 Darjiling 11.80 11.02 -- Orissa Sambalpur 10.41 10.42 10.36 Andhra Pradesh Adilabad -- -- 10.02 Nizamabad 12.89 13.49 13.03 Hyderabad 19.97 19.31 19.01 Rangareddi 18.69 19.07 19.58 Visakhapatnam 13.64 14.59 14.73 Warangal 12.67 13.43 13.62 Mahbubnagar -- 10.01 10.06 Kurnool 11.42 11.34 11.18 Krishna 10.64 11.08 11.56 Guntur -- 10.73 11.09 Prakasam 10.14 10.68 11.07 Nellore -- 10.37 11.52 Karnataka Bidar -- 10.46 -- Gulbarga 10.08 10.55 10.30

296



35-39 40-44 45-49 Tamil Nadu Chennai 19.83 19.32 18.69 Thiruvallur 15.22 14.71 14.98 Kancheepuram 14.84 14.75 14.39 Salem 11.32 12.06 11.50 Namakkal 11.03 11.32 11.15 Erode 10.15 10.76 10.34 Coimbatore 11.98 11.69 11.57 Madurai 12.28 12.67 12.07 Virudhunagar -- -- 10.28 Tirunelveli 10.50 10.04 -- Dharmapuri -- 10.27 10.58 Karur -- 10.03 10.50 Perambalur 11.50 12.44 12.75 Thoothukkudi 10.39 -- -- Ariyalur 11.80 12.82 12.75 Arunachal Pradesh Lower Subansiri -- -- 10.97 Papum Pare 12.61 15.20 14.55 West Siang 13.79 11.59 14.98 Meghalaya West Garo Hills 14.67 14.62 14.99 Ri Bhoi 10.70 -- -- East Khasi Hills 10.08 -- -- Jaintia Hills 10.99 -- 10.88 Assam Kamrup 13.87 12.61 11.68 Tinsukia 11.31 10.57 -- Cachar 11.32 10.50 -- Hailakandi 10.66 11.03 -- Karimganj 15.47 14.40 13.11 North Cachar Hills -- -- 10.31 Nagaland Kohima 17.47 17.49 15.97 Wokha -- 10.01 -- Zunheboto 13.92 13.57 13.57 Dimapur 12.13 11.53 11.90 Mon 11.18 -- 11.50 Mokokchung 11.04 -- 10.22

Manipur Bishnupur 11.62 10.58 10.04 Chandel 10.06 -- -- Imphal West 11.86 -- --

Imphal East 11.79 -- --

Sikkim West NA 12.5

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