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Childlessness and Its Consequences in

India: Levels, Patterns and

Differentials

Usha Ram

Department of Public Health and Mortality Studies

International Institute for Population Sciences

Govandi Station Road, Deonar

Mumbai 400 088

INDIA September 2006International Institute for Population Sciences

Telephone: +91-22-2556 3254/5/6 (O)

+91-22-2558 9045 (D)

Fax. +91-22-2556 3257 (O)

E-mail: [email protected]



Assistant Research Officers

Mr. Avishek Hazra

Mr. Sandip Chakravorty



ContentsChapters Page No.

Acknowledgement i

Executive Summary ii - viii

1 Background of the Study 1-8

1.1 Introduction and Review of Literatures1.2 Objectives

1.3 Measurements of Childlessness

1.4 Data Sources

2 Levels of Childlessness: International and Indian Scenario 9-17

2.1 International variability in levels of Childlessness circa

1980

2.2 Marital Childlessness in India: 1981-2001

2.3 Changes in Marital Childlessness in India: 1981-2001

2.4 Rural-Urban Differentials in Marital Childlessness in

India: 1981-2001

3 Levels, Patterns and Variations in Childlessness in states of India 18-303.1 Levels of General Marital Childlessness Rate

Unadjusted

3.2 Levels of Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rate

Unadjusted

3.3 Changes in Levels of Age Specific Marital Childlessness:

1981-2001

3.4 Rural-Urban Differentials in Age Specific Marital

Childlessness: 1981-2001

Tables for Chapter 3 31-37

4 Socio-Economic Differentials in Levels of Childlessness 38-86

4.1 Religion and Childlessness4.2 Education and Childlessness

4.3 Economic Activity Status and Childlessness

4.4 Caste and Childlessness


5 Levels of Childlessness: District Scenario 127-150

5.1 ASMCRU - 35-39 Years: 1981-2001

5.2 ASMCRU - 40-44 Years: 1981-2001

5.3 ASMCRU - 45-49 Years: 1981-2001

5.4 Spatial Pattern of Incidence of Childlessness at the

district level: 1981-2001

Tables for Chapter 5 151-1596 Factors Affecting and Consequences of Childlessness on women 160-169

6.1 Factors Affecting Childlessness

6.2 Consequences of Childlessness on Women


References 178-182

Appendices

Appendix 1 183-185

Appendix 2 186-196

Appendix 3 197-276

Appendix 4 277-276



i

Acknowledgement

The present research report, entitled Childlessness and Its Consequences in India:

Levels, Patterns and Differentials, is the outcome of the joint efforts of the

members of the project team spread over two years period. The InternationalInstitute for Population Sciences, Mumbai provided the financial support for the

present research. During the project period, I received support from a number of

persons at the Institute and take this opportunity to pay my gratitude to all of

them. I take this opportunity to thank Prof. F. Ram, Director and Sr. Professor,

IIPS for his support in guidance provided in finalizing this report. I also take this

opportunity to thank Late Prof. P N Mari Bhat, Director and Sr. Professor for his

keen interest in the work for this project and providing with valuable suggestions

not only for this project but in all my endeavours at the Institute. I would also like

to thank Prof. T.K. Roy, Director (Retd.) of the Institute for his support and

encouragement during the initial stages of the work. I take this opportunity tothank the administrative staff of the Institute for their help at various stages of

work. Smt. Vasanti Ramakrishnan, Ag. Registrar and Account Officer deserves

special mention for extending their full cooperation at various stages.

I would specifically like put on record my sincere thank and gratitudes to the

reviewers of the draft report. Their suggestions and comments help me finalize the

report immensely.

I had good fortune to have very committed persons in the project research teamwho worked very hard. I acknowledge their contribution and sincerely thank all of

them. The kind of dedication and commitment shown by Mr. Avishek Hazra and Mr.

Sandip Chakravorty for the project even after they left the project to join as the

Research Scholars at the Institute is greatly appreciated. I would be failing in my

duty if I do not specifically mention the contribution of Ms. Smita J. Kharat who

handled the marathon task of entering census data and its validation meticulously.

The timely and invaluable support of Mr. Kaushlendra Kumar, Ms. Anita Chahande

and Mr. Sanjay Kumar Patil in making the maps in GIS is highly appreciated.

Usha Ram



ii

Executive Summary

If being a mother is synonymous with being a woman, then failure to become a mother constitutes not fullyachieving the status of ‘woman’. Desire for motherhood is inevitable and almost universal. Historically as

well as traditionally, motherhood for women has been seen as natural. Until very recently, all over the world,

construction of feminine identity was typically synonymous with motherhood. Nevertheless, in most

developing countries like ours there has not been any notable change as far as the desire for motherhood is

considered. Infertility or the inability to have children on the other hand affects both men and women of

reproductive age in all parts of the world. Infertility has multiple cases and consequences depending on the

gender, sexual history, life style, society, and cultural background of the people it affects. Childless men andwomen are stigmatized and are likely to be discriminated against. Often the ill effects of childlessness are far

more severe for women than they are for men. Women who fail to give a live birth are often given names

and are considered to be inauspicious. Sociologists in various cultural settings have observed that infertility

is often linked to curse, adultery or immoral behaviour, witchcraft, some activity that had angered ancestors,

the deities or anyone in the community. The childless women are subjected to the additional risks of socialdiscrimination in many forms (restriction on their participation in social celebrations for example), allowing

husband to remarry. These things happen irrespective of whether it childlessness is due to her being infertile

or because the husband is infertile (as matter of fact, male infertility has rarely been considered a factor in

childlessness).

Norms and social values in India favor higher fertility with marriage for females almost universal The newly

married girls in India are often given blessing by elders to beget large families and childless or lack of male

child invites prejudice and ill will. Despite this, the problem of childlessness has been largely overlooked in

favor of research and promotion of family planning. Infertility research has been neglected both as a health

problem and as subject for social science research as in the past few decades greater amount of emphasis is

placed on controlling the unwanted fertility. The population scientists' world over have paid more emphasis

on trying to understand the dynamics of fertility and somehow ignored the important issue of childlessnessto a greater extent and the Indian demographic community is no exception to this. As a result very little

work has been carried out in the past on this important aspect. Thus there is need to explore this rarely

explored phenomenon. In some of the regions infertility is found to be widespread and its prevalence

reaching such proportions that it can well be considered as a public health problem affecting the life of the

whole society (WHO 1991). In its extreme, infertility, compounded by pregnancy wastage, infant and child

mortality, may lead to depopulation, which poses serious threat to the social and economic development of

the region.

Objectives

The specific objectives of the present study are to examine the:

1. Levels and changes in childlessness in India, states and districts.

2. Differentials in the prevalence of childlessness by selected socio-economic and demographic

characteristics of the women (at national and state level).

3. Geographical patterns of childlessness across districts of India.

4. Factors affecting childlessness in India

5. Consequences of childlessness on marital disruption and Gender based violence on women.



iii

Measurement of childlessness

Demographic studies usually measure infertility in the following two-ways: Childlessness at the end of the

reproductive life or the absence of recent live births or pregnancies. The childlessness rates in the present

analysis are computed based on all 'Zero Parity' ever married women as given in the Census of India.

Following two indicators have been used:

1. General Marital Childlessness Rate (GMCR):

GMCR = (L / M) * K ……………………(1)

2. Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rate (ASMCR):

ASMCR i = (Li / Mi ) * K ……………………(2)

Where: L and Li = Number of ever-married women in the age group 15-44 years and ith age group with no

children ever born to them respectively

M and Mi = Total population of ever-married women in the in the age group 15-44 years and ith

age group respectively

Data Sources

The data for the present study has primarily been taken from the Census of India, 2001, 1991 and 1981 and

the National Family Health Surveys, 1998-99 (NFHS II) conducted by the International Institute for

Population Sciences, Mumbai.

Findings: Levels and Trends

1. There exists international variability in the levels of Childlessness as the comparison of the general

childlessness rate (GCR) for 14 countries selected indicate that countries such as Guatemala, Costa Rica

and Nepal had higher levels of childlessness (GCR of over 20%) while it was less than 10% for Malaysia,

Thailand, Philippines and Tunisia. In the remaining seven countries including India, the GCR varied

between 10 to 20%.

2. The patterns of age specific childlessness rate (ASCR) reveal that the adolescent women aged 15-19 years

had highest levels of childlessness which declines rapidly until age 30-34 and somewhat stabilizes

through the remaining three age groups of the reproductive span.

3. The analysis of zero parity women from the census show that 13 % of ever-married Indian women aged

15-49 were childless in 1981, which increased to nearly 16% in 2001. The rural urban data indicates that

the levels of childlessness were higher in rural areas compared to urban (13% and 11% respectively).

However, the census 2001 data does not show any rural-urban difference in GCR for India as the it was

about the same for both areas at 16%.

4. The childlessness levels for married adolescents have apparently gone up during 1981-2001; about half of

the married adolescents aged 15-19 years were childless in 1981 which increased to over 70 % during

2001. The levels continue to decline for the subsequent ages, however, the levels being mildly higher in

2001 for older ages (35-39 or older) at about 4% in 1981 and 6% in 2001.

5. The state level analysis indicates a mean value of GMCR for the period 1981 was about nearly 12 %

(SD=5.39) in the rural areas and about 11 % (SD=4.89) in the urban areas. The corresponding figures for

2001 have risen to 14.58 % ((SD=2.72) and 15.28 % (SD=2.72) respectively, reduction in the standard

deviation indicates convergence across states as far as the GCR levels are concerned.

6. In the rural areas of southern states, Kerala has indicated GMCR of less than 15 % in 2001 whereas it was

about 18% in Tamil Nadu. Among northern Hindi speaking states, the GMCR was lowest in Madhya



iv

Pradesh (15%) and ranged between 17 to 20% in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan; a level much higher

than the most southern states. The GMCR in the remaining states varied between about 11-15 %.

7. In the urban areas, Kerala once again indicated lowest GMCR in 2001 among the southern states. In

Andhra Pradesh, GMCR was over 21 %. In northern states the level of GNCR in urban areas varied

between 14-18 %. In case of the remaining states, it ranged between 11-16%.

8. The shape of the age patterns of childlessness in the states is similar to that observed at the national level.

The percentage of childless rural adolescent aged 15-19 in 2001 varied from about 58% in West Bengal to

75% in Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat. For most of the states, the levels decline substantially (to less than half

the levels observed for adolescents) in all the states among women aged 20-24 and continued to decline

through ages 30-34 at 3 to 8% in rural areas and 5 to 9 % in the urban areas and have stabilized after age

34.

9. The data indicates that over the past two decades, the levels of childlessness in the age groups 40-44 and

45-49 have increased considerably in many states (by over 4-5 % points in rural and urban Karnataka and

urban Tamil Nadu and West Bengal, urban Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh and rural Tamil Nadu, for

example).

10. The data on rural-urban differentials reveal that the incidence of childlessness for ever married women in

the reproductive age groups are higher in the rural areas and the gaps are wide for all ages, and are even

more visible at the older ages in 2001 as compared to the previous censuses. The data further indicates

that the rural-urban gaps have widened more in all 4 of the southern states, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan,

Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Haryana, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh.

It is important to remind here that such high increase in the childlessness and also the fact that the levels of

childlessness are higher in rural areas as compared to the urban areas, raises many concerns in view of the

fact that the voluntary childless in India and its state is said to virtually non-existent.

Religion and Childlessness

1. In comparison to Hindu, Muslim and Christians in India in 1981 had lower levels of childlessness; in

1981, GMCR was by over 13% for Hindu compared to about 12 % and 9 % for Muslim and Christian

respectively. By 2001, the GMCR turned quite similar for all the groups.

2. At the state level, the ratio of Muslim GMCR to Hindu varied from a lowest of 0.86 in Madhya Pradeshand 0.88 in Uttar Pradesh to as high as 1.28 in Kerala in 1981. The gaps between the two groups have

bridged for many states as the corresponding range for 2001 narrowed down to 0.94 Uttar Pradesh and

0.95 in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa to 1.21 in Andhra Pradesh. The GMCR was lower for

Muslim women in 10 states in 1981 and in 5 states in 2001. Not only the number of states reduced but

also the gap between the two groups of women too narrowed down (with ratios coming closer to unity).

3. The relative differentials in GMCRs have been wider for Hindu-Christian women in comparison to what

was observed for Hindu-Muslim women. With the only exception of West Bengal, the value of ratio for

the Christian women was below unity in all other 14 states in 1981 and have not only exceeded unity for

10 states but also the values to are quite high (1.02 in Tamil Nadu to 1.38 in Himachal Pradesh).

4. At the national level, childlessness was higher for Hindu women in 1981 for all ages. For 2001 the rates

were lower for Muslim women until age 29, after which, the rates turned higher for them. Differentials

in ASMCRs, in general are wide between Hindu-Christian than what was observed for Hindu-Muslimand the gaps have further widened in the recent times (the levels being usually higher for the Christian

women in majority of the states, more so in the northern states of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan,

Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Karnataka).



v

Women's Education and Childlessness

1. The GMCR for Indian women increases with an increase in the educational status of the women

(from illiterate to graduate and above) during period under analysis (gaps being as high as by over 7

% points for those with graduate and higher education in 2001).

2. The GMCR has shown increasing trend over time at a much faster pace for better educated women,

for example, the GMCR for women who have completed matric or higher schooling increased bymore than 6 % points during 1981-2001.

3. At the state level, GMCRU has dramatically changed in Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan,

Uttar Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana amongst illiterate women (with a change of 6% points or

more) whereas it remained somewhat similar in Bihar, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Orissa. In

case of women who have completed less than middle schooling the change was again rapid in

Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana (by 7-11 % points).

4. The differentials in GMCRs by educational states of the women are substantially larger for all four

southern states in 2001 whereas they are relatively smaller in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.

Among the highly educated women (those with graduation or more), GMCR changed by over 10 to

20% points in Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and West Bengal and between 5 to 10 % in

Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Orissa and Haryana.

5.

In 2001, almost all of the states had indicated higher levels of ASMCRU for women with matric orhigher education (especially those who have completed graduation or higher) compared to non-

literate women.

6. In Kerala, the ASMCR was higher for women who have completed matric or higher education and

were younger (aged below 35 years) in comparison to the illiterate whereas for women aged 35

years or older, it was relatively higher among illiterate women.

Women's Economic Activity Status and Childlessness

1. In 1981 GMCR for Indian women who were reported as main worker was higher by nearly 2 %

points and by one-half percent points for marginal workers as compared to those who reported as

non-worker. In terms of percentages, the GMCR for was higher by about 13 % for main workers by

about 11 % for marginal workers as compared to non-workers. However, this scenario revered by1991 as the GMCR became less by nearly 4 % and 10 % respectively for main workers and

marginal workers as compared to those observed for non-workers.

2. During 1981, in comparison to the non-workers, the GMCR was lower for main workers in Kerala,

Bihar and Madhya Pradesh while reverse was true for rest of the other states. In case of marginal

workers, the GMCR in 1981 was higher for marginal workers in Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana

and Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa and West Bengal while in the remaining states it was

higher for the non-workers. In 1991, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra had

lower GMCR for main workers whereas in other states it was higher for the non-workers.

3. At the national level, ratio of ASMCR of main workers to non-workers was above unity at all ages

in 1981 while in 1991 it was below unity for women aged 15-24 years and above unity for those

aged 25 years or older. The gaps between the two groups of women widened with age during 1981

and 1991, however, the gaps being narrower for young adolescent women below age 20 in most ofthe states for both main and marginal workers (levels being usually higher for economically active

women).



vi

Caste and Childlessness

1. At the national level, the GMCRU has increased for three-groups of women over time, more rapidly

for those from general castes followed by SC women whereas for ST women it increased marginally

(to about 16% for ST women, about 13% each for SC and Non-SC/ST women). The GMCRU in

1981 was higher for SC women as compared to ST women in all states except Karnataka, Rajasthan

and Punjab (the difference was substantial in a few states like Himachal Pradesh, Orissa, AndhraPradesh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu -by about 8 to 17 %).

2. For SC women GMCRU in 2001 was higher in Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Uttar

Pradesh (18-19%) followed by Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat (14 to

16%). In other states it ranged between 11 to 13%.

3. For the ST women, GMCRU was lowest at 12% in Himachal Pradesh and 13-14% in Gujarat,

Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. On the other hand, it was observed at as high as 23% in Tamil

Nadu and 18-19% in Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.

4. For non-SC/ST women, the GMCRU in 2001 was highest in Tamil Nadu followed by Bihar and

Uttar Pradesh (18-19%) whereas it was lowest in Himachal Pradesh (11%). In other states like

Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat, it was around 16-17%.

5. In 2001, there were 7 states where GMCRU for SC women was high. When ST women are

compared with the non-SC/ST women, the GMCRUs were lower for the ST women in Bihar,Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra while in other states it was higher for them. In

most of the states, these differentials in this regard are wider between ST and Non-SC/ST women as

compared to those observed for SC and Non SC/ST women.

6. At the national level, the ASMCRUs were relatively higher for SC women aged 25 years and olderin 1981 and at all ages in 2001. It is also noted that in 2001 the differences between the two groups

of women widen with age until 39 and began to bridge thereafter. The largest gap was observed at

age 35-39 (40 %) followed by 36 % in the age group 30-34 years in 2001.

7. For ST women, the ASMCRU was higher for them as compared to the Non-SC/ST women at all

ages during 1981 and the differences were substantial. However, by 2001, the ASMCRU for STwomen was observed to be lower than that of the Non-SC/ST women for ages below 35 years and

higher thereafter.

8.

The ASMCRUs for SC women was lower than the Non-SC/ST women for a number of states in1981 whereas this scenario has reversed in 2001 (with more states having higher ASMCRU for SC

women as compared to non-SC/ST women). The gap between SC and Non-SC/ST women has been

unusually wide in Uttar Pradesh and Orissa and West Bengal. The ASMCRU in 2001 was relatively

lower for young ST women in southern states, northern states (except Bihar) and Western states of

Gujarat and Maharashtra whereas reverse was true for the older women (beyond age 30 years). In

other states (Himachal Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal), the ASMCRU was higher for the ST

women as compared to the Non-SC/ST women for all age groups.

Levels of Childlessness: District Scenario

1. Majority of the districts in India fall into medium levels of the childlessness (MPD) as about 64%

and 75% of the districts had 2.51 to 7.50% women in the age group 35-39 who were childless in1981 and 2001 respectively. There were nearly 28 % of the districts with low levels of childlessness

(LPD) in 1981, which came down to just 3 % in 2001, indicating a sharp reduction. Of note is also

the fact that share of high prevalence districts (HPD) was a little over 4 % in 1981 which increased

to nearly 22 % in 2001. It may thus be said that at the national level there has been dramatic shift in

the position of districts from low prevalence to high prevalence.

2. Out of the total 115 low prevalence districts in 1981, 27 came from undivided Uttar Pradesh

followed by Karnataka (19 districts), Maharashtra (11 districts), West Bengal (10 districts) and

Arunachal Pradesh (9 districts). In other words, two-thirds of the LPD districts are from these five

states. In 2001, of the 18 low prevalence districts, 11 were from Haryana, 6 from Rajasthan, 2 from

Manipur and one from Himachal Pradesh. It is interesting to note that all the districts in Karnataka,



vii

Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya and Mizoram belonged to LPD group in 1981. Further, in West

Bengal and Himachal Pradesh they accounted for about two-thirds of the total districts and about

half of them in the undivided Uttar Pradesh, Kerala.

3. In case of the 262 medium prevalence districts in 1981, 39 were from undivided Madhya Pradesh,

28 from the undivided Uttar Pradesh and 26 each from Rajasthan and undivided Bihar. The data

further reveals that all of the districts in Gujarat, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu had medium levels of

childlessness in 1981. Somewhat similar observations may also be made for 2001.

4. Coming to the high prevalence group, it may be noted that of the 18 such districts in 1981, 7 were

from Andhra Pradesh, 4 from undivided Madhya Pradesh, 3 from Orissa, 2 from Manipur and one

from undivided Uttar Pradesh. As may be noted, not only the number of the districts in the state in

this group has increased over time (in 2001) but also many districts from all parts of the country

have joined this group. For example, the number of districts in Andhra Pradesh in the HPD group

increased from 7 in 1981 to 16 in 2001, from one to 8 in Jammu and Kashmir, from 3 to 8 in Orissa,

from one to 15 in undivided Uttar Pradesh and from 2 to 8 in Manipur.

Factors affecting childlessness in India

1. The results reveal that the likelihood of childlessness (at the significance level of one per cent) is

closely associated with place of residence, religion, caste, standard of living index, her educationalstatus, age at marriage, body mass index (BMI), substance use and experience of any sexually

transmitted infection.

2. The likelihood of childlessness is 28 per cent higher among rural woman as compared to their

counterparts living in the urban areas. Likewise, SC and ST women are more likely to be childless

as compared to the Non-SC/ST women. The differentials are more evident with regards to the

education and BMI; likelihood of a illiterate woman being childless is 43% less than a woman who

had completed higher education and similarly women whose BMI is less than 18.5 or greater than

25 are 20 and 54 %, respectively, less likely to be childless as compared to those whose BMI is

between 18.5 to 25.0.

3. Women who have experienced any sexually transmitted infections have 21 per cent higher chances

of being childless as compared to those who have not experienced any reproductive morbidity.

Consequences of Childlessness

A: Childlessness and Marital Disruption

The analysis indicates that the percentages of women who were divorced/separated/disserted were notably

higher for those who were childless as compared to those who have any child(ren) both at national as well as

regional levels and also for both younger and older women. The relationship between childlessness andmarital disruption is apparently far more serious and stronger for the older women as compared to the

younger women. At the national level, for example, about 5% of the childless women aged 15-29 were

divorced/separated/deserted compared to less than 3% among those with children. Similarly, among women

aged 30-49, over 29% of childless women were divorced/separated/deserted as against of about 8% among

those with children. This clearly indicates that the atrocities in terms of marital disruption have been moresevere among childless women as compared to the women who have children. This is quite logical in the

sense that in situations where woman fail to have a child the families may give some more time to the

woman and wait before taking the final plunge.

Similar observations are also made in different regions of the country. As a matter of fact the gaps actually

widen up much more in some regions. More women residing in the southern region, for example, suffer

marital disruption as compared to their counterparts with children. Among older women, the gaps were wide

for all regions in general and for women in west, south and east regions in particular. Over 36% of childless

women aged 30-49 years and about 6% of them in the age group 15-29 years living in southern states were

divorced/separated/disserted in comparison to 11 and less than 4%, respectively, among those with children.



viii

It may be recalled from our earlier discussion that the levels of childlessness are much higher in southern

states of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Not only this, there are many districts in these two states where

more than 10% of the women in 2001 were childless. Among the younger women, the gap between childless

women and those with children in terms of percentages of divorced/separated/disserted is once again notable

in western (6% compared to 3%) and central regions (over 4% compared to 2%).

B: Childlessness and domestic Violence perpetrated by husband and in-laws

The findings suggest that at all India level, proportion of women who reported experiencing domestic

violence perpetrated by their husbands and/or in-laws was over 23% among those women aged 30-49 years

who were childless as compared to 21% among those who had children. At the regional level, the results aresimilar, nonetheless, it is noted that higher proportion of childless women living in northern region reported

that they were beaten by their husbands/in-laws as compared to their counterparts with children (16% versus

12%). Similarly, about 27 per cent of the older childless women in central region reported violence as

against of less than 23 per cent among those with children. Thus the more childless women than those with

children had reported experiencing domestic atrocities perpetrated by spouse and/or in-laws.

C: Childlessness and Total Fertility Rate

The analysis indicates that the fertility levels are lower in the districts wherever childlessness incidence is

higher. The distribution of districts by fertility levels and levels of childlessness reveals that the share of

districts with low fertility increases with the increase in the percentages of childless women; share of district

with below replacement level fertility was less than 5% among districts with less than 2.5% childless womenaged 35-49 which increased over 17% among those with 2.51 to 5.00% childless women to further nearly

29% among those with 5.01 to 7.5 % childlessness. In contrast, share of districts in below replacement is

over 44% among districts with 7.51 – 10.00% childless and had risen to over 56% for districts with more

than 10% childlessness. The share of districts with TFR of more than 4 declines with the increase in the

levels of childlessness.



Childlessness in India 1

Chapter 1

Background of the Study

1.1 Introduction and Review of Literatures

If being a mother is synonymous with being a woman, then failure to become a mother constitutes

not fully achieving the status of ‘woman’. The significance of this for women who do not have

children cannot be underestimated (Gillespie 1999). Desire for motherhood is inevitable andalmost universal. Historically as well as traditionally, motherhood for women has been seen as

natural. Until very recently, all over the world, construction of feminine identity was typically

synonymous with motherhood. Nevertheless, in most developing countries like ours there has not

been any notable change as far as the desire for motherhood is considered. Typically, both pregnancy and birth are widely associated with rituals that transform a woman from the

impotence or childlessness to motherhood, from being a young wife to a mature woman with theenhanced social status that is conferred upon mothers in many societies (Homans 1982). Infertility

or the inability to have children on the other hand affects both men and women of reproductive

age in all parts of the world. Infertility has multiple cases and consequences depending on the

gender, sexual history, life style, society, and cultural background of the people it affects (Wright2003). Childless men and women are stigmatized and are likely to be discriminated against

(Runganga et. al. 2001; Nene et. al. 2002).

The available literature demonstrates that it is the women who bear major burden of infertility(Abbey et. al. 1991; Greil et. al. 1988; Inhorn 1994b; Inhorn and Van Balen 2001; Stanton et. al.

1991; Van Balen and Trimbos-Kemper 1993). This burden may include blame for reproductive

failing, emotional distress resulting in anxiety, depression, frustration, grief, and fear (Greil 1997),marital duress leading to abandonment, divorce, or polygamy; stigmatization and community

ostracism; and in many cases bodily taxing, even life threatening forms of medical intervention.

In most of the developing countries, infertile women’s suffering is exacerbated by strong

pronatalist norms mandating motherhood (Inhorn 2003). The prestige and status of women within

family often is related directly to their fertility and childlessness can sometimes lead to loss ofstatus (Senanayake 1986). For the individuals, infertility imposes profound emotional and social

stress, in turn evoking feelings of denial, anger, grief and guilt, especially among women (IPPF1984). Besides the strain of the personal failure, sometimes a tragedy, the infertile couple is often

exposed to a variety of family and social pressures (WHO 1991a). Children are considered as

necessity for care and maintenance in old ages. Even in the developed countries where social

support system is very strong, children are expected to provide much of the care for the aging parents (Shah 2004).

Infertility can be considered in terms of primary and secondary infertility. Primary infertility is

infertility when a woman never conceives whereas in secondary infertility she has conceived once but not subsequently despite efforts to become pregnant. The etiology of infertility again varies

from region to region and from one population to another. Worldwide about 8-12 per cent of thecouples are infertile or the inability to conceive a child at some point during their reproductive

lives (Reproductive Health Outcome 1999). The estimates show that worldwide anatomical,

genetic endocrinological (or immunological factors) cause about 5 per cent of the infertile couples

(WHO 1991b). Generally speaking, involuntary infertility is related to conditions that are

preventable in nature (Rowe 1999) such as sexually transmitted diseases, infections and parasiticdiseases, iatrogenic health care practices and exposure to toxic substances (either in the diet or

environment).

Typically infertility is seen as a woman’s problem whereas the literature clearly indicates that itcan happen because of either of the spouse or both, however, the blame is often attributed on

women particularly in the developing countries (Pearce 1999). Although the women usually get

blame if the couple fails to have child, male factors explain about one-third of all infertility(Population Reports 1983). There are a few studies which show that 30 to 45 per cent of the

infertility in various populations is due to male infertility (Inhorn 2003; Garner 1997; William




1998; Webb 1999; Mohamood et. al. 2005). Although men contribute to couple infertility almost,the blame often comes on women (Balen 2001). This may be so as pregnancy, breastfeeding and

childrearing primarily come under domains of the women’s world and thus fertility is also

assumed to be an issue exclusive to the experience of women only (Webb 1999). As a matter offact, socially it is worse to be childless in developing countries (Van Balen and Vissar 1997) since

it poses several risks for the women themselves and their relations with their husband, relatives

and neighbors (Inhorn 1996). As a family health problem threatening family survival,

childlessness is a neglected family planning ingredient. Sub-fertility or infertility in thedeveloping countries means social victimization and persisting barrenness means destitution for

the woman (Gerbstorm 1980). Callen (1985) stated that the individuals are judged differentlyaccording to their fertility status. In various literatures, childlessness has been referred as a

tragedy.

Most common preventable causes of infertility among both men and women is infection. Pelvic

inflammatory diseases in women, due to sexually transmitted infections and other infections,account for more than half of all female infertility in many regions (Population Reports 1983). In

some areas infection related infertility is so widespread that it not only constitute a personal

problem but also a public health challenge. Kemkes-Grottenthaler (2003) suggested that some

women may choose to postpone motherhood as they may give more preference to educationand/or career. This at the end for many women may inevitably end up ‘involuntary childlessness’.

The social consequences of childlessness are varied from personal (e.g. sadness and jealousy, fearof divorce) and social (e.g. lack of practical support and exclusion from certain social events andceremonies) (Gerrits and Hardon 2001) and they differ substantially from one population to

another population and over time for same population. The blame for childlessness is most often

cast at women (Parkin 1973). A study in northern Rajasthan (Singh et al (1996) revealed that rude

and insensitive behaviour of neighbors or relatives was reported more often by women ascompared to husbands. Childlessness in some cases may actually be the cause for the

abandonment by husband or ostracization by their social groups (Anonymous 1991; Okonofua etal. 1997), divorce and remarriage by husband (Okonofua et al. 1997; Bumpass and Sweet 1972;

Manmohan 1955), physical and mental abuse neglect and economic deprivation (Okonofua et al.

1997). In a study in Bangladesh, Papreen et al (2000) found that infertility places woman at risksof social and familial displacements and it is she who bears maximum burden of it. Another study

in Bangladesh, Ahmed (1987) found that the divorce rates were strongly (and positively)

associated with childlessness. Similarly in Nigeria it has been found that if a wife does not bearmany children, the husband has a reason to seek another wife and live polygamously (Okonofua

et al. 1997). In the same study over 95 per cent of the men and women respondent told that they

would pity a childless man. Many believe that a man without children would not be remembered

and his branch of the family would end (WHO 1995). Isley (1979) found that in Africa, persistentchildlessness for two or more years could lead to marital instability, infidelity and sexual

promiscuity. He further found that the childlessness for longer than five years could actually lead

to separation and/or divorce. Bumpass and Sweet (1972) found that the childless couples have

higher probability of separation or divorce as compared to those who have children. Unisa (2000)observed that disharmony of marriage was more evident among childless couples and childless

women experienced violence from their husbands. Veevers (1973) concluded that rather than

marital status per se parenthood is the important variable affecting person's prediction towardssuicide. He further stated that childlessness seems to predispose towards suicide. William (1998)

found that adverse effect of childlessness on men could actually vary from marital disharmony toloss of masculinity, competence and control which in turn could lead to frustration resulting inrecklessness, abandonment and of expected men responsibilities and other self destructive

behavior. Psychologically and emotionally, infertility has crippling effect on couples including

suffering with feelings of guilt, anger, depression and loss of self esteem (Malhlstedt 1985). Thismay be more serious when the treatment duration is prolonged. Pepperell and Mcbain (1985)

found that prior to the treatment couples with normal sexual functions may sometimes develop

decreased coital frequency, orgasmic dysfunction, absence of ovulation etc. They further notedthat the suicide rate among childless couples was double the level among those who had children.

Bhatt and Bhatt (2002) found that a male partner is often emotionally disturbed if he has erectile

dysfunction.




Often the ill effects of childlessness are far more severe for women than they are for men. Inmany societies, those women who fail to give a live birth are often given names and are

considered to be inauspicious. Sociologists in various cultural settings have observed that

infertility is often linked to curse, adultery or immoral behaviour, witchcraft (Greil 1991; Pearce1999), some activity that had angered ancestors, the deities or anyone in the community (Pearce

1999). Not only this, they are subjected to the additional risks of social discrimination in many

forms. For example, in some populations childless women are kept away from social celebrations

in the family or society. In some other populations, childlessness is the reason enough for thehusband to remarry. It is important to specify here that all this happen to the woman irrespective

of whether it is due to her being infertile or because the husband is infertile. In fact, maleinfertility has rarely been considered a factor in childlessness (Ford 1951-52).

The desire for children is nearly universal and hence most part of the childlessness is thus

involuntary (Martinson 1970, p. 314). Hence majority of the childless couples are not that way by

choice (Bell 1971; Freedman et. al. 1959; Whelpton et. al. 1966). There are various causes of sub-fecundity, including genetic factors, psychopathology, disease, nutritional deficiencies, and

environmental factors (Poston and Trent 1982b, Poston and Trent 1984)1. Given the normative

context that supports medium to high fertility in many developing countries, one would expect

most married women to want to have children (Poston et. al. 1982a). The analysis of the data fromthe World Fertility Survey for the developing countries revealed that most of the childlessness in

the developing countries was involuntary childlessness (Poston et. al. 1982a; Poston and Trent1982b and Poston et. al. 1983). It was further observed that among childless women aged 40 yearsand above, virtually all of the childlessness was involuntary and the great majority of the

permanent childlessness among all childless women is involuntary (Poston et. al. 1982a).

Involuntary childlessness is essentially a social status and a social psychological condition,

brought about as a consequence of infertility (Matthews and Matthews 1986). Involuntarychildlessness can and does often become a tragedy for many couples. The conflux of personal,

interpersonal, social and religious expectations brings a sense of failure, loss and exclusion tothose who are infertile (Rutstein and Shah 2004). Further, involuntary childlessness is mainly due

to sub-fecundity, that is, the diminishing capacity to reproduce (McFalls 1979a). Fear of social

ridicule and stigmatization often leads to strained relationship in childless couples; one partnermay seek to blame the other (Widge 2004).

The issue becomes even more important in view of the fact that in many developing countries, the

available medical facilities are inadequate. It has been found that in many developing countriesthe medical treatment is available to the upper classes only and many women seek help fromtraditional healers (Van Balen and Vissar 1997). For example, in Africa, infertility is usually

attributed to a defect on the part of the female partner and most traditional remedies are directed

toward women (Imperato 1977).India is characterized by pronatalist norms and social values that favor higher fertility. Females in

India are almost universally married and marry early (Jain 1975) and newly married girls in India

are often given blessing by elders to beget large families and childless or lack of male child

invites prejudice and ill will (Gandotra and Pandey 1979). Generally speaking, in India too thereis a great deal of social stigma attached to childless couples. According to Meade (1979), along

with lack of industrialization, low educational standard, limited mass communication, cultural

factors such as universal and early marriage and childlessness as a social disgrace are importantfactors affecting population explosion in India. Khan et. al. (2001) found that like other parts of

1 The genetic causes of infertility include factors such as chromosome abnormalities, certain types of

anaemia, red blood cells incompatibilities between the mates and metabolic abnormalities. Psychologicalfactors include blockages of the fallopian tubes and an acidic uterine environment. Psychopathological

causes factors include psychoses, alcoholism, drug abuse, cigarette smoking and psychic stress. Diseases

found to be affecting sub-fecundity are: tuberculosis, malaria, African sleeping sickness, leprosy, venereal

disease, Chagas disease, smallpox, filariasis etc. Female circumcision in many African countries has an

impact on sub-fecundity levels through health hazards associated with the practice. Nutritional deficiencies

involve the effects of famine and malnutrition. The environmental factors include such causes as radiationexposure, toxic chemical exposure, and occupational hazards. The detail discussion on the factors

associated with sub-fecundity may be seen in McFalls 1979a and 1979b; Guest 1978 and International

Fertility Research Program 1980)




the world, in India too, it is woman who gets the blame if she fails to reproduce. This happenirrespective of the fact whether the causes are related to men or women.

Despite this, the problem of childlessness has been largely overlooked in favor of research and

promotion of family planning (IPPF 1982).2 As a matter of fact, infertility research has been

neglected both as a health problem and as subject for social science research. In the past few

decades greater amount of emphasis is placed on controlling the unwanted fertility while

infertility has hardly received any attention (Menken 1985). The population scientists world over

have paid more emphasis on trying to understand the dynamics of fertility and somehow ignoredthe important issue of childlessness to a greater extent (the Indian demographic community is no

exception to this). As a result very little work has been carried out in the past on this importantaspect. This is evident from the fact that there are very few publications available on the subject,

particularly in the Indian context3, 4. To quote from Veevers (1971) “most of the studies on

fertility differentials in various populations have concentrated towards average number of births

forgetting the issue of likelihood of a woman in a particular social group of being unable to have birth at the first place”. In the words of Jejeebhoy (1998) 'the general thrust of both programme

and research has been on correlates of high fertility and its regulation rather than the context of

infertility, its causes and consequences It may not thus be wrong to say that the fertility levels of

any population are very much influenced by the levels of childlessness (both voluntary andinvoluntary) in the population and it plays an important role in determining both levels and

differentials of fertility (Roberts 1972). The evidence in the past has suggested that the decline inimpaired fertility leads to an increase in the total fertility rate (Larsen 1996).To our mind, there may be two factors that could lead to such scanty (little) emphasis (neglect) on

this issue. Firstly, in India fertility levels continue to be higher and therefore both researchers as

well as the policy makers are focusing all their efforts in trying to understand the dynamics of

fertility so as to be able to identify the factors responsible for the persistent higher fertility levels.This cannot be overlooked since reducing the continuing higher levels of fertility is the top

priority of Indian government and the policy makers. Secondly, there is paucity of data onchildlessness. Whatever may be the reasons, the fact remains that there is huge gap on the

research related to childlessness and time has come that childlessness finds its place in the subject.

It may be emphasized here that the correct assessment of the future needs of various services-housing, education, health care, demand for various consumer goods etc. would be as much

influenced by the levels of childlessness (both in terms of capacity and desire to reproduce) as the

fertility levels. Hence, to be able to do more accurate assessment of the future requirements ofvarious goods and services there is urgent need to undertake more and more research to

understand the dynamics of both childlessness and fertility. However, in the recent years

infertility has received considerable international attention (Bonnar et al. 1984; Belsey 1978;

Leridon 1979) but its worldwide extent has never been systematically described.Besides this, there is need to explore this rarely explored phenomenon. In some of the regions

infertility is found to be widespread and its prevalence reaching such proportions that it can well

be considered as a public health problem affecting the life of the whole society (WHO 1991). In

2 It is surprising to note that the issues related to the childlessness do not find any place in either National

Population Policy- 2000 document or recently declared National Health Policy- 2002. As a matter of fact

there has been no mention of childlessness in any of the past population policy document.3 For example, the literature search on POPLINE (December 2001) yields a total of 629 publications when

the search is executed for ‘childlessness’ as the key word as against of 78059 publications when the searchis executed for ‘fertility’ as the key word. Further, the number of publications drastically comes down to

222 when the search is executed for ‘childlessness and developing countries’ as against of 35654 for‘fertility and developing countries’. Similarly the number of publication comes down to only 16 when the

search is executed for ‘childlessness and India’ as against of 5109 for ‘fertility and India’. However, the

number of publications on childlessness shows a rising trend over time (as the number of publications

increased from a mere of 4 during 1951-60 to 17 during 1961-70, 143 during 1971-80 and 311 during 1981-

90). Nevertheless, in the last decade (that is 1991-2000) there were only 154 publications dealing with

childlessness globally.4 To be honest it is probably not right to blame the Indian demographers for not showing their interest in the

issues. In fact as a student of demography I hardly remember any emphasis on this aspect during the entire

two years course.




its extreme, infertility, compounded by pregnancy wastage, infant and child mortality, may lead todepopulation, which poses serious threat to the social and economic development of the region.

The level and patterns of infertility apparently vary widely, (Belsey 1978; WHO1975; Belsey

1976; Sherris and Fox 1983) depending on the prevalence of 'core' infertility (biological variationin chromosomal, congenital, and endochronological abnormalities) and acquired infertility

(geographic variation in infectious, environmental and occupational factors). The World Health

Organization (1997) has estimated that globally there are about 60 to 80 million couples with

unwanted infertility. Globally, between 8 to 12 per cent of couples experience some form ofinfertility during their reproductive lives. It is important to note that the incidence levels in some

of the African countries are even higher to the level of 20 to 30 per cent (Erickson and Brunette1996). The level, underlying causes and contributing factors of infertility clearly vary from one

country to another and even from one locality to another. To the major part (55 per cent and

above), infertility is the consequence of sexually transmitted diseases or of complications suffered

during post partum or post abortion period (particularly illegal induced abortion), all of thisinfertility to a large extent is preventable (WHO 1991a). It may further be mentioned that only in

about 5 per cent of couples, the causes of infertility are attributable to anatomical, genetic,

endochronological or immunological factors etc.

1.2 Objectives

In the light of above background it was decided to take up the present research. The specificobjectives of the present study are to examine the:

1. Levels and changes in childlessness in India, states and districts.

2. Differentials in the prevalence of childlessness by selected socio-economic anddemographic characteristics of the women (at national and state level).

3. Geographical patterns of childlessness across districts of India.

4. Factors affecting childlessness in India5. Consequences of childlessness on marital disruption and Gender based violence on

women.

1.3 Measurement of childlessness

Estimates of the magnitude of primary and secondary infertility are often imprecise because theyare based either on demographic data or health service statistics (WHO 1991). Since demographic

data only provides estimates of primary infertility and do not always distinguish between

voluntary and involuntary infertility or unknown fertility. Hospital or clinic base data on the other

hand do not indicate the prevalence of the problem unless all couples under study suffering frominvoluntary use their services. Any reliable estimate of prevalence of infertility would need

identification of all couples with primary or secondary infertility regardless of whether they seek

health service care for the same or not. Such data can be obtained with the help of community based sample surveys. In the absence of such surveys, prevalence of infertility can be measured

by direct indicators like primary and secondary infertility or indirect indicators such aschildlessness.

There appears to be lack of global agreement on pragmatic definitions of important indicators or

concepts related to infertility that further limit the comparability of data. While it is clear that

infertility, childlessness or sterility all refer to the inability of couples to conceive or bear children

when desired, there tends to be some variation in the specific definitions adopted by clinicians,epidemiologists and demographers. Variations in the definitions of childlessness largely occur in

(a) the reference period used to establish infertility, and (b) in the classification of women who

have experienced pregnancy but not a live birth. Just to give an example, medically infertility isdefined as the failure to achieve a pregnancy after one year of regular unprotected intercourse

with the same partner (Kiser 1964). WHO (1991a and 1991b) defines infertility as the failure to

conceive despite two years of cohabitation and exposure to pregnancy. This definition adopted bythe WHO drawn by the Scientific Group on the Epidemiology of Infertility has used two-years as

the reference period for this purpose. However many studies adopt their own definitions.




Clinicians for example, have used one year of unsuccessful efforts to conceive as the criterion forinfertility. A community-based study in Egypt conducted by the Egyptian Fertility Care Society

(EFCS 1984) has used this definition. The Handbook of Women’s Health (Rosenfeld 2001)

defines infertility as the inability of a sexually active couple desiring pregnancy to achieve soeven after a period of one year.

In contrast, community surveys measure infertility in terms of childlessness (Vassen, 1984,

Farley, 1988), despite the fact that there is some difference between the two. The complexity of

these issues is often not well recognized or acted upon. There is a difference between sterility (theinability to conceive or to impregnate), infertility (the inability to produce a live birth) and

childlessness (not having a living child) (Boerma and Mgalla 1999). Medically, a couple isdefined as infertile if pregnancy has not occurred within one or two years of unprotected

intercourse (WHO 1975). Demographic studies often define a couple as infertile if the woman

reports no pregnancy or live births within a certain number of years of unprotected intercourse –

usually the past one, two or five years.Childlessness is defined as the proportion of couples who fail to have a live birth at the time of

interview despite cohabitating for at least five years in the absence of conception, breastfeeding or

postpartum amenorrhoea (that is exposed to the risk of pregnancy). Thus according to this

definition, unlike a couple with primary infertility, a childless couple also includes those whohave successfully conceived but failed to deliver a live birth. These studies have also referred all

couples with difficulty in bearing a second or higher order birth, despite usually five years ofexposure as in the definition above as secondary sterility. Both primary and secondary sterility puttogether are referred as involuntary childlessness/infertility.

The five-year reference period has typically been used in many community-based studies but not

necessarily in the demographic surveys. In demographic surveys, in addition to the voluntary

infertility (that is contraception) some factors like postpartum sexual abstinence, breast-feedingcustoms and practices, long-term separation of husband and wife too are taken into consideration.

Primary infertility (sometimes also referred to as primary sterility) may be defined as couples whohave never conceived despite cohabitation and exposure to pregnancy (not contracepting) for a

period of two years. Secondary infertility (also known as secondary sterility) on the other hand is

defined as 'following a previous pregnancy if a couple despite cohabitation and exposure to pregnancy (in the absence of contraception, breastfeeding or postpartum amenorrhoea) fails to

conceive for a period of two years'. Using demographic data WHO (1991) connotes primary

infertility and childlessness to women who never became pregnant, had no live birth, no child born, and even no child surviving first year or no child alive (p. 7). It is important to mention here

that some societies do have a custom for of adopting a child (or several children) by an infertile

woman. Often women report adopted children as their own offspring(s). This can lead to lowering

the reported rate of infertility. Further in cases where women are divorced or when marriage nevertakes effect because of childlessness, we may actually under estimate the extent of infertility if

only married women are included in the study.

Estimation of secondary infertility using demographic data is difficult since it may occur at any

time in a woman’s life. In a community based study it is only through direct questioning that wemay be able to establish whether the woman had attempted to have more children or not. 'Only

one child' must be seen as a very rough approximation of the same. Further this may lead to both

under or over estimation of the secondary infertility depending on contraceptive behaviour and thedesired number of children.

Although there are several studies carried out so far on the issue of infertility however they allhave their own limitations (WHO 1991). We discuss them in very brief here. Clinical infertilitystudies are the prime source for determining the etiology of infertility but they do not indicate the

prevalence of the problem in the population since it is almost impossible to reach all affected

couples in the service areas. Epidemiological infertility research may provide the prevalence of both primary and secondary infertility in the community and at the same time may also be helpful

in providing some clues or explanation for the causes of infertility status. However such studies

are seldom carried out. Fertility surveys often cover range of aspects relevant to infertility and can provide good indicative and qualitative data such as on contraceptive behaviour. However, for the

most part, the data is presented as demographic information and has to be used with its inherent

limitations. Demographic surveys or census can only provide rough indirect measurements of




primary infertility (childlessness) or 'only one child' as an imprecise indicator of secondaryinfertility. Often such data has to be relied upon failing more specific studies and therefore has to

be interpreted in the light of its constraints. Demographic studies usually measure infertility in the

following two-ways:

1. Childlessness at the end of the reproductive life, or

2. The absence of recent live births or pregnancies.

Another term that is sometimes found in the literature (Bogue 1969) is called 'completed

childlessness rates. Some of the researchers while analyzing the data related to childlessness havefocused exclusively on the women in the last years of the reproductive lives (that is women in the

forties, particularly in the late forties). These rates have been termed as 'completed childlessness

rates'.

The incidence of permanent childlessness among females may be measured in various ways.Cruijsen and Van de (1986) have examined the validity of conventional as well as more recently

developed methods of measuring the childlessness in a population. From their analysis they

concluded that, on the whole, among the conventional methods of measuring the incidence of

permanent childlessness female birth generations provide fairly accurate estimates. They further pointed out that for a period of changing timing of first birth, the traditionally used methods

measuring the incidence of permanent childlessness among synthetic female birth generations produce a significant under or overestimation of the ultimate proportion of the childless womencurrently in the middle of their reproductive years. The incidence of childlessness measured by

the means of births registration systems of fertility surveys produce inaccurate estimates as they

suffer from selective incompleteness. They further emphasize that it is difficult to distinguish

between voluntary and involuntary childlessness as many of the women can be categorized ineither group depending on the definition chosen.

Poston and Gu (1983) analyzed the data on childlessness in the developing countries from twosources- national census and world fertility survey. They concluded that the census based rates on

childlessness in the developing countries may be less problematic than the WFS based rates and

perhaps more reflective of the true levels of childlessness in these countries. Cates et al. (1984)examined the prevalence of infertility using two measures namely; childlessness at older

reproductive ages and the absence of recent pregnancies in sexually active couples from the data

from WFS and Census. Based on their analysis they concluded that the data based on these twomeasures is erroneous for many reasons. Pathak and Unisa (1993) examined the childlessness in

India using parity progression ratios estimated from the children ever born data.

Before discussing the details of the indices use for measuring the levels of childlessness in the

context of present work, we would like to mention following points:1. The analysis focuses on the General and Age Specific Childlessness Rates

2. The childlessness at ages 35-39, 40-44 and 45-49 years is considered as an

approximation of primary infertility5.

3. In the present analysis we have used primary infertility and childlessness assynonymous and do not attempt to study voluntary and involuntary childlessness

separately.

The childlessness rates in the present analysis are based on the census data on number of childrenever born to the ever-married women in India (Registrar General of India 1991). For this purpose,

all 'Zero Parity' ever married women are considered as childless. In other words, we have definedchildlessness as the proportion of ever-married women who have never experienced any fertile pregnancy or those who failed to have a live birth at the time census was conducted.

Symbolically, the General Marital Childlessness Rate (GMCR) and Age Specific Marital

Childlessness Rate (ASMCR)may be presented as:

5 The WHO (1991) used age cohorts 25-29 and 40-44 as groups indicative of the level of infertility in the

population. The cohort 25-29 corresponds to the age of highest fertility when in all parts of the world awoman has normally married and conceived at least once. The cohort 40-44 is chosen to represent the end

of the reproductive age, and may therefore reflect both primary (no child ever born) and secondary

infertility (only one child born).




GMCR = (L / M) * K ……………………(1)

ASMCR i = (Li / Mi ) * K ……………………(2)

Where:

L and Li = Number of ever-married women in the age group 15-44 years and ith age

group with no children ever born to them respectively

M and Mi = Total population of ever-married women in the in the age group 15-44years and ith age group respectively

K = Constant factor

In the past, this measure has been used by a number of researchers to study the levels anddifferentials of childlessness in different populations (Poston and Trent 1982; Poston 1988;

Poston and Rogers 1988, Poston and El-Badry 1976; Rao 1987; Poston 1987; Poston et. al. 1985;Vemuri 1986; Mitra 1966). The present analysis as mentioned before, uses data from the 1981

and 1991 censuses of India. El-Badry (1961) found that most of the census reports on children

ever born data are probably correct but the data is exposed to several potential sources of errors.

Beside the drawbacks on account of such as age misreporting, undercount of women, non-reporting of live births resulting in death, recall lapse error for older women etc. the children ever

born data from the census also suffer from an additional error of enumerators failure to record

'zero' answer appropriately on the census schedule. This eventually misleads to the tabulation ofthe women's answer as 'zero children ever born' to that as ‘parity not given or not stated’ resultingin the error in the childlessness data (El-Badry 1961). Since majority of the women put in the

category of parity not given (or not stated) are actually childless, the rates of childlessness based

on the data not taking these errors into consideration would be downwardly biased.El-Badry (1961) analyzed the data for a number of countries and found out that there exists a

nearly linear relationship between the proportion of the ‘parity not given’ and corresponding

proportions tabulated as childless. Based on this, he proposed a technique for estimating the

proportion of childless women who have been wrongly placed in the category of 'parity notstated'. Palloni (1981) later modified the method. Vemuri (1987) adjusted the data on the

proportion of childless women for India using the two methods and found that the estimated proportions from the two techniques do not differ much. In view of this, in the present analysis we

have only estimated the proportions of childless by using El-Badry’s method (El-Badry 1961).

It is important to bring out to the notice of the readers that when we apply El-Badry method at thenational and state level for different census we encountered many problems. During the course of

our calculation we found that the adjusted rates for some of the units turn negative and in other

cases they become lower than the unadjusted rates. For example, for the state of Meghalaya, the

adjusted rates for urban areas turned negative. Similarly the adjusted rates for rural Mizoram weresubstantially higher than the unadjusted rates (the difference between the two being more than 10

per cent points for all age groups). However, due to these operational problems we decided to

restrict our analysis for unadjusted rates only. Nevertheless, for the national level analysis we

would provide both unadjusted and adjusted levels of childlessness, but our focus would bearound the unadjusted rates. In addition to this, it may also be mentioned that the results of 2001

census do not provide any data on women who did not state their parity and hence we are unable

to make any adjustment for this period. This point would be discussed at length in the nextchapter. In view of this, we shall restrict our discussion mainly to the unadjusted rates only.

1.4 Data SourcesThe data for the present study has primarily been taken from the following sources:

1. Census of India, 2001, 1991 and 1981

2. National Family Health Surveys, 1998-99 (NFHS II)

At the outset it may be mentioned that the present study deals with the childlessness of women

and not with that of men. The present analysis deals with the childlessness of ever-marriedwomen and not that of the general women.




Chapter 2

Childlessness Levels: Global & Indian Scenario

2.1 International Variability in Levels of Childlessness Circa 1980In the present chapter we first compare the levels of childlessness in various countries. In the

Table 2.1 and Table 2.2 we have given the General Childlessness Rate1 (GCR) and Age SpecificChildlessness Rates2 (ASCRs) respectively for the 14 developing countries including India for the

period circa 19803. The countries have been selected from the list of the countries included by

Poston and Trent (1984) in their analysis. However, in the present analysis instead of taking all 65countries as done by Poston and Trent, we have selected only 14 countries owing to availability ofdata. It needs to be further specified that the proportions childless women in the tables refer to all

women (and not for the ever married women as we would have liked to do). We had to use all

women since the data on parity in the Demographic Year Book is given for all women only.Further, in the last panel of the table 2.1 we have also given mean GCR along with standard

deviation. Again we have given two mean values, including and excluding Nepal. This is done as

the values for Nepal for all the age groups were on rather higher side. Further, in table 2.2 wehave given mean and standard deviation along with the maximum and minimum values. Onceagain we have given two sets of mean and standard deviation, including and excluding Nepal.

However, in our discussion on table 2.2, we will restrict to the means and standard deviations

including Nepal.In terms of mean, it may be noted from the table 2.1 that the mean GCR for the 14 countries circa

1980 was a little over 15 per cent (with SD = 6.75). In other words, on an average one in every sixwomen in the reproductive ages in these countries were childless (or failed to give a live birthuntil the census date) during the period circa 1980. The mean GCR excluding Nepal works out to

be lower by almost one and half percent point. Incidentally, the GCR for India circa 1980 comes

quite close to the mean GCR (excluding Nepal). Further, of the 14 countries, GCR was well over

20 in Guatemala, Costa Rica and Nepal, indicating the at least one in every five women in thereproductive ages in these countries failed to give a live birth by the census date. Contrary to this,

the GCR was relatively low in Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines and Tunisia (less than 10 per cent).In the remaining seven countries including India GCR varied between 10 to 20 per cent.

Table 2.1: General Childlessness Rates (GCR) for the Selected Developing Countries, Circa

1980.

High (20+) Intermediate (10-20) Low (Below 10)

NepalCosta Rica

Guatemala

32.1525.06

20.08

BangladeshJamaica

Peru

IndiaIndonesia

Kuwait

Turkey

18.5318.53

16.34

14.3512.65

12.22

10.39

TunisiaPhilippines

ThailandMalaysia

9.959.77

8.547.14

Mean GCR- Incl. Nepal 15.41 Standard Deviation 6.75Mean GCR- Excl. Nepal 14.12 Standard Deviation 5.28

1 The General Childlessness Rate (GCR) is defined as the proportion of women with zero children ever born

to them (known as zero parity women) in the age group 15-49 years divided by the total female population

in the age group 15-49 years multiplied by 100.2 The Age Specific Childlessness Rate (ASCR i) is defined as the proportion of women with zero children

ever born to them (known as zero parity women) in the ith age group divided by the total female population

in the ith age group multiplied by 100.3 We actually intended to present these rates for the period circa 1990 as well. However, due to non-

availability of data for the period circa 1990 for the selected countries we had to restrict our analysis for the

period circa 1980 only.

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Before we begin the analysis from table 2.2 we would like to mention that Poston and Trent(1982) after analyzing the data for 65 countries for the period circa 1970 found that for most of

the countries, the level of ASCR generally was at its maximum among women in the age group15-19 years and declines rapidly till 30-34 age group. However, the ASCRs after age group 30maintain a relative stability through the remaining three age groups (that is 35-39, 40-44 and 45-

49). The present analysis too confirms to similar pattern (see Fig. 1). As may be seen, with only a

few exceptions, for almost all countries included in the analysis here, the GCR declines with anadvancement in age of the woman till 30-34 years and stabilizes thereafter (remaining more or

less similar in the ages 35-39 to 40-44 years).

The data in table 2.2 reveals that the mean ASCR for the countries (including Nepal) declinedfrom about 51 per cent in age groups 15-19 to just 23 per cent in the age group for 20-24 years(lower than half the level) and further to just 11 and 7 per cent for the next two age groups (that is

25-29 and 30-34). However, it revolved around 6 per cent for the last three age groups. This

pattern is found to be true for all countries but Bangladesh, Indonesia, Jamaica and Kuwait. Inthese four countries, the proportion of childless women declines till age 35-39 and then increases

marginally for the last two age groups.The data for the individual country reveal that the ASCR for the age group 15-19 ranges from low

of 37 to 39 per cent in Malaysia, Jamaica and Thailand to about 74 per cent in Nepal followed by

India and Costa Rica (at about 57 per cent). The ASCR for the age group 20-24 varies between 11 per cent in Peru to nearly 33 per cent in Costa Rica followed by Jamaica (27 per cent), India and

Tunisia (about 24 per cent). It may be mentioned that the ASCR for India for the age group 20-24is very close to the mean value of 22.59 per cent. In case of the age group 25-29, the ASCR varies between a little over 6 per cent for Peru and around 8 per cent for Thailand, Turkey, Indonesia

and Malaysia to the high of 27 per cent for Nepal followed by Costa Rica (15 per cent) andJamaica (14 per cent). The ASCR in this age group for India is nearly 9 per cent. Further, the

ASCR in the age group 30-34 years ranges between a low of 3 to 4 per cent in Peru and Malaysia

to close to about 5 per cent in Philippines, Thailand, Tunisia and Turkey to high of about 22 per

cent in Nepal. For the remaining countries however, it varies between 6 to 9 per cent. This patternis expected as the fertility levels peak in the age group 20-29 for most of the developing countries

and hence the levels of childlessness in these age groups show substantial decline over the

previous age group.

Fig 2.1. Age Specific childlessness Rate (ASCR) for Selected Countries, circa 1980

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

GCR

Age group

Costa Rica '84 Bangladesh '74

Guatemala '81 India '81

Indonesia '80 Jamaica '82

Kuwait '80 Malaysia '80

Nepal '81 Peru '81

Philippines '80 Thailand '80

Tunisia '84 Turkey '80




Childlessness in India 11 Coming to the last three age groups, as may be seen from the table, the levels of ASCRs range

from around 2 per cent to 21 per cent in the age groups 35-39 and 40-44 and to nearly 23 per centin the age groups 45-49 years. Further, the highest value is observed for Nepal and lowest is

observed for Malaysia (true for all 3 age groups). The levels of ASCR in these 3 age groups areslightly over 4 per cent for India (marginally lower than the mean value).

Table 2.2: Age Specific Childlessness Rates (ASCRs) for the Selected Developing Countries

during the Period circa 1980.

Country Name Year

Age Specific Childlessness Rates (ASCRs)

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Bangladesh 1974 54.39 19.54 10.94 8.89 8.54 10.29 10.37

Costa Rica 1984 57.04 32.63 15.20 8.43 6.89 6.15 6.28Guatemala 1981 50.39 22.64 9.98 5.72 4.22 3.81 3.67

India 1981 57.05 23.62 9.17 5.44 4.29 4.49 4.43Indonesia 1980 53.86 19.15 8.24 5.74 4.81 5.56 6.01Jamaica 1982 39.27 26.95 14.18 7.86 5.59 6.00 6.92

Kuwait 1980 50.43 22.52 12.30 6.73 4.92 5.08 5.10

Malaysia 1980 36.95 17.89 8.28 3.63 2.11 2.04 2.19

Nepal 1981 73.82 41.69 26.59 21.92 21.47 21.48 22.74Peru 1981 52.06 11.29 6.11 3.49 2.58 2.26 2.44Philippines 1980 44.69 17.57 8.74 5.33 4.03 3.99 4.35

Thailand 1980 37.92 16.54 7.70 4.50 3.23 2.80 2.79Tunisia 1984 52.76 24.44 9.98 5.19 3.58 2.96 6.46

Turkey 1980 48.83 19.86 7.61 4.44 3.59 3.48 3.59

Mean (Incl. Nepal)SD

Maximum Value

Minimum Value

50.689.13

73.82

36.95

22.597.22

41.69

11.23

11.074.96

26.59

6.11

6.954.45

21.92

3.49

5.704.66

21.47

2.11

5.744.82

21.48

2.04

6.245.03

22.74

2.19

Mean (excl. Nepal)SD

Maximum Value

Minimum Value

48.906.74

57.05

36.95

21.135.09

32.63

11.29

9.882.56

15.20

6.11

5.801.66

8.89

3.49

4.491.68

8.54

2.11

4.532.11

10.29

2.04

4.972.17

10.37

2.19

Note: The proportions have been calculated from the data in the Demographic Year Book of theUnited Nations for 1981 and 1986.

2.2 Marital Childlessness in India: 1981-2001

It may be stated that unlike the discussion in the previous section where we have computed the

childlessness rates for all women (due to non-availability of data). However, in the subsequent

analysis for India, its state and district we would use marital childlessness rates (rates for evermarried women). Furthermore, though we have given the rates adjusted using El-Badry method

4,

in our analysis we would focus on the unadjusted rates only. It may be mentioned that in the

subsequent analysis, we shall refer to the unadjusted rates as General Marital Childlessness Rate-

Unadjusted (GMCRU) Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted (ASMCRU) andthose adjusted using the El-Badry Method as General Marital Childlessness Rate-Adjusted

(GMCRA) and Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Adjusted (ASMCRA).

4 We would like to mention here that we have decided to use the estimates of ASMCRA for 1981 carried

out by Vemuri (1987). However, during the course of comparison we felt that the results were not in the

expected direction and hence we estimated the ASMCRA for India and also adjusted them using the samemethod as used by Vemuri, We found huge differences in the two estimates, particularly for the first andsecond age groups. We then tried the similar exercise for some states as well and found the same. The

difference between the two estimates for India is presented in the Appendix-1.2. In view of this, for

assessing the trends in the ASMCRA and GMCRA during 1981-91 we decided to use our estimates for both

the periods.




Childlessness in India 12 The unadjusted and adjusted rates for India for the period 1981, 1991 and 2001 are presented in

table 2.3. Although we have presented the rates separately for rural and urban areas and for totalareas, we would be discussing the rates for rural and urban areas only since the results for rural

and total areas are quite similar. Before we start analysis we would like to bring out followingimportant points:

1. For the year 2001, both adjusted and unadjusted rates for all age groups are similar. This is

because in the fertility data on children ever born for the year 2001, there is no mention ofnumber of zero parity women at any level, whether for the country as a whole or for different

states for any of the age group and for both rural and urban areas. So we added the

distribution of women in each age group for different parity and found that the numberobtained by adding parity data adds up to the total number of married women in the agegroups meaning that all ever married women have reported correctly their parity. As a result

there was no need to adjust the zero parity women as we have done for the previous censuses.

2. If we closely examine the results of the 2001 census, proportion of childless women in 2001

is lower than that in 1991 census; nevertheless it is higher than the 1981 levels. This pattern isobserved both at the national and state level (we would discuss about state level result in

details in our next chapter).

3. In order to understand the discrepancy, we try to make cohort comparison over time. For

example women who are aged 25-29 in 1981 became aged 35-39 year in 1991 and 45-49years in 2001. If we examine the proportion of childless women for this cohort of women(unadjusted), we find that there were about 8.25 per cent of the women aged 25-29 years were

childless in 1981. In the year 1991, proportion of childless women (unadjusted) for the agegroup 35-39 was 7.63 (lower by 0.52 per cent point as compared to the 1981 level, it is

possible as some of these women may have had a baby during 1981-91). The proportion of

childless women aged 45-49 in 2001 is 6.14 (lower by 1.49 per cent point as compared to the

1991 level). This seems to be somewhat unrealistic as it means that about one and a half percent of the women aged 35-39 years in 1991 moved from childless status to one or higher

parity during next ten years.

The fertility data in the District Level Household Survey (DLHS) reveals that less than 3 per centof the births among women aged 35-39 and 45-49 were of birth order one. Similarly the NFHS II

data reveals that about 4.5 per cent of the births among women aged 30-39 years and less than one per cent of the births among women aged 40-49 years were of birth order one. Thus it is difficultto understand the decline in the levels of childlessness as revealed by the census results for the

year 2001.

We first discuss the levels of childlessness as revealed by the unadjusted rates. It may be observedfrom the table 2.3 that the general marital childlessness rates indicate that in 1981 about 13 per

cent of ever married Indian women aged 15-49 years were childless at the time census wasconducted. In other words it may be said that, on an average, one in every six ever-married Indianwomen aged 15-49 years was childless at the time of census.

The corresponding levels for rural and urban India were a little over 13 and 11 per cent.

As general marital childlessness rates have limitation, we have also computed age specific

childlessness rates for the 7 age groups separately. The age patterns of childlessness for Indianwoman, as presented in figures Figure 2.2 reveals that the proportion of childless women declines

substantially from age 15-19 to 20-24 and further to 25-29 and somewhat stabilizes thereafter. Inother words, the shape of the age pattern of childlessness is like ‘inverted J shape’. Similar patterns may be observed for all the period and for rural and urban areas as well. It may be

mentioned the age pattern of childlessness in India are quite similar to that observed for other

countries in the previous section.





Figure 2.2: Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rate-Unadjusted (ASMCRU), India1981-2001.

0

10

20

3040

50

60

70

80

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

ASMCRU

Age Group

1981 1991 2001

0

1020

30

40

50

60

70

80

15-19 20- 4 25-29 30-3435-3940-4445-49

ASMCRU

Age Group0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

ASMCRU

Age Gro up

The data in table 2.3 shows that for the nation as a whole, a little over 52 per cent of the ever-

married women aged 15-19 years in 1981 were childless and their share increased to over 66 percent during 1991 and further to over 70 per cent during 2001. The ASMCRU for the age group

20-24 years virtually halved the levels of observed for the previous age group in all the threecensuses. Although the declining trend continues in the next to age groups (30-34 and 35-39), its

pace apparently slows down, the rates reaching the levels of 5 to 9 per cent for the age group 30-34 years. However, the levels do somewhat stabilize after age 34 years (that is for the last three

age groups) and revolved at around 4 per cent level in 1981, 8 per cent in 1991 and at 6 per cent in

2001.If we look at the levels in the rural and urban areas separately we may find that although the levels

of ASMCRU are different, the age patterns are quite similar to the one observed for combinedareas. As a matter of fact the rural levels are very close to that observed for whole India.However, they are a bit different for urban India. So we would here focus only urban India. The

share of marital childlessness in rural India among teenagers (15-19 years) was about 53 per cent

in 1981 and close to 70 per cent in 2001. while their share in the urban areas was 46 and 70 during

the same period. The levels of marital childlessness declined drastically for women aged 20-24years (21 to 30 per cent in the rural areas and 20 to 36 per cent in the urban areas). The decliningtrend in the ASMCRU continues in the next age group (25-29) and reached to the level of 8-13

per cent in the rural and 8-17 per cent in the urban areas. In the remaining age groups, the rateswere almost similar for both rural and urban areas at about 4 per cent or so in 1981 and 7-8 per

cent in 1991. However, the urban rates in 2001 have relatively remained on the higher side (atabout 7 per cent) as compared to the rural areas (at 6 per cent).

As mentioned before, in the table 2.3 we have also provided the adjusted childlessness rates, wedo not discuss them at length. Nevertheless, one thing is clear and that is that the patterns of

adjusted rates is quite similar to what has been discussed for unadjusted rates. The only difference

being in levels, the levels of unadjusted childlessness are apparently lower than the adjustedchildlessness rates. Further, the difference between the two rates is virtually similar across age

and for rural and urban areas. Generally speaking, the unadjusted rates are lower by about a

percent or so for all situations. This point would be discussed at length in a little while.

Combined

RuralUrban





Table 2.3: General Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted (GMCR) and Age SpecificMarital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted (ASMCR) by Place of Residence, India

1981-2001.

Unadjusted15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-49

ASMCRU GMCRU

Combined1981

19912001

51.50

66.0370.28

21.41

28.9331.74

8.25

12.9213.38

4.91

9.017.84

3.86

7.636.30

4.05

7.866.16

4.00

7.706.14

12.96

17.5015.76

Rural

1981

1991

2001

52.56

67.1170.21

21.72

29.2230.46

8.28

12.8912.07

4.92

9.037.13

3.85

7.695.79

4.01

7.935.74

3.95

7.755.80

13.44

18.2215.62

Urban

1981

1991

2001

46.1960.6970.59

20.3327.9835.61

8.1612.9916.63

4.878.939.60

3.897.457.47

4.227.637.15

4.187.547.05

11.2815.3516.13

Adjusted ASMCRA GMCRA

Combined

19811991

2001

58.3267.46

70.28

27.5530.77

31.74

10.9113.87

13.38

6.419.66

7.84

4.938.19

6.30

5.318.47

6.16

5.288.36

6.14

16.4518.56

15.76

Rural1981

1991

2001

60.58

68.7470.21

28.26

30.9430.46

10.98

13.7312.07

6.47

9.657.13

4.98

8.235.79

5.32

8.535.74

5.28

8.405.80

17.23

19.2615.62

Urban

1981

1991

2001

49.57

61.82

70.59

25.39

30.35

35.62

10.70

14.42

16.63

6.62

9.89

9.60

4.84

8.27

7.47

5.40

8.50

7.15

5.42

8.48

7.05

13.92

16.66

16.13

Note: The adjusted and unadjusted rates for the year 2001 are same as all ever married women reportednumber of children ever born to them and thus making ‘zero parity’ women nil in the data set. The2001 census fertility tables for India and states have not provided number of zero parity women.

When we add women at different parity together it add up to the total number of ever marriedwomen.

2.3 Changes in Marital Childlessness in India: 1981-2001

Table 2.4a and 2.4b give the change in the GMCRU and ASMCRU during 1981-2001 both in

terms of absolute increase and percent increase for the rural and urban areas separate as well ascombined for the nation as a whole. The changes in the GMCRA and ASMCRA in terms of both

absolute terms as well as percentage change for rural and urban areas separate and combined for

the same period have been given in Appendix-1.1.

Period 1981-1991: As revealed by the data, the GMCRU for the nation as a whole has clearlygone up by more than 2 per cent points in the 10 years during 1981-91. This is also true for rural

and urban areas separately, however, the increase is relatively more in the later as compared to theformer (by nearly 3 per cent point as against of about 2 per cent).The change in ASMCRUs reveals that like GMCRU, they too have exhibited an upward trend in

all 7 age groups, in both rural and urban areas as well. At the outset it may be said that the

absolute change in the ASMCRU for all age groups is quite similar in both urban and rural areasof the country. Interestingly, the absolute increase is much more among the teenagers, the

ASMCRU in the age group 15-19 increased during 1981-91 by over 14 per cent points. Similarly,

the absolute increase in ASMCRU in the age group 20-24 was by about 8 per cent points in thesame period. Such changes are very encouraging from programme perspective as it indirectly




Childlessness in India 15 means that relatively fewer girls have got married and had children. Nonetheless, the absolute

increase narrow down to about 4 per cent points in the remaining age groups.

Table 2.4: Trends in Adjusted Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted(ASMCRU) and the General Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted (GMCRU)

and Rural-Urban Differentials in India, 1981-2001.

India

ASMCRU GMCRU

15-4915-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Absolute Change (ABSCHANGE ) & Percent Change (PCTCHANGE ) – 1981-91

ABSCHANGE

Combined

Rural

Urban

PCTCHANGE2

Combined

Rural

Urban

14.5314.55

14.50

28.21

27.6831.39

7.527.50

7.65

35.12

34.5337.63

4.674.61

4.83

56.61

55.6859.19

4.104.11

4.06

83.50

83.5483.37

3.773.84

3.56

97.67

99.7491.52

3.81

3.923.41

94.07

97.76

80.81

3.70

3.803.36

92.50

96.20

80.38

4.54

4.784.07

35.03

35.57

36.08


ABSCHANGE

CombinedRural

Urban

PCTCHANGE2

Combined

Rural

Urban

4.253.109.90

6.44

4.6216.31

2.811.247.63

9.71

4.2427.27

0.46-0.823.64

3.56

-6.3628.02

-1.17-1.900.67

-12.99

-21.047.50

-1.33-1.900.02

-17.43

-24.71

0.27

-1.70-2.19-0.48

-21.63

-27.62

-6.29

-1.56-1.95

-0.49

-20.26-25.16

-6.50

-1.74-2.60

0.78

-9.94-14.27

5.08


ABSCHANGE

CombinedRural

Urban

PCTCHANGE2

Combined

RuralUrban

18.7817.6524.40

36.47

33.5852.83

10.338.7415.28

48.25

40.2475.16

5.133.798.47

62.18

45.77103.8

2.932.214.73

59.67

44.9297.13

2.441.943.58

63.21

50.3992.03

2.111.732.93

52.10

43.1469.43

2.141.852.87

53.50

46.8468.66

2.802.184.85

21.60

16.2243.00

Rural - Urban Gap (R-U Gap)

Rural-Urban

1981

1991

2001

6.37

6.42

-0.38

1.391.24

-5.15

0.12-0.10

-4.56

0.050.10

-2.47

-0.040.24

-1.68

-0.210.30

-1.41

-0.230.21

-1.25

2.16

2.87-0.51

A. ASMCRU (for the ith age group)

1 defined as: 1981-1991: ASMCRU (1991) – ASMCRU (1981)1991-2001: ASMCRU (2001) – ASMCRU (1991)

1981-2001: ASMCRU (2001) – ASMCRU (1981)2 defined as: 1981-1991: [ASMCRU(1991) - ASMCRU(1981)] / ASMCRU(1981) * 100

1991-2001: [ASMCRU(2001) - ASMCRU(1991)] / ASMCRU(1991) * 100

1981-2001: [ASMCRU(2001) - ASMCRU(1981)] / ASMCRU(1981) * 1003 defined as: ASMCRU (Rural) - ASMCRU (Urban)

B. GMCRU 1 defined as: 1981-1991: GSMCRU (1991) – GSMCRU (1981)

1991-2001: GSMCRU (2001) – GSMCRU (1991)

1981-2001: GSMCRU (2001) – GSMCRU (1981)2 defined as: 1981-1991: [GSMCRU(1991) - GSMCRU(1981)] / GSMCRU(1981) * 100

1991-2001: [GSMCRU(2001) - GSMCRU(1991)] / GSMCRU(1991) * 100

1981-2001: [GSMCRU(2001) - GSMCRU(1981)] / GSMCRU(1981) * 1003 defined as: GSMCRU (Rural) - GSMCRU (Urban) Now let us examine the change in the childlessness rates in terms of percentage changes. As may be seen, the GMCRU for India increased by nearly 35 per cent during the 10 years period (1981-

91), at about similar pace for both urban and rural areas. In case of ASMCRUs, two observationsmay be made. Firstly, the percent change was faster at the older ages (that is age 30 onwards) as




Childlessness in India 16 compared to the younger ages. Secondly, the pace of change was slightly faster in the urban areas

as compared to the rural areas for the younger ages whereas for older ages it was quite similar in both areas. It may be reminded here that the levels of childlessness per se are much lower at the

older ages than they are at the younger ages (before age 29 years). For example, during 1981-91, proportion of childless women in the age group 15-19 years increased by about 28 per cent inrural areas and 31 per cent in the urban areas. Similarly, it increased by 34 and 38 per cent in the

next age group in rural and urban areas respectively. In case of ages beyond 30 years, the per cent

increase was over 80 per cent or higher.

Period 1991-2001: As mentioned before, the change in proportion of childless women in

reproductive ages as revealed during 1991-2001 are somewhat not clear since for most age groupsthey show that the levels of childlessness for the country have over the past decades. Thus wewould not really pay much attention to this as before coming to any concrete conclusion one has

to examine the quality of data over two censuses. Nevertheless few broad observations may be

made. In absolute sense, the level of GMCRU in urban India has gone up by about one per cent point during the decade while for rural India they it has come down by nearly 3 per cent points. In

other words, it may be said that in comparison to 1991, more less in India rural women in thereproductive ages remained childless during 2001 whereas in urban it was other way around. As

may be seen from the absolute change in ASMCRUs, most of the change comes from the younger

women (15-24 years). It may be pointed out that, like previous decade, the proportion of youngwomen remaining childless at the time of census increased in terms of absolute change in the

nineties as well (by about 3 and 10 per cent points in the age group 15-19 and one and 8 per centin the age group 20-24 years in rural and urban areas respectively. However, in the remaining agegroups proportion of childless women had reduced during the nineties. This phenomenon is very

difficult to explain as we do not see any major changes that may have occurred in India withregards to availability and accessibility of medical technological advancements which may have

helped childless women to attain motherhood at such late stage of their lives.

Period 1981-2001: The data on the changes in the levels of marital childlessness during twodecades of 1981-2001 too is presented in the same table 2.4. As may be seen, the proportion of

childlessness women in India in its absolute sense has gone up for all ages and for both rural and

urban areas. The GMCRU for India during the past two decades of the last century increased by

nearly 2 per cent points in rural areas and by as much as 5 per cent points in urban areas. In caseof five-year age groups too it exhibited positive change for all ages, however, the increase being

more rapid in the urban areas as compared to the rural areas of the country. In rural India, theASMCRU increased by about one-fifth in the age group 15-19 years and by about one-tenth in theage group 20-24 years. The increase was by about 4 per cent points in the age group 25-29 years.

For other ages too, however, it increased by about 2 per cent points or so. In case of urban areas,

the absolute increase was about 24, 15 and 8 per cent points in them age group 15-19, 20-24 and25-29 years respectively. In terms of percentage change, it may be said that, the pace of change

apparently was faster in the advance ages as compared to the younger ages, although thedifference was not as wide as observed during the eighties.

2.4 Rural-Urban Differentials in Marital Childlessness: 1981-2001

As seen before, levels of general marital childlessness apparently were higher in the rural India

(13, 18 and 16 per cent in 1981, 1991 and 2001 respectively) as compared to the urban India

during the 1981 (11, 15 and 16 per cent in 1981, 1991 and 2001 respectively. This means, that

more rural women in the reproductive ages in India are childless as compared to their urbancounterparts. The last panel of the table gives difference between proportion childless women

rural and urban women. The differences have been obtained by subtracting urban rates from therural. One thing that comes out very clearly from the data on this front is that, on the whole,relatively larger proportions of the rural ever-married women aged 15-49 years were childless as

compared to their urban counterparts. The rural urban gaps have widened during 1981-91 from 2

per cent points to 3 per cent points and then narrowing down to less than one per cent point in




Childlessness in India 17 2001. With regards to the ASMCRUs, although there are no clear patterns, couple of broad

observations may be made. Firstly, the rural-urban differences in this matter were substantiallylarge for the teenagers (15-19 years) throughout the period 1981 and 1991 while reverse were true

for the period 2001. Secondly, in 1981, relatively lower proportion of rural women aged 35 yearsor more are childless as compared to their urban counterparts. Contrary to this, proportion ofchildless women is higher in rural areas as against of urban areas for ages below 35 years

(although the differences are nominal) and the gaps are notably wide for the first age group (that

is 15-19 years). Thirdly, in contrast to what was observed in 1981, in 1991 the proportion ofchildless women was higher in rural areas for all age groups but 25-29 years. Lastly, the most

recent census has revealed that the proportion of childless women is higher in all ages in the urban

areas as compared to the rural areas. Further, the rural-urban differences are far more visible inthe age groups 20-24 and 25-29).The important features of the Tables 2.3 and 2.4 may be summarized as below:

1. On the whole, incidence of childlessness in rural India has increased during 1981-91

and then has though declined marginally in the last decade but has remained muchhigher than the 1981 level. However, in case of urban areas, the incidence of overall

childlessness has consistently gone up in the last three censuses.2. The childlessness rates are highest in the age group 15-19 and decline rapidly

subsequently until age 30-34 years and stabilize thereafter. This is true for both rural

and urban areas as well throughout the time period under analysis.3. The ASMCRU in India have increased during 1981-91 and 1991-2001 for ages 15-19

and 20-24 years in both rural and urban areas and for ages 25-29 and 30-34 years inurban areas. For the remaining ages, the levels have gone up during the eighties butcame down in the nineties, more so in the rural areas.

4. In absolute terms, the change in ASMCRU has been sharper for the younger ages(particularly 15-19 age group whereas it is slower at the older ages.

5. The data on rural-urban differentials reveal that the incidence of childlessness for ever

married women in the reproductive age groups are higher in the rural areas of the

country and the gaps are quite notable for the first and second age groups. The rural-urban differences were wider in the age groups 20-24 and 25-29 during 2001. As a

matter of fact, even at the older ages, the rural-urban gaps more visible during 2001

as compared to the previous censuses.





Chapter 3

Levels, Patterns and Variations in

Childlessness in States of India

In the present chapter we discuss levels, trends of and differentials in childlessness acrossstates of India during 1981, 1991 and 2001. The analysis has been done for all 29 states and

union territories for 1981, 31 for 1991 and 35 for the year 2001. However to make thediscussion more compact and meaningful, the discussion is restricted to 15 major states of

the country. Nevertheless, the data for other states and union territories is presented in theAppendices 3.2 and 3.3. Before we begin our analysis we would also like to bring to the

notice of the reader following:

1. We have presented data for rural and urban areas only as the results for combined areasas quite similar to those of the rural areas and the discussion revolves around rural and

urban areas only. This has been done to make the table more compact.2. In the present section, we have used unadjusted childlessness rates only. The rationale

for choosing the unadjusted rates over adjusted rates remains same as mentioned in the previous chapter. Nonetheless, we have presented estimated values of the coefficients

for ‘a’ and ‘b’ from the El-Badry method for each state separately for 1981 and 1991 inthe appendix 2.4 and appendix 2.5 respectively for each unit and rural and urban areas

separately.

3. For better understanding, in the subsequent analysis we have grouped states into fivezones as described below:

a. Zone A: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu

b. Zone B: Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradeshc. Zone C: Gujarat and Maharashtra

d. Zone D: Haryana, Punjab and Himachal Pradeshe. Zone E: Orissa and West Bengal

4. In the tables we have provided time series data for the three time periods, we would

discuss the results for mainly 1981 and 2001. This has been decided in view of the factthat the data on childless from 1991 are often not consistent with data from 1981 or

2001 census. For example, in some times the levels of GMCRU as per 1991 censusseem to be unrealistically high (24 per cent in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh). Also the levels

show substantial increase in the GMCRU in Orissa and West Bengal during 1981-1991.It is thus decided to base our discussion on changes in the levels using 1981 and 2001

census results only.

We begin our discussion with the means and standard deviation for the unadjusted AgeSpecific Marital Childlessness Rates (ASMCRUs) and General Marital Childlessness Rate

(GMCRU) for rural and urban areas separately and as well as jointly for the year 1981, 1991





and 2001. The results of the same have been presented in table 3.1. In the same table we havealso provided the minimum and maximum values of the ASMCRUs and GMCRU. The number

of states/union territories for which data refers is also presented in the same table. It is evidentfrom the table 3.1 that there exist wide variations in the levels of the childlessness across states

of India. This is true for all the age groups included in the analysis here.

3.1 Levels of General Marital Childlessness Rate Unadjusted (GMCRU)

The mean value of GMCRU for the period 1981 was about nearly 12 per cent (SD=5.39) in therural areas and about 11 per cent (SD=4.89) in the urban areas. The corresponding figures for

2001 have risen to 14.58 per cent ((SD=2.72) in the rural areas and 15.28 per cent (SD=2.72)in the urban areas. The increase in the mean values of the childlessness indicates that on the

whole, the relatively higher proportion of the women in the reproductive ages remain childlessas compared those in 1981. Further, the data also suggests that the increase in the GMCRU is

far more rapid in the urban areas as compared to the rural areas. At the same time reduction inthe standard deviation of the GMCRU indicates that the levels of childlessness across states are

converging, that is, the levels of childlessness across states are apparently narrowing downover time in both the rural and urban areas.Table 3.2 and Figure 3.1 give unadjusted general marital childlessness rates for rural and urban

areas for the period 1981-2001. Although we have given the GMCRU for two age groups inthe table (that is 15-44 and 15-49 years) we would be discussing only the later age group. As

may be noted, in the rural areas the GMCRU ranged from a low of less than 3 per cent inKarnataka to about 18 per cent in Andhra Pradesh among the southern states. The comparison

between southern states and four backward northern states reveals that the levels of GMCRUduring 1981 were relatively lower in the former states. Amongst the four backward northern

states, the GMCRU was low at about 10 per cent in Uttar Pradesh whereas in Bihar, MadhyaPradesh and Rajasthan it ranged between 17 to 22 per cent, a level much higher than the most

southern states. In the other states, the GMCRU varied from about 9 per cent Maharashtra,Himachal Pradesh and West Bengal to nearly 19 per cent in Gujarat and Haryana. The level of

GMCRU was about 12-13 per cent in Punjab and Orissa.Coming to the urban areas, like rural areas, Karnataka had lowest levels of GMCRU in the

urban areas in 1981 (less than 3 per cent) whereas in the remaining 3 states it ranged between 9 per cent in Kerala to over 17 per cent in Andhra Pradesh. The levels of GMCRU was relatively

lower in Uttar Pradesh (at about 8 per cent), 15-16 per cent in Bihar and Madhya Pradesh and19 per cent in Rajasthan. For Gujarat, Haryana and Orissa, the levels were on the higher side

(between 12-17 per cent). Interestingly, the levels of GMCRU in 1981 were higher in the urbanareas of southern states as compared to the urban areas of the northern states which is reverse

of what was observed in case of the rural areas. Further, the levels of urban GMCRU were

relatively lower in the states of Maharashtra, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and West Bengalremained around 6-8 per cent.Over time (during 1981-2001), the levels of GMCRU have apparently gone up in most states in

rural and urban areas, though at a varying pace. Nevertheless, there are a few states where thelevels have come down. For example, amongst southern states, the levels have gone up in all

states in both rural and urban areas with the exception of rural Andhra Pradesh where it hascome down by about one and a half per cent point. Karnataka has registered an increase by

about 12 to 14 per cent points in GMCRU in rural and urban areas that is highest in Indianstates. Kerala on the other hand experienced an increase of about 5 per cent points in the

GMCRU. In case of Tamil Nadu, increase is higher in the rural areas (by over 3 per cent





points) as compared to the urban areas (less than a per cent). The rural areas of MadhyaPradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Haryana have recorded reduction in GMCRU by about 4 to 6

per cent points whereas it has increased in the rural Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra,Himachal Pradesh and West Bengal (by 3 to 8 per cent points). In case of urban areas, states

like Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab and West Bengal have recorded increase by about 7-

10 per cent points in GMCRU. On the other hand there are states where the increase has beenin the range of 2-4 per cent points (Rajasthan, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh). At the same timethere are states that have indicated decline in urban GMCRU during this period (Madhya

Pradesh, Gujarat and Haryana).

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

AP KN KL TN BH MP RJ UP GJ MH HY PN HP OR WB IND

Rural 1981 1991 2001

0

5

10

15

20

25

30


Urban 1981 1991 2001

3.2 Levels of Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rate Unadjusted (ASMCRU)

Tables 3.3a, 3.3b and 3.3c respectively give the levels of ASMCRU for rural and urban areasfor the period 1981, 1991 and 2001 respectively. At the outset we may say that the emerging

patterns for the ASMCRUs at the state level are somewhat similar to what was observed at thenational level. It is interesting to note that the convergence in the levels of childlessness across

Figure 3.1: General Marital Childlessness Rate for 15-49 years, 1981-2001

GMCR

GMCR





states is observed at the older ages in both rural and urban areas, more so in case of former.The age patterns of the childlessness have also been presented in figures 3.2 and 3.3 for rural

and urban areas separately for the period 1981 and 2001 for the major states.

Age Patterns of Marital Childlessness: 1981

The data in table 3.3a indicates that the proportion of childless women declines substantiallyfrom age 15-19 years to the next age group that is 20-24 years for all the states (also see figure

3.2 for the same). However, the decline varies from one state to another. Amongst the majorstates, the proportion of childless women in the age group was relatively higher in Gujarat,

Rajasthan Haryana, Madhya Pradesh and Jammu Kashmir (70 to 82 per cent in the rural areasand around 65 to 74 per cent in the urban areas). On the other hand, it was substantially lower

in the southern state of Karnataka (with only 10 per cent of the childless adolescents) followed by Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Himachal Pradesh and West Bengal in rural (35 to 45 per cent)

and urban areas (25 to 42 per cent).

The ASMCRU for the age group 20-24 years virtually halved the levels observed for the

adolescents in all the states ranging between a low of about 4 per cent in rural and urbanKarnataka to as high as 34 and 37 per cent in rural and urban Gujarat respectively. Although

the declining trend continues in the subsequent age groups until 35-39 age groups, its paceapparently slows down, the rates reaching the levels of 3 to 7 per cent for the age group 30-34

years for rural areas and to 4 to 9 per cent in the urban areas in most of the states. Thecorresponding ranges for the age group 35-39 years are 2-7 per cent in both rural and urban

areas. The levels appear to have short of stabilized after age 34 years (that is for the last threeage groups) as the percent of childless women hardly changes beyond this age for majority of

the states.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90 Andhra Pradesh

Karnataka

Kerala

Tamil Nadu

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90 Andhra Pradesh

Karnatak a

Kerala

Tamil Nadu

Fig. 3.2: ASMCRU, 1981

Rural Urban





0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90 Bihar

Madhya Pradesh

Rajasthan

Uttar Pradesh

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90 Bihar

Madhya PradeshRajasthan

Uttar Pradesh

01020304050607080

90Gujarat

Maharashtra

0102030405060708090 Gujarat

Maharashtra

01020304050607080

90 Orissa

West Bengal

01020304050607080

90 Orissa

West Bengal

0

10

203040

50

60

7080

90 Haryana

Punjab

Himachal Pradesh

0

1020

30

40

50

6070

80

90 Haryana

Punjab

Himachal Pradesh

Fig. 3.2: ASMCRU, 1981 contd.

Rural Urban





Age Patterns of Marital Childlessness: 2001

The data on the levels of childlessness by ages for the period 2001 are presented in table 3.3cfor rural and urban areas for major states (please also see figure 3.3). At the outset, it may be

noted that the shape of the age patterns of childlessness in the states of India has remained

somewhat similar to that observed in 1981 for almost all of the states and rural and urban areas. Nevertheless, there are changes with respect to the proportion of childless women by agegroups. As may be seen, the proportion of childless rural adolescent women varied from about

58 per cent in West Bengal to 77 per cent in Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat. The correspondingrange in the urban areas was relatively narrow, 62 per cent in West Bengal to 77 per cent in

Gujarat and Punjab. Like previous period, the levels decline substantially in all the states in thenext age group (20-24 years, less than half the levels of the adolescents group) and continue

decline through the age group 30-34 years (reaching to 3-8 per cent in rural areas and 5 to 9 percent in the urban areas for most of the states). After age 34 year, the levels of childlessness

seem to maintain a relative stability through the remaining three age groups i.e., 35-39, 40-44and 45-49. As a matter of fact, the proportion of childless women is quite similar in the age

groups 40-44 and 45-49 years for most of the states and this is true for both rural and urbanareas.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Bihar

Madhya Pradesh

Rajasthan

Uttar Pradesh

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Bihar

Madhya Pradesh

Rajasthan

Uttar Pradesh

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Andhra Pradesh

Karnataka

Kerala Tamil Nadu

0

10

20

30 40

50

60

70

80

90

15-19 20-24 25-29 0-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Andhra Pradesh Karnataka Kerala Tamil Nadu

Fig. 3.3: ASMCRU, 2001

ASMCR UrbanRuralASMCR





0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Gujarat

Maharashtra

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Gujarat

Maharashtra

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Orissa

West Bengal

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Orissa

West Bengal

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Haryana

Punjab

Himachal Pradesh

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Haryana

Punjab

Himachal Pradesh

Urban

Fig. 3.3: ASMCRU, 2001 contd…

Rural





So, from the above discussion it is apparent that there exists variability across states in each of

the age specific marital childlessness rates. However, within a state, the seven ASMCRUsfollow a particular pattern. The pattern holds true for each state though the levels of the

ASMCRUs vary considerably. On the whole, the incidence of childlessness is more in rural

areas compare to urban areas and there are no substantial differences in childlessness rates between rural and urban areas.

3.3 Changes in Levels of Age Specific Marital Childlessness: 1981-2001

Table 3.4 gives the absolute change in the proportion of childless women during 1981 to 2001for major states for rural and urban areas separately for each age group. For the convenience of

the readers, we have presented the same in the figure 3.4 for rural and urban areas respectivelyfor states in each of the five zones.

The absolute change in the ASMCRU has been obtained by deducting the levels of 1981 fromthat of the 2001. With respect to the direction of change, on the whole, the levels of

childlessness have increased in almost all of the states during the reference period. However,there are a few cases where it has actually gone down. For example, the levels of childlessness

in Rajasthan have come down considerably in 2001 in all age groups in rural areas and in thelast four age groups in urban areas. For example, the value of ASMCRU for the age group 15-

19 years in 2001 was lower by almost 5 per cent points as compared to 1981. Like Rajasthan,the levels of childlessness have also reduced in age groups 25-29 to 45-49 in rural Madhya

Pradesh and in the age groups 35-39 to 45-49 in urban Madhya Pradesh. Similarly, in Haryanathe levels have come down in all groups but 45-49 years in the rural areas and in then age

groups 40-44 and 45-49 years in the urban areas. In case of Gujarat, the levels have come downin age groups 15-19 to 25-29 years in the rural areas and in the age groups 40-44 and 45-49

years in the urban areas.With respect to the magnitude of change, it may be noted from the same table that there are

wide variations from state to state and from one age group to another in both rural and urbanareas. Nevertheless, a few important observations may be made. Obviously in terms of

absolute change, the changes are more rapid in the younger ages as compared to the older ages.State of Karnataka has recorded an unusual increase in the ASMCRU for all age groups both in

rural and urban areas as the levels for 15-19 age groups increased by over 53 per cent points inrural and 59 per cent points in the urban areas. Similarly, the ASMCRU has increased by about

24 and 31 per cent points in the same period in the age group 20-24 and by 10 and 16 per centin the age group 25-29 in rural and urban areas respectively. In the other age groups too the

increase is substantial (in the range of 5-7 per cent in rural areas and 6-9 per cent in the urbanareas. Other states that have shown tremendous increase in the ASMCRU are Uttar Pradesh,

Maharashtra and Himachal Pradesh. Such an increase in a matter of two decades seems to beunrealistic and hence needs a proper investigation and raises many issues on the quality of

data. An interesting feature emerging from the data in this table is that southern states haverecorded greater increase in the ASMCRUs as compared to the northern or eastern states and

this is true in both rural and urban areas.The data further indicates that over the past two decades, the levels of childlessness in the last

age groups have also increased considerably in many states. For example, it has increased byover 5 per cent points in rural and urban Karnataka and urban areas of Tamil Nadu and West

Bengal. Similarly, it has increased by 4 per cent points or more in the urban areas of AndhraPradesh and Uttar Pradesh and rural areas of Tamil Nadu. There are other states too that have





experienced an increase by about 2-3 per cent points in the ASMCRU for the age group 45-49years (rural areas of Kerala, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and West Bengal and urban

areas of Kerala and Maharashtra for example). It is important to remind here that such highincrease in the childlessness raises many concerns in view of the fact that the voluntary

childless in India and its state is said to virtually non-existent. We would examine these issues

at a greater length later in our analysis on causes and consequences of childlessness.

-15

-5

5

15

25

35

45

55

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Bihar

Madhya Pradesh

Rajasthan

Uttar Pradesh

-15

-5

5

15

25

35

45

55

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Bihar

Madhya Pradesh

Rajasthan

Uttar Pradesh

-15

-5

5

15

25

35

45

55

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Andhra Pradesh

Karnataka

Kerala Tamil Nadu

-15

-5

5

15

25

35

45

55

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Andhra Pradesh

Karnataka Kerala Tamil Nadu

Fig. 3.4: Change in the levels of ASMCRUs, 1981-2001

UrbanRural





-15

-5

5

15

25

35

45

55

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Gujarat

Maharashtra

-15

-5

5

15

25

35

45

55

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Gujarat

Maharashtra

-15

-5

5

15

25

35

45

55

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Orissa

West Bengal

-15

-5

5

15

25

35

45

55

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Orissa

West Bengal

-15

-5

5

15

25

35

45

55

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Haryana

Punjab

Himachal Pradesh

-15

-5

5

15

25

35

45

55

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Haryana

Punjab

Himachal Pradesh

Fig. 3.4: Change in the levels of ASMCRUs, 1981-2001 contd…

UrbanRural





3.4 Rural-Urban Differentials in Age Specific Marital Childlessness: 1981-2001

Table 3.5 gives differentials in incidence of childlessness by place of residence for the states

for the period 1981 and 2001 by age groups. The difference in the levels has been obtained bydeducting the urban levels from the rural and the same is also presented in figure 3.5. As may

be noticed from the data in the upper panel of the table, in 1981 the adolescent childlessness

was not only higher in the rural areas as compared to the urban areas in almost all states exceptPunjab but also the differences were quite wide in some of the cases. For example, thechildlessness among rural adolescents in West Bengal was higher by nearly 13 per cent points

as compared to their urban counterparts. Similarly, it was higher by about 8 to 9 per cent pointsin the rural adolescents of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Orissa followed

by Haryana and Madhya Pradesh (6 per cent points or so). The rural-urban differences inadolescent childlessness in Andhra Pradesh are Kerala are relatively narrower (4-5 per cent)

whereas in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Bihar they are virtually non-existent. The rural-urbandifference continue to be relatively higher in the next age group (that is 20-24 years) in

Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Orissa (2-3 per cent points) whereas in case of other states they are somewhat similar in both the areas. By

the next age group, the rural and urban levels have somewhat converged as the difference between the two areas have reduced to less than one per cent points in majority of the

instances, at least in absolute terms.

Interestingly, data in panel two of the table for 2001 reveals very different scenario than what

was observed for 1981. As a matter of fact the scenario has completely changed as far as therural-urban differentials in childlessness are concerned (with the difference turning negative for

many more states and for most of the age groups than observed in 1981). In other words, asagainst of what was observed in 1981, the levels of childlessness in 2001 were higher in the

urban areas as compared to the rural areas for a number of states (10 states out of 15 statesincluded in the analysis in the first age groups and 14 out of 15 states for 20-24 age group and

all states for age groups 25-29 to 40-44 years).

The data further reveals that the extent of rural-urban differentials too has widened during the

past two decades for most of the states in age groups 20 to 35 years). For example, the urbanASMCR was higher by more than 4 per cent points in as many as 13 states in the age group 20-

24 years and in 11 states in the age group 25-29 years. Likewise in the age groups 30-34 yearsthere were 7 states where urban ASMCRU was higher than 2 to 7 per cent points than their

counterparts. It may be pointed out that the difference of this magnitude is huge as the levels ofchildlessness in these age groups tend to be of lower order as compared to younger ages. It

may further be pointed out the rural-urban gaps have apparently widened more in all 4 of thesouthern states, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Haryana,

Punjab and Himachal Pradesh.





-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Andhra PradeshKarnataka

Kerala

Tamil Nadu

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Andhra Pradesh

Karnataka

Kerala Tamil Nadu

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Bihar

Madhya Pradesh

Rajasthan

Uttar Pradesh

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Bihar

Madhya Pradesh

Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Gujarat

Maharashtra

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Gujarat

Maharashtra

Fig. 3.5: Rural-Urban in ASMCRUs

1981 2001





-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Orissa

West Bengal

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Orissa

West Bengal

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Haryana

Punjab

Himachal Pradesh

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Haryana

Punjab

Himachal Pradesh

Fig. 3.5: Rural-Urban in ASMCRUs contd…

19812001





Table 3.1: Means and Standard Deviations for the Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates -Unadjusted (ASMCRU) and General Marital Childlessness Rate - Unadjusted

(GMCRU) for States and Union Territories of India by Residence, 1981-2001.

Value

Age group

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-49

Combined – 1981 (N=29)

Mean

SD

MaximumMinimum

49.99

20.59

79.735.33

20.78

9.20

36.001.93

7.75

3.49

13.621.01

4.44

2.16

8.630.67

3.49

1.77

7.020.58

3.64

1.96

8.090.59

3.52

1.89

8.090.63

11.49

5.30

21.461.26

Rural – 1981 (N=29)

MeanSD

Maximum

Minimum

50.6320.88

81.54

5.04

20.799.27

37.03

1.76

7.633.52

13.67

0.93

4.412.15

8.57

0.62

3.521.81

7.15

0.54

3.652.02

8.03

0.54

3.531.88

8.02

0.53

11.835.39

22.04

1.18

Urban – 1981 (N=29)

Mean

SDMaximum

Minimum

46.66

19.5174.09

7.07

20.19

8.9233.66

2.71

7.80

3.5513.53

1.37

4.42

2.328.87

0.91

3.35

1.847.05

0.78

3.60

2.108.35

0.60

3.58

2.038.38

0.93

10.65

4.8919.14

1.69


Mean

SDMaximum

Minimum

63.92

8.5676.14

41.43

29.19

5.4940.80

17.68

14.04

5.0524.29

6.81

10.12

4.9721.40

4.15

8.61

4.7321.01

3.12

8.89

4.9922.78

2.87

8.71

4.9722.42

2.75

16.94

4.5427.17

9.22

Rural – 1991 (N=31)

Mean

SD

Maximum

Minimum

64.17

8.56

77.13

42.16

28.92

6.04

43.22

17.40

13.64

5.68

26.42

6.36

10.02

5.41

23.38

3.92

8.52

5.15

22.56

3.23

8.90

5.34

23.87

2.96

8.61

5.29

23.30

1.67

17.17

4.68

28.76

9.40Urban – 1991 (N=31)

MeanSD

Maximum

Minimum

62.289.09

73.34

39.68

29.325.30

38.94

18.16

14.544.41

27.12

7.47

9.844.30

22.73

4.51

8.313.94

20.49

3.11

8.534.19

18.98

2.87

8.254.06

19.77

2.82

15.924.17

25.50

8.91


Mean

SD

MaximumMinimum

69.28

5.35

76.7658.41

31.86

5.29

44.1222.38

13.80

3.83

24.477.44

8.03

2.87

16.253.46

6.15

2.31

12.342.52

5.90

2.22

11.202.35

5.69

2.14

10.982.38

14.79

2.49

19.5610.57

Rural – 2001 (N=35)

Mean

SDMaximum

Minimum

68.67

6.0779.01

57.69

30.48

5.9245.58

19.90

12.59

4.2825.13

6.23

7.47

3.0316.50

3.01

5.80

2.4012.95

2.24

5.61

2.2911.43

2.12

5.49

2.1811.22

2.18

14.58

2.7220.54

10.51

Urban – 2001 (N=35)

MeanSD

Maximum

Minimum

70.684.18

77.06

61.22

35.234.32

47.19

27.37

16.343.50

23.85

10.32

9.223.01

15.60

4.49

6.862.49

12.11

3.09

6.452.51

12.33

2.81

6.182.45

12.56

2.56

15.282.72

22.20

11.13





Table 3.2: General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for India and States, 1981.

RURAL-15-44 URBAN - 15-44 2001-1981

1981 1991 2001 1981 1991 2001 Rural Urban

Andhra Pradesh 18.90 18.94 17.23 18.24 17.50 22.38 1.67 4.14Karnataka 2.89 14.76 15.32 2.72 16.12 18.10 -12.43 15.38

Kerala 10.15 14.13 14.88 9.90 13.60 15.87 -4.73 5.97

Tamil Nadu 15.54 15.77 18.66 15.88 13.68 21.31 -3.12 5.43

Bihar 18.40 25.62 20.25 17.02 22.19 17.80 -1.85 0.78

Madhya Pradesh 20.80 20.55 16.36 17.64 18.96 15.05 4.44 -2.59

Rajasthan 23.99 21.24 18.22 20.62 17.81 15.81 5.77 -4.81

Uttar Pradesh 10.81 25.72 19.66 8.29 22.77 19.05 -8.85 10.76

Gujarat 20.55 19.32 16.37 18.45 17.07 17.22 4.18 -1.23

Maharashtra 9.31 10.13 13.96 6.50 9.48 15.06 -4.65 8.56

Haryana 20.42 16.72 12.69 15.80 13.44 12.53 7.73 -3.27

Punjab 12.68 13.50 13.72 13.88 13.55 15.63 -1.04 2.25Himachal Pradesh 9.02 13.27 11.54 7.67 11.24 12.19 -2.52 4.52

Orissa 15.00 19.48 14.63 12.96 17.12 14.49 0.37 1.53

West Bengal 9.48 15.65 12.80 6.40 16.23 16.89 -3.32 10.49

India 14.58 19.44 16.81 12.07 16.20 17.31 -2.23 5.24

RURAL-15-49 URBAN - 15-49 2001-1981

1981 1991 2001 1981 1991 2001 Rural Urban

Andhra Pradesh 17.75 17.84 16.26 17.33 16.68 21.34 -1.49 4.01

Karnataka 2.70 13.85 14.26 2.57 15.28 16.88 11.56 14.31

Kerala 9.20 13.16 13.56 9.05 12.67 14.47 4.36 5.42

Tamil Nadu 14.40 14.92 17.55 14.80 13.01 20.10 3.15 5.30

Bihar 16.94 24.17 20.25 15.97 21.12 16.35 3.31 0.38

Madhya Pradesh 19.26 19.27 15.19 16.56 17.93 13.93 -4.07 -2.63

Rajasthan 22.04 19.60 16.77 19.14 16.68 14.56 -5.27 -4.58

Uttar Pradesh 9.93 24.20 18.20 7.77 21.82 17.72 8.27 9.95

Gujarat 18.87 17.88 15.06 17.28 16.10 15.99 -3.81 -1.29

Maharashtra 8.57 9.40 13.03 6.07 8.91 13.96 4.46 7.89

Haryana 18.56 15.55 11.71 14.50 12.61 11.50 -6.85 -3.00

Punjab 11.49 12.36 12.54 12.27 12.65 14.36 1.05 2.09

Himachal Pradesh 8.33 12.37 10.51 7.08 10.45 11.13 2.18 4.05

Orissa 13.96 18.29 13.61 12.35 16.44 13.50 -0.35 1.15

West Bengal 8.77 14.74 12.00 5.99 15.39 15.73 3.23 9.74India 13.44 18.22 15.62 11.28 15.35 16.13 2.18 4.85





Table 3.3a: Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted (ASMCRU) for India andStates, 1981.

State/India

Age Group

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

RURAL

Andhra Pradesh 58.41 25.25 11.68 8.57 7.02 8.03 8.02

Karnataka 10.59 4.31 1.73 1.20 0.93 1.02 1.06

Kerala 51.12 19.17 6.72 3.78 2.74 2.74 2.58

Tamil Nadu 62.10 28.77 11.52 7.42 5.76 6.46 6.55

Bihar 60.82 27.61 11.47 5.92 3.99 3.57 3.23

Madhya Pradesh 70.45 25.72 9.75 6.10 5.18 5.54 5.64

Rajasthan 79.90 32.28 10.79 5.83 4.33 4.34 4.04

Uttar Pradesh 36.77 15.21 5.77 3.39 2.68 2.68 2.63

Gujarat 81.54 37.03 11.66 5.93 4.61 4.57 4.62

Maharashtra 35.41 14.62 5.48 3.34 2.70 2.80 2.75

Haryana 72.46 26.94 7.73 3.48 2.68 2.43 2.16Punjab 59.44 27.74 9.22 4.47 3.15 3.15 2.92

Himachal Pradesh 44.51 12.58 3.24 2.32 2.23 2.73 2.78

Orissa 58.54 24.06 9.73 6.38 5.31 5.75 5.75

West Bengal 37.60 12.27 4.53 2.65 2.05 2.17 2.33

India 52.56 21.72 8.28 4.92 3.85 4.01 3.95

URBAN

Andhra Pradesh 54.82 25.25 12.28 8.87 7.05 8.35 8.38

Karnataka 9.65 4.30 1.91 1.25 0.93 1.19 1.12

Kerala 46.31 20.09 8.16 4.07 3.19 3.36 3.23

Tamil Nadu 61.48 28.43 12.47 7.66 5.92 6.32 6.28

Bihar 60.02 27.34 11.40 6.77 5.24 5.41 5.23Madhya Pradesh 64.63 26.11 10.13 6.42 5.22 5.84 5.99

Rajasthan 72.21 29.27 10.17 5.87 4.62 4.83 4.86

Uttar Pradesh 27.93 13.22 5.68 3.60 3.02 3.16 3.18

Gujarat 74.09 33.66 12.90 7.32 5.84 6.24 6.52

Maharashtra 27.80 11.23 4.42 2.62 2.14 2.41 2.27

Haryana 66.24 29.39 8.99 4.36 2.91 3.06 2.92

Punjab 59.50 28.47 10.17 5.23 3.81 3.61 3.33


Orissa 50.38 21.07 8.58 6.01 5.02 6.22 6.02

West Bengal 25.03 10.95 5.18 2.91 2.48 2.39 2.47

India 46.19 20.33 8.16 4.87 3.89 4.22 4.18





Table 3.3b: Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted (ASMCRU) for India andStates, 1991.

State/India

Age Group

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

RURAL

Andhra Pradesh 61.27 25.88 12.16 9.02 7.50 8.42 8.22

Karnataka 55.48 24.03 10.27 7.34 6.25 6.62 6.04

Kerala 65.40 27.45 11.59 7.74 6.36 6.51 5.74

Tamil Nadu 55.52 26.32 12.89 9.97 8.53 9.28 9.30

Bihar 73.20 37.05 18.56 12.65 10.82 10.71 10.44

Madhya Pradesh 70.62 26.95 11.40 7.71 6.85 7.47 7.63

Rajasthan 72.08 30.99 10.75 5.79 4.47 4.46 4.29

Uttar Pradesh 75.37 35.50 17.58 12.60 11.03 10.95 11.04

Gujarat 77.13 36.60 12.66 7.38 5.94 5.82 5.67

Maharashtra 42.16 17.40 6.36 4.38 3.78 3.81 3.75Haryana 71.90 26.53 7.69 3.92 3.25 3.05 2.93

Punjab 65.43 31.32 10.32 5.04 3.86 3.74 3.54


Orissa 66.95 32.98 14.91 10.74 9.15 9.70 9.08

West Bengal 57.82 21.77 9.89 7.43 6.30 6.28 5.92

India 67.11 29.22 12.89 9.03 7.69 7.93 7.75

URBAN

Andhra Pradesh 59.92 26.51 12.45 9.18 7.53 8.36 8.38

Karnataka 56.78 27.24 13.70 9.23 7.49 7.87 7.29

Kerala 62.26 28.56 12.78 7.52 6.13 5.98 5.83

Tamil Nadu 47.33 22.94 12.05 9.28 7.68 7.84 7.69Bihar 69.40 35.16 18.11 12.89 10.72 11.32 11.36

Madhya Pradesh 68.91 30.15 13.52 9.23 7.52 8.13 7.94

Rajasthan 69.00 29.39 10.83 6.33 4.87 4.96 5.15

Uttar Pradesh 69.50 35.17 19.00 14.48 13.13 13.15 13.21

Gujarat 73.34 34.59 13.15 8.01 6.49 6.60 6.61

Maharashtra 39.68 18.16 7.47 4.69 3.72 3.81 3.56

Haryana 68.53 28.88 9.82 4.75 3.84 3.48 3.59

Punjab 64.35 31.11 11.32 6.22 5.19 4.90 4.75


Orissa 60.74 30.05 14.47 11.17 9.28 10.11 10.34

West Bengal 56.21 27.53 15.13 10.58 8.63 8.28 8.31

India 60.69 27.98 12.99 8.93 7.45 7.63 7.54





Table 3.3c: Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted (ASMCRU) for India andStates, 2001.

State/India

Age Group

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49RURAL

Andhra Pradesh 60.84 26.88 12.48 8.80 7.46 8.15 8.42

Karnataka 63.64 28.58 12.65 8.05 6.22 6.62 6.29

Kerala 70.30 33.33 14.93 7.84 5.93 5.51 5.30

Tamil Nadu 68.81 34.19 16.63 11.67 9.98 10.48 10.44

Bihar 73.82 36.09 14.44 7.85 5.89 5.52 5.62

Madhya Pradesh 73.24 27.07 8.55 4.76 3.99 3.95 4.07

Rajasthan 75.32 28.55 8.59 4.47 3.40 3.29 3.29

Uttar Pradesh 76.51 35.06 13.93 7.89 6.06 5.59 5.52

Gujarat 76.65 35.11 11.51 6.06 4.68 4.33 4.42

Maharashtra 70.88 28.16 9.62 5.86 5.05 5.46 5.52Haryana 67.80 23.46 6.23 3.01 2.24 2.12 2.18

Punjab 74.49 34.59 11.78 5.80 4.35 3.80 3.61


Orissa 66.64 31.73 13.25 7.47 5.91 5.80 5.88

West Bengal 57.69 19.90 8.10 5.23 4.56 4.88 4.72

India 70.21 30.46 12.07 7.13 5.79 5.74 5.80

URBAN

Andhra Pradesh 68.25 36.84 20.24 14.34 11.93 12.33 12.56

Karnataka 69.08 35.14 17.63 10.42 7.71 7.73 7.49

Kerala 74.22 37.36 17.52 9.26 6.81 6.15 6.00

Tamil Nadu 72.86 39.66 21.25 14.48 12.11 12.09 11.71

Bihar 69.74 35.92 16.79 9.21 6.40 5.69 5.44

Madhya Pradesh 71.17 32.28 12.92 6.55 4.79 4.58 4.49

Rajasthan 72.54 32.43 11.66 5.55 4.05 3.77 3.76

Uttar Pradesh 73.92 39.26 18.82 11.13 8.57 7.88 7.64

Gujarat 77.06 39.71 15.66 8.36 6.28 5.99 6.05

Maharashtra 71.08 33.11 14.26 7.50 5.52 5.47 5.21

Haryana 70.02 31.01 10.32 4.49 3.09 2.81 2.81

Punjab 76.33 38.91 15.86 7.98 5.96 5.31 5.13


Orissa 66.07 33.92 15.37 8.09 5.99 5.84 5.88

West Bengal 61.82 31.28 17.36 10.95 8.67 8.31 7.66

India 70.59 35.61 16.63 9.60 7.47 7.15 7.05





Table 3.4: Absolute change in the Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted

(ASMCRU) during 1981-2001.

State/India

Absolute Change = ASMCRU (2001) - ASMCRU (1981)

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Rural

Andhra Pradesh 2.43 1.63 0.80 0.23 0.44 0.12 0.40

Karnataka 53.05 24.27 10.92 6.85 5.29 5.60 5.23

Kerala 19.18 14.16 8.21 4.06 3.19 2.77 2.72

Tamil Nadu 6.71 5.42 5.11 4.25 4.22 4.02 3.89

Bihar 13.00 8.48 2.97 1.93 1.90 1.95 2.39

Madhya Pradesh 2.79 1.35 -1.20 -1.34 -1.19 -1.59 -1.57

Rajasthan -4.58 -3.73 -2.20 -1.36 -0.93 -1.05 -0.75

Uttar Pradesh 39.74 19.85 8.16 4.50 3.38 2.91 2.89

Gujarat -4.89 -1.92 -0.15 0.13 0.07 -0.24 -0.20

Maharashtra 35.47 13.54 4.14 2.52 2.35 2.66 2.77Haryana -4.66 -3.48 -1.50 -0.47 -0.44 -0.31 0.02

Punjab 15.05 6.85 2.56 1.33 1.20 0.65 0.69


Orissa 8.10 7.67 3.52 1.09 0.60 0.05 0.13

West Bengal 20.09 7.63 3.57 2.58 2.51 2.71 2.39

India 17.65 8.74 3.79 2.21 1.94 1.73 1.85

Urban

Andhra Pradesh 13.43 11.59 7.96 5.47 4.88 3.98 4.18

Karnataka 59.43 30.84 15.72 9.17 6.78 6.54 6.37

Kerala 27.91 17.27 9.36 5.19 3.62 2.79 2.77

Tamil Nadu 11.38 11.23 8.78 6.82 6.19 5.77 5.43Bihar 9.72 8.58 5.39 2.44 1.16 0.28 0.21

Madhya Pradesh 6.54 6.17 2.79 0.13 -0.43 -1.26 -1.50

Rajasthan 0.33 3.16 1.49 -0.32 -0.57 -1.06 -1.10

Uttar Pradesh 45.99 26.04 13.14 7.53 5.55 4.72 4.46

Gujarat 2.97 6.05 2.76 1.04 0.44 -0.25 -0.47

Maharashtra 43.28 21.88 9.84 4.88 3.38 3.06 2.94

Haryana 3.78 1.62 1.33 0.13 0.18 -0.25 -0.11

Punjab 16.83 10.44 5.69 2.75 2.15 1.70 1.80


Orissa 15.69 12.85 6.79 2.08 0.97 -0.38 -0.14

West Bengal 36.79 20.33 12.18 8.04 6.19 5.92 5.19

India 24.40 15.28 8.47 4.73 3.58 2.93 2.87





Table 3.5: Rural-Urban differentials in Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted

(ASMCRU) 1981-2001.

State/India

Difference = Rural – Urban

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

1981

Andhra Pradesh 3.59 0.00 -0.60 -0.30 -0.03 -0.32 -0.36

Karnataka 0.94 0.01 -0.18 -0.05 0.00 -0.17 -0.06

Kerala 4.81 -0.92 -1.44 -0.29 -0.45 -0.62 -0.65

Tamil Nadu 0.62 0.34 -0.95 -0.24 -0.16 0.14 0.27

Bihar 0.80 0.27 0.07 -0.85 -1.25 -1.84 -2.00

Madhya Pradesh 5.82 -0.39 -0.38 -0.32 -0.04 -0.30 -0.35

Rajasthan 7.69 3.01 0.62 -0.04 -0.29 -0.49 -0.82

Uttar Pradesh 8.84 1.99 0.09 -0.21 -0.34 -0.48 -0.55

Gujarat 7.45 3.37 -1.24 -1.39 -1.23 -1.67 -1.90

Maharashtra 7.61 3.39 1.06 0.72 0.56 0.39 0.48Haryana 6.22 -2.45 -1.26 -0.88 -0.23 -0.63 -0.76

Punjab -0.06 -0.73 -0.95 -0.76 -0.66 -0.46 -0.41

Himachal Pradesh 2.44 -3.45 -2.19 0.20 0.29 0.75 0.75

Orissa 8.16 2.99 1.15 0.37 0.29 -0.47 -0.27

West Bengal 12.57 1.32 -0.65 -0.26 -0.43 -0.22 -0.14

India 6.37 1.39 0.12 0.05 -0.04 -0.21 -0.23

2001

Andhra Pradesh -7.41 -9.96 -7.76 -5.54 -4.47 -4.18 -4.14

Karnataka -5.44 -6.56 -4.98 -2.37 -1.49 -1.11 -1.20

Kerala -3.92 -4.03 -2.59 -1.42 -0.88 -0.64 -0.70

Tamil Nadu -4.05 -5.47 -4.62 -2.81 -2.13 -1.61 -1.27Bihar 4.08 0.17 -2.35 -1.36 -0.51 -0.17 0.18

Madhya Pradesh 2.07 -5.21 -4.37 -1.79 -0.80 -0.63 -0.42

Rajasthan 2.78 -3.88 -3.07 -1.08 -0.65 -0.48 -0.47

Uttar Pradesh 2.59 -4.20 -4.89 -3.24 -2.51 -2.29 -2.12

Gujarat -0.41 -4.60 -4.15 -2.30 -1.60 -1.66 -1.63

Maharashtra -0.20 -4.95 -4.64 -1.64 -0.47 -0.01 0.31

Haryana -2.22 -7.55 -4.09 -1.48 -0.85 -0.69 -0.63

Punjab -1.84 -4.32 -4.08 -2.18 -1.61 -1.51 -1.52

Himachal Pradesh -1.54 -7.00 -5.26 -1.71 -0.67 -0.31 0.21

Orissa 0.57 -2.19 -2.12 -0.62 -0.08 -0.04 0.00

West Bengal -4.13 -11.38 -9.26 -5.72 -4.11 -3.43 -2.94

India -0.38 -5.15 -4.56 -2.47 -1.68 -1.41 -1.25





Chapter 4

Socio-Economic Differentials in Levels of

Childlessness

This chapter discusses the differentials in the levels of childlessness in Indian states by a fewselected socio-economic characteristics of the women such as education, religion, caste and

economic activity status etc. The discussion like previous chapters is based on the general andage specific marital childlessness rates (GMCRU and ASMCRU) for the period 1981-2001.

Before we come to our analysis it may be a good idea to provide general profile of the stateswith respect to these variables and hence in the table 4.1 we have given share of the population

by these selected characteristics in the total population of the state. For economic activity statusof the women, we have given share of percentage of the female main and marginal workers in

the total female population of the state. Further this information is provided for the year 2001only. Accordingly, first three columns of the table 4.1 gives percentage of Muslim, Christian

and Other religion populations in the total population of the state in 2001. Likewise, next twocolumns give percentage of SC and ST population in the total population of the state. The next

two columns give percentage of main and marginal workers in the total female population ofthe state. The last column of the table gives the percentage of the literate females aged 7 years

and above.The results of the 2001 census of India reveal that the Muslim comprises of about 13 per cent

of the country’s total population while Christians comprise of a little over 2 per cent of the

population. The remaining about 84 per cent of the country’s population belonged to Hinduand other religions such as Sikhs, Jains and Buddhists etc. There are great variations acrossstates when it comes to the composition of the population by religion. There are a few states

where share of Muslim population is relatively higher. For example, Muslims constitute abouta quarter of the state total population in West Bengal and Kerala followed by Uttar Pradesh and

Bihar (17-18 per cent) and Karnataka, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Rajasthan (9-12 per cent). In case of other states, their share is relatively low (6 per cent or less). With

respect to Christian population, it is noted that, like Muslim population, Kerala has highestshare of Christian population in the state (19 per cent) followed by Tamil Nadu (6 per cent).

The share of Christian population was between one to two percent in Andhra Pradesh,Karnataka, Maharashtra and Orissa. In case of other states, their share was less than one

percent. Thus it is interesting to note that proportional share of Christian population is slightlyhigher in four southern states. Likewise, share of Muslim population too is fairly high in the

southern states.At the outset it may be noted that the variations in the share of SC and ST populations across

state are relatively lower as compared to that observed by religion. Punjab followed byHimachal Pradesh and West Bengal (23-28 per cent). For most states, the share of SC

population ranged between 15-20 per cent. Nevertheless there were a few states where theirshare was 10 per cent or less (Maharashtra, Kerala and Gujarat). The variations in ST





population are however more across states, the share being highest in Orissa (22 per cent)followed by Madhya Pradesh (20 per cent). Rajasthan and Gujarat also have fairly large

proportion of ST population (13 and 15 per cent respectively). In case of other states, theirshare was between 4-9 per cent in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh, West

Bengal and Maharashtra while it was one per cent or less in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Bihar and

Uttar Pradesh.In 2001, about one-quarter of the Indian females were engaged in some economic activity orthe other (nearly 15 per cent were main workers

1 and about 11 per cent marginal workers

2).

The levels of main workers ranged from a low of just 6 per cent in Uttar Pradesh and 9 per centin Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal to as high as over 24-25 per cent in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil

Nadu and Maharashtra and about 21 per cent in Karnataka and Himachal Pradesh. It isinteresting to note that the relatively more women in Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya

Pradesh, Orissa, Haryana and Gujarat were working as marginal workers (ranging between 14to 23 per cent) whereas it is on the lower side for states like Kerala (less than 5 per cent) and

Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Punjab and West Bengal (7 to 9 per cent). Keralais the most progressive state in India, especially in the field of social and demographic

parameters. This can be reflected in the levels of female literacy rates in 2001. As may benoted, over 87 per cent of the females aged 7 years or older in Kerala were literate, a level

much higher than the national average and far ahead of all other states in the country. Some ofthe other states where female literacy levels are relatively better off are Maharashtra, Himachal

Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Punjab. In these states about 64 to 67 per cent of the females wereliterate in 2001. Contrary to this, the levels of female literacy continue to be on the lower side

for northern states of Bihar, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh with over half of the female population being illiterate. Further, only about half of the females were literate in Madhya

Pradesh and Orissa. In other state the levels were moderate.Before coming to the findings of our analysis we would like to points following points to the

benefit of the readers:1. The differentials in the present analysis have been studied for the period 1981 through

2001.2. The differentials have been studied for the major states of India only and for the

combined, rural and urban areas separately in terms of General Marital ChildlessnessRates Unadjusted (GMCRUs). However, for Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates

Unadjusted (ASMCRUs) we have restricted our analysis only for the combined areas.3. In order to examine differentials in the levels of childlessness we have selected a few of

the socio-economic characteristics (namely four - religion, caste, education andeconomic activity status of the women) for which time series data is available for the

period 1981 to 2001.4. To examine the differentials, the variables have been categorized in broad categories.

For example, differentials by caste have been studied in three groups of ScheduledCastes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Castes (from now onwards we would refer to them

as SC, ST and Others respectively). Similarly, education differentials have been studied

1 The census of India (2001) defines a person as main workers if s/he has participated in any economically

productive activity for six months or more during the last one year.

2 The census of India (2001) defines a person as marginal workers if s/he has participated in any economically

productive activity for less than six months during the last one year.





by classifying the women as illiterate, literate but below middle, middle completed by below matric, matric completed but below graduate and those who have completed

graduate and above. The religious differentials have been studied by classifying thewomen in four groups of Hindu, Muslim, Christian and Other religions. Similarly,

economic differentials have been studied by classifying the women in three categories

of main workers, marginal workers and non-workers5. The reference category for studying the differentials has been taken as Hindu forreligion, illiterate for education, Other Castes for caste and non-workers for economic

activity.6. In the tables in the present chapter we have only used absolute difference in the level of

childlessness rates from the reference category. The data on the actual levels ofchildlessness by place of residence and age groups have been provided in the

Appendix-3A for major states as well as other States and Union Territories for the period 1981-2001.

7. For the convenience of the readers, we would discuss one variable at a time.

At the outset we would like to mention that the age patterns of childlessness for different socio-economic group is quite similar to that observed at the gross levels and hence we shall not be

discussing this in the present chapter (the unadjusted age specific marital childlessness ratefollow a particular pattern, the rates being at their maximum for the adolescents ever married

women and declining rapidly through the 30-34 years and stabilizing thereafter).

4.1 Religion and Childlessness

Inter-state Variations in GMCRU by Religion: 2001: Table 4.2a through 4.2c give levels ofGeneral Marital Childlessness Rate Unadjusted for India and major states by religion (Hindu,

Muslim, Christian and Other religions) for the period 1981, 1991 and 2001 for combined, ruraland urban areas respectively. Although we have given the rates separately for the combined

areas, we would focus our discussion for rural and urban areas only as done in the previouschapters (this would also be maintained while discussing the differentials by other

characteristics as well). As may be noted from the table 4.2b and Figure 4.1, at the nationallevel, GMCRU in 1981 was relatively higher for rural Hindu women followed by the Muslim

women (about 14 and 12 per cent respectively) and was lowest for the Christian women (9 percent). In 2001 the levels have risen for all four groups of women (to nearly 16 per cent for

Hindu and Muslim and 15 per cent for Christian women and to 14 per cent for other religionwomen. The scenario was more or less similar in the urban areas; nevertheless, the levels were

relatively low as compared to the rural areas. About 12 and 11 per cent of Hindu and Muslimwomen living in the urban India were childless in 1981 and their share increased to 16 and 17

per cent respectively in 2001. Surprisingly, levels of GMCRU have apparently increased muchfaster between Christian and other religious groups during this period (from about 9 to 18 per

cent for Christian women and from 10 to over 14 per cent for women from other religions.The data in table 4.2b and Figure 4.1 also reveal that during the GMCRU during 2001 for the

Hindu rural women are highest in Bihar (19 per cent) followed by Uttar Pradesh (18 per cent).Further, about one in every six Hindu women of the reproductive ages in rural areas of Andhra

Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat were childless at the time of2001 census. The levels of GMCRU were relatively lower for Hindu rural women in Himachal





Pradesh, West Bengal and Haryana (at about 10 to 11 per cent). Now coming to the Muslimwomen, the GMCRU is highest in Tamil Nadu at over 19 per cent followed by Bihar,

Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh (ranging between 16 to 18 per cent. TheGMCRU is relatively lower in the rural Muslim women in Haryana, Punjab, Himachal

Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal at about 12-13 per cent. In case of Christian women, the data

reveals that the GMCRU is highest in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Bihar andAndhra Pradesh (16-17 per cent). The rates are relatively lower for the rural Christian womenin Gujarat (10 per cent) and Kerala and Rajasthan at 12 per cent or so.

Figure 4.1: GMCRU by religion of women, 1981 & 2001

Coming to the urban areas it may be noted from the data in the table 4.2c that among the Hindu

women the levels of GMCRU were highest in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu as almost onein every five Hindu women in the reproductive ages in the state reported as childless at the

time of 2001 census. The levels were also high for urban Hindu women in Uttar Pradesh,Karnataka, Bihar and West Bengal where about 16 to 18 per cent of the married Hindu women

living in the urban areas were childless during 2001. On the other hand, the levels wererelatively on the lower side for the urban Hindu women in Himachal Pradesh and Haryana

where about 11 per cent of the reproductive age Hindu women were childless in 2001. Withrespect to the Muslim women living in the urban areas, the data reveals that the levels were

once again highest in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu (both southern states) with more thanone in every five women in the reproductive ages as childless in 2001. The GMCRUs for the

urban Muslim women ranged between 16 to 18 per cent in the states of Karnataka, Bihar,

Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat and West Bengal. However, it was lower in Haryana, Punjab,Himachal Pradesh and Orissa at 12-14 per cent. Inter-state variations seem to be slightly less incase of Christian women in the urban areas as it ranged between 13 to 19 per cent for all states

except Andhra Pradesh where almost one in every four urban Christian women in thereproductive age was childless in 2001.

It is interesting to note that the inter-state variations in GMCRUs are greater for women belonging to other religions (Jain, Sikhs, Buddhists and so on). As may be noted, nearly one in

every three women in the aged 15-49 years from other religions was childless in 2001 in Tamil





Nadu followed by Andhra Pradesh. Similarly, one in every five women aged 15-49 years belonging to other religion was childless in 2001 in Kerala and West Bengal. The levels of

GMCRU were about 16-18 per cent among other religion women in Karnataka, Bihar, UttarPradesh, Gujarat and Orissa.

Absolute Change in GMCRU over Time by Religion: 1981-2001The data in table 4.3 indicates absolute change in the GMCRU during past two decades (1981-2001) for four religious groups separately for rural and urban areas. It may be noted that the

absolute change is obtained by deducting the GMCRU 1981 from that of 2001. At the outset itmay be mentioned the data reveals no clear pattern as far as the change in the levels of

GMCRUs are concerned as the levels have gone up in some states while in others they havedeclined. Likewise, the change is different in the rural and urban areas as well as for various

religions.At the national, as may be noted from the bottom of the table, the GMCRU has increased for

all 4 religion groups in both rural and urban areas, more rapidly in the later. Further, theincrease was more rapidly among Christian women followed by Muslim women and was

slower for Hindu women. For example, the GMCRU increased by over 6 and over 8 per cent points for rural and urban Christian Indian women respectively. Likewise, the increase was by

over 3 per cent points for the Muslim women living in the rural areas and by nearly 6.5 percent for the urban Muslim women. On the other hand, it increased by only about 2 per cent

points for the Hindu rural women and by less than 5 per cent points for urban Hindu women. Itis important to note that the increase in the GMCRU was more prominent in the urban areas as

compared to the rural areas for all the four groups of women in this table. It may further wenoted that at the national level, the difference between rural and urban change was more

prominent for Muslim women as compared to other groups of women.Coming to the inter-state variations, we may mention that although we have given information

separately for rural and urban areas we shall be primarily discussing the results for thecombined areas. Further we shall focus our discussion on the comparison between Hindu,

Muslim and Christian women. As may be seen, the change has been different for various statesas some states have experienced faster increase as compared to the others for a particular

religion and vice versa. For example, the absolute change in the GMCRU indicates that thelevels have gone up in all four southern states during the period 1981-2001 for all religion

groups except Hindu women. In other words, more women in 2001 in these states reportedtheir status as ‘childless’ as compared to 1981. Further it is interesting to note that the levels of

childlessness have increased more rapid for Christian women followed by Muslim women andthe change is relatively low for the Hindu women. It may also be pointed put that the GMCRU

for Hindu women in Andhra Pradesh has actually come down during this period (thoughnegligibly). In case of the four backward northern states, the levels of GMCRU have declined

in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan (more so among Hindu women) while they have risen inBihar and Uttar Pradesh (more rapidly for the Christian and Muslim women).

In case of Maharashtra, the level of GMCRU has increased more rapidly for Christian women(by over 11 per cent points) as compared to the Muslim women (over 7 per cent points) and

Hindu women (over 5 per cent points). The levels have declined in Gujarat more rapidly forHindu women followed by Muslim and Christian women. In Haryana, GMCRU has reduced

by nearly 6-7 percent points for Hindu and Muslim women while it has increased by about 3 per cent points for Christian women. Punjab and Himachal Pradesh have experienced increase





in the GMCRU for all groups of women however the increase is relatively more for Christianwomen. In case of West Bengal, the GMCRU for Christian women increased by over 6 per

cent points while for Hindu women it increased by over 5 per cent points. During same period,the GMCRU for Muslim women in West Bengal increased by about 4 per cent points.

Religious Differentials in GMCRU: 1981 and 2001Table 4.4a presents the ratio of the GMCRU of Muslims and Christians to that of the Hindu forthe period 1981 and 2001. Similarly, table 4.2b presents inter-religion differentials in

childlessness in the GMCRUs for the period 1981 and 2001. In order to understand thedifferentials by religion we have taken Hindu as standard. Subsequently we have obtained the

ratios and differences in the levels of GMCRUs of the other religion from that of the Hindus.The ratios have been obtained by dividing the GMCRU of various religions by that of Hindus.

Similarly, the differences have been obtained by subtracting GMCRUs of other religions fromthat of the Hindus. Hence a value of less than one in table 4.4a would mean that the GMCRU is

higher for Hindus as compared to other religion and a value of more than one would mean thatit is higher for the other religion. Likewise a negative sign before the value of difference

between Hindu and Muslim GMCRU for example, would mean the levels are higher for laterin comparison to the former and a positive sign would mean that it is higher for Hindus. Asmay be seen the results in the tables are presented for rural and urban separately as well

combined. Nevertheless we shall only discuss the results for combined areas only. It may also be mentioned that we have presented the results of table 4.4a and 4.4b in the figures 4.2 and

4.3 respectively as well.The data in table 4.4a and 4.4b brings out following points:

1. At the national level, in comparison to Hindu, the Muslim GMCRU was lower by about12 per cent in 1981 while it was lower by nearly 33 per cent for Christians. By 2001 the

scenario has apparently reversed, as the GMCRU was higher by about 2 per cent forMuslim women and by one per cent for Christian women as compared to that of the

Hindu women.2. At the state level, the ratio of Muslim GMCRU to that of Hindu varies from a lowest of

0.86 in Madhya Pradesh and 0.88 in Uttar Pradesh to as high as 1.28 in Kerala. Thegaps between the two groups seem to have bridged for many states as the

corresponding range for 2001 narrowed down to 0.94 Uttar Pradesh and 0.95 in Bihar,Madhya Pradesh and Orissa to 1.21 in Andhra Pradesh.

3. In 1981, the GMCRU was lower for Muslim women in 10 states whereas by 2001,number of such states reduced to just 5. Further the gap between the two groups of

women too narrowed down (with ratios coming closer to unity).4. The relative differentials in GMCRUs have been much wider for Hindu-Christian

women in comparison to what was observed for Hindu-Muslim women. As may be

seen, the ratios of Christian to Hindu GMCRU in 1981 ranged from as low as 0.54 forMaharashtra (indicating the GMCRU for Christian women living in Maharashtra werehalf the levels of the Hindu women living in Maharashtra). With the only exception of

West Bengal, the value of ratio for the Christian women was below unity in all other 14states included in the analysis. However, the situation has changed considerably by

2001 as the ratios have exceeded unity for as many as 10 states. Not only the ratioshave exceeded unity but also the values to are quite high (ranging between 1.02 in

Tamil Nadu to 1.38 in Himachal Pradesh).





5. In terms of absolute difference, for the country as a whole, the general maritalchildlessness rates were higher among Hindus by nearly 2 per cent points during 1981

as compared to the Muslims (the difference were relatively wider in the in the ruralareas). The data also reveal that over time Hindu-Muslim differentials in GMCRU at

the national level have now only narrowed down during 2001 but also the trend has

reversed (mainly because of the changes in the urban areas). In 2001, the GMCUR washigher for Muslims as compared to Hindu; nevertheless, the levels continue to be morefor Hindu in rural areas. The differentials in GMCRU are more prominent between

Hindu and Christians then they were between Hindu and Muslim (particularly duringthe 1981). During 1981, the GMCRU for Hindu was higher by over 4 per cent points

than that of the Christians. However, these differences have narrowed downsubstantially by 2001. As a matter of fact the GMCRU for Christians was marginally

higher than that of Hindu for the nation as a whole.6. At the state level, in 1981 the absolute difference between Hindu-Muslim women

GMCRU were notable in a few states (Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh,Gujarat, Haryana, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh the Hindu GMCRU in these states was

higher by one to 2 per cent points or so than the Muslim GMCRU). In case of otherstates the difference between the two was less than a percent.

7. Unlike Hindu-Muslim differentials, the gap between Hindu and Christians seem to bewider for most of the states. The difference in GMCRU for Hindu-Christian was by 5

per cent points or more in states of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana andGujarat. The difference was by about 2-3 per cent points in Andhra Pradesh, Kerala,

Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and Punjab.8. The data also suggests a mix picture when it comes to the change in religious

differentials over time. As may be noted, for some states the gaps have narrowed downover time whereas for others they have widened. Further, for some states the direction

of the difference has also altered over time (this may be indicated by the change in thesign from positive to negative and vice versa). This observation stands true for both

Hindu-Muslim and Hindu-Christian comparisons.9. Some of the states where Hindu-Muslim differentials in GMCRUs have widened

notably are Andhra Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh for Hindu-Muslim differentials andKarnataka and Himachal Pradesh for Hindu-Christian differentials.

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.30

AP KN KL TN BH MP RJ UP

Ratio of Muslim to Hindu, 1981

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.30



Figure 4.2: Ratios of GMCRUs across various religious groups





0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.30

GJ MH HY PN HP OR WB IND


0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

1.201.30



0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.901.00

1.10

1.20

1.30

1.40


Ratio of Christian to Hindu, 1981

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.901.00

1.10

1.20

1.30

1.40



0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.30

1.40



0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.901.00

1.10

1.20

1.30

1.40



Figure 4.2: Absolute difference in GMCRUs across various religious groups

Figure 4.3: Absolute difference in GMCRUs across various religious groups





-4.00

-2.00

0.00

2.00


Hindu-Muslim GMCRU, 1981

-4.00

-2.00

0.00

2.00



-4.00

-2.00

0.00

2.00



-4.00

-2.00

0.00

2.00



-4.00

-2.00

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00


Hindu-Christian GMCRU, 1981

-4.00

-2.00

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00



-4.00

-2.00

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00



-4.00

-2.00

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00



Religious Differentials in ASMCRU: 1981 and 2001

Table 4.5a through 4.6c give relevant data on the differentials in the age specific maritalchildlessness rates (ASMCRUs) for India and selected states for the period 1981 and 2001 for

religion. In table 4.5a to 4.5c we have given the ratio of the ASMCRUs for different religions

Figure 4.3: Absolute difference in GMCRUs contd…





to that of the Hindu and in tables 4.6a to 4.6c we have given absolute differences in the valuesof ASMCRUs for various religions in compared to that of the Hindu. Although we have

presented both the ratios and absolute differences we shall only discuss the ratios here and thattoo for the combined areas only. For the convenience of the readers, we have also presented

the finding from this in figures 4.4 for Hindu-Muslim differentials and 4.4 for Hindu-Christian

differentials. Following points emerge from the data in tables 4.5 and 4.6 (figures 4.4 and 4.5):

1. At the national level, childlessness was higher for Hindu women in 1981 for all ages

and for 2001 until age 29 years. However, after age 29 years, the rates were higher forMuslim women in 2001.

0.500.70

0.90

1.10

1.30

1.50

1.70

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Ratio of Muslim to Hindu ASMCRU, 1981

AP KN KL TN0.50

0.70

0.90

1.10

1.30

1.50

1.70

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35 39 40-44 45-49


AP KN KL TN

0.50

0.70

0.90

1.10

1.30

1.50

1.70

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49


BH MP RJ UP0.50

0.70

0.90

1.10

1.30

1.50

1.70

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49


BH MP RJ UP

0.50

0.70

0.90

1.10

1.30

1.50

1.70

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49


GJ MH

0.50

0.70

0.90

1.10

1.30

1.50

1.70

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49


GJ MH

0.50

0.70

0.90

1.10

1.30

1.50

1.70

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49


HY PN HP

0.50

0.70

0.901.10

1.30

1.50

1.70

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49


HY PN HP

Fi ure 4.4: Ratio of Muslim AMCRUs to Hindu





0.50

0.70

0.90

1.10

1.30

1.50

1.70

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49


OR WB IND

0.50

0.70

0.90

1.10

1.30

1.50

1.70

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49


OR W B IND

2. Amongst southern states, during 1981 childlessness was relatively more common amongHindu women as compared to the Muslim women as the ratios exceeded unity for all the 7

age groups and for all states expect Kerala in the age group 40-44 and Karnataka in theage group 45.49 years. However, in 2001 the levels were always higher for Muslim

women in Andhra Pradesh for ages and for Tamil Nadu at younger ages. In rest of theinstances, it continued to be higher for Hindu women.

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

2.40

2.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Ratio of Christian to Hindu

ASMCRU, 1981

AP KN

KL TN

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

2.40

2.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Ratio of Chr istian to Hindu ASMCRU, 2001

AP KN

KL TN

0.20

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

15-19 20-2425-2930-3435-39 40-4445-49

Ratio of Christian to HinduASMCRU, 1981

BH MP

RJ UP

0.20

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Ratio of Christian to Hindu ASMCRU, 2001

BH MP

RJ UP

Fi ure 4.5: Ratio of Christian AMCRUs to Hindu





0.20

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

15-19 20-2425-2930-3435-39 40-4445-49


GJ MH

0.20

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49


GJ MH

0.20

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-3940-44 45-49


HY

PN

HP

0.20

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49


HY

PN

HP

0.20

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49


OR

WB

IND

0.20

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Ratio of Christian to Hindu

ASMCRU, 2001OR

W B

IND

3. In the northern states of during 1981 Bihar and Uttar Pradesh have shown higher levels

of childlessness among Muslim women (particularly at the older ages) whereas it washigher for Hindu women in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. In 2001, however, it was

higher for Muslim women for the ages beyond 25 years and higher for Hindu women inyounger ages (below 25 years) in all 4 states.

4. It is interesting to note that the levels of childlessness were higher for Hindu women atall ages in 1981 in Maharashtra. By 2001, the scenario has changed in the state with the

ratios exceeding unity for the ages beyond 25 years indicating that the childlessnesswas more common among Muslim in this group of women as compared to the Hindu

women in the state. The data for Gujarat show that the childlessness was higher for

Fi ure 4.5: Contd..





young Hindu women whereas it was higher for Older Muslim women in 1981 as wellas in 2001.

5. In the state of Haryana and Punjab, childlessness is higher for Hindu women at youngerages while it is higher for Muslim women at the older ages for both 1981 and 2001.

Himachal too have shown similar pattern for the period 2001. Orissa and West Bengal

have had higher levels of childlessness among Hindu women as compared to theMuslim women at all ages and for both the periods.6. On the whole, differentials in ASMCRUs are wider between Hindu-Muslim as

compared to what was observed between Hindu-Muslim. The gaps have furtherwidened in the recent times and the levels are usually higher for the Christian women in

majority of the states (more so in the northern states of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh,Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Karnataka.

4.2 Education and Childlessness

Inter-state Variation in GMCRU by Education - 2001

Tables 4.7 through 4.10 contain all the relevant data on differentials by education for India andits major states by rural-urban residence for the period 1981 to 2001. At the national level,GMCRU indicates a gradual increase as the educational level of the women rises from about

13 per cent for illiterate women to about 15 per cent for those graduate and above in 1981. Thecorresponding values for 2001 are about 14 per cent for illiterate and 21 per cent for those

graduates and above. Similar patterns are also observed for the urban and rural areas as well for both the periods. An interesting observation from the data is that the GMCRU was almost

similar for the non-literate women living in rural areas during 1981 and 2001 whereas it risesrapidly during 2001 for more and more educated women and relatively slower during 1981.

These may be observed more clearly from the figure 4.6 presented below:

Figure 4.6: GMCRU by education of women, 1981 & 2001





The data in table 4.7a also suggests that the levels of GMCRU show upward change withadvancement in the educational levels of the women and is true for all states but Karnataka and

Maharashtra in 1981 (the GMCRU in these two states for illiterate and graduate and above

educated women was somewhat at 3 and 7 per cent respectively). The data further reveals thatthe GMCRU vary across various categories of women by education for all the states during the period under analysis. The GMCRU for illiterate varied from a lowest of less than 3 per cent

for Karnataka to over 21 per cent for Rajasthan in 1981 and from about 7 per cent in HimachalPradesh and Haryana to over 17 per cent in Bihar. Likewise women with graduation or higher

education it ranged from a little over 3 per cent for Karnataka to as high as 23 per cent forGujarat and Rajasthan during 1981. The corresponding range for 2001 was 16 per cent in

Haryana and over 29 per cent for Tamil Nadu (also see figures 4.7 below).

Figure 4.7: GMCRU for Illiterate and Graduate and above educated women, 1981 & 2001

The last columns for 2001 of tables 4.7b and 4.7c respectively give GMCRU for variouseducational categories of women separately for rural and urban areas. It may be seen that the

GMCRU for rural areas was relatively high for illiterate women in Bihar, Andhra Pradesh,Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu (16 per cent or over) while it was low in Himachal Pradesh,

Punjab and Haryana (about 7-9 per cent). The corresponding GMCRU for women who have

Illiterate

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

AP KN KL TN BH MP RJ UP GJ MH HY PN HP OR WB

1981

2001

Graduate and Above

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00


1981

2001





completed graduation or above was over 20 per cent for all the states. In case of the urbanareas, it varied from a lowest of less than 9 per cent in Haryana and Himachal Pradesh for

illiterate women to over 15 per cent in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradeshwhereas it ranged between 15 to 29 per cent for the women with graduation and above

education. This indicates that unlike rural areas, there prevail considerable variations across the

states as far as the GMCRU for women who have had gradation or above education.

Absolute Change in GMCRU over Time: 1981-2001

Table 4.8 and figure 4.8 give absolute change in the levels of GMCRU during 1981-2001 for

India and its states. It may be pointed out that we have obtained absolute change by subtractingthe 1981 value from that of the 2001. Thus a positive value would mean that the levels have

gone up while a negative value would indicate decline in the levels of GMCRU over the pasttwo-decades. One thing that is very clear from the data is there is no systematic pattern as far

as the change is concerned since for some states it increases in a few categories while in othercases it decreases.

Figure 4.8: Absolute change in GMCRU during 1981-2001 by education of the women(Absolute change = GMCRU 2001 – GMCRU 1981)

Figure 4.8 contd…

Illiterate

-10.00

-5.00 0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00


Middle but below matric

-10.00

-5.00

0.00

5.00

10.00 15.00

20.00


Literate but below middle

-10.00

-5.00

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00 20.00






A few, but important following observations may be made:

1. At the national level, the GMCRU has increased marginally among illiterate women.However, the increase become more and more substantial as the educational level of

women improves. For example, the GMCRU for women who had completed matric orhigher schooling increased by greater than 6 per cent points.

2. At the state level, GMCRU has dramatically changed in Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh,Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana among illiterate women (by 6 or

more per cent points) whereas it remained quite similar in Bihar, Punjab, HimachalPradesh and Orissa. Change was rapid in Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana among

women who had not completed middle schooling (by 7-11 per cent points).3. Among the highly educated women (those with graduation or more), GMCRU changed

by over 10 to 20 per cent points in Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and WestBengal and between 5-10 per cent in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Himachal

Pradesh, Orissa and Haryana.

4. It is further interesting to note that the GMCRU for illiterate women in Andhra Pradeshand Orissa and women who are literate but have completed less than middle schooling

actually declined over time whereas for the women in other educational categories itincreased moderately.

Differentials in GMCRU by Education: 1981 and 2001

Tables 4.9a and 4.9b provide respectively ratio of GMCRU and absolute difference in theGMCRU for women with various educational levels to that of the illiterate women. We have

provided the same in figures 4.9a and 4.9b respectively. With the only exception of literate but below middle educated women in 1981, GMCRU have been higher for educated women of all

categories at the national level for 1981 and 2001 in comparison to illiterate women as thevalue of ratio exceeds unity. Further, the value of the ratio increases with advancement in the

education level of the women, indicating the gaps between the two groups widened with

Matric but below graduate

-10.00

-5.00

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00


Graduate and above

-10.00

-5.00

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

AP

KN KL TN

BH

MP

RJ UP

GJ MH HY PN

HP OR WB IND





improvement in the educational status of the women. It may be pointed out that the incrementin the ratio with education is more rapid for the recent census (from 1.11 for literate but below

middle to 1.39 for those who have completed middle but not matric and further to 1.53 forthose who have completed matric or above education).

The major findings emerging from this at the state level are summarized below:

1. The value of ratio exceeds unity for almost all instances for all the states for both 1981and 2001 with the exception of Andhra Pradesh (for literate but below middle in 1981),

West Bengal (for literate but below matric in 1981), Maharashtra (for middle and abovein 1981), Madhya Pradesh (for middle but below graduate in 1981) and Kerala and

Orissa (for literate but below middle in 2001).2. As observed for nation as a whole, the values of the ratio have increased for various

educational categories in majority of the states. This indicates that the levels ofGMCRU in comparison to illiterate women have increased more rapid for the educated

women in various categories over time. For example, the value of ratios for graduateand above women in 1981 ranged from a low of 0.99 for Maharashtra to 2.16 for

Kerala. The corresponding range for 2001 is 1.05 for Bihar to 2.78 for HimachalPradesh. Similar observations may also be made for other educational categories.

3. Interestingly, ratios were relatively high for southern states in 1981 particularly formatric and above categories. In 2001 however, though the ratios have gone up in

southern states, the increment is more rapid for Haryana, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh,Orissa and West Bengal. This clearly indicates that there exist a positive relationship in

levels of GMCRU and educational status of the women.





Figure 4.9a: Ratios of GMCRUs across various educational categories

The data in table 4.9b and Figure 4.9b present the absolute difference in the levels of GMCRU

between educated women and the illiterate women. As mentioned, we have computed absolute

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

3.00


Ratio of Literate but below Middle to Il literate, 1981

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

3.00


Ratio of Middle but below Matric to Illiterate, 1981

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

3.00


Ratio of Middle but below Matric to Illiterate, 2001

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

3.00

AP KN KL TN BH MP RJ UP GJ MH HY P N HP OR WB IND

Ratio of Matric but below Graduate to Illiterate, 1981

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

3.00


Ratio of Matric but below Graduate to Illiterate, 2001

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

3.00


Ratio of Graduate and Above to Illiterate, 1981

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

3.00


Ratio of Graduate and Above to Illiterate, 2001

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

3.00






difference by subtracting the GMCRU for women in a particular educational category fromthat of the illiterate women. The data is presented for 1981 and 2001 and separately for rural

and urban areas. The main finding for the combined areas as below:1. For the country as a whole, GMCRU for illiterate women in 1981 was higher by about

half a per cent points compared to those who were literate below middle school

whereas it was relatively higher for women who had completed middle or higher levelsof education. During 2001 however, the GMCRU is consistently higher for the womenin all education categories in comparison to the illiterate, though gaps are as high as by

over 7 per cent points for those with graduate and higher education.2. There prevails wide range of variations across states in terms of absolute gap among

illiterate and women with various educational status in 1981 and 2001 however, in1981 they are relatively narrow for most states among less educated women and

illiterate women. As one may see from figure 4.9b, the depth of bars deepens from lesseducated women to women with higher education for majority of the states (in 2001).

3. The recent data for 2001 indicates that the gaps are substantially larger for the 4southern states in 2001 between women who have completed gradation or higher

education as compared to the illiterate women (from a difference of over 10 per cent inKerala to over 14 per cent in Tamil Nadu) and Himachal Pradesh and West Bengal (11-

12 per cent points). On the other hand, it was relatively of lower order for Bihar,Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan (4 per cent points or less).

Figure 4.9b: Absolute Change

Absolute Difference between Illiterate minus

Middle but below Matric, 2001

-15.00

-12.00

-9.00

-6.00

-3.00

0.00

3.00


Absolute Difference between Illiterate minusMiddle but below Matric, 1981

-15.00

-12.00

-9.00

-6.00

-3.00

0.00

3.00

AP KN KL TN BH M P R J UP GJ M H H Y P N H P O R WB IND


Literate but below Middle, 2001

-15.00

-12.00

-9.00

-6.00

-3.00

0.00

3.00

AP KN KL TN B H MP R J U P G J MH HY P N HP OR WB IND


Literate but below Middle, 1981

-15.00

-12.00

-9.00

-6.00

-3.00

0.00

3.00






Figure 4.9b: Absolute Change contd…

Differentials in ASMCRU by Education: 1981 and 2001

Table 4.10a gives ratio of the ASMCRU for India and its states for 1981 and 2001 for the

combined areas for various educational categories of women with respect to that of theilliterate women. Similarly, table 4.10b gives the absolute change in the ASMCRUs of the

education women in various categories from that of the illiterate women for the period 1981and 2001. For the convenience of the reader we have also presented the same in Figure 4.10a

through 4.10d and 4.11a through 4.11d for ratios and absolute change respectively. Although itis difficult to make any conclusive statements as the pattern emerging is uncertain, a few broad

observations may be made from the data:1. In terms of the ratios, the value of ratio in 2001 exceeds unity for women who have

completed middle or higher education for most of the age groups (ASMCRU isrelatively higher among educated women as compared to the illiterate women).

2. With advancement in educational status of the women as well as age of the women(until age 40 years), the gaps between the two groups of women widen. However, for

the older women (aged 40 years or older), though the gaps remains (the ratios aregreater than the unity), they tend to bridge. For example, the ratio of ASMCRU for

women who have completed graduation or higher education the value of ratio in 2001ranged between 1.93 for women aged 20-24 years to 1.50 for women aged 35-39 years

which turns 1.28 and 1.25 for women aged 40-44 years and 45-49 years respectively.


Matric but below Graduate, 1981

-15.00

-12.00

-9.00

-6.00

-3.00

0.00

3.00

AP KN KL TN BH MP RJ UP G J MH HY P N HP O R WB IND


Matric but below Graduate, 2001

-15.00

-12.00

-9.00

-6.00

-3.00

0.00

3.00


Absolute Difference between Illiterate minusGraduate and above, 1981

-15.00

-12.00

-9.00

-6.00

-3.00

0.00

3.00


Absolute Difference between Illiterate minusGraduate and above, 2001

-15.00

-12.00

-9.00

-6.00

-3.00

0.00

3.00






3. At the state level, women who have completed below matric education, ASMCRU wasgenerally higher in 2001 in the states of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar

Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana and Punjab while in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala,Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Himachal Pradesh it was higher for the illiterate women.

4. In Maharashtra and West Bengal, it was higher among women who have completed

below matric education at the younger women whereas for older women it was higherfor illiterate women.5. Among women who have completed matric or higher education (especially those who

have completed graduation or higher), the AMSCRU was usually higher in comparisonto illiterate for almost all of the states.

6. In Kerala, the ASMCRU was higher for women who have completed matric or highereducation and were younger (aged below 35 years) in comparison to the illiterate

whereas for women aged 35 years or older, it was relatively higher among illiteratewomen.





Figure 4.10a: Ratio of the ASMCRU for Literate but below Middle to illiterate, 1981 & 2001.

1981

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN

KL TN

2001

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN

KL TN

1981

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

2001

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

1981

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH HY

PN HP

2001

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH HY

PN HP

1981

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB IND

2001

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB IND





Figure 4.10b: Ratio of the ASMCRU for Middle but below Matric to Illiterate, 1981 & 2001

2001

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN

KL TN

1981

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN

KL TN

1981

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

2001

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

1981

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH

HY PN

HP

2001

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH HY

PN HP

1981

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB IND

2001

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB IND





Figure 4.10c: Ratio of the ASMCRU for Matric but below Graduate to Illiterate, 1981 & 2001

1981

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KNKL TN

2001

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN

KL TN

1981

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MPRJ UP

2001

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MPRJ UP

2001

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH HY

PN HP

1981

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB IND

2001

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB IND

1981

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH HY PN HP





Figure 4.10d: Ratio of the ASMCRU for Graduate and above to Illiterate, 1981 & 2001

1981

0.40

0.80

1.20

1.60

2.00

2.40

2.80

3.20

3.60

4.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KNKL TN

2001

0.40

0.80

1.20

1.60

2.00

2.40

2.80

3.20

3.60

4.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN

KL TN

1981

0.40

0.80

1.20

1.60

2.00

2.40

2.80

3.20

3.60

4.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

2001

0.40

0.80

1.20

1.60

2.00

2.40

2.80

3.20

3.60

4.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP RJ UP

1981

0.40

0.80

1.20

1.60

2.00

2.40

2.80

3.20

3.60

4.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH

HY PN

HP

2001

0.40

0.80

1.20

1.60

2.00

2.40

2.80

3.20

3.60

4.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH

HY PN

HP

1981

0.40

0.80

1.20

1.60

2.00

2.40

2.80

3.20

3.60

4.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB IND

2001

0.40

0.80

1.20

1.60

2.00

2.40

2.80

3.20

3.60

4.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB IND





Figure 4.11a: Absolute change of ASMCRU for literate but below middle from that ofIlliterate, 1981 & 2001

1981

-14.00

-11.00

-8.00

-5.00

-2.00

1.00

4.00

7.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN

KL TN

2001

-14.00

-11.00

-8.00

-5.00

-2.00

1.00

4.00

7.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN

KL TN

1981

-14.00

-11.00

-8.00

-5.00

-2.00

1.00

4.00

7.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

2001

-14.00

-11.00

-8.00

-5.00

-2.00

1.00

4.00

7.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

1981

-14.00

-11.00

-8.00

-5.00

-2.00

1.00

4.00

7.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH

HY PN

HP

2001

-15.00

-12.00

-9.00

-6.00 -3.00

0.00

3.00

6.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH HY PN

HP

1981

-14.00

-11.00

-8.00

-5.00

-2.00

1.00

4.00

7.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR

WB

IND

2001

-14.00

-11.00

-8.00

-5.00

-2.00

1.00

4.00

7.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR

WB

IND





Figure 4.11b: Absolute change of ASMCRU for middle but below matric from that ofIlliterate, 1981 & 2001

1981

-22.00

-19.00

-16.00

-13.00

-10.00

-7.00

-4.00

-1.00

2.00

5.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN

KL TN

2001

-22.00

-19.00

-16.00

-13.00

-10.00

-7.00 -4.00 -1.00

2.00

5.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN

KL TN

1981

-22.00

-19.00

-16.00

-13.00

-10.00

-7.00 -4.00

-1.00 2.00

5.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

2001

-22.00

-19.00

-16.00

-13.00

-10.00

-7.00

-4.00

-1.00

2.00

5.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

1981

-22.00

-19.00

-16.00

-13.00

-10.00

-7.00 -4.00

-1.00 2.00

5.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH HY PN

HP

-22.00

-19.00

-16.00

-13.00

-10.00

-7.00

-4.00

-1.00

2.00

5.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH

HY PN

HP

2001

1981

-22.00

-19.00

-16.00

-13.00

-10.00

-7.00

-4.00

-1.00

2.00

5.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB IND

2001

-22.00

-19.00

-16.00

-13.00

-10.00

-7.00 -4.00

-1.00

2.00

5.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB IND





Figure 4.11c: Absolute change of ASMCRU for matric but below Graduate from that ofIlliterate, 1981 & 2001

1981

-24.00

-21.00

-18.00

-15.00

-12.00

-9.00 -6.00 -3.00

0.00

3.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN

KL TN

2001

-24.00

-20.00

-16.00

-12.00

-8.00

-4.00

0.00

4.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KNKL TN

1981

-24.00

-21.00

-18.00

-15.00

-12.00

-9.00 -6.00

-3.00 0.00

3.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

2001

-24.00

-20.00

-16.00

-12.00

-8.00

-4.00

0.00

4.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

1981

-24.00

-21.00

-18.00

-15.00

-12.00

-9.00 -6.00

-3.00 0.00

3.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH

HY PN

HP

2001

-24.00

-20.00

-16.00

-12.00

-8.00

-4.00

0.00

4.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH

HY PN

HP

1981

-24.00

-21.00

-18.00

-15.00

-12.00

-9.00 -6.00 -3.00 0.00

3.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB IND

2001

-24.00

-20.00

-16.00

-12.00

-8.00

-4.00

0.00

4.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB IND





Figure 4.11d: Absolute change of ASMCRU for Graduate and above from that of Illiterate,1981 & 2001

(1981

-45.00

-35.00

-25.00

-15.00

-5.00

5.00

15.00

25.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KNKL TN

2001

-45.00

-35.00

-25.00

-15.00

-5.00

5.00

15.00

25.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KNKL TN

1981

-45.00

-35.00

-25.00

-15.00

-5.00

5.00

15.00

25.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

2001

-45.00

-35.00

-25.00

-15.00

-5.00

5.00

15.00

25.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

1981

-45.00

-35.00

-25.00

-15.00

-5.00

5.00

15.00 25.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH

HY PN

HP

2001

-45.00

-35.00

-25.00

-15.00

-5.00

5.00

15.00 25.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH

HY PN

HP

1981

-45.00

-35.00

-25.00

-15.00

-5.00

5.00

15.00

25.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB IND

2001

-45.00

-35.00

-25.00

-15.00

-5.00

5.00

15.00

25.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB IND





4.3 Economic Activity Status and Childlessness

Inter-state Variation in GMCRU by Economic Activity Status: 2001

Tables 4.11a to table 4.14b give relevant data on the childlessness and economic activity status

of the women. The same has also been presented in the figures 4.12 through 4.15b. As may benoted from the data in the tables for this section, it is presented for the period 1981 and 1991 asthe 2001 census results on the same by economic activity status of the women are not yet

available to us. Thus the analysis in this section only refers to the period 1981-1991 only. Thedata in table 4.11a and 4.11c (and figure 4.12 below) clearly brings out that the there prevail

differentials in the GMCRU of the women by their economic activity status during the periodunder analysis. This is also true for the rural and urban areas separately as well. In 1981, the

GMCRU for the country as a whole was relatively higher for women who were economicallyactive (about 14 per cent for main workers and 13.60 per cent for the marginal workers) and

was lowest for the women who were economically not active (a little over 12 per cent).

Figure 4.12: GMCRU by economic activity status of women, 1981 & 1991

However, the situation reversed in 1991 as the GMCRU for India for the period 1991 was

lower for the economically active women (nearly 17 per cent for the main workers and 16 percent for the marginal workers) while it was 18 per cent for the women who were economically

inactive. The analysis at the state level reveals more or less similar pattern. Nonetheless wewould like to bring out following important observations for the readers:

1. The range of variation in the GMCRU is relatively wider for main workers across states

in comparison to that of the marginal workers or non-workers. For example, theGMCRU among main workers varied from a low of about 3 per cent in Karnataka tonearly 26 per cent in Rajasthan in 1981. The corresponding range for marginal worker

and non workers varied between 3 to 21 per cent and 2.4 to about 18 per cent inKarnataka and Rajasthan respectively.

2. During 1991, the GMCRU for main workers and non-workers varied from a low of 9 per cent in Maharashtra to about 24-25 per cent in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh while for

marginal workers it varied between 10 to 21 per cent.





Figure 4.13: GMCRU by economic activity status of women for states, 1981 & 1991

Absolute Change in GMCRU over Time: 1981-2001

Table 4.12 and figure 4.14 give data on the absolute change in the GMCRU during 1981-91for women by their economic activity status for India and states. As done before, the

absolute change in GMCRU has been obtained by subtracting 1981 GMCRU from that of

the 1981. For India as a whole, the GMCRU for main and marginal workers increased byabout 2-3 per cent points during 1981-91 whereas it increased by nearly 6 per cent pointsfor the non-workers.

The data also reveals that the increase has been relatively faster in the rural areas ascompared to the urban areas for the non-workers. However, among workers, increase is

comparatively faster in the urban areas.

Marginal-worker

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00


1981

1991

Main-worker

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00


19811991

Non-worker

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00


19811991





Figure 4.14: Absolute change in GMCRU during 1981-1991 by economic activity of

the women (Absolute change = GMCRU 19911 – GMCRU 1981)

At the state level there are some interesting findings in terms of the absolute change in the

GMCRU. As seen, in 3 states namely Rajasthan, Gujarat and Haryana, the GMCRU hasdeclined for all 3 categories of the women, though at differential pace (more for the main

workers and less for the non-workers). In addition to this, the GMCRU has also declinedduring 1981-1991 among main workers in Andhra Pradesh and marginal workers and non-

workers in Tamil Nadu. In rest of the other instances it has shown a positive change(indicting higher levels for 1981) for all three categories of the women. Further, on the

whole increase is more for main workers in comparison to other 2 groups of women. It mayalso be pointed that Uttar Pradesh followed by Karnataka has exhibited highest increase in

the GMCRU for all 3 groups of women, fastest among non-workers. The GMCRU in

Non- orker

-6.00

-3.00

0.00

3.00

6.00

9.00

12.00

15.00


Marginal- orker

-6.00

-3.00

0.00

3.00

6.00

9.00

12.00

15.00


Main- orker

-6.00

-3.00

0.00

3.00

6.00

9.00

15.00






Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal increased more rapid for main workers as compared to thenon-workers while the change was least among marginal workers.

Differentials in GMCRU by economic status of the women

Tables 4.13a and 4.13b and figures 4.15a and 4.15b give relevant information on thedifferentials in GMCRU by economic activity statues of the women in terms of ratios andabsolute change for the period 1981 and 1991 for combined, rural and urban area for India and

its major states. The main findings of this table are presented below:1. In absolute terms, the GMCRU for main worker Indian women was in 1981 was higher

by 1.65 per cent points and by 1.47 per cent points for marginal workers as compared tothe economically non-active women. Further, GMCRU for main workers in India was

higher by about 13 per cent in 1981 (see table 4.13a and figure 4.15a) while it washigher by about 11 per cent among marginal workers as against of those who were non-

workers. However, this scenario has changed by 1991 as the GMCRU in 1991 less bynearly 4 and 10 per cent respectively for main workers and marginal workers.

Figure 4.15a: Ratios for GMCRUs by women’s economic activity status

Marginal worker to non-worker, 1991

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.30

1.40

AP KN KL TN BH MP RJ UP G J MH H Y PN HP OR WB IND

Marginal worker to non-worker, 1981

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.30

1.40


Main worker to non-worker, 1991

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.30

1.40


Main worker to non-worker, 1981

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.30

1.40






2. There are 3 states (namely Kerala, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh) where GMCRU waslower for main workers as compared to the non-workers by about 6 to 15 per cent in

1981. In rest of the other states, it was higher for non-workers than the main workers bynearly 2-3 per cent in Tamil Nadu and Gujarat to as high as 36 per cent in Himachal

Pradesh and 31-32 per cent in Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.

3.

The comparison between marginal workers and non-workers indicate that in 7 states(Karnataka from south, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh from north,Maharashtra from west and Orissa and West Bengal from east) where GMCRU in 1981

was higher for marginal workers while in the remaining states it was higher for the non-workers.

4. In 1991, 4 states (Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra) had lowerGMCRU for main workers whereas in other states it was higher for the non-workers.

Interestingly, number of states with lower GMCRU for marginal workers increased tofrom 7 in 1981 to 13 as only 2 states (Maharashtra and Orissa) in 1991 had slightly

higher GMCRU for marginal workers (by 2 and 4 per cent respectively).

Figure 4.15b: Absolute change in GMCRUs for economic activity status

Differentials in GMCRU by Occupation of the women

We here discuss general marital childlessness in India by various occupational categories of the

women (data not shown). The GMCRU for agricultural laborers it was lowest in Maharashtra(9.0) and was highest in Bihar (over 25 per cent). Among other bigger states, the GMCRU for

Non-worker - main worker 1981

-6.00

-5.00 -4.00 -3.00 -2.00 -1.00 0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00


Non-worker - main worker 1991

-5.00

-4.00

-3.00

-2.00

-1.00

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00


Non-worker - marginal worker 1981

-5.00

-4.00

-3.00

-2.00

-1.00

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

AP

KN KL TN BH MP

RJ UP GJ MH HY PN HP OR

WB IND

Non-worker - marginal worker 1991

-5.00

-4.00

-3.00

-2.00

-1.00

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

AP KN KL

TN BH MP RJ

UP GJ MH HY PN HP OR

WB IND





agricultural laborers was also on the higher side in Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh,Tamil Nadu, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh (16 to 24 per cent). In the cultivators, the GMCRU is

once again highest in Bihar (over 24 per cent) and lowest in Maharashtra (nearly 9 per cent).Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh also have

relatively higher level of GMCRU for cultivators (15 to 24 per cent). Uttar Pradesh has highest

GMCRU for manual workers and other states where it is relatively high are Bihar, Rajasthan,Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh (15 to 25 per cent). However,GMCRU is lowest in Maharashtra (10 per cent) among manual workers. Amongst non-manual

workers, GMCRU is highest in Uttar Pradesh (25 per cent) followed by Bihar, Rajasthan,Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh (14 to 20 per cent) whereas it is

lowest in Maharashtra (9 per cent).

Differentials in ASMCRU by Economic Activity Status: 1981 and 2001

Tables 4.14a and 4.14b and figures 4.16a, 4.16b, 4.17a and 4.17b respectively give ratio andabsolute change in the ASMCRUs for India and its states for 1981 and 1991 by economic

activity status of the women by place of residence. Major points emerging are as follows:1. At the national level, ratio of ASMCRU of main workers to that of the non-workers was

above unity at all ages in 1981 while in 1991 it was below unity for women aged 15-24

years and above unity for those aged 25 years or older. Further, the gaps between the twogroups of women widened with an advancement in age of the women for both in 1981

and 1991. It may also be pointed that over time, the gaps have narrowed apparently down between the two groups of women at all ages, more rapidly for younger women.

2. Relatively speaking, differentials have been of lower order for young women (aged below 20 years) for most of the states for both main and marginal workers, the levels

being usually higher for economically active women as against of the non-workingwomen.

3.

The differentials by economic status of the women have also narrowed down for most ofthe states at all ages over time as the value of the ratios are usually lower in 2001 as

compared to those for 1981.4. The scenario is mixed at the state level. Nevertheless, in 1981 the ASMCRU for women

aged 25 years or older who were main workers in West Bengal was more than double thelevel that of the non-workers. Likewise the ASMCRU in 1981 for main workers in Uttar

Pradesh and Punjab was twice the level of non-worker for ages 30-34 years and older.5. The ASMCRU for main worker in Punjab and West Bengal was nearly twice the level of

non-workers in 2001 whereas in other states it was relatively less.6. Contrary to this, the gaps between marginal workers and non-workers have been very less

for most of the states both in 1981 and 2001 (especially in case of the later). Not only

this, unlike what was observed for main workers, the ASMCRUs for marginal workershave relatively lower than that of the non-workers for a number of states for women at allages in general in 2001.





Figure 4.16a: Ratio of ASMCRU for Main Worker to Non Worker, 1981 & 1991

1981

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

2.40

2.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN

KL TN

1991

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

2.40

2.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN

KL TN

1981

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

2.40

2.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

1991

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

2.40

2.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

1981

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

2.40

2.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ

MH

HY

PN

HP

1991

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

2.40

2.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ

MH

HY

PN

HP

1981

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

2.40

2.60

15 -19 20-24 25- 29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR

WB

IND

1991

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

2.20

2.40

2.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB

IND





Figure 4.16b: Ratio of ASMCRU for Marginal Worker to Non Worker, 1981 & 1991

1981

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN

KL TN

1991

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN

KL TN

1981

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35- 39 40 -44 45-49

BH MP RJ UP

1991

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

15-19 20 -24 25-29 30-34 35- 39 40-44 45-49

BH MP RJ UP

1981

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MHHY PNHP

1991

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH HY PNHP

1981

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB

IND

1991

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB

IND





Figure 4.17a: Absolute change in ASMCRU for Main Worker to Non Worker, 1981 &

1991 (AMMCRU main worker – ASMCRU non worker)

1981

-16.00

-12.00

-8.00

-4.00

0.00

4.00

8.00

12.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35- 39 40-44 45-49

AP KN

KL TN

1991

-16.00

-12.00

-8.00

-4.00

0.00

4.00

8.00

12.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN

KL

TN

1981

-16.00

-12.00

-8.00

-4.00

0.00

4.00

8.00

12.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

1991

-16.00

-12.00

-8.00

-4.00

0.00

4.00

8.00

12.00

15-19 20 -24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

1981

-16.00

-12.00

-8.00

-4.00

0.00

4.00

8.00

12.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH

HY PN

HP

1991

-16.00

-12.00

-8.00

-4.00

0.00

4.00

8.00

12.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH

HY PN

HP

1981

-16.00

-12.00

-8.00

-4.00

0.00

4.00

8.00

12.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB IND

1991

-16.00

-12.00

-8.00

-4.00

0.00

4.00

8.00

12.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB IND





Figure 4.17b: Absolute change in ASMCRU for Marginal Worker to Non Worker, 1981

& 1991 (AMMCRU main worker – ASMCRU non worker)

1981

-18.00

-14.00

-10.00

-6.00

-2.00

2.00

6.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN

KL TN

1991

-18.00

-14.00

-10.00

-6.00

-2.00

2.00

6.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN

KL TN

1981

-18.00

-14.00

-10.00

-6.00

-2.00

2.00

6.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP RJ UP

1991

-18.00

-14.00

-10.00

-6.00

-2.00

2.00

6.00

15 -19 20 -24 25 -29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

1981

-18.00

-14.00

-10.00

-6.00

-2.00

2.00

6.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH

HY PN

HP

1991

-18.00

-14.00

-10.00

-6.00

-2.00

2.00

6.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH

HY PN

HP

1981

-18.00

-14.00

-10.00

-6.00

-2.00

2.00

6.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40 -44 45 -49

OR WB IND

1991

-18.00

-14.00

-10.00

-6.00

-2.00

2.00

6.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB IND





4.4 Caste and Childlessness

Inter-state Variation in GMCRU by Caste: 2001

In this section we discuss levels and differentials in childlessness in Indian states by caste of

the women. For this we have considered SC, ST and Non-SC/ST to understand thedifferentials. Accordingly tables 4.15a through 4.18b and figures 4.18 through 4.24b give all

relevant information with respect to childlessness and caste differentials for India and its statesfor the period 1981-2001.

As may be noticed from the table 4.15a and 4.15b and the figures 4.18 below, at the nationallevels the GMCRU in 1981 was relatively higher for ST women (14.47 per cent) followed by

the SC women (13.22 per cent) and was least for the Non-SC/ST women (12.74 per cent).However, in 2001 it was observed at slightly lower than 16 per cent for all three groups of

women. In other words, the GMCRU in 2001 was apparently more or less similar for all three-caste groups of the women at least at the national level. Similar observations may also be made

for the rural and urban India. The data also suggest that the

Figure 4.18: GMCRU by caste of the women, 1981-2001

The data further reveals that the levels of GMCRU at the national have increased for three-

groups of women, more rapidly for those belonging to other castes followed by SC womenwhereas for ST women the increase only marginal. This stands true for the rural and urban

areas of the country as well. It is interesting to note that unlike national level, there prevaildifferentials in the levels of GMCRU by caste of the women at the sub-national level. This my

be noted from clearly from the figure 4.19 on the next page. The points emerging at the state

level in this regards are as follows:1. The GMCRU for SC women in 2001 was relatively higher in Bihar, Tamil Nadu,

Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh (18-19 per cent) followed by Karnataka, Kerala,

Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat (14 to 16 per cent). In other states it ranged between 11 to 13 per cent.

2. For the ST women, GMCRU was observed to be lowest at 12 per cent in HimachalPradesh and 13-14 per cent in Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. On the other





hand, it was observed at as high as 23 per cent in Tamil Nadu and 18-19 per cent inAndhra Pradesh, Kerala, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.

3. The GMCRU in 2001 for non-SC/ST women were highest for Tamil Nadu (nearly 19 per cent) followed by Bihar and Uttar Pradesh (over 18 per cent) whereas it was lowest

in Himachal Pradesh (11 per cent or so). There were other states like Andhra Pradesh,

Rajasthan and Gujarat where it was around 16-17 per cent.

Figure 4.19: GMCRU by caste of the women for States, 1981-2001

GMCRU for SC, India

0.00

4.00

8.00

12.00

16.00

20.00

24.00


1981 2001

GMCRU for Non-SC/ST, India

0.00

4.00

8.00

12.00

16.00

20.00

24.00


1981 2001

Absolute Change in GMCRU over Time: 1981-2001As mentioned before, the levels of GMCRU has increased during 1981-2001 for the nationas a whole. However, there is mix scenario when it comes to the states as it has increased

for some whereas for others it has actually reduced. Some of the points emerging fromfigure 4.20 below and the data in table 4.16 are:

1. Among southern states, the GMCRU has gone up for all states except AndhraPradesh, which has actually witnessed decline in it during 1981-2001. Further, for

the Non-SC/ST women the increase is by almost 13 per cent points in Karnataka

and by about 5 per cent points in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The correspondingincrease among SC and ST women is by a little over 12 per cent points inKarnataka whereas it is about 2-3 per cent points among SC women and 6-7 per

cent among ST women in Kerala and Tamil Nadu.2. The GMCRU for SC women in Andhra Pradesh has come down by over a percent

whereas the decline was very little for the ST women. However, non-SC/ST womenin the state experienced marginal increase in the GMCR during the period.

GMCRU for ST, India

0.00

4.00

8.00

12.00

16.00

20.00

24.00


1981 2001





3. GMCRU for SC women has increased in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh (2 and 8 per cent points respectively) whereas it has declined in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan (4-5

per cent points). Similar pattern are also observed among ST & Non-SC/ST.4. In the western states of Gujarat and Bihar, the GMCRU for SC women has declined

in the former (over 4 per cent points) whereas in later it has actually gone up (nearly

5 per cent points). Similarly, the GMCRU for ST women declined by about one percent point in Gujarat whereas in Maharashtra it increased by nearly 6 per cent points. The Non-SC/ST women experienced an increase of about 6 per cent points

in GMCRU in Maharashtra and in Gujarat it declined by about 3 per cent points.

Figure 4.20: Absolute change in GMCRU during 1981-2001 by caste of the women

(Absolute change = GMCRU 2001 – GMCRU 1981)

5. Haryana has recorded decline in the GMCRU for SC and Non-SC/ST women(about 6 per cent) while it increased in Punjab and Himachal Pradesh (about one per

cent for SC and 2-3 per cent for Non SC/ST women.

Non-SC/ST

-8.00

-5.00

-2.00

1.00

4.00

7.00

10.00

13.00


Schedule Tribe

-8.00

-5.00

-2.00

1.00

4.00

7.00

10.00

13.00


Schedule Caste

-8.00

-5.00

-2.00

1.00

4.00

7.00

10.00

13.00






6. Orissa experienced a decline of about one per cent points in GMCRU for SC womenand negligible decline for ST women while it recoded nominal increase in it for the

Non-SC/ST women. West Bengal on the other hand showed consistent increase inthe GMCRUs for all three-groups of women, relatively faster for the Non-SC/ST

women.

Differentials in GMCRU by Caste: 1981 and 2001

Tables 4.17a and 4.17b and the figures 4.21a and 4.21b give all the relevant informationabout the ratios of GMCRU for SC and ST women to that of the Non-SC/ST women. The

major points emerging from the data are:1. There were 3 states in 1981 where GMCRU was slightly lower for SC women (by

10 per cent in Karnataka and 3 and 2 per cent in Rajasthan and Punjabrespectively) as against of the non-SC/ST women whereas in the remaining 12

states it was higher for the SC women. Further, the difference between the twogroups of women was substantial in a few states like Himachal Pradesh, Orissa,

Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu (by about 8 to 17 per cent).2. The number of states reporting a lower GMCRU for SC women increased to 8 by

2001, nevertheless, 7 states continued to have greater GMCRU for SC women.Interestingly, the gaps between the two groups of women seemingly bridged over

time for all states but Bihar, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana.

3. When ST women are compared with the non-SC/ST women it may be noted that in

1981 the GMCRUs were lower for the ST women in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh,Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra while in other states it was higher for them.

The pattern was somewhat similar in 2001 as well except for Karnataka, where in1981 ST women had relatively higher GMCRU while in 2001 they had lower

GMCRU.

Figure 4.21a: Ratios for GMCRUs for SC to Non-SC/ST women, 1981 – 2001.

1981

0.85

0.90

0.95

1.00

1.05

1.10

1.15

1.20


2001

0.85

0.90

0.95

1.00

1.05

1.10

1.15

1.20






Figure 4.21b: Ratios for GMCRUs for GMCRUs for ST women in comparison to

Non-SC/ST women, 1981 – 2001.

Figure 4.22a: Absolute difference in GMCRUs for SC women in comparison to Non-

SC/ST women, 1981 – 2001.

1981

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00


2001

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00


1981

-3.00

-2.00

-1.00

0.00

1.00

2.00


2001

-3.00

-2.00

-1.00

0.00

1.00

2.00






Figure 4.22b: Absolute difference in GMCRUs for ST women in comparison to Non-

SC/ST women, 1981 – 2001.

4. It may also be pointed that on the whole, in most of the states, these differentials inthis regard are wider between ST and Non-SC/ST women as compared to those

observed for SC and Non SC/ST women. Though this is largely true for 1981 and2001, the gaps are unusually wide in 2001 in some cases. For example, theGMCRU in Uttar Pradesh for ST women in 2001 was 78 per cent higher than that

of the Non SC/ST women. The corresponding gap in West Bengal, HimachalPradesh and Orissa was by 47, 40 and 29 per cent respectively.

5. In terms of absolute differentials, it may be mentioned that the gaps have beenrelatively wider in West Bengal for SC women and for a number of states for ST

women (Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal)during 1981 and 2001 (especially for the later period).

Differentials in ASMCRU by Caste: 1981 and 2001

Tables 4.18a and 4.18b and the figures 4.23a through 4.24b give the relevant information aboutthe differentials in ASMCRUs by caste of the women for India and its states for the year 1981

and 2001 in terms of both ratios and absolute gap. Though there is no clear pattern emerging asfar as the differentials are concerned some broad observations may be made. These are as

follows:1. At the national level, in terms of ratios, the ratios have been higher for the SC women

as compared to the Non-SC/ST women during 1981 and 2001 for all age groups except

1981

-8.00

-6.00

-4.00

-2.00

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00


2001

-8.00

-6.00

-4.00

-2.00

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00






15-19 and 20-24 years in 1981. In other words, the ASMCRUs was relatively higher forSC women aged 25 years and older in 1981 and at all ages in 2001. It is also noted that

in 2001 the differences between the two groups of women widen with advancement inthe age of the women until age below 40 years and start to bridge marginally thereafter.

It may further be pointed out that the largest gap was observed at age 35-39 years (40

per cent) followed by 36 per cent in the age group 30-34 years in 2001.2. In case of the ST women, the ASMCRU was higher for them as compared to the Non-SC/ST women at all ages during 1981 and the differences were substantial. However,

by 2001, the ASMCRU for ST women was observed to be lower than that of the Non-SC/ST women for ages below 35 years and higher thereafter. For example, the

ASMCRU for ST women aged 15-19 to 30-34 years in 2001 was lower by 2 to 12 percent as against of the Non- SC/ST women whereas it was higher by about 6 to 16 per

cent for the women aged 35-39 tears or older.3. In contrast to what observed in terms of ratios, the gaps between SC women and Non-

SC/ST women are wider at younger ages in terms of the absolute difference both during1981 and 2001. For example, in 2001 the ASMCRU for SC women was lower by about

5 per cent points in the age group 15-19 years followed by next three age groups (about2 per cent points) and by about one per cent or so in the remaining age groups. Similar

observations may also be made for the ST women.4. There is no clear pattern at the state level, nonetheless, the ASMCRUS are on the

higher side for SC women in 2001 for all states except Gujarat (where it has been lowerfor the SC women). Further, for most of the states, the gaps between SC and Non-

SC/ST women widen as the age increases. This is particularly true for the recent times.5. On the whole, the ASMCRUs for SC women was lower than the Non-SC/ST women

for a number of states in 1981 whereas this scenario has reversed in 2001 (with morestates having higher ASMCRU for Sc women as compared to non-SC/ST women.

6. The gap between SC and Non-SC/ST women has been unusually wide in Uttar Pradeshand Orissa and West Bengal. For example, the ASMCRU for SC women aged 30 years

or older living in Uttar Pradesh were two to three times higher than that of the Non-SC/ST women. The corresponding gap in Orissa and West Bengal was almost by

double.7. For the ST women, the data suggests that the ASMCRU in 2001 was relatively lower

for young ST women in southern states, northern states (except Bihar) and Westernstates of Gujarat and Maharashtra whereas reverse was true for the older women

(beyond age 30 years). In other states (Himachal Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal), theASMCRU was higher for the ST women as compared to the Non-SC/ST women for all

age groups.8. In Himachal Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal, the differences between the ST and

Non-SC/ST women were relatively wider, particularly for ages beyond 30 years. Forexample, the ASMCRU for the women aged 30-34 years or older was higher by about

32 to 84 per cent in Orissa for ST women as compared to the Non-SC/ST women. Thecorresponding range for Himachal Pradesh was 29 to 45 per cent and Tamil Nadu from

42 to 54 per cent.9. In absolute terms, as observed at the national level, the difference between ST and Non-

SC/ST ASMCRU was wider at the younger ages whereas reverse was true for olderages and this was true for most of the states.





Figure 4.23a: Ratio of ASMCRU for SC women to Non-SC/ST women, 1981 & 2001

1981

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN

KL TN 2001

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN

KL TN

1981

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP 2001

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

1981

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH

HY PN

HP

2001

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH

HY PNHP

1981

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB

IND

2001

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB

IND





Figure 4.23b: Ratio of ASMCRU for ST women to Non-SC/ST women, 1981 & 2001

1981

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

3.00

3.40

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN

KL TN

2001

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

3.00

3.40

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN

KL TN

1981

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

3.00

3.40

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

2001

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

3.00

3.40

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

1981

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

3.00

3.40

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH

HP

2001

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

3.00

3.40

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH

HP

1981

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

3.00

3.40

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB

IND

2001

0.60

1.00

1.40

1.80

2.20

2.60

3.00

3.40

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB

IND





Figure 4.24a: Absolute change in ASMCRU for SC women from Non-SC/ST women,

1981 & 2001 (ASMCRU SC – ASMCRU Non-SC/ST)

1981

-5.00

-3.00

-1.00

1.00

3.00

5.00

7.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN

KL TN

2001

-5.00

-3.00

-1.00

1.00

3.00

5.00

7.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN KL TN

1981

-5.00

-3.00

-1.00

1.00

3.00

5.00

7.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

2001

-5.00

-3.00

-1.00

1.00

3.00

5.00

7.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

1981

-5.00

-3.00

-1.00

1.00

3.00

5.00

7.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH

HY PNHP

2001

-5.00

-3.00

-1.00

1.00

3.00

5.00

7.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ MH

HY PNHP

1981

-5.00

-3.00

-1.00

1.00

3.00

5.00

7.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB

IND

2001

-5.00

-3.00

-1.00

1.00

3.00

5.00

7.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR WB

IND





Figure 4.24b: Absolute change in ASMCRU for ST women from Non-SC/ST women,

1981 & 2001 (ASMCRU ST – ASMCRU Non-SC/ST)

1981

-20.00

-16.00

-12.00

-8.00 -4.00 0.00

4.00

8.00

12.00

16.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN

KL TN

2001

-20.00

-16.00

-12.00

-8.00 -4.00 0.00

4.00

8.00

12.00

16.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

AP KN

KL TN

1981

-20.00

-16.00

-12.00

-8.00

-4.00

0.00

4.00

8.00

12.00 16.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

2001

-20.00

-16.00

-12.00

-8.00

-4.00

0.00

4.00

8.00

12.00 16.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

BH MP

RJ UP

1981

-20.00

-16.00

-12.00

-8.00

-4.00

0.00

4.00

8.00

12.00 16.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ

MH

HP

2001

-20.00

-16.00

-12.00

-8.00

-4.00

0.004.00

8.00

12.00 16.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

GJ

MH

HP

1981

-20.00

-16.00

-12.00

-8.00

-4.00

0.00

4.00

8.00

12.00

16.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR

WB

IND

2001

-20.00

-16.00

-12.00

-8.00

-4.00

0.00

4.00

8.00

12.00 16.00

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

OR

WB

IND





Table 4.1: Share of population in the total population of the state by selected characteristics for

combined areas, 2001.

India/State

Religion of the woman Caste of the woman women work Status Female

Literacy

Rate

(7+)

Muslim ChristianOther

Religions Schedule

Caste

Schedule

Tribe

% Main

workers

% Marginal

WorkersAndhra P. 9.17 1.55 89.28 16.19 6.59 25.21 9.72 50.43

Karnataka 12.23 1.91 85.86 16.20 6.55 20.92 10.96 56.87

Kerala 24.70 19.02 56.28 9.81 1.14 10.74 4.54 87.72

Tamil Nadu 5.56 6.07 88.37 19.00 1.04 23.79 7.52 64.43

Bihar 16.53 0.06 83.40 15.72 0.91 8.76 10.07 33.12

Madhya P. 6.37 0.28 93.35 15.17 20.27 17.31 15.79 50.29

Rajasthan 8.47 0.13 91.40 17.16 12.56 16.83 16.66 43.85

Uttar Pradesh 18.50 0.13 81.38 21.15 0.06 6.10 10.18 42.22

Gujarat 9.06 0.56 90.38 7.09 14.76 14.53 13.50 57.80

Maharashtra 10.60 1.09 88.31 10.20 8.85 24.10 8.49 67.03

Haryana 5.78 0.13 94.09 19.35 NA 13.37 13.94 55.73

Punjab 1.57 1.20 97.23 28.85 NA 11.92 6.76 63.36

Himachal P. 1.97 0.13 97.91 24.72 4.02 21.08 22.61 67.42Orissa 2.07 2.44 95.49 16.53 22.13 8.60 16.02 50.51

West Bengal 25.25 0.64 74.11 23.02 5.50 8.86 9.22 59.61

India 13.43 2.34 84.22 16.20 8.20 14.68 10.99 53.67

Table 4.2a: General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group 15-49 years by

Religion for India and States, Combined Areas, 1981-2001.

State/India

1981 1991 2001

Hindu

Mus-

lim

Chris-

tian Other Hindu

Mus-

lim

Chris-

tian Other Hindu

Mus-

lim

Chris-

tian OthersAndhra P. 17.81 16.20 15.78 36.66 17.67 16.43 15.96 15.87 17.27 20.91 19.48 25.71

Karnataka 2.69 2.50 2.32 2.96 14.39 13.67 13.03 14.44 15.06 15.36 17.40 15.94

Kerala 8.92 11.45 7.19 -36.00 12.72 15.34 10.87 15.56 13.57 15.36 12.23 19.21

Tamil Nadu 14.72 14.15 11.65 13.40 14.49 14.52 10.19 14.26 18.56 19.97 18.85 29.95

Bihar 16.99 16.68 10.65 13.46 24.15 22.81 17.30 18.59 18.65 17.66 16.47 19.45

Madhya P. 18.94 16.29 12.41 15.22 19.13 17.61 11.34 16.15 14.96 14.16 14.12 12.64

Rajasthan 21.71 21.27 15.35 14.31 19.07 19.50 17.38 13.02 16.26 17.02 13.65 16.97

Uttar P. 9.77 8.60 7.94 6.85 24.00 22.80 20.97 18.12 18.28 17.25 19.18 17.12

Gujarat 18.61 16.72 13.79 14.86 17.42 16.16 14.25 14.62 15.39 15.76 13.33 15.87

Maharashtra 7.90 7.16 4.23 7.35 9.31 8.84 9.19 8.69 13.28 14.45 15.83 13.39

Haryana 17.95 19.98 11.05 12.27 14.82 17.30 15.69 12.73 11.63 13.18 14.03 10.69

Punjab 12.09 12.86 10.33 11.49 12.56 12.50 14.35 12.36 13.74 13.95 14.35 12.79

Himachal P. 8.21 8.55 7.07 9.34 12.16 15.19 15.37 12.07 10.49 12.62 14.48 12.30

Orissa 13.77 11.74 12.22 18.45 18.13 13.96 17.08 18.88 13.57 12.86 13.98 16.49

W. Bengal 7.81 8.92 8.91 9.53 14.74 15.27 16.14 18.52 13.00 12.73 15.01 17.35

India 13.31 11.71 8.96 10.61 17.76 17.64 13.81 12.90 15.79 16.07 15.89 13.95





Table 4.2b: General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group 15-49 years by

Religion for India and States, Rural Areas, 1981-2001.

State/India

1981 1991 2001

HinduMus-lim

Chris-tian Other Hindu

Mus-lim


Mus-lim

Chris-tian Others

Andhra P. 17.89 16.17 15.55 18.39 17.96 16.14 15.74 19.18 16.24 16.42 16.27 21.11Karnataka 2.69 2.83 2.79 3.16 13.92 13.21 11.45 14.81 14.25 14.18 13.65 15.00

Kerala 8.92 11.74 6.90 5.74 12.76 16.00 10.61 18.32 13.28 15.37 11.84 17.82

Tamil Nadu 14.59 13.72 11.11 14.17 15.14 15.40 10.33 12.11 17.49 19.31 17.39 28.09

Bihar 17.09 16.84 10.47 13.34 24.55 22.93 17.46 18.74 18.92 17.66 16.37 5.42

Madhya P. 19.35 17.06 12.95 17.69 19.38 17.16 9.71 17.46 15.25 14.14 13.11 13.28

Rajasthan 22.27 21.41 12.25 14.32 19.75 19.37 16.18 13.31 16.87 17.07 11.54 11.58

Uttar P. 10.05 9.19 7.73 6.75 24.37 23.27 22.46 19.79 18.38 17.13 18.08 16.73

Gujarat 19.05 16.37 12.61 13.89 17.99 16.11 14.25 16.60 15.11 14.65 10.89 14.68

Maharashtra 8.59 8.63 4.71 8.46 9.45 9.32 8.52 8.88 12.98 14.10 13.79 12.89

Haryana 18.86 20.19 6.36 12.59 15.56 17.63 17.82 13.35 11.69 13.34 15.33 10.45

Punjab 11.65 14.25 10.44 11.42 12.32 13.90 14.09 12.32 12.68 13.72 13.93 12.45

Himachal P. 8.29 8.82 3.66 9.99 12.31 15.49 14.65 12.59 10.44 12.57 14.90 11.89

Orissa 13.93 12.17 12.31 18.75 18.35 14.34 17.09 19.07 13.59 12.14 13.82 16.49

W. Bengal 8.55 9.33 9.57 10.35 14.47 15.18 16.09 19.67 11.77 12.21 13.90 16.84

India 13.76 12.28 8.96 10.93 18.48 18.30 14.19 13.50 15.72 15.57 14.97 13.74

Table 4.2b: General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group 15-49 years by

Religion for India and States, Urban Areas, 1981-2001.

State/India

1981 1991 2001

HinduMus-lim


Mus-lim


Mus-lim

Chris-tian Others

Andhra P. 17.47 16.24 16.39 51.04 16.70 16.66 16.31 14.29 20.56 24.44 23.51 29.24

Karnataka 2.69 2.21 1.96 2.65 15.67 14.06 13.97 13.83 16.94 16.18 19.12 17.72

Kerala 8.93 10.18 8.56 NC 12.60 13.51 11.67 13.29 14.36 15.31 13.52 22.28

Tamil Nadu 15.02 14.42 12..55 12.95 13.10 13.98 9.99 15.12 20.05 20.23 19.94 30.66

Bihar 16.13 15.67 11.63 14.29 21.08 22.09 16.45 17.55 16.07 17.66 16.62 17.04

Madhya P. 16.92 15.76 11.50 12.96 18.11 17.88 13.93 15.17 13.98 14.17 14.62 11.87

Rajasthan 19.05 21.11 17.28 14.30 16.27 19.64 18.08 12.55 14.20 16.97 15.15 11.98

Uttar P. 7.98 7.30 8.01 6.98 21.97 21.84 19.97 15.70 17.80 17.50 19.97 17.78

Gujarat 17.43 17.00 14.97 15.18 16.17 16.19 14.25 14.04 15.89 16.52 16.79 16.12

Maharashtra 6.14 6.24 4.12 5.78 9.02 8.59 9.31 8.48 13.77 14.61 16.19 13.83

Haryana 14.71 16.85 13.14 11.18 12.68 14.20 14.53 10.79 11.49 12.24 13.43 11.31

Punjab 12.54 10.74 9.92 11.84 12.76 10.11 15.29 12.51 14.56 14.29 15.37 14.01

Himachal P. 7.07 6.16 9.83 7.25 10.37 12.64 16.04 10.40 10.92 12.97 13.92 13.66

Orissa 12.43 11.01 11.74 14.01 16.58 13.33 17.00 16.13 13.42 13.90 14.96 16.45

W. Bengal 5.94 6.20 6.73 6.69 15.34 15.85 16.28 13.18 15.68 15.64 18.63 20.23

India 11.58 10.55 9.16 9.77 15.43 16.35 12.99 11.55 15.99 17.02 17.57 14.39





Table 4.3: Absolute change in the General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age

group 15-49 years for various religions during1981-2001.

State/India

Combined Rural Urban

HinduMus-lim


Mus-lim


Mus-lim

Chris-tian Others

Andhra P. -0.54 4.71 3.70 -10.95 -1.65 0.25 0.72 2.72 3.09 8.20 7.12 -21.80

Karnataka 12.37 12.86 15.08 12.98 11.56 11.35 10.86 11.84 14.25 13.97 17.16 15.07

Kerala 4.65 3.91 5.04 55.21 4.36 3.63 4.94 12.08 5.43 5.13 4.96 NC

Tamil Nadu 3.84 5.82 7.20 16.55 2.90 5.59 6.28 13.92 5.03 5.81 7.39 17.71

Bihar 1.66 0.98 5.82 5.99 1.83 0.82 5.90 -7.92 -0.06 1.99 4.99 2.75

Madhya P. -3.98 -2.13 1.71 -2.58 -4.10 -2.92 0.16 -4.41 -2.94 -1.59 3.12 -1.09

Rajasthan -5.45 -4.25 -1.70 2.66 -5.40 -4.34 -0.71 -2.74 -4.85 -4.14 -2.13 -2.32

Uttar P. 8.51 8.65 11.24 10.27 8.33 7.94 10.35 9.98 9.82 10.20 11.96 10.80

Gujarat -3.22 -0.96 -0.46 1.01 -3.94 -1.72 -1.72 0.79 -1.54 -0.48 1.82 0.94

Maharashtra 5.38 7.29 11.60 6.04 4.39 5.47 9.08 4.43 7.63 8.37 12.07 8.05

Haryana -6.32 -6.80 2.98 -1.58 -7.17 -6.85 8.97 -2.14 -3.22 -4.61 0.29 0.13

Punjab 1.65 1.09 4.02 1.30 1.03 -0.53 3.49 1.03 2.02 3.55 5.45 2.17

Himachal P. 2.28 4.07 7.41 2.96 2.15 3.75 11.24 1.90 3.85 6.81 4.09 6.41

Orissa -0.20 1.12 1.76 -1.96 -0.34 -0.03 1.51 -2.26 0.99 2.89 3.22 2.44

W. Bengal 5.19 3.81 6.10 7.82 3.22 2.88 4.33 6.49 9.74 9.44 11.90 13.54

India 2.48 4.36 6.93 3.34 1.96 3.29 6.01 2.81 4.41 6.47 8.41 4.62

Table 4.4a: Ratio of the General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group 15-

49 years of Different Religion to that of the Hindu religion, 1981-2001.

State/India

Combined Rural Urban1981 2001 1981 2001 1981 2001

Mus-lim

Chris-tian

Mus-lim

Chris-tian

Mus-lim

Chris-tian

Mus-lim

Chris-tian

Mus-lim

Chris-tian

Mus-lim

Chris-tian

Andhra P. 0.91 0.89 1.21 1.13 0.90 0.87 1.01 1.00 0.93 0.94 1.19 1.14

Karnataka 0.93 0.86 1.02 1.16 1.05 1.04 1.00 0.96 0.82 0.73 0.96 1.13

Kerala 1.28 0.81 1.13 0.90 1.32 0.77 1.16 0.89 1.14 0.96 1.07 0.94

Tamil Nadu 0.96 0.79 1.08 1.02 0.94 0.76 1.10 0.99 0.96 0.84 1.01 0.99

Bihar 0.98 0.63 0.95 0.88 0.99 0.61 0.93 0.87 0.97 0.72 1.10 1.03

Madhya P. 0.86 0.66 0.95 0.94 0.88 0.67 0.93 0.86 0.93 0.68 1.01 1.05

Rajasthan 0.98 0.71 1.05 0.84 0.96 0.55 1.01 0.68 1.11 0.91 1.20 1.07

Uttar P.0.88 0.81 0.94 1.05 0.91 0.77 0.93 0.98 0.91 1.00 0.98 1.12

Gujarat 0.90 0.74 1.02 0.87 0.86 0.66 0.97 0.72 0.98 0.86 1.04 1.06

Maharashtra 0.91 0.54 1.09 1.19 1.00 0.55 1.09 1.06 1.02 0.67 1.06 1.18

Haryana 1.11 0.62 1.13 1.21 1.07 0.34 1.14 1.31 1.15 0.89 1.07 1.17

Punjab 1.06 0.85 1.02 1.04 1.22 0.90 1.08 1.10 0.86 0.79 0.98 1.06

Himachal P. 1.04 0.86 1.20 1.38 1.06 0.44 1.20 1.43 0.87 1.39 1.19 1.27

Orissa 0.85 0.89 0.95 1.03 0.87 0.88 0.89 1.02 0.89 0.94 1.04 1.11

W. Bengal 1.14 1.14 0.98 1.15 1.09 1.12 1.04 1.18 1.04 1.13 1.00 1.19

India 0.88 0.67 1.02 1.01 0.89 0.65 0.99 0.95 0.91 0.79 1.06 1.10





Table 4.4b: Differentials in the General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age

group 15-49 years for various religions during1981-2001.

State/India

Hindu-Muslim: 1981 Hindu-Muslim: 2001 Hindu-Christian: 1981 Hindu- Christian: 2001

Comb. Rural Urban Comb. Rural Urban Comb. Rural Urban Comb. Rural Urban

Andhra P. 1.61 1.72 1.23 -3.64 -0.18 -3.88 2.03 2.34 1.08 -2.21 -0.03 -2.95

Karnataka 0.19 -0.14 0.48 -0.30 0.07 0.76 0.37 -0.10 0.73 -2.34 0.60 -2.18

Kerala -2.53 -2.82 -1.25 -1.79 -2.09 -0.95 1.73 2.02 0.37 1.34 1.44 0.84

Tamil Nadu 0.57 0.87 0.60 -1.41 -1.82 -0.18 3.07 3.48 2.47 -0.29 0.10 0.11

Bihar 0.31 0.25 0.46 0.99 1.26 -1.59 6.34 6.62 4.50 2.18 2.55 -0.55

Madhya P. 2.65 2.29 1.16 0.80 1.11 -0.19 6.53 6.40 5.42 0.84 2.14 -0.64

Rajasthan 0.44 0.86 -2.06 -0.76 -0.20 -2.77 6.36 10.02 1.77 2.61 5.33 -0.95

Uttar P. 1.17 0.86 0.68 1.03 1.25 0.30 1.83 2.32 -0.03 -0.90 0.30 -2.17

Gujarat 1.89 2.68 0.43 -0.37 0.46 -0.63 4.82 6.44 2.46 2.06 4.22 -0.90

Maharashtra 0.74 -0.04 -0.10 -1.17 -1.12 -0.84 3.67 3.88 2.02 -2.55 -0.81 -2.42

Haryana -2.03 -1.33 -2.14 -1.55 -1.65 -0.75 6.90 12.50 1.57 -2.40 -3.64 -1.94

Punjab -0.77 -2.60 1.80 -0.21 -1.04 0.27 1.76 1.21 2.62 -0.61 -1.25 -0.81

Himachal P. -0.34 -0.53 0.91 -2.13 -2.13 -2.05 1.14 4.63 -2.76 -3.99 -4.46 -3.00

Orissa 2.03 1.76 1.42 0.71 1.45 -0.48 1.55 1.62 0.69 -0.41 -0.23 -1.54

W. Bengal -1.11 -0.78 -0.26 0.27 -0.44 0.04 -1.10 -1.02 -0.79 -2.01 -2.13 -2.95

India 1.60 1.48 1.03 -0.28 0.15 -1.03 4.35 4.80 2.42 -0.10 0.75 -1.58





Table 4.5a: Ratio of the Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates Unadjusted (ASMCRU) by

age group by Religion to that of the Hindus for India and States, 1981 and 2001.

State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Ratio of Muslim to Hindu: 1981

Andhra P. 0.93 0.97 0.96 0.98 0.90 0.95 0.93

Karnataka 0.94 0.88 0.84 0.81 0.83 0.83 1.04

Kerala 0.95 0.73 0.70 0.88 0.93 1.03 0.94

Tamil Nadu 0.93 0.85 0.84 0.89 0.81 0.89 0.83

Bihar 0.97 1.01 1.10 1.11 1.06 1.03 1.01

Madhya P. 0.87 0.92 0.95 0.99 0.91 0.94 0.95

Rajasthan 0.92 0.90 0.93 0.92 0.98 1.03 0.95

Uttar Pradesh 0.87 0.89 1.01 1.06 1.03 1.04 1.00

Gujarat 0.88 0.92 1.03 1.25 1.32 1.35 1.27

Maharashtra 0.89 0.85 0.90 0.92 0.89 0.90 0.90

Haryana 0.92 0.97 1.14 1.46 1.07 1.08 0.99

Punjab 0.92 0.87 1.08 0.94 1.63 1.68 1.15

Himachal P. 0.87 0.88 1.02 0.76 0.75 0.50 0.59

Orissa 0.85 0.70 0.73 0.76 0.72 0.93 0.76

West Bengal 0.99 0.99 0.93 1.00 0.89 0.86 0.85

India 0.84 0.85 0.91 0.92 0.86 0.83 0.82

Ratio of Muslim to Hindu: 2001

Andhra P. 1.09 1.20 1.28 1.33 1.32 1.26 1.22

Karnataka 1.01 0.96 0.91 0.93 0.95 0.94 0.95

Kerala 0.88 0.72 0.67 0.81 0.91 0.96 0.91

Tamil Nadu 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.01 0.98 0.95 0.94

Bihar 0.99 1.01 1.05 1.09 1.08 1.10 1.08

Madhya P. 0.93 1.01 1.13 1.20 1.20 1.18 1.07

Rajasthan 0.95 0.97 1.04 1.11 1.14 1.11 1.10

Uttar Pradesh 0.94 0.97 1.05 1.11 1.09 1.10 1.06

Gujarat 0.96 0.95 1.08 1.25 1.30 1.34 1.33

Maharashtra 0.96 0.98 1.02 1.11 1.09 1.08 1.05

Haryana 0.96 0.81 0.75 0.91 0.95 1.06 1.05

Punjab 0.96 0.81 0.80 0.91 0.94 0.98 1.05

Himachal P. 0.99 0.89 0.96 1.16 1.13 1.07 1.02

Orissa 0.95 0.89 0.87 0.90 0.87 0.97 0.90

West Bengal 0.93 0.82 0.71 0.77 0.79 0.85 0.89

India 0.94 0.94 0.99 1.06 1.05 1.05 1.00





Table 4. 5b: Difference in Levels of Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates Unadjusted

(ASMCRU) by age group by Religion for India and States, Combined Areas, 1981

and 2001.

State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Ratio of Christian to Hindu: 1981

Andhra P. 0.87 0.90 1.00 0.93 0.83 0.95 0.92

Karnataka 1.01 1.17 1.28 0.94 0.77 0.74 1.01

Kerala 1.01 1.10 0.96 0.65 0.61 0.59 0.60

Tamil Nadu 1.01 1.01 0.98 0.82 0.71 0.66 0.67

Bihar 0.92 0.99 1.00 1.05 0.89 0.82 0.86

Madhya P. 0.90 1.09 1.16 0.71 0.74 0.84 0.84

Rajasthan 0.89 1.00 1.54 1.53 1.03 1.04 0.72

Uttar Pradesh 0.75 0.88 1.50 1.68 1.38 1.52 1.47

Gujarat 0.94 0.93 1.12 1.09 1.04 1.09 1.05

Maharashtra 0.57 0.82 0.98 0.71 0.73 0.57 0.65

Haryana 0.72 0.77 0.91 1.11 2.36 1.02 2.21

Punjab 0.96 0.83 0.88 0.85 1.08 0.92 0.21

Himachal P. 0.85 0.91 2.52 1.03 2.23 0.00 0.48

Orissa 0.95 0.99 1.01 0.95 0.98 0.97 0.86

West Bengal 1.18 1.40 1.29 1.72 1.75 1.00 1.12

India 0.86 0.97 1.00 0.89 0.81 0.81 0.78

Ratio of Christian to Hindu: 1981

Andhra P. 1.02 1.14 1.33 1.33 1.26 1.21 1.18

Karnataka 1.13 1.39 1.61 1.39 1.31 1.12 1.14

Kerala 1.12 1.21 1.16 0.87 0.79 0.74 0.70

Tamil Nadu 1.13 1.21 1.22 1.05 0.99 0.92 0.89

Bihar 1.00 1.02 1.44 1.42 1.36 1.32 1.40

Madhya P. 0.92 1.27 1.97 1.82 1.44 1.48 1.16

Rajasthan 0.86 1.12 2.01 1.53 1.74 1.56 1.65

Uttar Pradesh 0.98 1.12 1.52 1.61 1.65 1.56 1.60

Gujarat 0.91 0.90 1.31 1.30 1.18 1.16 1.05

Maharashtra 1.05 1.41 2.15 1.87 1.57 1.29 1.24

Haryana 1.12 1.65 2.58 2.65 1.71 1.70 2.05

Punjab 0.99 0.94 0.93 0.95 1.01 1.03 0.95

Himachal P. 0.98 0.98 1.52 1.51 2.05 2.81 2.41

Orissa 0.99 0.96 0.99 1.07 1.16 1.21 1.25

West Bengal 1.04 1.22 1.34 1.35 1.25 1.18 1.33

India 1.01 1.22 1.49 1.39 1.30 1.22 1.16





Table 4. 5c: Difference in Levels of Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates Unadjusted


and 2001.

State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Ratio of Other Religion to Hindu: 1981

Andhra P. 0.94 1.16 1.16 0.91 1.29 0.92 0.86

Karnataka 1.20 1.08 1.26 1.15 0.98 0.92 1.23

Kerala 0.00 1.16 -25.53 1.56 0.67 0.12 1.10

Tamil Nadu 1.00 0.95 0.67 0.84 1.07 0.88 0.79

Bihar 0.85 0.91 1.08 1.31 1.54 1.57 1.58

Madhya P. 0.96 1.13 0.87 0.96 0.92 1.20 1.17

Rajasthan 0.88 0.90 0.83 0.79 0.87 0.74 0.95

Uttar Pradesh 0.85 1.03 1.02 0.91 0.77 0.85 0.70

Gujarat 0.92 1.14 1.38 1.09 1.10 1.21 1.39

Maharashtra 0.99 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.96 0.82

Haryana 0.90 1.05 1.13 1.11 0.99 0.99 0.75

Punjab 1.03 1.02 1.04 0.97 1.00 1.07 1.05

Himachal P. 1.13 1.84 2.11 1.53 1.34 1.37 1.08

Orissa 0.95 1.18 1.45 1.87 2.07 1.82 2.01

West Bengal 1.05 1.32 1.59 1.86 1.77 1.70 1.60

India 0.90 1.06 1.00 0.88 0.85 0.90 0.78

Ratio of Other Religion to Hindu: 1981

Andhra P. 1.14 1.46 1.72 1.83 1.84 1.73 1.76

Karnataka 1.05 1.10 1.03 1.03 1.02 1.07 1.13

Kerala 0.99 1.06 1.35 1.66 1.65 1.89 1.81

Tamil Nadu 1.17 1.52 1.72 1.75 1.80 1.60 1.73

Bihar 1.00 1.07 1.21 1.30 1.38 1.58 1.46

Madhya P. 1.00 1.20 1.35 1.26 1.22 1.18 1.19

Rajasthan 0.95 0.97 1.05 1.12 1.15 1.12 1.12

Uttar Pradesh 1.00 1.07 1.16 1.18 1.20 1.19 1.14

Gujarat 1.01 1.35 1.59 1.49 1.45 1.33 1.34

Maharashtra 1.01 1.08 1.13 1.08 1.00 0.94 0.93

Haryana 1.03 1.21 1.27 1.25 1.19 1.05 1.00

Punjab 1.01 0.95 0.90 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.88

Himachal P. 1.02 1.18 1.51 1.69 1.46 1.47 1.25

Orissa 0.99 0.95 1.07 1.35 1.48 1.62 1.70

West Bengal 1.07 1.29 1.39 1.52 1.54 1.56 1.55

India 1.01 1.08 1.04 0.96 0.92 0.87 0.86





Table 4. 6a: Difference in Levels of Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates Unadjusted


and 2001.

State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Hindu – Muslim : 1981

Andhra P. 4.30 0.77 0.47 0.21 0.68 0.38 0.58

Karnataka 0.61 0.53 0.28 0.24 0.16 0.19 -0.04

Kerala 2.44 5.54 2.29 0.51 0.23 -0.08 0.17

Tamil Nadu 4.05 4.46 1.92 0.85 1.11 0.70 1.14

Bihar 1.77 -0.29 -1.13 -0.62 -0.26 -0.10 -0.02

Madhya P. 9.07 2.09 0.47 0.07 0.45 0.36 0.26

Rajasthan 6.12 3.09 0.71 0.49 0.11 -0.14 0.19

Uttar Pradesh 4.58 1.65 -0.03 -0.22 -0.08 -0.12 0.00

Gujarat 10.01 2.90 -0.34 -1.53 -1.55 -1.71 -1.35

Maharashtra 3.84 2.04 0.51 0.26 0.29 0.27 0.26

Haryana 6.07 0.80 -1.14 -1.65 -0.19 -0.20 0.02

Punjab 4.76 3.70 -0.79 0.29 -2.09 -2.12 -0.45

Himachal P. 5.93 1.55 -0.05 0.56 0.56 1.35 1.11

Orissa 8.74 7.08 2.58 1.52 1.48 0.38 1.39

West Bengal 0.45 0.10 0.32 0.01 0.25 0.33 0.36

India 8.31 3.37 0.77 0.39 0.55 0.71 0.74

Hindu – Muslim : 1981

Andhra P. -5.45 -5.66 -4.01 -3.31 -2.72 -2.38 -2.07

Karnataka -0.59 1.19 1.23 0.63 0.31 0.42 0.34

Kerala 8.94 10.31 5.54 1.63 0.60 0.24 0.56

Tamil Nadu 0.08 -0.18 0.18 -0.07 0.25 0.58 0.69

Bihar 1.00 -0.45 -0.67 -0.73 -0.45 -0.52 -0.45

Madhya P. 4.86 -0.24 -1.24 -1.02 -0.84 -0.73 -0.31

Rajasthan 3.38 0.98 -0.35 -0.54 -0.51 -0.38 -0.35

Uttar Pradesh 4.29 1.02 -0.69 -0.92 -0.59 -0.57 -0.36

Gujarat 2.86 1.87 -1.03 -1.68 -1.53 -1.64 -1.59

Maharashtra 2.62 0.64 -0.27 -0.70 -0.47 -0.46 -0.28

Haryana 2.99 4.85 1.87 0.31 0.13 -0.13 -0.12

Punjab 3.28 7.02 2.86 0.60 0.32 0.08 -0.24

Himachal P. 0.64 3.48 0.39 -0.66 -0.41 -0.21 -0.07

Orissa 3.22 3.66 1.83 0.79 0.74 0.16 0.57

West Bengal 3.99 4.19 3.23 1.68 1.29 0.89 0.64

India 4.04 1.78 0.19 -0.45 -0.30 -0.28 -0.03







and 2001.

State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Hindu – Christian : 1981

Andhra P. 7.66 2.57 -0.03 0.59 1.19 0.40 0.64

Karnataka -0.09 -0.76 -0.51 0.08 0.22 0.28 -0.01

Kerala -0.26 -1.98 0.28 1.48 1.20 1.27 1.19

Tamil Nadu -0.74 -0.17 0.23 1.37 1.70 2.26 2.17

Bihar 4.99 0.28 -0.05 -0.31 0.44 0.69 0.46

Madhya P. 7.00 -2.24 -1.55 1.82 1.35 0.92 0.94

Rajasthan 8.75 -0.12 -5.81 -3.15 -0.12 -0.19 1.17

Uttar Pradesh 8.92 1.86 -2.87 -2.29 -1.03 -1.42 -1.29

Gujarat 5.18 2.46 -1.41 -0.55 -0.20 -0.42 -0.23

Maharashtra 14.66 2.52 0.11 0.90 0.69 1.18 0.93

Haryana 20.14 6.25 0.74 -0.38 -3.72 -0.04 -2.85

Punjab 2.57 4.80 1.12 0.74 -0.25 0.24 2.33

Himachal P. 6.57 1.15 -5.05 -0.07 -2.70 2.68 1.42

Orissa 2.75 0.35 -0.07 0.30 0.12 0.16 0.78

West Bengal -6.40 -4.72 -1.39 -1.93 -1.65 0.00 -0.30

India 7.40 0.60 -0.02 0.55 0.75 0.79 0.91

Hindu – Christian : 1981

Andhra P. -1.51 -3.97 -4.70 -3.25 -2.20 -1.89 -1.68

Karnataka -8.57 -11.95 -8.79 -3.47 -2.08 -0.81 -0.95

Kerala -9.35 -7.73 -2.65 1.13 1.37 1.59 1.78

Tamil Nadu -8.88 -7.42 -4.14 -0.60 0.08 0.93 1.22

Bihar -0.04 -0.68 -6.34 -3.30 -2.14 -1.74 -2.20

Madhya P. 6.01 -7.63 -9.24 -4.23 -1.84 -1.93 -0.67

Rajasthan 10.43 -3.49 -9.40 -2.49 -2.65 -1.91 -2.21

Uttar Pradesh 1.78 -4.22 -7.61 -5.13 -4.23 -3.34 -3.57

Gujarat 6.60 3.60 -4.00 -1.99 -0.93 -0.76 -0.26

Maharashtra -3.52 -12.23 -13.11 -5.59 -2.94 -1.58 -1.28

Haryana -7.87 -16.44 -11.69 -5.61 -1.78 -1.63 -2.50

Punjab 0.76 2.32 1.00 0.36 -0.05 -0.14 0.24

Himachal P. 1.13 0.70 -4.69 -2.07 -3.37 -5.86 -4.84

Orissa 0.87 1.23 0.16 -0.50 -0.95 -1.23 -1.46

West Bengal -2.57 -5.17 -3.77 -2.53 -1.50 -1.08 -1.91

India -0.82 -7.08 -6.49 -3.04 -1.90 -1.33 -0.99





Table 4. 6c: Difference in Levels of Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates Unadjusted


and 2001.

State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Hindu – Other Religion : 1981

Andhra P. 3.58 -4.03 -1.89 0.78 -2.08 0.66 1.17

Karnataka -2.11 -0.35 -0.47 -0.19 0.02 0.09 -0.25

Kerala 51.67 -3.32 NC -2.36 1.03 2.72 -0.29

Tamil Nadu -0.07 1.58 3.90 1.25 -0.41 0.78 1.42

Bihar 9.21 2.45 -0.86 -1.80 -2.20 -2.11 -1.98

Madhya P. 2.59 -3.47 1.31 0.22 0.43 -1.11 -0.97

Rajasthan 9.43 3.31 1.87 1.26 0.57 1.15 0.23

Uttar Pradesh 5.33 -0.41 -0.11 0.31 0.64 0.41 0.81

Gujarat 6.50 -5.01 -4.58 -0.54 -0.48 -1.02 -1.95

Maharashtra 0.33 0.86 0.35 0.25 0.22 0.11 0.48

Haryana 6.93 -1.37 -1.03 -0.38 0.02 0.02 0.60

Punjab -1.48 -0.44 -0.37 0.16 0.00 -0.23 -0.14

Himachal P. -5.57 -10.67 -3.68 -1.21 -0.74 -0.98 -0.22

Orissa 2.90 -4.20 -4.34 -5.45 -5.57 -4.71 -5.76

West Bengal -1.83 -3.86 -2.82 -2.31 -1.69 -1.60 -1.45

India 5.14 -1.34 0.04 0.59 0.61 0.40 0.90

Hindu – Other Religion : 1981

Andhra P. -8.61 -13.35 -10.30 -8.26 -7.06 -6.59 -7.05

Karnataka -3.25 -3.14 -0.47 -0.26 -0.12 -0.49 -0.85

Kerala 0.39 -2.17 -5.77 -5.78 -4.26 -5.41 -4.84

Tamil Nadu -11.78 -18.88 -13.27 -9.68 -8.74 -6.76 -8.05

Bihar -0.09 -2.70 -3.03 -2.34 -2.21 -3.16 -2.52

Madhya P. 0.03 -5.56 -3.36 -1.33 -0.93 -0.74 -0.80

Rajasthan 3.42 0.94 -0.50 -0.57 -0.55 -0.42 -0.40

Uttar Pradesh 0.10 -2.39 -2.37 -1.47 -1.30 -1.15 -0.84

Gujarat -0.62 -13.01 -7.62 -3.30 -2.32 -1.57 -1.68

Maharashtra -0.92 -2.41 -1.49 -0.51 0.01 0.35 0.38

Haryana -2.04 -5.26 -1.99 -0.84 -0.48 -0.12 -0.01

Punjab -0.88 1.97 1.46 0.64 0.50 0.51 0.52

Himachal P. -1.57 -5.52 -4.57 -2.80 -1.48 -1.53 -0.85

Orissa 0.62 1.52 -0.93 -2.65 -2.85 -3.58 -4.05

West Bengal -4.45 -6.81 -4.37 -3.73 -3.24 -3.42 -3.15

India -0.93 -2.57 -0.51 0.30 0.50 0.77 0.88





Table 4.7a: General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group 15-49 years by Education for

India and States, Combined Areas, 1981-2001.

State/India IlliterateLiterate but

below middleMiddle but below

matricMatric but below

graduateGraduate and

above

1981

Andhra P. 17.88 15.11 18.24 20.59 23.93

Karnataka 2.75 2.97 3.12 3.34 3.27Kerala 6.62 8.18 11.74 12.68 14.28

Tamil Nadu 13.82 15.11 15.62 17.79 22.46

Bihar 16.62 17.47 17.75 21.29 18.15

Madhya P. 18.47 20.72 19.96 18.14 19.16

Rajasthan 21.38 21.62 22.50 22.57 23.24

Uttar Pradesh 9.26 11.22 11.69 12.33 12.25

Gujarat 16.18 19.34 25.22 22.86 24.79

Maharashtra 7.61 8.27 7.53 6.84 7.53

Haryana 16.87 21.29 21.97 20.27 20.30

Punjab 10.05 13.76 15.61 17.82 19.51

Himachal P. 6.92 11.47 13.22 11.52 9.83

Orissa 13.69 13.68 14.81 14.54 15.62

West Bengal 8.85 7.98 8.72 9.43 10.37

India 12.97 12.41 13.03 14.01 14.66

1991

Andhra P. 17.20 16.41 19.73 22.34 23.59

Karnataka 13.44 13.84 15.89 18.29 20.91

Kerala 10.75 10.08 14.62 16.73 18.53

Tamil Nadu 14.34 13.78 14.39 14.42 16.82

Bihar 23.29 24.96 24.66 30.20 28.52

Madhya P. 18.12 21.60 24.35 21.58 20.64

Rajasthan 18.69 20.47 20.82 19.83 18.81

Uttar Pradesh 23.08 25.06 27.94 28.87 24.21

Gujarat 15.87 17.74 21.05 21.53 20.89

Maharashtra 7.97 9.44 11.61 11.25 12.03Haryana 13.13 18.41 19.83 19.03 16.15

Punjab 10.68 12.29 15.55 17.11 15.47

Himachal P. 9.93 12.38 19.22 18.86 14.75

Orissa 17.90 16.90 19.74 21.99 22.75

West Bengal 14.33 14.10 16.15 18.48 21.51

India 17.60 15.82 17.77 19.38 19.31

2001

Andhra P. 15.28 16.83 21.42 25.64 27.89

Karnataka 12.39 14.30 19.86 20.97 23.29

Kerala 10.47 8.76 14.10 17.60 20.54

Tamil Nadu 14.96 17.36 21.25 24.50 29.11

Bihar 17.31 20.34 24.10 22.74 18.10

Madhya P. 12.51 17.61 21.10 19.57 16.71Rajasthan 13.89 21.01 21.90 22.15 17.55

Uttar Pradesh 15.70 20.13 23.84 26.29 22.56

Gujarat 11.89 16.57 20.39 20.14 21.41

Maharashtra 10.10 11.99 17.72 18.50 18.80

Haryana 7.57 14.27 17.50 17.80 15.56

Punjab 9.54 10.96 15.14 18.94 17.81

Himachal P. 6.95 7.59 11.83 18.32 19.31

Orissa 12.84 11.79 17.50 18.28 21.19

West Bengal 10.68 12.63 14.87 18.99 21.93

India 13.71 15.19 19.00 20.99 20.93





Table 4.7b: General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group 15-49 years by Education for

India and States, Rural Areas, 1981-2001.





above

1981

Andhra P. 17.92 15.41 19.94 22.08 26.52


Tamil Nadu 13.77 15.89 17.26 18.93 22.28

Bihar 16.68 18.46 19.39 23.87 17.81

Madhya P. 18.80 23.82 24.25 22.37 21.44

Rajasthan 21.79 25.78 29.92 28.80 23.04

Uttar Pradesh 9.54 12.90 15.32 18.54 16.91

Gujarat 16.17 22.22 30.61 27.64 29.91

Maharashtra 8.04 9.97 9.22 9.67 9.01

Haryana 17.43 26.63 29.68 26.94 26.32

Punjab 9.98 15.09 18.96 21.80 25.67

Himachal P. 6.97 11.90 14.66 12.89 10.48

Orissa 13.71 14.47 16.95 17.85 18.03

West Bengal 8.55 8.85 11.28 13.46 13.33

India 13.29 13.48 15.22 17.24 17.57

1991

Andhra P. 17.46 17.42 22.79 27.04 29.63

Karnataka 13.14 13.99 17.66 21.49 24.59

Kerala 10.91 10.30 14.90 17.28 20.36

Tamil Nadu 14.62 14.76 16.49 17.14 19.64

Bihar 23.49 26.45 27.27 35.30 33.80

Madhya P. 18.34 23.91 30.18 26.81 24.75

Rajasthan 19.07 24.53 28.35 28.50 23.02

Uttar Pradesh 23.27 26.62 32.05 36.71 29.70

Gujarat 16.14 19.89 25.34 28.13 28.77


Punjab 10.31 12.73 17.63 21.41 21.36

Himachal P. 9.98 12.59 20.41 21.68 18.23

Orissa 17.97 17.26 21.65 26.60 27.58

West Bengal 14.26 14.35 17.08 20.93 25.21

India 17.99 16.85 20.27 24.30 24.45

2001

Andhra P. 14.73 16.57 21.40 24.77 25.34

Karnataka 12.10 14.58 21.03 22.43 25.01

Kerala 10.27 8.64 14.10 17.66 21.64

Tamil Nadu 14.37 17.31 22.42 26.01 29.43

Bihar 17.46 21.28 25.51 23.92 18.05


Uttar Pradesh 15.83 21.14 25.74 30.16 27.21

Gujarat 11.73 18.18 22.27 22.53 24.84

Maharashtra 9.90 12.42 19.71 21.58 20.39

Haryana 7.47 15.38 19.94 21.63 20.55

Punjab 8.98 10.73 15.70 20.77 23.22

Himachal P. 6.88 7.59 12.00 19.55 23.43

Orissa 12.87 12.05 18.56 20.10 23.90

West Bengal 10.27 12.36 14.50 19.35 23.46

India 13.82 15.76 20.31 22.94 23.33





Table 4.7b: General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group 15-49 years by Education for

India and States, Urban Areas, 1981-2001.





above

1981

Andhra P. 17.72 14.58 16.97 19.99 23.55


Tamil Nadu 13.98 14.16 14.59 17.31 22.49

Bihar 15.95 14.30 14.60 19.32 18.21

Madhya P. 16.22 16.24 17.76 17.18 18.94

Rajasthan 18.99 17.80 19.74 21.32 23.26

Uttar Pradesh 7.24 7.54 7.96 9.55 11.56

Gujarat 16.20 15.59 21.44 20.89 24.15

Maharashtra 6.02 5.69 6.04 6.09 7.41

Haryana 13.38 12.63 16.02 17.50 19.57

Punjab 10.32 11.10 12.82 15.97 18.49

Himachal P. 5.55 6.41 7.38 9.13 9.48

Orissa 13.45 9.66 10.52 12.19 14.98

West Bengal 5.78 4.93 5.97 7.47 9.65

India 11.17 10.41 10.86 12.58 14.21

1991

Andhra P. 15.99 14.88 17.01 19.98 22.30

Karnataka 14.67 13.52 14.65 16.92 20.42

Kerala 10.08 9.37 13.84 15.57 16.64

Tamil Nadu 13.23 12.36 12.63 13.02 16.05

Bihar 20.84 19.90 18.69 23.44 26.09

Madhya P. 16.73 17.69 19.87 19.93 20.12

Rajasthan 16.52 16.02 16.79 17.52 18.31

Uttar Pradesh 21.76 21.15 20.79 22.61 23.03

Gujarat 14.92 14.77 17.62 18.36 19.74


Punjab 12.13 11.09 12.68 13.65 14.22

Himachal P. 8.70 9.25 10.94 11.41 12.52

Orissa 17.13 14.85 14.80 17.14 20.13

West Bengal 14.68 13.43 15.02 17.39 20.85

India 15.45 13.68 14.59 16.34 18.23

2001

Andhra P. 17.96 17.50 21.45 26.33 28.68

Karnataka 13.55 13.77 18.47 20.05 22.97

Kerala 11.47 9.19 14.09 17.44 19.05

Tamil Nadu 16.52 17.42 20.23 23.70 29.04

Bihar 14.79 14.51 17.63 19.55 18.15


Uttar Pradesh 14.85 16.56 18.72 21.67 21.13

Gujarat 12.46 14.20 18.63 18.66 20.74

Maharashtra 10.60 11.29 15.77 16.74 18.53

Haryana 8.01 10.96 12.81 14.05 14.52

Punjab 11.33 11.63 14.11 16.98 16.61

Himachal P. 8.51 7.48 10.01 12.10 14.79

Orissa 12.57 10.33 13.87 15.28 19.45

West Bengal 12.87 13.50 15.50 18.74 21.57

India 13.19 13.80 16.87 19.29 20.26





Table 4. 8: Absolute change in the General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age

group 15-49 years for various educational groups during1981-2001.





above

Combined

Andhra P. -2.60 1.72 3.18 5.05 3.96

Karnataka 9.64 11.33 16.74 17.63 20.02

Kerala 3.85 0.58 2.36 4.92 6.26

Tamil Nadu 1.14 2.25 5.63 6.71 6.65

Bihar 0.69 2.87 6.35 1.45 -0.05

Madhya P. -5.96 -3.11 1.14 1.43 -2.45

Rajasthan -7.49 -0.61 -0.60 -0.42 -5.69

Uttar Pradesh 6.44 8.91 12.15 13.96 10.31

Gujarat -4.29 -2.77 -4.83 -2.72 -3.38

Maharashtra 2.49 3.72 10.19 11.66 11.27

Haryana -9.30 -7.02 -4.47 -2.47 -4.74

Punjab -0.51 -2.80 -0.47 1.12 -1.70

Himachal P. 0.03 -3.88 -1.39 6.80 9.48

Orissa-0.85 -1.89 2.69 3.74 5.57

West Bengal 1.83 4.65 6.15 9.56 11.56

India 0.74 2.78 5.97 6.98 6.27

Rural

Andhra P. -3.19 1.16 1.46 2.69 -1.18

Karnataka 9.51 11.56 17.54 18.22 19.60

Kerala 3.57 0.32 2.45 4.48 5.93

Tamil Nadu 0.60 1.42 5.16 7.08 7.15

Bihar 0.78 2.82 6.12 0.05 0.24

Madhya P. -5.99 -4.56 0.67 1.99 -2.36

Rajasthan -7.60 -2.58 -2.64 1.42 -0.66

Uttar Pradesh 6.29 8.24 10.42 11.62 10.30

Gujarat -4.44 -4.04 -8.34 -5.11 -5.07

Maharashtra 1.86 2.45 10.49 11.91 11.38Haryana -9.96 -11.25 -9.74 -5.31 -5.77

Punjab -1.00 -4.36 -3.26 -1.03 -2.45

Himachal P. -0.09 -4.31 -2.66 6.66 12.95

Orissa -0.84 -2.42 1.61 2.25 5.87

West Bengal 1.72 3.51 3.22 5.89 10.13

India 0.53 2.28 5.09 5.70 5.76

Urban

Andhra P. 0.24 2.92 4.48 6.34 5.13

Karnataka 11.06 11.35 15.87 17.10 19.98

Kerala 5.36 1.68 2.03 6.00 6.37

Tamil Nadu 2.54 3.26 5.64 6.39 6.55

Bihar -1.16 0.21 3.03 0.23 -0.06

Madhya P. -5.31 -3.20 -1.26 0.06 -2.58Rajasthan -6.82 -2.75 -3.77 -3.29 -6.53

Uttar Pradesh 7.61 9.02 10.76 12.12 9.57

Gujarat -3.74 -1.39 -2.81 -2.23 -3.41

Maharashtra 4.58 5.60 9.73 10.65 11.12

Haryana -5.37 -1.67 -3.21 -3.45 -5.05

Punjab 1.01 0.53 1.29 1.01 -1.88

Himachal P. 2.96 1.07 2.63 2.97 5.31

Orissa -0.88 0.67 3.35 3.09 4.47

West Bengal 7.09 8.57 9.53 11.27 11.92

India 2.02 3.39 6.01 6.71 6.05





Table 4.9a: Ratio of General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group 15-

49 years for various educational groups to that of the Illiterates, 1981-2001.

State/India

1981 2001Ratio

Literatebut <

middle toIlliterate

RatioMiddlebut <

matric toIlliterate

RatioMatric but< graduate

toIlliterate

RatioGraduate& above

toIlliterate

RatioLiterate

but <middle toIlliterate

RatioMiddlebut <

matric toIlliterate


toIlliterate

RatioGraduate

& above toIlliterate

Combined

Andhra P. 0.85 1.02 1.15 1.34 1.10 1.40 1.68 1.83

Karnataka 1.08 1.13 1.21 1.19 1.15 1.60 1.69 1.88

Kerala 1.24 1.77 1.92 2.16 0.84 1.35 1.68 1.96

Tamil Nadu 1.09 1.13 1.29 1.63 1.16 1.42 1.64 1.95

Bihar 1.05 1.07 1.28 1.09 1.18 1.39 1.31 1.05

Madhya P. 1.12 1.08 0.98 1.04 1.41 1.69 1.56 1.34

Rajasthan 1.01 1.05 1.06 1.09 1.51 1.58 1.59 1.26

Uttar Pradesh 1.21 1.26 1.33 1.32 1.28 1.52 1.67 1.44

Gujarat 1.20 1.56 1.41 1.53 1.39 1.71 1.69 1.80

Maharashtra 1.09 0.99 0.90 0.99 1.19 1.75 1.83 1.86

Haryana 1.26 1.30 1.20 1.20 1.89 2.31 2.35 2.06

Punjab 1.37 1.55 1.77 1.94 1.15 1.59 1.99 1.87

Himachal P. 1.66 1.91 1.66 1.42 1.09 1.70 2.64 2.78

Orissa 1.00 1.08 1.06 1.14 0.92 1.36 1.42 1.65

West Bengal 0.90 0.99 1.07 1.17 1.18 1.39 1.78 2.05

India 0.96 1.00 1.08 1.13 1.11 1.39 1.53 1.53

Rural

Andhra P. 0.86 1.11 1.23 1.48 1.12 1.45 1.68 1.72

Karnataka 1.17 1.35 1.63 2.09 1.20 1.74 1.85 2.07

Kerala 1.24 1.74 1.97 2.34 0.84 1.37 1.72 2.11

Tamil Nadu 1.15 1.25 1.37 1.62 1.20 1.56 1.81 2.05

Bihar 1.11 1.16 1.43 1.07 1.22 1.46 1.37 1.03

Madhya P. 1.27 1.29 1.19 1.14 1.50 1.95 1.90 1.49

Rajasthan 1.18 1.37 1.32 1.06 1.63 1.92 2.13 1.58

Uttar Pradesh 1.35 1.61 1.94 1.77 1.34 1.63 1.91 1.72

Gujarat 1.37 1.89 1.71 1.85 1.55 1.90 1.92 2.12Maharashtra 1.24 1.15 1.20 1.12 1.25 1.99 2.18 2.06

Haryana 1.53 1.70 1.55 1.51 2.06 2.67 2.90 2.75

Punjab 1.51 1.90 2.18 2.57 1.19 1.75 2.31 2.59

Himachal P. 1.71 2.10 1.85 1.50 1.10 1.74 2.84 3.41

Orissa 1.06 1.24 1.30 1.32 0.94 1.44 1.56 1.86

West Bengal 1.04 1.32 1.57 1.56 1.20 1.41 1.88 2.28

India 1.01 1.15 1.30 1.32 1.14 1.47 1.66 1.69

Rural

Andhra P. 0.97 1.04 1.18 1.20 0.97 1.19 1.47 1.60

Karnataka 1.23 1.97 1.87 2.08 1.02 1.36 1.48 1.70

Kerala 1.01 1.04 1.24 1.61 0.80 1.23 1.52 1.66

Tamil Nadu 0.90 0.92 1.21 1.14 1.05 1.22 1.43 1.76

Bihar 1.00 1.09 1.06 1.17 0.98 1.19 1.32 1.23

Madhya P. 0.94 1.04 1.12 1.22 1.20 1.51 1.58 1.50Rajasthan 1.04 1.10 1.32 1.60 1.24 1.31 1.48 1.37

Uttar Pradesh 0.96 1.32 1.29 1.49 1.12 1.26 1.46 1.42

Gujarat 0.95 1.00 1.01 1.23 1.14 1.50 1.50 1.66

Maharashtra 0.94 1.20 1.31 1.46 1.07 1.49 1.58 1.75

Haryana 1.08 1.24 1.55 1.79 1.37 1.60 1.75 1.81

Punjab 1.15 1.33 1.65 1.71 1.03 1.25 1.50 1.47

Himachal P. 0.72 0.78 0.91 1.11 0.88 1.18 1.42 1.74

Orissa 0.85 1.03 1.29 1.67 0.82 1.10 1.22 1.55

West Bengal 0.93 0.97 1.13 1.27 1.05 1.20 1.46 1.68

India 0.97 1.04 1.18 1.20 1.05 1.28 1.46 1.54





Table 4.9b: Differentials in the General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the

age group 15-49 years for various educational groups during1981-2001.

State/India

1981 2001Ratio

Literatebut <

middle toIlliterate

RatioMiddlebut <

matric toIlliterate


toIlliterate

RatioGraduate& above

toIlliterate

RatioLiterate

but <middle toIlliterate

RatioMiddlebut <

matric toIlliterate


toIlliterate

RatioGraduate

& above toIlliterate

Combined

Andhra P. 2.77 -0.36 -2.71 -6.05 -1.55 -6.14 -10.36 -12.61

Karnataka -0.22 -0.37 -0.59 -0.52 -1.91 -7.47 -8.58 -10.90

Kerala -1.56 -5.12 -6.06 -7.66 1.71 -3.63 -7.13 -10.07

Tamil Nadu -1.29 -1.80 -3.97 -8.64 -2.40 -6.29 -9.54 -14.15

Bihar -0.85 -1.13 -4.67 -1.53 -3.03 -6.79 -5.43 -0.79

Madhya P. -2.25 -1.49 0.33 -0.69 -5.10 -8.59 -7.06 -4.20

Rajasthan -0.24 -1.12 -1.19 -1.86 -7.12 -8.01 -8.26 -3.66

Uttar Pradesh -1.96 -2.43 -3.07 -2.99 -4.43 -8.14 -10.59 -6.86

Gujarat -3.16 -9.04 -6.68 -8.61 -4.68 -8.50 -8.25 -9.52

Maharashtra -0.66 0.08 0.77 0.08 -1.89 -7.62 -8.40 -8.70

Haryana -4.42 -5.10 -3.40 -3.43 -6.70 -9.93 -10.23 -7.99

Punjab -3.71 -5.56 -7.77 -9.46 -1.42 -5.60 -9.40 -8.27

Himachal P. -4.55 -6.30 -4.60 -2.91 -0.64 -4.88 -11.37 -12.36

Orissa 0.01 -1.12 -0.85 -1.93 1.05 -4.66 -5.44 -8.35

West Bengal 0.87 0.13 -0.58 -1.52 -1.95 -4.19 -8.31 -11.25

India 0.56 -0.06 -1.04 -1.69 -1.48 -5.29 -7.28 -7.22

Rural

Andhra P. 2.51 -2.02 -4.16 -8.60 -1.84 -6.67 -10.04 -10.61

Karnataka -0.43 -0.90 -1.62 -2.82 -2.48 -8.93 -10.33 -12.91

Kerala -1.62 -4.95 -6.48 -9.01 1.63 -3.83 -7.39 -11.37

Tamil Nadu -2.12 -3.49 -5.16 -8.51 -2.94 -8.05 -11.64 -15.06

Bihar -1.78 -2.71 -7.19 -1.13 -3.82 -8.05 -6.46 -0.59

Madhya P. -5.02 -5.45 -3.57 -2.64 -6.45 -12.11 -11.55 -6.27

Rajasthan -3.99 -8.13 -7.01 -1.25 -9.01 -13.09 -16.03 -8.19

Uttar Pradesh -3.36 -5.78 -9.00 -7.37 -5.31 -9.91 -14.33 -11.38

Gujarat -6.05 -14.44 -11.47 -13.74 -6.45 -10.54 -10.80 -13.11Maharashtra -1.93 -1.18 -1.63 -0.97 -2.52 -9.81 -11.68 -10.49

Haryana -9.20 -12.25 -9.51 -8.89 -7.91 -12.47 -14.16 -13.08

Punjab -5.11 -8.98 -11.82 -15.69 -1.75 -6.72 -11.79 -14.24

Himachal P. -4.93 -7.69 -5.92 -3.51 -0.71 -5.12 -12.67 -16.55

Orissa -0.76 -3.24 -4.14 -4.32 0.82 -5.69 -7.23 -11.03

West Bengal -0.30 -2.73 -4.91 -4.78 -2.09 -4.23 -9.08 -13.19

India -0.19 -1.93 -3.95 -4.28 -1.94 -6.49 -9.12 -9.51

Rural

Andhra P. 3.14 0.75 -2.27 -5.83 0.46 -3.49 -8.37 -10.72

Karnataka 0.07 -0.11 -0.46 -0.50 -0.22 -4.92 -6.50 -9.42

Kerala -1.40 -5.95 -5.33 -6.57 2.28 -2.62 -5.97 -7.58

Tamil Nadu -0.18 -0.61 -3.33 -8.51 -0.90 -3.71 -7.18 -12.52

Bihar 1.65 1.35 -3.37 -2.26 0.28 -2.84 -4.76 -3.36

Madhya P. -0.02 -1.54 -0.96 -2.72 -2.13 -5.59 -6.33 -5.45Rajasthan 1.19 -0.75 -2.33 -4.27 -2.88 -3.80 -5.86 -4.56

Uttar Pradesh -0.30 -0.72 -2.31 -4.32 -1.71 -3.87 -6.82 -6.28

Gujarat 0.61 -5.24 -4.69 -7.95 -1.74 -6.17 -6.20 -8.28

Maharashtra 0.33 -0.02 -0.07 -1.39 -0.69 -5.17 -6.14 -7.93

Haryana 0.75 -2.64 -4.12 -6.19 -2.95 -4.80 -6.04 -6.51

Punjab -0.78 -2.50 -5.65 -8.17 -0.30 -2.78 -5.65 -5.28

Himachal P. -0.86 -1.83 -3.58 -3.93 1.03 -1.50 -3.59 -6.28

Orissa 3.79 2.93 1.26 -1.53 2.24 -1.30 -2.71 -6.88

West Bengal 0.85 -0.19 -1.69 -3.87 -0.63 -2.63 -5.87 -8.70

India 0.76 0.31 -1.41 -3.04 -0.61 -3.68 -6.10 -7.07





Table 4. 10a: Ratio of Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates Unadjusted (ASMCRU) for

various Educations for India and States, 1981-2001.

State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Literate but below Middle / Illiterate: 1981

Andhra P. 0.88 0.74 0.67 0.66 0.70 0.74 0.78

Karnataka 1.10 1.08 1.00 0.91 0.87 0.89 0.78

Kerala 1.06 0.97 0.83 0.73 0.71 0.66 0.79

Tamil Nadu 1.00 0.94 0.85 0.75 0.74 0.73 0.73

Bihar 0.96 0.87 0.77 0.76 0.80 0.91 0.98

Madhya P. 0.98 0.87 0.81 0.86 0.88 0.97 1.01

Rajasthan 0.95 0.87 0.78 0.94 1.04 1.13 1.32

Uttar Pradesh 1.01 0.99 0.91 0.95 1.01 1.08 1.22

Gujarat 1.05 1.00 0.86 0.83 0.88 0.93 1.62

Maharashtra 0.96 0.88 0.76 0.76 0.81 0.79 0.87

Haryana 1.05 1.05 0.90 0.92 0.95 1.12 1.07

Punjab 1.11 1.11 0.94 0.92 0.93 0.82 0.87

Himachal P. 1.13 1.07 0.74 0.62 0.66 0.60 0.65

Orissa 0.97 0.85 0.58 0.61 0.52 0.66 0.78

West Bengal 0.97 0.79 0.63 0.66 0.74 0.75 0.79

India 0.94 0.87 0.75 0.75 0.76 0.80 0.85

Literate but below Middle / Illiterate: 2001

Andhra P. 1.04 0.95 0.87 0.85 0.85 0.81 0.80

Karnataka 1.11 1.05 1.02 0.95 0.92 0.82 0.81

Kerala 1.02 0.85 0.80 0.73 0.71 0.67 0.72

Tamil Nadu 1.12 1.08 1.03 0.95 0.95 0.88 0.87

Bihar 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.03 1.01 0.94 0.86

Madhya P. 1.11 1.15 1.10 1.05 1.04 1.00 0.96

Rajasthan 1.07 1.10 1.03 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.97

Uttar Pradesh 1.09 1.10 1.07 1.06 1.09 1.06 1.01

Gujarat 1.13 1.18 1.15 1.06 1.02 1.00 0.99

Maharashtra 1.12 1.09 0.99 0.91 0.87 0.80 0.78

Haryana 1.15 1.16 1.13 1.10 1.13 1.13 1.10

Punjab 1.22 1.12 1.01 0.99 0.99 0.97 0.98

Himachal P. 1.15 1.06 0.88 0.78 0.69 0.59 0.60

Orissa 1.05 1.00 0.89 0.75 0.68 0.58 0.53

West Bengal 1.08 0.97 0.91 0.88 0.84 0.79 0.76

India 1.04 0.98 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.89 0.85





Table 4. 10a contd….

State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Middle but below Metric / Illiterate: 1981

Andhra P. 0.93 0.81 0.70 0.67 0.66 0.71 0.72

Karnataka1.06 1.05 0.90 0.87 0.83 0.81 0.68

Kerala 1.18 0.98 0.91 0.68 0.66 0.71 0.81

Tamil Nadu 1.01 0.88 0.83 0.69 0.71 0.68 0.75

Bihar 0.97 0.84 0.69 0.64 0.80 0.85 1.06

Madhya P. 0.98 0.98 0.80 0.79 0.74 0.70 0.84

Rajasthan 0.95 0.95 0.83 1.09 0.94 0.94 1.28

Uttar Pradesh 0.98 1.01 0.92 1.03 1.09 1.22 1.14

Gujarat 1.07 1.03 0.84 0.81 0.69 0.82 2.07

Maharashtra 0.91 0.84 0.66 0.62 0.64 0.53 0.24

Haryana 1.03 1.18 1.14 1.07 0.87 1.24 1.24

Punjab 1.19 1.18 1.07 0.98 0.95 0.97 0.88

Himachal P. 1.22 1.35 0.82 0.63 0.59 0.83 0.57

Orissa 0.94 0.76 0.51 0.44 0.39 0.46 0.63

West Bengal 0.99 0.96 0.79 0.84 0.82 0.85 0.89

India 0.91 0.86 0.71 0.68 0.68 0.72 0.76

Middle but below Metric / Illiterate: 2001

Andhra P. 1.15 1.02 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.88 0.90

Karnataka 1.20 1.09 1.08 1.00 0.96 0.86 0.89

Kerala 1.14 0.95 0.80 0.64 0.61 0.53 0.60

Tamil Nadu 1.18 1.14 1.12 1.01 0.98 0.87 0.86

Bihar 1.04 1.08 1.12 1.13 1.10 0.98 0.91

Madhya P. 1.12 1.26 1.30 1.21 1.11 0.97 0.91

Rajasthan 1.07 1.22 1.24 1.19 1.15 1.03 1.06

Uttar Pradesh 1.11 1.14 1.14 1.16 1.20 1.15 1.11

Gujarat 1.16 1.28 1.27 1.16 1.14 1.12 1.14

Maharashtra 1.22 1.19 1.09 0.99 0.89 0.79 0.76

Haryana 1.19 1.26 1.31 1.35 1.31 1.30 1.26

Punjab 1.33 1.24 1.15 1.11 1.21 1.16 1.23

Himachal P. 1.32 1.32 0.99 0.72 0.71 0.68 0.63

Orissa 1.13 1.07 0.94 0.77 0.70 0.58 0.56

West Bengal 1.24 1.27 1.25 1.17 1.05 0.90 0.89

India 1.10 1.09 1.07 1.04 1.01 0.92 0.89






State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Matric but below Graduate / Illiterate: 1981

Andhra P. 1.05 1.08 1.01 0.91 0.93 0.93 1.04

Karnataka1.07 1.29 1.35 1.07 1.07 1.02 1.12

Kerala 1.24 1.73 1.50 0.90 0.85 0.82 1.21

Tamil Nadu 1.09 1.08 1.09 0.91 0.96 0.75 0.90

Bihar 1.05 1.08 0.92 0.92 0.97 1.20 1.44

Madhya P. 1.04 1.21 1.10 0.92 0.90 0.82 0.89

Rajasthan 1.00 1.11 1.17 1.18 1.44 1.47 1.82

Uttar Pradesh 1.09 1.20 1.20 1.18 1.37 1.31 1.59

Gujarat 1.09 1.13 1.16 1.13 1.21 1.29 2.88

Maharashtra 0.87 0.91 0.84 0.73 0.82 0.70 0.83

Haryana 1.02 1.36 1.37 1.30 1.32 1.20 1.44

Punjab 1.22 1.42 1.39 1.25 1.17 1.28 1.59

Himachal P. 1.19 1.68 1.52 0.82 0.86 0.64 0.91

Orissa 0.94 0.95 0.67 0.58 0.59 0.97 0.41

West Bengal 1.08 1.40 1.37 1.16 1.38 0.98 1.10

India 1.01 1.14 1.06 0.91 0.94 0.85 1.00

Matric but below Graduate / Illiterate: 2001

Andhra P. 1.28 1.39 1.31 1.27 1.35 1.21 1.22

Karnataka 1.29 1.42 1.40 1.23 1.19 0.98 1.03

Kerala 1.32 1.31 1.11 0.74 0.64 0.58 0.66

Tamil Nadu 1.31 1.36 1.35 1.17 1.14 0.97 0.98

Bihar 1.02 1.09 1.18 1.24 1.24 1.15 1.01

Madhya P. 1.18 1.59 1.65 1.50 1.33 1.20 1.11

Rajasthan 1.13 1.55 1.51 1.38 1.34 1.25 1.29

Uttar Pradesh 1.14 1.37 1.39 1.46 1.51 1.45 1.43

Gujarat 1.20 1.45 1.42 1.28 1.23 1.22 1.23

Maharashtra 1.30 1.47 1.37 1.14 1.00 0.84 0.83

Haryana 1.29 1.63 1.63 1.59 1.52 1.43 1.42

Punjab 1.38 1.54 1.48 1.35 1.31 1.33 1.35

Himachal P. 1.38 1.85 1.55 1.07 0.99 0.82 0.86

Orissa 1.22 1.29 1.15 0.85 0.75 0.66 0.65

West Bengal 1.43 2.08 2.03 1.73 1.59 1.29 1.32

India 1.18 1.38 1.37 1.28 1.21 1.09 1.06






State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Graduate and Above / Illiterate: 1981

Andhra P. 1.16 1.80 1.87 1.36 1.42 1.16 1.57

Karnataka 1.23 1.87 1.77 1.13 1.26 0.78 1.14Kerala 0.39 2.69 2.57 1.26 1.02 0.75 1.68

Tamil Nadu 1.38 1.76 2.09 1.39 1.31 1.19 1.76

Bihar 0.94 1.42 1.45 1.25 1.44 1.61 1.90

Madhya P. 1.07 1.67 1.67 1.34 1.11 1.34 1.33

Rajasthan 1.09 1.51 1.78 1.80 1.92 1.90 2.26

Uttar Pradesh 1.07 1.56 1.70 1.69 1.80 2.14 3.06

Gujarat 0.96 1.60 1.99 1.51 1.48 1.62 2.93

Maharashtra 0.99 1.34 1.46 1.02 0.87 0.92 1.21

Haryana 0.93 1.78 1.95 1.38 1.50 1.88 2.10

Punjab 1.54 1.72 1.87 1.42 2.03 2.93 1.84

Himachal P. 1.14 2.07 3.06 1.00 1.46 1.19 0.89

Orissa 1.10 1.45 1.34 0.78 0.83 0.83 1.78

West Bengal 1.09 2.21 2.39 1.67 1.91 1.69 1.98

India 1.01 1.60 1.68 1.18 1.15 1.12 1.41

Graduate and Above / Illiterate: 2001

Andhra P. NA 2.17 2.40 1.86 1.74 1.61 1.67

Karnataka NA 2.25 2.63 1.82 1.56 1.23 1.31

Kerala NA 2.05 1.84 1.01 0.73 0.60 0.66

Tamil Nadu NA 2.03 2.22 1.62 1.50 1.29 1.26

Bihar NA 1.20 1.66 1.61 1.52 1.37 1.28

Madhya P. NA 2.08 2.95 1.98 1.53 1.42 1.35Rajasthan NA 1.92 2.54 1.75 1.59 1.46 1.63

Uttar Pradesh NA 1.62 2.12 1.91 1.81 1.75 1.68

Gujarat NA 1.93 2.44 1.89 1.66 1.62 1.59

Maharashtra NA 2.24 2.77 1.67 1.25 0.96 0.97

Haryana NA 2.46 3.58 2.36 1.93 1.58 1.56

Punjab NA 1.97 2.42 1.73 1.49 1.37 1.49

Himachal P. NA 2.68 3.74 1.90 1.48 1.19 1.01

Orissa NA 1.81 2.02 1.39 1.06 0.94 0.92

West Bengal NA 3.15 4.03 2.73 2.27 1.83 1.85

India NA 1.93 2.38 1.77 1.50 1.28 1.25






(ASMCRU) for various Educational categories for India and States, 1981-

2001.

State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Illiterate – Literate but below Middle: 1981

Andhra P. 7.12 6.95 4.08 3.15 2.21 2.17 1.85

Karnataka -1.00 -0.35 0.00 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.24

Kerala -2.87 0.47 1.18 1.28 1.01 1.20 0.63

Tamil Nadu 0.13 1.86 1.78 1.98 1.62 1.88 1.82

Bihar 2.46 3.60 2.71 1.50 0.85 0.36 0.07

Madhya P. 1.44 3.28 1.90 0.87 0.62 0.17 -0.08

Rajasthan 3.79 3.99 2.32 0.33 -0.16 -0.58 -1.30

Uttar Pradesh -0.45 0.21 0.53 0.17 -0.04 -0.22 -0.59

Gujarat -4.11 -0.05 1.64 1.09 0.60 0.38 -2.00

Maharashtra 1.50 1.68 1.36 0.81 0.51 0.60 0.34

Haryana -3.79 -1.29 0.77 0.29 0.14 -0.30 -0.17

Punjab -6.20 -2.67 0.52 0.37 0.22 0.58 0.40

Himachal P. -5.57 -0.77 0.88 0.95 0.80 1.11 0.98

Orissa 1.95 3.79 4.47 2.74 2.73 2.05 1.28

West Bengal 1.01 2.58 1.79 0.97 0.57 0.58 0.52

India 2.87 2.77 2.13 1.30 0.95 0.85 0.63

Illiterate – Literate but below Middle: 1981

Andhra P. -2.50 1.44 1.67 1.51 1.30 1.77 1.88

Karnataka -6.24 -1.33 -0.27 0.41 0.51 1.26 1.31

Kerala -1.33 4.39 3.03 2.91 2.57 2.86 2.06

Tamil Nadu -7.50 -2.60 -0.52 0.60 0.51 1.37 1.47

Bihar -3.03 -1.33 -0.36 -0.23 -0.08 0.34 0.80

Madhya P. -7.36 -3.68 -0.83 -0.24 -0.14 -0.01 0.17

Rajasthan -5.35 -2.79 -0.24 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.10

Uttar Pradesh -6.50 -3.15 -0.87 -0.44 -0.55 -0.34 -0.03

Gujarat -9.08 -5.61 -1.61 -0.39 -0.12 -0.02 0.04

Maharashtra -7.49 -2.10 0.08 0.54 0.70 1.19 1.29

Haryana -8.84 -3.27 -0.72 -0.29 -0.29 -0.26 -0.22

Punjab -13.70 -3.46 -0.14 0.07 0.05 0.11 0.08

Himachal P. -9.09 -1.19 0.85 0.94 1.12 1.60 1.59

Orissa -3.05 -0.03 1.41 2.03 2.12 2.85 3.25

West Bengal -4.16 0.66 0.77 0.73 0.86 1.26 1.36India -2.46 0.51 0.62 0.43 0.40 0.68 0.94





Table 4. 10b contd….

State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Illiterate – Middle but below matric: 1981

Andhra P. 3.85 5.00 3.76 3.01 2.54 2.40 2.30

Karnataka-0.61 -0.21 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.21 0.36

Kerala -8.39 0.36 0.60 1.49 1.18 1.04 0.56

Tamil Nadu -0.52 3.41 2.07 2.49 1.77 2.16 1.73

Bihar 1.94 4.53 3.71 2.21 0.84 0.57 -0.22

Madhya P. 1.54 0.58 1.99 1.31 1.39 1.67 0.91

Rajasthan 4.14 1.66 1.80 -0.51 0.28 0.25 -1.15

Uttar Pradesh 0.56 -0.14 0.46 -0.11 -0.23 -0.59 -0.38

Gujarat -5.29 -1.06 1.92 1.25 1.58 0.89 -3.44

Maharashtra 3.11 2.33 1.88 1.28 0.98 1.33 2.03

Haryana -2.12 -4.68 -1.07 -0.24 0.36 -0.59 -0.55

Punjab -10.54 -4.53 -0.63 0.07 0.15 0.10 0.37

Himachal P. -9.39 -4.12 0.61 0.94 0.96 0.48 1.20

Orissa 3.43 5.87 5.27 3.88 3.48 3.30 2.17

West Bengal 0.18 0.44 1.04 0.45 0.40 0.35 0.26

India 4.85 3.10 2.45 1.68 1.29 1.19 0.99

Illiterate – Middle but below matric: 2001

Andhra P. -8.69 -0.48 0.38 0.28 0.30 1.07 0.90

Karnataka -11.66 -2.51 -0.99 0.02 0.25 1.03 0.75

Kerala -8.17 1.49 2.91 3.95 3.44 4.01 2.95

Tamil Nadu -11.19 -4.20 -1.83 -0.07 0.21 1.51 1.56

Bihar -2.84 -2.91 -1.68 -0.95 -0.56 0.09 0.52

Madhya P. -8.54 -6.47 -2.44 -0.98 -0.42 0.13 0.37

Rajasthan -5.27 -5.78 -2.00 -0.86 -0.53 -0.10 -0.20

Uttar Pradesh -7.88 -4.75 -1.90 -1.23 -1.17 -0.85 -0.60

Gujarat -11.43 -8.54 -2.80 -0.98 -0.69 -0.56 -0.68

Maharashtra -13.46 -4.61 -0.84 0.07 0.59 1.25 1.42

Haryana -11.34 -5.25 -1.71 -1.00 -0.66 -0.63 -0.55

Punjab -20.78 -6.78 -1.51 -0.63 -0.89 -0.64 -0.84

Himachal P. -19.62 -6.89 0.05 1.20 1.05 1.24 1.49

Orissa -8.09 -2.06 0.85 1.85 2.00 2.88 3.05

West Bengal -13.07 -5.19 -2.12 -1.02 -0.28 0.61 0.63

India -7.01 -2.68 -0.85 -0.31 -0.06 0.51 0.71






State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Illiterate – Matric but below graduate: 1981

Andhra P. -3.20 -2.06 -0.08 0.81 0.51 0.58 -0.35

Karnataka-0.73 -1.21 -0.61 -0.09 -0.07 -0.02 -0.13

Kerala -10.81 -12.23 -3.40 0.48 0.51 0.63 -0.62

Tamil Nadu -5.33 -2.37 -1.12 0.76 0.25 1.72 0.68

Bihar -2.98 -2.21 0.92 0.51 0.14 -0.77 -1.49

Madhya P. -2.82 -5.46 -0.98 0.48 0.52 1.01 0.64

Rajasthan -0.18 -3.50 -1.82 -1.03 -1.91 -2.05 -3.35

Uttar Pradesh -3.29 -2.97 -1.14 -0.62 -1.01 -0.85 -1.56

Gujarat -7.29 -4.49 -1.97 -0.84 -1.08 -1.48 -6.04

Maharashtra 4.40 1.23 0.88 0.92 0.48 0.84 0.46

Haryana -1.57 -9.46 -2.86 -1.08 -0.86 -0.49 -1.01

Punjab -12.71 -10.61 -3.49 -1.14 -0.55 -0.92 -1.80

Himachal P. -8.17 -7.94 -1.79 0.44 0.32 1.01 0.25

Orissa 3.25 1.21 3.59 2.91 2.34 0.21 3.48

West Bengal -2.81 -4.86 -1.78 -0.45 -0.84 0.04 -0.24

India -0.68 -3.06 -0.51 0.47 0.26 0.61 0.02

Illiterate – Matric but below graduate: 2001

Andhra P. -16.57 -10.42 -4.10 -2.62 -2.96 -1.93 -2.10

Karnataka -17.21 -11.06 -4.84 -1.91 -1.23 0.11 -0.21

Kerala -18.81 -9.03 -1.61 2.85 3.15 3.64 2.51

Tamil Nadu -19.19 -11.13 -5.51 -2.09 -1.45 0.38 0.25

Bihar -1.18 -3.28 -2.56 -1.82 -1.36 -0.79 -0.07

Madhya P. -12.20 -14.51 -5.27 -2.37 -1.33 -0.79 -0.46

Rajasthan -9.46 -14.73 -4.26 -1.70 -1.15 -0.83 -0.96

Uttar Pradesh -10.16 -12.28 -5.13 -3.53 -3.07 -2.54 -2.40

Gujarat -14.33 -13.74 -4.46 -1.70 -1.14 -1.00 -1.10

Maharashtra -18.54 -11.40 -3.49 -0.87 -0.02 0.94 1.02

Haryana -17.39 -12.55 -3.42 -1.68 -1.13 -0.89 -0.91

Punjab -23.53 -14.99 -4.88 -1.95 -1.36 -1.28 -1.31

Himachal P. -23.30 -18.23 -3.83 -0.32 0.05 0.72 0.56

Orissa -14.07 -8.58 -1.92 1.19 1.67 2.28 2.40

West Bengal -22.94 -20.46 -8.67 -4.31 -3.16 -1.72 -1.82

India -12.01 -10.84 -4.37 -2.00 -1.28 -0.55 -0.39






State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Illiterate – Graduate and above: 1981

Andhra P. -9.65 -21.07 -10.85 -3.29 -3.10 -1.37 -4.75

Karnataka-2.30 -3.60 -1.34 -0.16 -0.25 0.24 -0.15

Kerala 27.94 -28.07 -10.80 -1.24 -0.07 0.87 -2.03

Tamil Nadu -23.43 -21.90 -13.16 -3.13 -1.91 -1.28 -5.13

Bihar 3.60 -11.79 -5.34 -1.57 -1.86 -2.30 -3.07

Madhya P. -4.75 -17.33 -6.71 -2.13 -0.59 -1.94 -1.90

Rajasthan -7.33 -16.32 -8.35 -4.65 -4.00 -3.94 -5.15

Uttar Pradesh -2.61 -8.22 -4.01 -2.35 -2.17 -3.09 -5.46

Gujarat 3.28 -21.04 -11.87 -3.34 -2.44 -3.14 -6.22

Maharashtra 0.44 -4.85 -2.59 -0.08 0.36 0.23 -0.56

Haryana 4.88 -20.33 -7.29 -1.39 -1.35 -2.22 -2.53

Punjab -30.80 -18.18 -7.69 -1.91 -3.39 -6.30 -2.56

Himachal P. -6.03 -12.46 -7.03 0.00 -1.07 -0.54 0.32

Orissa -6.07 -11.17 -3.67 1.52 0.96 1.06 -4.59

West Bengal -3.19 -14.71 -6.78 -1.92 -2.03 -1.61 -2.39

India -0.39 -13.05 -5.81 -0.93 -0.59 -0.51 -1.67

Illiterate – Graduate and above: 2001

Andhra P. NA -31.36 -18.65 -8.46 -6.25 -5.60 -6.31

Karnataka NA -33.11 -19.66 -6.72 -3.66 -1.65 -2.09

Kerala NA -30.80 -12.52 -0.11 2.41 3.40 2.51

Tamil Nadu NA -31.61 -19.28 -7.58 -5.28 -3.28 -2.92

Bihar NA -6.89 -9.18 -4.60 -2.94 -1.99 -1.57

Madhya P. NA -26.71 -15.80 -4.66 -2.13 -1.67 -1.43

Rajasthan NA -24.69 -12.93 -3.40 -2.04 -1.53 -2.08

Uttar Pradesh NA -20.38 -14.91 -7.03 -4.85 -4.20 -3.84

Gujarat NA -28.26 -15.22 -5.52 -3.25 -2.89 -2.81

Maharashtra NA -30.27 -16.55 -4.22 -1.34 0.21 0.17

Haryana NA -28.90 -14.06 -3.85 -2.01 -1.21 -1.21

Punjab NA -27.14 -14.52 -4.10 -2.14 -1.43 -1.83

Himachal P. NA -36.14 -19.20 -3.88 -1.75 -0.74 -0.04

Orissa NA -24.29 -13.45 -3.21 -0.43 0.43 0.54

West Bengal NA -40.88 -25.42 -10.25 -6.83 -4.89 -4.76

India NA -26.82 -16.15 -5.62 -2.98 -1.73 -1.56





Table 4. 11: General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group 15-49 years

by Economic Activity Status for India and States, 1981-2001.

State/India

1981 1991

MainWorkers

MarginalWorkers

Non WorkersMain

WorkersMarginalWorkers

NonWorkers

Combined

Andhra P. 19.48 15.74 16.37 18.51 15.82 16.74

Karnataka 2.99 3.05 2.41 14.00 12.46 14.92

Kerala 8.24 7.32 9.64 11.91 10.10 13.56

Tamil Nadu 14.81 13.65 14.46 15.34 13.31 13.63

Bihar 15.25 14.10 17.41 24.76 20.45 23.99

Madhya P. 18.23 17.60 19.44 17.86 17.80 20.43

Rajasthan 25.68 19.52 21.03 20.78 17.71 18.73

Uttar Pradesh 12.22 9.39 9.31 24.29 20.55 24.03

Gujarat 19.03 16.99 18.49 17.49 16.79 17.35

Maharashtra 8.18 9.51 6.97 9.02 9.57 9.34

Haryana 20.32 18.16 17.35 15.17 13.87 14.87

Punjab 13.47 10.39 11.73 12.87 10.70 12.48

Himachal P. 10.09 7.80 7.44 12.54 11.68 12.28

Orissa 15.07 14.18 13.35 20.37 18.04 17.33

West Bengal 10.31 8.15 7.81 18.91 13.50 14.34

India 13.90 13.60 12.25 16.88 16.18 18.01

Rural

Andhra P. 19.49 15.67 16.01 18.62 15.78 16.96

Karnataka 2.97 2.99 2.41 13.71 12.46 14.60

Kerala 8.24 7.35 9.72 12.08 10.09 13.76

Tamil Nadu 14.70 13.58 14.29 15.45 13.35 14.67

Bihar 15.26 14.08 17.62 24.75 20.46 24.53

Madhya P. 18.37 17.70 20.81 17.88 17.84 22.15

Rajasthan 26.33 19.59 21.79 21.12 17.77 20.01

Uttar Pradesh 12.38 9.49 9.67 24.03 20.51 24.74

Gujarat 19.44 17.11 19.29 17.76 16.88 18.79

Maharashtra 8.38 9.60 8.38 8.98 9.65 10.58

Haryana 21.86 18.26 18.23 15.83 13.93 15.76

Punjab 13.92 10.43 11.51 13.13 10.56 12.40Himachal P. 10.21 7.81 7.48 12.61 11.72 12.65

Orissa 15.06 14.20 13.59 20.30 18.08 17.65

West Bengal 10.58 8.79 8.53 18.46 13.52 14.11

India 14.14 13.72 12.67 17.03 16.25 19.44

Urban

Andhra P. 19.40 17.05 16.90 17.52 16.55 16.49

Karnataka 3.12 3.97 2.41 15.57 12.59 15.26

Kerala 8.06 7.01 9.34 11.35 10.18 13.07

Tamil Nadu 15.44 14.49 14.67 14.71 12.98 12.64

Bihar 15.25 15.03 16.06 24.77 19.62 20.83

Madhya P. 16.46 14.68 16.63 17.64 16.69 18.02

Rajasthan 19.69 16.83 19.16 17.48 15.87 16.62

Uttar Pradesh 10.62 6.35 7.63 26.89 21.50 21.47

Gujarat 16.82 13.52 17.40 15.95 14.11 16.16Maharashtra 6.74 8.07 5.90 9.28 8.44 8.84

Haryana 13.20 12.10 14.63 12.27 11.24 12.65

Punjab 12.99 9.53 12.24 12.58 14.51 12.65

Himachal P. 6.75 6.62 7.17 11.08 9.26 10.37

Orissa 15.18 13.08 11.88 21.30 15.69 15.79

West Bengal 8.98 2.14 5.82 21.15 12.76 14.86

India 12.05 10.84 11.17 15.78 14.52 15.30





Table 4.12: Absolute change in the General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the

age group 15-49 years for various economic activity status during1981-1991.

State/

India


Main

Worker

Marginal

Worker

Non

Worker

Main

Worker

Marginal

Worker

Non

Worker

Main

Worker

Marginal

Worker

Non

Worker

Andhra P. -0.97 0.08 0.37 -0.87 0.11 0.95 -1.88 -0.50 -0.41Karnataka 11.01 9.41 12.51 10.74 9.47 12.19 12.45 8.62 12.85

Kerala 3.67 2.78 3.92 3.84 2.74 4.04 3.29 3.17 3.73

Tamil Nadu 0.53 -0.34 -0.83 0.75 -0.23 0.38 -0.73 -1.51 -2.03

Bihar 9.51 6.35 6.58 9.49 6.38 6.91 9.52 4.59 4.77

Madhya P. -0.37 0.20 0.99 -0.49 0.14 1.34 1.18 2.01 1.39

Rajasthan -4.90 -1.81 -2.30 -5.21 -1.82 -1.78 -2.21 -0.96 -2.54

Uttar Pradesh 12.07 11.16 14.72 11.65 11.02 15.07 16.27 15.15 13.84

Gujarat -1.54 -0.20 -1.14 -1.68 -0.23 -0.50 -0.87 0.59 -1.24

Maharashtra 0.84 0.06 2.37 0.60 0.05 2.20 2.54 0.37 2.94

Haryana -5.15 -4.29 -2.48 -6.03 -4.33 -2.47 -0.93 -0.86 -1.98

Punjab -0.60 0.31 0.75 -0.79 0.13 0.89 -0.41 4.98 0.41

Himachal P. 2.45 3.88 4.84 2.40 3.91 5.17 4.33 2.64 3.20

Orissa 5.30 3.86 3.98 5.24 3.88 4.06 6.12 2.61 3.91West Bengal 8.60 5.35 6.53 7.88 4.73 5.58 12.17 10.62 9.04

India 2.98 2.58 5.76 2.89 2.53 6.77 3.73 3.68 4.13





Table 4.13a: Ratio of the General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group

15-49 years for various economic activity groups to that of the Non-Workers,

1981-2001.

State/India

Combined Rural UrbanRatio of

Main workerto Non-worker

Ratio of

Marginalworker to

Non-worker

Ratio of

Main workerto Non-worker

Ratio of

Marginalworker to

Non-worker

Ratio of

Main workerto Non-

worker

Ratio of

Marginalworker to

Non-worker

1981

Andhra P. 1.19 0.96 1.22 0.98 1.15 1.01

Karnataka 1.24 1.27 1.23 1.24 1.29 1.65

Kerala 0.85 0.76 0.85 0.76 0.86 0.75

Tamil Nadu 1.02 0.94 1.03 0.95 1.05 0.99

Bihar 0.88 0.81 0.87 0.80 0.95 0.94

Madhya P. 0.94 0.91 0.88 0.85 0.99 0.88

Rajasthan 1.22 0.93 1.21 0.90 1.03 0.88

Uttar Pradesh 1.31 1.01 1.28 0.98 1.39 0.83Gujarat 1.03 0.92 1.01 0.89 0.97 0.78

Maharashtra 1.17 1.36 1.00 1.15 1.14 1.37

Haryana 1.17 1.05 1.20 1.00 0.90 0.83

Punjab 1.15 0.89 1.21 0.91 1.06 0.78

Himachal P. 1.36 1.05 1.36 1.04 0.94 0.92

Orissa 1.13 1.06 1.11 1.04 1.28 1.10

West Bengal 1.32 1.04 1.24 1.03 1.54 0.37

India 1.13 1.11 1.12 1.08 1.08 0.97

1991

Andhra P. 1.11 0.95 1.10 0.93 1.06 1.00

Karnataka 0.94 0.84 0.94 0.85 1.02 0.83

Kerala 0.88 0.74 0.88 0.73 0.87 0.78

Tamil Nadu 1.13 0.98 1.05 0.91 1.16 1.03

Bihar 1.03 0.85 1.01 0.83 1.19 0.94

Madhya P. 0.87 0.87 0.81 0.81 0.98 0.93

Rajasthan 1.11 0.95 1.06 0.89 1.05 0.95

Uttar Pradesh 1.01 0.86 0.97 0.83 1.25 1.00

Gujarat 1.01 0.97 0.95 0.90 0.99 0.87

Maharashtra 0.97 1.02 0.85 0.91 1.05 0.95

Haryana 1.02 0.93 1.00 0.88 0.97 0.89

Punjab 1.03 0.86 1.06 0.85 0.99 1.15Himachal P. 1.02 0.95 1.00 0.93 1.07 0.89

Orissa 1.18 1.04 1.15 1.02 1.35 0.99

West Bengal 1.32 0.94 1.31 0.96 1.42 0.86

India 0.94 0.90 0.88 0.84 1.03 0.95





Table 4.13b: Differentials in the General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age

group 15-49 years for various economic activity groups during1981-2001.

State/India


Non-worker

minus Mainworker

Non-worker

minus

Marginalworker

Non-worker

minus Mainworker

Non-workerminus

Marginalworker

Non-worker

minus Mainworker

Non-workerminus

Marginalworker

1981

Andhra P. -3.11 0.63 -3.48 0.34 -2.50 -0.15

Karnataka -0.58 -0.64 -0.56 -0.58 -0.71 -1.56

Kerala 1.40 2.32 1.48 2.37 1.28 2.33

Tamil Nadu -0.35 0.81 -0.41 0.71 -0.77 0.18

Bihar 2.16 3.31 2.36 3.54 0.81 1.03

Madhya P. 1.21 1.84 2.44 3.11 0.17 1.95

Rajasthan -4.65 1.51 -4.54 2.20 -0.53 2.33

Uttar Pradesh -2.91 -0.08 -2.71 0.18 -2.99 1.28

Gujarat -0.54 1.50 -0.15 2.18 0.58 3.88Maharashtra -1.21 -2.54 0.00 -1.22 -0.84 -2.17

Haryana -2.97 -0.81 -3.63 -0.03 1.43 2.53

Punjab -1.74 1.34 -2.41 1.08 -0.75 2.71

Himachal P. -2.65 -0.36 -2.73 -0.33 0.42 0.55

Orissa -1.72 -0.83 -1.47 -0.61 -3.30 -1.20

West Bengal -2.50 -0.34 -2.05 -0.26 -3.16 3.68

India -1.65 -1.35 -1.47 -1.05 -0.88 0.33

1991

Andhra P. -1.77 0.92 -1.66 1.18 -1.03 -0.06

Karnataka 0.92 2.46 0.89 2.14 -0.31 2.67

Kerala 1.65 3.46 1.68 3.67 1.72 2.89

Tamil Nadu -1.71 0.32 -0.78 1.32 -2.07 -0.34

Bihar -0.77 3.54 -0.22 4.07 -3.94 1.21

Madhya P. 2.57 2.63 4.27 4.31 0.38 1.33

Rajasthan -2.05 1.02 -1.11 2.24 -0.86 0.75

Uttar Pradesh -0.26 3.48 0.71 4.23 -5.42 -0.03

Gujarat -0.14 0.56 1.03 1.91 0.21 2.05

Maharashtra 0.32 -0.23 1.60 0.93 -0.44 0.40

Haryana -0.30 1.00 -0.07 1.83 0.38 1.41

Punjab -0.39 1.78 -0.73 1.84 0.07 -1.86

Himachal P. -0.26 0.60 0.04 0.93 -0.71 1.11Orissa -3.04 -0.71 -2.65 -0.43 -5.51 0.10

West Bengal -4.57 0.84 -4.35 0.59 -6.29 2.10

India 1.13 1.83 2.41 3.19 -0.48 0.78





Table 4. 14a: Ratio of the Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates Unadjusted (ASMCRU)

by age group by Economic Activity Status to that of the Non-Workers for

India and States, 1981 and 1991.

State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Ratio of Main Workers / Non Worker: 1981

Andhra P. 1.15 1.25 1.34 1.36 1.38 1.32 1.28

Karnataka 1.27 1.39 1.44 1.55 1.42 1.36 1.46

Kerala 1.00 1.15 1.50 1.56 1.35 1.30 1.36

Tamil Nadu 1.05 1.15 1.25 1.24 1.21 1.18 1.27

Bihar 0.96 1.01 1.11 1.18 1.20 1.21 1.20

Madhya P. 1.00 1.08 1.24 1.31 1.33 1.30 1.31

Rajasthan 1.08 1.20 1.45 1.58 1.65 1.56 1.57

Uttar Pradesh 1.32 1.41 1.55 1.83 2.08 2.16 2.22

Gujarat 1.01 1.06 1.12 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15

Maharashtra 1.18 1.29 1.42 1.32 1.27 1.08 1.18

Haryana 1.04 1.05 1.49 1.46 1.55 1.58 1.63Punjab 1.00 1.13 1.70 2.02 2.18 2.58 2.43

Himachal P. 1.10 1.02 1.92 1.45 1.56 1.64 1.76

Orissa 1.06 1.30 1.60 1.63 1.63 1.57 1.52

West Bengal 1.08 1.42 2.11 2.41 2.63 2.58 2.53

India 1.35 1.17 1.37 1.50 1.55 1.58 1.62

Ratio of Main Workers / Non Worker: 1991

Andhra P. 1.04 1.10 1.24 1.24 1.27 1.25 1.24

Karnataka 0.99 1.02 1.03 1.15 1.08 1.11 1.12

Kerala 0.98 1.10 1.36 1.45 1.36 1.29 1.34

Tamil Nadu 1.06 1.18 1.26 1.30 1.31 1.27 1.26

Bihar 0.99 1.05 1.22 1.29 1.43 1.42 1.36

Madhya P. 0.96 0.95 1.03 1.11 1.13 1.12 1.12

Rajasthan 1.03 1.10 1.30 1.36 1.45 1.38 1.40

Uttar Pradesh 1.00 1.03 1.20 1.35 1.34 1.33 1.35

Gujarat 0.98 1.03 1.11 1.13 1.17 1.12 1.19

Maharashtra 1.00 0.98 1.07 1.13 1.14 1.08 1.13

Haryana 0.96 0.96 1.28 1.50 1.53 1.77 1.83

Punjab 0.80 1.08 1.66 1.59 2.05 1.64 1.90

Himachal P. 0.95 0.82 1.00 1.28 1.37 1.38 1.44

Orissa 0.98 1.08 1.46 1.46 1.59 1.56 1.59

West Bengal 1.06 1.24 1.59 1.83 1.99 1.93 2.02India 0.93 0.95 1.09 1.15 1.18 1.18 1.19





Table 4. 14a Contd...

State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Marginal Workers / Non Worker: 1981

Andhra P. 1.06 1.03 0.97 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.88

Karnataka 1.38 1.32 1.25 1.38 1.23 1.33 1.41

Kerala 1.01 1.00 1.06 1.04 1.15 0.96 1.18

Tamil Nadu 1.00 0.99 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.94 1.01

Bihar 0.95 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.80 0.84 0.87

Madhya P. 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.02 0.95 0.92

Rajasthan 1.01 1.01 0.98 0.92 0.89 0.85 0.84

Uttar Pradesh 1.26 1.10 0.91 0.80 0.83 0.89 0.79

Gujarat 1.01 0.98 0.86 0.58 0.80 0.83 0.81

Maharashtra 1.38 1.39 1.41 1.33 1.35 1.12 1.18

Haryana 1.03 0.91 0.90 0.67 0.66 0.78 0.63

Punjab 0.89 0.88 0.74 0.82 0.74 0.87 0.82

Himachal P. 1.02 0.90 0.82 1.04 1.14 1.25 1.30

Orissa 1.02 1.13 1.32 1.26 1.34 1.23 1.23

West Bengal 0.98 1.08 1.26 1.24 1.23 1.03 0.93

India 1.43 1.14 1.10 1.09 1.10 1.09 1.09

Marginal Workers / Non Worker: 1991

Andhra P. 1.02 0.95 0.97 0.93 0.93 0.95 0.95

Karnataka 1.00 0.91 0.76 0.75 0.75 0.77 0.79

Kerala 0.97 0.91 0.90 1.01 1.01 0.99 0.92

Tamil Nadu 1.05 1.03 0.96 0.91 0.99 0.92 0.97

Bihar 0.95 0.88 0.88 0.83 0.88 0.87 0.84

Madhya P. 0.96 0.89 0.87 0.86 0.95 0.92 0.91

Rajasthan 1.01 1.01 0.99 0.88 0.94 0.89 0.81

Uttar Pradesh 0.98 0.92 0.85 0.83 0.82 0.80 0.82

Gujarat 1.01 1.00 0.93 0.89 0.87 0.84 0.83

Maharashtra 1.08 0.99 0.89 1.00 1.06 0.98 1.01

Haryana 0.97 0.86 0.84 0.76 0.70 0.71 0.69

Punjab 0.89 0.88 0.94 0.79 0.80 0.67 0.37

Himachal P. 0.98 0.87 0.80 0.91 1.06 1.03 1.09

Orissa 0.97 0.99 1.10 1.09 1.18 1.09 1.13

West Bengal 1.00 0.90 0.86 0.85 0.94 0.83 0.90

India 0.98 0.93 0.86 0.82 0.85 0.82 0.82





Table 4. 14b: Ratio of the Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates Unadjusted (ASMCRU)

by age group by Economic Activity Status to that of the Non-Workers for

India and States, 1981 and 1991.

State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Non Worker – Main Workers : 1981

Andhra P. -8.17 -5.80 -3.56 -2.69 -2.31 -2.28 -2.04

Karnataka -2.50 -1.47 -0.67 -0.54 -0.33 -0.33 -0.41

Kerala -0.25 -2.84 -3.17 -1.88 -0.88 -0.79 -0.87

Tamil Nadu -3.15 -4.17 -2.71 -1.66 -1.12 -1.11 -1.57

Bihar 2.53 -0.18 -1.21 -1.06 -0.81 -0.77 -0.68

Madhya P. -0.29 -1.98 -2.14 -1.69 -1.49 -1.48 -1.60

Rajasthan -6.36 -6.12 -4.48 -3.17 -2.65 -2.34 -2.27

Uttar Pradesh -10.90 -5.83 -3.04 -2.65 -2.67 -2.85 -2.97

Gujarat -1.02 -2.20 -1.50 -0.94 -0.77 -0.74 -0.78

Maharashtra -5.40 -3.41 -1.78 -0.85 -0.59 -0.20 -0.42

Haryana -3.12 -1.28 -3.82 -1.67 -1.49 -1.46 -1.46Punjab 0.22 -3.71 -6.58 -4.57 -3.76 -4.87 -4.19

Himachal P. -4.27 -0.26 -2.98 -0.90 -1.03 -1.38 -1.62

Orissa -3.45 -6.75 -5.04 -3.42 -2.83 -2.87 -2.66

West Bengal -2.73 -4.80 -4.66 -3.31 -2.95 -2.97 -3.13

India -14.38 -3.51 -2.78 -2.16 -1.83 -2.01 -2.14

Non Worker – Main Workers : 1991

Andhra P. -2.66 -2.49 -2.60 -1.95 -1.82 -1.83 -1.75

Karnataka 0.32 -0.42 -0.31 -1.14 -0.54 -0.77 -0.74

Kerala 1.45 -2.73 -4.09 -3.10 -2.04 -1.72 -1.80

Tamil Nadu -2.99 -4.23 -3.04 -2.63 -2.26 -2.17 -2.08

Bihar 1.04 -1.68 -3.93 -3.53 -4.36 -4.19 -3.61

Madhya P. 2.62 1.58 -0.41 -0.88 -0.87 -0.90 -0.87

Rajasthan -2.03 -3.03 -3.05 -2.05 -1.89 -1.63 -1.72

Uttar Pradesh 0.10 -1.03 -3.56 -4.37 -3.82 -3.58 -3.82

Gujarat 1.25 -0.99 -1.42 -1.01 -1.04 -0.75 -1.12

Maharashtra 0.08 0.36 -0.48 -0.55 -0.48 -0.31 -0.45

Haryana 2.78 1.22 -2.26 -1.99 -1.74 -2.28 -2.40

Punjab 13.43 -2.44 -6.89 -3.14 -4.27 -2.51 -3.37

Himachal P. 3.63 4.98 -0.02 -1.14 -1.34 -1.63 -1.95

Orissa 1.23 -2.70 -6.16 -4.48 -4.64 -4.79 -4.72

West Bengal -3.39 -5.41 -6.22 -6.23 -6.07 -5.67 -5.92India 4.54 1.33 -1.10 -1.36 -1.33 -1.36 -1.40





Table 4. 14b Contd...

State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Non Worker - Marginal Workers: 1981

Andhra P. -3.33 -0.76 0.26 0.49 0.41 0.56 0.86

Karnataka -3.50 -1.20 -0.39 -0.38 -0.18 -0.30 -0.37

Kerala -0.31 -0.04 -0.40 -0.14 -0.37 0.11 -0.45

Tamil Nadu -0.28 0.32 0.43 0.41 0.42 0.36 -0.03

Bihar 2.97 4.19 1.65 0.74 0.80 0.60 0.45

Madhya P. 0.68 -0.05 -0.12 -0.13 -0.11 0.26 0.39

Rajasthan -1.08 -0.28 0.24 0.42 0.44 0.64 0.65

Uttar Pradesh -9.07 -1.47 0.48 0.63 0.43 0.28 0.52

Gujarat -0.70 0.72 1.67 2.70 1.03 0.84 1.00

Maharashtra -11.51 -4.59 -1.74 -0.87 -0.77 -0.30 -0.42

Haryana -2.39 2.40 0.75 1.22 0.92 0.54 0.86

Punjab 6.42 3.47 2.41 0.82 0.84 0.39 0.53

Himachal P. -0.73 1.34 0.58 -0.07 -0.25 -0.54 -0.64

Orissa -1.06 -2.91 -2.65 -1.40 -1.52 -1.17 -1.16

West Bengal 0.76 -0.88 -1.09 -0.57 -0.41 -0.05 0.15

India -17.49 -2.83 -0.73 -0.37 -0.32 -0.33 -0.31

Non Worker - Marginal Workers: 1991

Andhra P. -0.94 1.18 0.37 0.56 0.47 0.40 0.38

Karnataka 0.19 2.32 2.76 1.92 1.65 1.55 1.34

Kerala 1.65 2.49 1.09 -0.04 -0.04 0.07 0.43

Tamil Nadu -2.46 -0.72 0.48 0.81 0.08 0.62 0.25

Bihar 3.73 4.36 2.12 2.02 1.21 1.30 1.64

Madhya P. 2.59 3.11 1.62 1.11 0.35 0.57 0.64

Rajasthan -0.53 -0.38 0.12 0.70 0.26 0.48 0.80

Uttar Pradesh 1.46 2.91 2.59 2.16 1.96 2.24 2.01

Gujarat -0.40 0.12 0.92 0.84 0.76 0.97 1.00

Maharashtra -3.34 0.18 0.72 -0.02 -0.21 0.09 -0.02

Haryana 2.27 3.94 1.33 0.98 1.00 0.87 0.91

Punjab 7.47 3.71 0.66 1.11 0.79 1.30 2.37

Himachal P. 1.55 3.82 1.51 0.39 -0.23 -0.13 -0.40

Orissa 1.83 0.40 -1.41 -0.90 -1.46 -0.79 -1.04

West Bengal -0.26 2.32 1.51 1.14 0.35 1.01 0.56

India 1.08 1.95 1.80 1.61 1.10 1.35 1.30





Table 4. 15: General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group 15-49 years by

Caste for India and States, Rural Areas, 1981-2001.

State/

India

1981 1991 2001

SC STNon-

SC/STSC ST

Non-

SC/STSC ST

Non-

SC/ST

CombinedAndhra P. 19.70 18.20 17.21 19.27 18.70 17.09 18.11 18.00 17.49

Karnataka 2.41 3.04 2.69 12.58 12.72 14.73 14.71 15.07 15.26

Kerala 9.59 10.12 9.11 15.76 18.65 12.65 13.93 17.47 13.73

Tamil Nadu 15.39 16.85 14.28 17.95 20.25 13.27 18.07 22.90 18.77

Bihar 17.17 14.19 17.05 24.76 21.93 23.81 19.34 18.55 18.34

Madhya P. 19.62 18.48 18.63 20.96 20.40 17.93 15.55 13.89 15.00

Rajasthan 21.04 21.08 21.63 20.82 22.53 17.83 16.32 16.01 16.28

Uttar Pradesh 9.64 16.94 9.54 25.09 20.46 23.39 17.58 18.32 18.24

Gujarat 19.62 14.23 19.03 18.85 16.67 17.23 15.31 13.24 15.84

Maharashtra 8.50 7.38 7.73 14.26 15.76 7.72 13.34 12.99 13.48

Haryana 17.94 NA 17.63 14.66 0.00 14.85 12.18 NA 11.53

Punjab 11.58 NA 11.76 13.74 0.00 11.96 12.70 NA 13.35

Himachal P. 9.09 10.84 7.77 12.88 14.28 11.84 10.42 11.89 10.55

Orissa 14.73 16.19 12.58 17.82 18.81 17.81 13.58 16.04 12.69West Bengal 8.29 11.38 7.72 17.54 21.92 13.19 11.78 16.03 13.20

India 13.22 14.47 12.74 19.57 19.13 16.84 15.61 15.45 15.82

Rural

Andhra P. 19.81 18.10 17.25 19.63 18.72 17.31 17.53 17.86 15.77

Karnataka 2.44 3.00 2.74 12.66 12.72 14.22 14.10 14.84 14.23

Kerala 9.67 10.05 9.12 15.65 18.68 12.75 13.75 17.59 13.47

Tamil Nadu 15.52 16.75 14.00 18.13 20.59 13.79 17.46 23.60 17.44

Bihar 17.09 14.03 17.25 24.93 22.13 24.23 19.52 18.65 20.45

Madhya P. 19.73 18.44 19.53 21.43 20.48 18.05 15.89 13.88 15.56

Rajasthan 20.97 21.02 22.57 21.13 22.58 18.48 16.51 16.02 17.01

Uttar Pradesh 9.78 17.09 9.96 25.15 20.44 23.91 17.64 18.24 18.37

Gujarat 20.20 14.15 19.99 19.55 16.58 18.10 14.89 13.12 15.68

Maharashtra 9.30 7.44 8.68 14.89 16.14 7.36 13.46 12.99 12.98Haryana 18.08 NA 18.69 14.80 NA 15.75 12.27 NA 11.57

Punjab 11.31 NA 11.57 13.56 NA 11.82 12.26 NA 12.67

Himachal P. 9.18 10.86 7.83 13.01 14.29 12.00 10.40 11.82 10.47

Orissa 14.68 16.16 12.79 17.91 18.92 18.11 13.56 16.08 12.54

West Bengal 8.55 11.53 8.53 17.10 21.77 12.58 11.36 15.94 11.84

India 13.36 14.56 13.31 20.00 19.27 17.60 15.61 15.45 15.64

Urban

Andhra P. 19.04 19.70 17.09 17.44 18.45 16.55 20.98 19.72 21.42

Karnataka 2.27 3.37 2.59 12.30 12.75 15.77 16.51 16.34 16.95

Kerala 9.01 13.87 9.05 16.24 18.03 12.40 14.77 14.50 14.45

Tamil Nadu 14.83 17.72 14.78 17.24 17.70 12.41 19.51 18.96 20.19

Bihar 18.05 16.70 15.65 22.88 19.20 20.99 16.64 16.51 16.32

Madhya P. 19.11 19.44 15.95 19.21 18.86 17.64 14.50 14.06 13.83

Rajasthan 21.35 22.78 18.61 19.57 21.47 15.98 15.56 15.83 14.34

Uttar Pradesh 8.39 12.69 7.67 24.64 20.75 21.40 17.16 18.96 17.80

Gujarat 18.43 15.23 17.25 17.72 17.60 15.89 15.91 14.47 16.05

Maharashtra 6.73 6.84 5.99 13.14 12.88 8.24 13.16 13.02 14.08

Haryana 17.16 NA 14.04 14.05 NA 12.37 11.87 NA 11.44

Punjab 12.66 NA 12.17 14.42 NA 12.24 13.98 NA 14.45

Himachal P. 7.43 9.45 6.98 10.90 13.83 10.30 10.76 14.42 11.17

Orissa 15.25 16.74 11.25 17.02 16.85 16.26 13.70 15.23 13.28

West Bengal 6.41 7.85 5.90 19.97 24.60 14.42 14.02 17.42 15.98

India 12.50 12.99 11.07 17.64 17.30 14.96 15.63 15.42 16.22





Table 4. 16: Absolute change in the General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the

age group 15-49 years for various Caste groups during1981-2001.

State/

India


SC STNon-

SC/STSC ST

Non-

SC/STSC ST

Non-

SC/ST

CombinedAndhra P. -1.59 -0.20 0.28 -2.28 -0.24 -1.48 1.94 0.02 4.33

Karnataka 12.30 12.03 12.57 11.66 11.84 11.49 14.24 12.97 14.36

Kerala 4.34 7.35 4.62 4.08 7.54 4.35 5.76 0.63 5.40

Tamil Nadu 2.68 6.05 4.49 1.94 6.85 3.44 4.68 1.24 5.41

Bihar 2.17 4.36 1.29 2.43 4.62 3.20 -1.41 -0.19 0.67

Madhya P. -4.07 -4.59 -3.63 -3.84 -4.56 -3.97 -4.61 -5.38 -2.12

Rajasthan -4.72 -5.07 -5.35 -4.46 -5.00 -5.56 -5.79 -6.95 -4.27

Uttar Pradesh 7.94 1.38 8.70 7.86 1.15 8.41 8.77 6.27 10.13

Gujarat -4.31 -0.99 -3.19 -5.31 -1.03 -4.31 -2.52 -0.76 -1.20

Maharashtra 4.84 5.61 5.75 4.16 5.55 4.30 6.43 6.18 8.09

Haryana -5.76 NA -6.10 -5.81 NA -7.12 -5.29 NA -2.60

Punjab 1.12 NA 1.59 0.95 NA 1.10 1.32 NA 2.28

Himachal P. 1.33 1.05 2.78 1.22 0.96 2.64 3.33 4.97 4.19

Orissa -1.15 -0.15 0.11 -1.12 -0.08 -0.25 -1.55 -1.51 2.03

West Bengal 3.49 4.65 5.48 2.81 4.41 3.31 7.61 9.57 10.08

India 2.39 0.98 3.08 2.25 0.89 2.33 3.13 2.43 5.15





Table 4.17a: Ratio of the General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) for the age group

15-49 years for various caste groups for India and States,1981-2001.

State/India

Combined Rural UrbanSC / Non

SCST

ST/Non-

SCST

SC / Non

SCST

ST/Non-

SCST

SC / Non

SCST

ST/Non-

SCST

1981

Andhra P. 1.14 1.06 1.15 1.05 1.11 1.15

Karnataka 0.90 1.13 0.89 1.09 0.88 1.30

Kerala 1.05 1.11 1.06 1.10 1.00 1.53

Tamil Nadu 1.08 1.18 1.11 1.20 1.00 1.20

Bihar 1.01 0.83 0.99 0.81 1.15 1.07

Madhya P. 1.05 0.99 1.01 0.94 1.20 1.22

Rajasthan 0.97 0.97 0.93 0.93 1.15 1.22

Uttar Pradesh 1.01 1.78 0.98 1.72 1.09 1.65

Gujarat 1.03 0.75 1.01 0.71 1.07 0.88

Maharashtra 1.10 0.95 1.07 0.86 1.12 1.14Haryana 1.02 NA 0.97 NA 1.22 NA

Punjab 0.98 NA 0.98 NA 1.04 NA

Himachal P. 1.17 1.40 1.17 1.39 1.06 1.35

Orissa 1.17 1.29 1.15 1.26 1.36 1.49

West Bengal 1.07 1.47 1.00 1.35 1.09 1.33

India 1.04 1.14 1.00 1.09 1.13 1.17

2001

Andhra P. 1.04 1.03 1.11 1.13 0.98 0.92

Karnataka 0.96 0.99 0.99 1.04 0.97 0.96

Kerala 1.01 1.27 1.02 1.31 1.02 1.00

Tamil Nadu 0.96 1.22 1.00 1.35 0.97 0.94

Bihar 1.05 1.01 0.95 0.91 1.02 1.01

Madhya P. 1.04 0.93 1.02 0.89 1.05 1.02

Rajasthan 1.00 0.98 0.97 0.94 1.09 1.10

Uttar Pradesh 0.96 1.00 0.96 0.99 0.96 1.07

Gujarat 0.97 0.84 0.95 0.84 0.99 0.90

Maharashtra 0.99 0.96 1.04 1.00 0.93 0.92

Haryana 1.06 NA 1.06 NA 1.04 NA

Punjab 0.95 NA 0.97 NA 0.97 NA

Himachal P. 0.99 1.13 0.99 1.13 0.96 1.29

Orissa 1.07 1.26 1.08 1.28 1.03 1.15

West Bengal 0.89 1.21 0.96 1.35 0.88 1.09

India 0.99 0.98 1.00 0.99 0.96 0.95





Table 4.17b: Absolute Difference in the General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRU)

for the age group 15-49 years for various caste for India and States, 1981-

2001.

State/IndiaNon SC/ST – SC: 1981 Non SC/ST – SC: 2001

Comb Rural Urban Comb Rural Urban

Andhra P. -2.49 -2.56 -1.95 -0.62 -1.76 0.44

Karnataka 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.55 0.13 0.44

Kerala -0.48 -0.55 0.04 -0.20 -0.28 -0.32

Tamil Nadu -1.11 -1.52 -0.05 0.70 -0.02 0.68

Bihar -0.12 0.16 -2.40 -1.00 0.93 -0.32

Madhya P. -0.99 -0.20 -3.16 -0.55 -0.33 -0.67

Rajasthan 0.59 1.60 -2.74 -0.04 0.50 -1.22

Uttar Pradesh -0.10 0.18 -0.72 0.66 0.73 0.64

Gujarat -0.59 -0.21 -1.18 0.53 0.79 0.14

Maharashtra -0.77 -0.62 -0.74 0.14 -0.48 0.92

Haryana -0.31 0.61 -3.12 -0.65 -0.70 -0.43Punjab 0.18 0.26 -0.49 0.65 0.41 0.47

Himachal P. -1.32 -1.35 -0.45 0.13 0.07 0.41

Orissa -2.15 -1.89 -4.00 -0.89 -1.02 -0.42

West Bengal -0.57 -0.02 -0.51 1.42 0.48 1.96

India -0.48 -0.05 -1.43 0.21 0.03 0.59

Non SC/ST – ST: 1981 Non SC/ST – ST: 2001

Andhra P. -0.99 -0.85 -2.61 -0.51 -2.09 1.70

Karnataka -0.35 -0.26 -0.78 0.19 -0.61 0.61

Kerala -1.01 -0.93 -4.82 -3.74 -4.12 -0.05

Tamil Nadu -2.57 -2.75 -2.94 -4.13 -6.16 1.23

Bihar 2.86 3.22 -1.05 -0.21 1.80 -0.19

Madhya P. 0.15 1.09 -3.49 1.11 1.68 -0.23

Rajasthan 0.55 1.55 -4.17 0.27 0.99 -1.49

Uttar Pradesh -7.40 -7.13 -5.02 -0.08 0.13 -1.16

Gujarat 4.80 5.84 2.02 2.60 2.56 1.58

Maharashtra 0.35 1.24 -0.85 0.49 -0.01 1.06

Haryana NA NA NA NA NA NA

Punjab NA NA NA NA NA NA

Himachal P. -3.07 -3.03 -2.47 -1.34 -1.35 -3.25

Orissa -3.61 -3.37 -5.49 -3.35 -3.54 -1.95

West Bengal -3.66 -3.00 -1.95 -2.83 -4.10 -1.44India -1.73 -1.25 -1.92 0.37 0.19 0.80





Table 4.18a: Ratio of the Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates Unadjusted (ASMCRU)

by age group by Caste for India and States, 1981 and 2001.

State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

SC / Non SC/ST s: 1981

Andhra P. 1.06 1.19 1.23 1.25 1.18 1.12 1.09

Karnataka 0.84 0.81 0.84 0.95 0.87 1.00 0.94

Kerala 0.99 0.98 1.10 1.27 1.33 1.29 1.15

Tamil Nadu 0.96 1.00 1.06 1.11 1.09 1.03 0.99

Bihar 0.94 0.98 1.04 1.08 1.05 0.97 0.94

Madhya P. 0.99 0.99 1.04 1.10 1.05 1.06 1.07

Rajasthan 0.97 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.91 0.92 0.86

Uttar Pradesh 0.99 0.93 0.96 0.98 0.97 1.00 0.99

Gujarat 1.01 0.98 0.87 0.86 0.83 0.83 0.87

Maharashtra 0.98 0.94 0.96 1.07 1.06 0.98 0.82

Haryana 0.96 0.90 0.87 0.89 0.89 0.86 0.92Punjab 0.93 0.88 0.83 0.83 0.87 0.83 0.85

Himachal P. 0.90 0.84 1.17 1.64 1.69 1.65 1.49

Orissa 0.97 1.07 1.25 1.35 1.35 1.23 1.10

West Bengal 0.98 0.96 0.92 0.97 0.93 0.99 0.94

India 0.96 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.05 1.02 0.99

SC / Non SC/ST s: 2001

Andhra P. 1.03 1.16 1.24 1.15 1.11 0.98 0.96

Karnataka 1.02 1.04 1.13 1.11 1.18 1.06 1.04

Kerala 0.94 1.05 1.06 1.14 1.03 0.72 0.83

Tamil Nadu 0.95 0.99 1.03 1.23 1.26 1.06 1.25

Bihar 0.89 0.90 1.03 1.26 1.23 1.20 1.13

Madhya P. 0.96 1.09 1.27 1.33 1.39 1.32 1.29

Rajasthan 0.98 1.02 1.13 1.14 1.10 0.99 0.99

Uttar Pradesh 1.54 1.48 1.76 2.42 3.07 3.49 3.21

Gujarat 0.81 0.76 0.84 0.94 0.95 0.90 0.92

Maharashtra 0.87 0.84 0.92 1.03 1.04 1.04 0.98

Haryana NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Punjab NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Himachal P. 1.14 1.40 1.62 1.77 1.74 1.47 1.40

Orissa 1.06 1.23 1.53 1.69 1.77 1.63 1.47

West Bengal 1.12 1.53 1.84 1.93 1.91 1.58 1.52India 1.09 1.10 1.24 1.36 1.40 1.31 1.28





Table 4. 18a Contd...

State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

ST / Non SC/ST: 1981

Andhra P. 1.03 1.16 1.24 1.15 1.11 0.98 0.96

Karnataka 1.02 1.04 1.13 1.11 1.18 1.06 1.04

Kerala 0.94 1.05 1.06 1.14 1.03 0.72 0.83

Tamil Nadu 0.95 0.99 1.03 1.23 1.26 1.06 1.25

Bihar 0.89 0.90 1.03 1.26 1.23 1.20 1.13

Madhya P. 0.96 1.09 1.27 1.33 1.39 1.32 1.29

Rajasthan 0.98 1.02 1.13 1.14 1.10 0.99 0.99

Uttar Pradesh 1.54 1.48 1.76 2.42 3.07 3.49 3.21

Gujarat 0.81 0.76 0.84 0.94 0.95 0.90 0.92

Maharashtra 0.87 0.84 0.92 1.03 1.04 1.04 0.98



Himachal P. 1.14 1.40 1.62 1.77 1.74 1.47 1.40

Orissa 1.06 1.23 1.53 1.69 1.77 1.63 1.47

West Bengal 1.12 1.53 1.84 1.93 1.91 1.58 1.52

India 1.09 1.10 1.24 1.36 1.40 1.31 1.28

ST / Non SC/ST: 2001

Andhra P. 0.95 0.92 0.90 0.94 1.03 1.05 1.11

Karnataka 0.92 0.88 0.86 0.92 0.98 1.04 1.05

Kerala 0.97 0.93 1.09 1.48 1.54 1.52 1.42

Tamil Nadu 0.93 0.97 1.01 1.19 1.28 1.36 1.50

Bihar 0.96 1.00 1.10 1.15 1.32 1.32 1.28

Madhya P. 0.92 0.82 0.80 0.92 1.06 1.09 1.24

Rajasthan 0.96 0.93 0.95 1.05 1.11 1.14 1.15

Uttar Pradesh 0.85 0.85 0.90 1.08 1.13 1.24 1.30

Gujarat 0.85 0.75 0.77 0.95 1.04 1.08 1.11

Maharashtra 0.90 0.81 0.77 0.88 0.98 1.02 1.13



Himachal P. 0.96 0.91 1.04 1.29 1.34 1.30 1.45

Orissa 0.99 1.01 1.09 1.32 1.50 1.68 1.84

West Bengal 1.04 1.14 1.18 1.22 1.26 1.27 1.32

India 0.94 0.88 0.90 0.98 1.06 1.10 1.16





Table 4.18b: Absolute Difference in Levels of Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates

Unadjusted (ASMCRU) by age group by Caste for India and States, 1981

and 2001.

State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Non SC/ST – SC: 1981

Andhra P. -3.18 -4.59 -2.56 -2.03 -1.25 -0.95 -0.70

Karnataka 1.75 0.83 0.29 0.06 0.12 0.00 0.06

Kerala 0.43 0.47 -0.70 -1.00 -0.91 -0.80 -0.39

Tamil Nadu 2.21 0.06 -0.75 -0.82 -0.50 -0.20 0.04

Bihar 3.72 0.62 -0.42 -0.47 -0.19 0.13 0.22

Madhya P. 0.46 0.38 -0.36 -0.59 -0.25 -0.32 -0.37

Rajasthan 2.51 2.11 0.72 0.41 0.40 0.36 0.60

Uttar Pradesh 0.46 1.07 0.25 0.08 0.07 0.01 0.04

Gujarat -0.97 0.74 1.65 0.90 0.87 0.86 0.67

Maharashtra 0.62 0.78 0.22 -0.21 -0.16 0.06 0.47Haryana 2.85 2.73 1.09 0.41 0.31 0.36 0.18

Punjab 4.54 3.50 1.72 0.84 0.44 0.59 0.47

Himachal P. 4.44 2.15 -0.53 -1.24 -1.27 -1.47 -1.18

Orissa 1.81 -1.58 -2.07 -1.79 -1.47 -1.13 -0.49

West Bengal 0.73 0.50 0.37 0.07 0.14 0.02 0.15

India 2.17 1.12 0.04 -0.26 -0.17 -0.07 0.05

Non SC/ST – SC: 2001

Andhra P. -1.55 -3.99 -2.65 -1.26 -0.75 0.13 0.34

Karnataka -0.25 -0.16 -0.24 -0.13 -0.17 -0.06 -0.04

Kerala 2.80 -1.04 -0.42 -0.54 -0.08 0.79 0.46

Tamil Nadu 3.22 0.43 -0.31 -1.66 -1.46 -0.37 -1.61

Bihar 6.89 2.86 -0.30 -1.51 -0.91 -0.73 -0.43

Madhya P. 2.58 -2.19 -2.46 -1.83 -1.85 -1.66 -1.51

Rajasthan 1.20 -0.53 -1.42 -0.81 -0.42 0.05 0.04

Uttar Pradesh -19.39 -7.25 -4.43 -4.86 -5.68 -6.83 -5.98

Gujarat 15.25 8.82 1.97 0.38 0.25 0.51 0.43

Maharashtra 4.30 2.15 0.41 -0.09 -0.11 -0.10 0.04



Himachal P. -6.49 -5.21 -1.97 -1.49 -1.36 -1.06 -0.96

Orissa -3.28 -5.23 -4.40 -3.58 -3.28 -3.08 -2.42West Bengal -4.30 -6.26 -3.81 -2.42 -1.90 -1.25 -1.21

India -4.73 -2.20 -1.91 -1.68 -1.47 -1.24 -1.10





Table 4. 18b Contd...

State/India 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Non SC/ST – ST: 1981

Andhra P. 1.29 0.00 0.12 0.21 0.22 0.26 0.11

Karnataka 5.04 4.30 2.23 0.92 0.42 0.04 -0.27

Kerala 1.59 2.24 -0.18 -1.57 -1.09 -1.07 -1.09

Tamil Nadu 3.42 3.90 2.31 1.06 0.74 0.32 -0.14

Bihar 1.11 2.21 1.29 0.72 0.24 -0.04 -0.56

Madhya P. 1.50 2.21 1.59 0.82 0.52 0.50 0.30

Rajasthan 2.58 2.25 1.13 0.42 0.33 0.27 0.17

Uttar Pradesh 2.03 3.26 2.20 1.41 1.07 0.80 0.51

Gujarat -0.69 0.03 0.55 0.60 0.61 0.64 0.75

Maharashtra 3.48 2.99 1.61 0.61 0.34 0.23 0.18

Haryana 0.39 0.82 0.94 0.56 0.49 0.40 0.30

Punjab 3.67 3.99 2.28 1.33 1.25 1.18 1.04

Himachal P. 6.41 7.09 2.63 0.42 -0.02 -0.50 -0.81

Orissa 3.24 1.75 0.52 -0.22 -0.46 -0.81 -1.07

West Bengal 2.53 4.21 3.19 2.12 1.64 1.34 1.15

India 2.68 3.26 1.89 0.98 0.62 0.41 0.14

Non SC/ST – ST: 2001

Andhra P. 3.36 2.45 1.42 0.65 -0.23 -0.43 -1.00

Karnataka 5.32 3.93 2.10 0.77 0.17 -0.26 -0.36

Kerala 2.41 2.25 -1.39 -3.86 -3.23 -2.87 -2.27

Tamil Nadu 4.88 1.23 -0.28 -2.50 -3.10 -4.03 -5.48

Bihar 2.72 0.18 -1.49 -1.23 -1.90 -1.75 -1.54

Madhya P. 5.93 5.25 2.07 0.41 -0.27 -0.36 -0.96

Rajasthan 3.35 2.05 0.46 -0.25 -0.41 -0.48 -0.52

Uttar Pradesh 11.27 5.41 1.59 -0.70 -0.86 -1.49 -1.83

Gujarat 11.71 9.71 3.14 0.38 -0.20 -0.40 -0.55

Maharashtra 7.17 5.87 2.81 0.82 0.13 -0.11 -0.67



Himachal P. 3.15 2.94 -0.43 -1.24 -1.10 -0.95 -1.45

Orissa 0.99 -0.31 -1.25 -2.22 -2.65 -3.37 -4.07

West Bengal -2.39 -3.27 -1.96 -1.59 -1.58 -1.67 -1.84

India 4.25 3.82 1.44 0.15 -0.36 -0.61 -0.96





Chapter 5

Levels of Childlessness: District Scenario

In the present chapter we discuss the levels and variations in the childlessness at the district

level. The main purpose of the analysis in this chapter is to highlight geographicalvariations in the levels of childlessness at the district level and also to understand whether

there is any clustering pattern (in terms of geographical clustering) with regard to thechildlessness incidence. We would try to see if the childlessness incidence has any pattern

in terms of topography of the area. For example, levels of childlessness are higher aroundthe coastal line or in the plane areas. Similarly, the levels of childlessness are high in

southern states or the states in other regions of north, west or east. It is important tounderstand that the population living in a particular geographical condition experience

lower or higher chances of childlessness. Thus the prime focus of the analysis in thischapter is to assess the geographical pattern of incidence of childlessness. Further, we

would also examine whether the pattern have changed over the period of past 20 yearsduring 1981 to 2001 using data from the respective censuses. It may be brought to the

notice of the readers that the same information has also been obtained for the year 1991 buthas not been included in the analysis here. In the analysis in the past sections we noticed

that 1991 census results on this variable were substantially different in comparison to the1981 and 2001 data and hence it was decided to restrict the analysis for the 1981 and 2001

only.

It is important to mention that though we have presented the data in this chapter in tabularform we would be presenting a lot of maps so as to make it easy for the readers to

understand the geographical pattern of the levels of childlessness. The maps have been prepared using GIS software. Like previous chapter, here too the analysis is carried out

separately for rural and urban areas.

It may also be pointed out that in this chapter we have restricted to the age groups of 35-39,40-44 and 45-49 years. It is argued that in the absence of voluntary childlessness, almost all

women would become mother before age 35 years, more so in the developing countriessuch as ours where motherhood is placed right at the top in the social ladder. It may safely

be argued that in India, voluntary childless is almost non-existent as it is highly unlikelythat a woman would wait beyond age 35 years to begin reproduction

1. Thus the levels of

childlessness in the age group 35-39, 40-44 and 45-49 years may be considered as thereflection of the levels of involuntary childlessness (or permanent sterility) in India. This is

also supported by the fact that the levels of childlessness become more or less stable for theages beyond 35 years. We have thus presented the distribution of districts by the level of

childlessness among women aged 35-39, 40-44 and 45-49 years during 1981 and 2001 in

1 The data on distribution of birth by Birth Order and Age of the Woman from the DLHS-RCH reveals that

less than 3 percent of the births to the women aged 35-39 and 40-44 years are of order one.





the tables 5.1A through 5.3C for combined, rural and urban areas respectively. In additionto this, in order to bring out the geographical clustering we have also presented the same in

maps. Further in the Appendix – 4.1 we have presented the names of the districts that havechildlessness rate of 10 percent or higher. At the outset it may be mentioned that there

were 395 districts in the country in 1981 that increased to 593 in 2001. We would like to

bring out following points regarding the data:1. For some of the districts data is not available and 'NG' indicates the same in thetable.

2. '--' in the table means that there are no districts in that particular category.3. Some of the districts may not have any rural population as they are fully urbanized.

Likewise some districts may not have any urban areas. In such cases, total ofdistricts in low, medium and high childless categories may be short of the total

number of districts in the states in tables referring to rural and urban areas. Thename of the districts where such situation prevails has been provided below the

tables in the footnotes.

Before we begin the analysis we would like to mention that for better understanding wewould like to classify the districts in the following 3 broad categories on the basis of

percentages of childless women:

Type of category Percentage of the childless women

Group I: Low Prevalence Districts (LPD)Group II: Medium Prevalence Districts (MPD)

Group III: High Prevalence Districts (HPD)

Up to 2.50 per cent2.51 to 7.50 per cent

Greater than 7.50 per cent

5.1 ASMCRU - 35-39 YEARS: 1981-2001

The last row of the table 5.1A and Figure 5.1 clearly reveal that at the all India level,majority of the districts fall into group II (MPD, that is, medium levels of the childlessness)

during both the period under analysis. As may be noted about 64 per cent and 75 per centof the districts had 2.51 to 7.50 percent childless women in the age group 35-39 years in

1981 and 2001 respectively. Further, in 1981 there were nearly 28 per cent of the districtsin group I (LPD) with low levels of childlessness which came down to just 3 per cent in

2001, indicating a sharp reduction. It is surprising to note that the percentages of the shareof high prevalence districts (Group III, HPD) was a little over 4 per cent in 1981 which

increased to nearly 22 per cent in 2001. Thus it may be said that at the national levels therehave been dramatic shift in position of the districts from low prevalence to high prevalence.

The distribution of the districts across states and Union Territories (UTs) reveals that

following points:1. Out of the total 115 low prevalence districts in 1981, 27 came from undivided Uttar

Pradesh followed by Karnataka (19 districts), Maharashtra (11 districts), WestBengal (10 districts) and Arunachal Pradesh (9 districts). In other words, two-thirds

of the LPD districts are from these five states. Contrary to this, out of the 18 low prevalence districts in 2001, 11 were from Haryana, 6 from Rajasthan, 2 from

Manipur and one from Himachal Pradesh. It is interesting to note that all the





districts in Karnataka, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya and Mizoram belonged toLPD group in 1981. Further, in West Bengal and Himachal Pradesh they accounted

for about two-thirds of the total districts and about half of them in the undividedUttar Pradesh, Kerala.

Figure 5.1: Distribution of districts by levels of childless women in the age group35-39 years, India 1981-2001.

27.91

63.59

4.373.04

75.21

21.58

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

LPD MPD HPD

1981 2001

28.88

60.92

4.854.72

74.37

19.34

0.00

10.00

20.0030.00

40.00

50.00

60.0070.00

80.00

LPD MPD HPD

23.79

63.11

5.581.35

69.98

26.84

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

LPD MPD HPD

2. In case of the 262 medium prevalence districts in 1981, 39 were from undivided

Madhya Pradesh, 28 from the undivided Uttar Pradesh and 26 each from Rajasthanand undivided Bihar. The data further reveals that all of the districts in Gujarat,Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu had medium levels of childlessness in 1981. Somewhat

similar observations may also be made for 2001.3. Coming to the high prevalence group, it may be noted that of the 18 such districts in

1981, 7 were from Andhra Pradesh, 4 from undivided Madhya Pradesh, 3 fromOrissa, 2 from Manipur and one from undivided Uttar Pradesh. As may be noted,

not only the number of the districts in the state in this group has increased over time(in 2001) but also many districts from all parts of the country have joined this

group. For example, the number of districts in Andhra Pradesh in the HPD groupincreased from 7 in 1981 to 16 in 2001, from one to 8 in Jammu and Kashmir, from

3 to 8 in Orissa, from one to 15 in undivided Uttar Pradesh and from 2 to 8 inManipur.

5.2 ASMCRU - 40-44 YEARS: 1981-2001

The last row of the table 5.2A and Figure 5.2 provide the relevant information. It may beclearly noted that at the national level, majority of the districts fall into MPD group during

both the period under analysis. As seen over 60 per cent of the districts in 1981 and nearly

Combined

RuralUrban





three-fourth in 2001 fell in this category. In other words, the percentages of childlesswomen aged 40-44 years in these districts ranged between 2.5 to 7.5 per cent. Further, there

were nearly 27 per cent of the districts in the country in 1981 where proportion of childlesswomen aged 40-44 years was 2.5 per cent or less. This proportion came down to just 5 per

cent in 2001. Interestingly, share of districts in high prevalence category rose from less

than 9 per cent in 1981 to nearly 21 per cent in 2001. It is thus noted that at the nationallevels there has been dramatic reduction in the share of low prevalence districts whereastheir share has substantially gone up in both medium and high prevalence categories.

Figure 5.2: Distribution of districts by levels of childless women in the age group

40-44 years, India 1981-2001.

The data on the distribution of the districts across low, medium and high categories

presented in tables 5.2 bring out following:1. It is interesting to note that all the districts of Karnataka, Meghalaya, Mizoram and

8 out of 9 districts in Arunachal Pradesh belonged to the low prevalence category in1981. Out of the total 111 low prevalence districts in 1981, 30 belonged to the

undivided Uttar Pradesh, 19 to Karnataka, 11 to Maharashtra, 10 to West Bengaland 8 to Arunachal Pradesh (comprising for about three-fourth of all the districts in

the category). In 2001, out of the total 30 districts in this category, 15 were fromHaryana, 8 from Rajasthan, 3 from Himachal Pradesh and one each from Andaman

and Nicobar Island and Delhi.2. In the medium category, there were 249 districts in 1981 and 441 in 2001. The

major contributors of the districts in this category in 1981 were undivided MadhyaPradesh (36), undivided Bihar and Rajasthan (26 each), undivided Uttar Pradesh

26.94

8.5

20.58

60.44

5.06

74.37

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

LPD MPD HPD

1981

2001

27.67

8.74

19.23

58.25 72.17

4.08

0.00

10.00

20.0030.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

LPD MPD HPD

23.06

9.22

22.6

61.4 73.01

2.7

0.00

10.00

20.0030.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

LPD MPD HPD

Combined

UrbanRural





(24), Gujarat (19), Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu (15 each), Jammu and Kashmir(13) and Punjab (12). The pattern is quite similar for 2001 as far as the allocation of

districts in this category across states is concerned.3. As mentioned before, number of districts in the high prevalence category has

undergone dramatic change over 1981-2001. As seen from the data with respect to

the share of districts across states, out of the 35 high prevalence districts in 1981, 15 belonged to Andhra Pradesh, 7 to undivided Madhya Pradesh and 4 to Orissa. Therewere 2 districts each in undivided Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh and Manipur

and one each in Jammu Kashmir, Tamil Nadu and Andaman Nicobar Island wherethe levels of childlessness among women aged 40-44 years was higher.

4. The number of districts in the high prevalence category, as noted before, hasincreased tremendously to 122 by 2001. Of all the high prevalence districts in 2001,

30 belong to Tamil Nadu, 19 to Andhra Pradesh and 8 to Karnataka (all southernstates with relatively better socio-economic and demographic indicators otherwise).

Further, amongst the eastern smaller states of the country, all 7 districts ofMeghalaya, 7 out of 9 districts in Manipur, 6 out of 8 in Nagaland and 10 out of 23

districts in Assam had higher levels of childlessness. There were 8 districts in UttarPradesh and 7 in Orissa which belonged to high prevalence category.

5.3 ASMCRU - 45-49 YEARS: 1981-2001

The last row of the table 5.3A and figure 5.3 below clearly reveals that about 30 per cent of

the districts in the country in 1981 had 2.5 per cent or fewer women aged 45-49 years whowere childless. The proportion of such districts drastically reduced to less than 5 per cent in

2001. It may further be noted that about 58 and 75 per cent of the districts in the country in1981 and 2001 respectively fell into medium category. However, the share of districts in

high prevalence category rose sharply from nearly 8 per cent in 1981 to as high as 21 percent in 2001. This indicates that the incidence of childlessness in the country has deepened

in many parts of the country over time.The data on state scenario on this may be summarized in the following points:

1. Out of the total 122 low prevalence districts in 1981, 31 were from undivided UttarPradesh, 18 from Karnataka and 12 from Maharashtra. In Karnataka, 18 out of 19

districts had low prevalence levels of childlessness. Likewise, all districts inArunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya and Mizoram had low levels of childlessness in this

age group. In 2001, of the 29 low prevalence districts, 14 were from Haryana, 9from Rajasthan, 3 from Himachal Pradesh, 2 from Delhi and one from Andaman

Nicobar Island.2. At the outset it may be pointed out that in 2001 all the districts in Gujarat, Punjab,

Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Chhatisgarh, Uttaranchal, Himachal Pradesh, Mizoram,Pondicherry, Sikkim, Daman Diu, Tripura, Delhi, Chandigarh, Dadra Nagar Haveli

and Lakshadweep had medium levels of childless in 2001. The share of districtsacross states in the medium prevalence category is quite similar to that observed for

the previous age group (majority of the districts coming from undivided MadhyaPradesh (65 in 2001), Uttar Pradesh (61 in 2001) and Bihar (46 in 2001). Further a

sizeable proportion of districts from Maharashtra (34), Gujarat (25), Karnataka (24)and Rajasthan (26) in 2001 belonged to this category.





Figure 5.3: Distribution of districts by levels of childless women in the age group

45-49 years, India 1981-2001.

3. Coming to the low prevalence category, it may be noticed that there were 18 and128 districts in 1981 and 2001 respectively in this category. Of these 18 districts in

1981, 7 were from Andhra Pradesh, 4 from undivided Madhya Pradesh, 3 fromOrissa, 2 from Manipur and one each from Jammu Kashmir and undivided Uttar

Pradesh. An important point emerging from this table is that in 2001, all districts inTamil Nadu (30), Meghalaya (7) and Goa (2) fell in high prevalence category.

Similarly, 8 out of 9 districts in Manipur and 7 out of 8 districts in Nagaland fell inhigh prevalence category. A sizeable proportion of districts in some other states like

Andhra Pradesh (16 out of 23, 70 per cent), Jammu Kashmir (8 out of 14, 57 percent), Assam (10 out of 23, 43 per cent), Orissa (8 out of 30, 27 per cent) and Uttar

Pradesh (15 out of 70, 21 per cent) fell in high prevalence category.

5.4 Spatial pattern of incidence of childlessness at the district level: 1981-2001

As mentioned before, for the better understanding of the reader, we have provided namesof the districts that have 10 per cent or higher levels of childlessness in Appendix 4.1. The

information has been provided for the period 1981, 1991 and 2001 state wise for the agegroups 35-39, 40-44 and 45-49 years separately for combined, rural and urban areas along

with the actual levels. Also we have presented the geographic scenario of the districts withrespect to the incidence of childlessness for the country and the same has been included

here (see Map 5.1 to Map 5.18 below). The purpose of presenting the same on the maps isthe fact that when we carry out our analysis based on the simple distribution of the units (as

done above) we fail to understand the geographical patterns. Plotting the units help usunderstand the geographic scenario more effectively. We have once again presented the

29.61

8.01

20.57

58.01

4.89

74.53

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

LPD MPD HPD

1981

2001

30.58

19.06

7.77

56.31

6.41

73.02

0.00 10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

LPD MPD HPD

22.8220.57

9.95

60.44

2.19

75.05

0.00 10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

LPD MPD HPD

Combined

Rural Urban





maps for the age groups 40-44 and 45-49 years of women for 1981 through 2001. In themaps we have presented data for following 6 categories:

Category Level of childlessness(% of childless women)

Category Level of childlessness(% of childless women)

I 00.00 per cent* IV 5.01 – 7.50 per centII 0.00 – 2.50 per cent V 7.51 – 10.00 per cent

III 2.51 – 5.00 per cent VI More than 10.00 per cent

Note: * also includes districts for which data is not available.

MAP 5.1





MAP 5.2





MAP 5.3





MAP 5.4





MAP 5.5





MAP 5.6





MAP 5.7





MAP 5.8





MAP 5.9





MAP 5.10





MAP 5.11





MAP 5.12





MAP 5.13





MAP 5.14





MAP 5.15





MAP 5.16





MAP 5.17





MAP 5.18





Table 5.1A: Distribution of Districts by the levels of ASMCRU for women aged 35-

39 years, Combined Areas, 1981-2001.

States / UTsChildless Levels: 1981 Childless Levels: 2001 No. of Districts

Low Medium High Low Medium High 1981 2001

Andhra P. -- 16 7 -- 7 16 23 23

Bihar5 26 --

-- 33 431

37

Jharkhand -- 13 3 18

Gujarat -- 19 -- -- 25 -- 19 25

Haryana 4 8 -- 11 8 -- 12 19

Jammu & K -- 13 1 -- 6 8 14 14

Karnataka 19 -- -- -- 24 3 19 27

Kerala 6 6 -- -- 14 -- 12 14

Madhya P.2 39 4

-- 45 --45

45

Chhatisgarh -- 20 -- 16

Maharashtra 11 15 -- -- 34 1 26 35Orissa -- 10 3 -- 22 8 13 30

Punjab 1 11 -- -- 17 -- 12 17

Rajasthan -- 26 -- 6 26 -- 26 32

Tamil Nadu -- 16 -- -- -- 30 16 30

Uttar P.27 28 1

-- 55 1556

70

Uttarnchal -- 6 -- 13

W. Bengal 10 6 -- -- 15 3 16 18

A&N Island 1 1 -- -- 1 1 2 2

Arunachal P. 9 -- -- -- 11 2 9 13

Himachal P. 7 5 -- 1 11 -- 12 12

Manipur 1 3 2 -- 1 8 6 9

Meghalaya 5 -- -- -- -- 7 5 7

Mizoram 3 -- -- -- 8 -- 3 8

Nagaland 3 4 -- -- 1 7 7 8

Pondicherry 1 3 -- -- 4 -- 4 4

Sikkim -- 4 -- -- 4 -- 4 4

Goa -- 1 -- -- -- 2 1 2

Daman Diu -- 2 -- -- 2 -- 2 2

Assam NG NG NG -- 13 10 10 23

Tripura NG NG NG -- 15 -- 3 4

Delhi NG NG NG -- 3 -- 1 9Chandigarh NG NG NG -- 1 -- 1 1

DN Haveli NG NG NG -- 1 -- 1 1

Lakshadweep NG NG NG -- 1 -- 1 1

INDIA N

%

115

(27.91)

262

(63.59)

18

(4.37)

18

(3.04)

446

(75.21)

128

(21.58)

412

(100.0)

593

(100.0)

Note: NG stands for not given as data are not available.





Table 5.1B: Distribution of Districts by the levels of ASMCRU for women aged 35-

39 years, Rural Areas, 1981-2001.



Andhra P. -- 15 7 -- 11 11 23 23

Bihar6 25 --

-- 34 331

37


Gujarat -- 19 -- -- 25 -- 19 25

Haryana 3 9 -- 16 3 -- 12 19

Jammu & K -- 13 1 -- 6 8 14 14

Karnataka 19 -- -- - 25 2 19 27

Kerala 6 6 -- -- 14 -- 12 14

Madhya P.3 38 4

-- 45 --45

45

Chhatisgarh -- 14 2 16

Maharashtra 11 14 -- -- 33 -- 26 35

Orissa -- 9 4 -- 22 8 13 30Punjab 1 11 -- -- 17 -- 12 17

Rajasthan -- 26 -- 8 24 -- 26 32

Tamil Nadu -- 15 -- -- 1 28 16 30

Uttar P.29 25 2

-- 60 1056

70


W. Bengal 11 4 -- -- 15 2 16 18

A&N Island 1 1 -- -- 1 1 2 2

Arunachal P. 9 -- -- -- 11 2 9 13

Himachal P. 7 5 -- 1 11 -- 12 12

Manipur 1 3 2 -- 1 8 6 9

Meghalaya 5 -- -- -- -- 7 5 7

Mizoram 3 -- -- -- 8 -- 3 8

Nagaland 3 4 -- -- 1 7 7 8

Pondicherry 1 2 -- -- 2 -- 4 4

Sikkim -- 4 -- -- 4 -- 4 4

Goa -- 1 -- -- -- 2 1 2

Daman Diu -- 2 -- 1 1 -- 2 2

Assam NG NG NG -- 15 8 10 23


Delhi NG NG NG 2 5 -- 1 9

Chandigarh NG NG NG -- 1 -- 1 1



INDIA N

%

119

(28.88)

251

(60.92)

20

(4.85)

28

(4.72)

441

(74.37)

115

(19.34)

412

(100.0)

593

(100.0)

Note:

1. NG stands for not given as data are not available.

2. 1981: No rural area in Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh), Greater Bombay district (Maharashtra), Madras(Tamil Nadu), Calcutta (West Bengal) and Yanam (Pondicherry).

3. 2001: No rural area in Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh), Mumbai (Suburban) and Mumbai (Maharashtra),

Chennai (Tamil Nadu), Kolkatta (West Bengal), Mahe & Yanam (Pondicherry) and New Delhi and Delhi

Central districts.





Table 5.1C: Distribution of Districts by the levels of ASMCRU for women aged 35-

39 years, Urban Areas, 1981-2001.



Andhra P. -- 13 10 -- 5 18 23 23Bihar

-- 31 ---- 31 6

3137


Gujarat -- 18 -- -- 22 2 19 25

Haryana 3 9 -- 5 14 -- 12 19

Jammu & K 2 11 1 -- 7 7 14 14

Karnataka 19 -- -- -- 19 8 19 27

Kerala 1 10 -- -- 11 3 12 14

Madhya P.4 35 6

-- 45 --45

45


Maharashtra 13 13 -- -- 34 1 26 35

Orissa -- 11 2 -- 27 3 13 30Punjab 1 11 -- -- 15 2 12 17

Rajasthan 1 25 -- 1 31 -- 26 32

Tamil Nadu -- 16 -- -- -- 30 16 30

Uttar P.20 35 1

-- 37 3356

70


W. Bengal 9 7 -- -- 12 6 16 18

A&N Island 1 -- -- -- 1 -- 2 2

Arunachal P. 5 -- -- 1 8 3 9 13

Himachal P. 7 3 -- 1 9 -- 12 12

Manipur 1 3 2 -- -- 5 6 9

Meghalaya 5 -- -- -- 3 4 5 7Mizoram 3 -- -- -- 7 -- 3 8

Nagaland 5 1 -- -- 2 6 7 8

Pondicherry 1 3 -- -- 4 -- 4 4

Sikkim 1 2 1 1 2 1 4 4

Goa -- 1 -- -- -- 2 1 2

Daman Diu -- 2 -- -- 2 -- 2 2

Assam NG NG NG -- 7 16 10 23

Tripura NG NG NG -- 3 1 3 4

Delhi NG NG NG -- 9 -- 1 9


DN Haveli NG NG NG -- 1 -- 1 1Lakshadweep NG NG NG -- 1 -- 1 1

INDIA N

%

102

(24.75)

260

(63.11)

23

(5.58)

9

(1.52)

415

(69.98)

159

(26.81)

412

(100.0)

593

(100.0)

Note: 1. NG stands for not given as data are not available.

2. 1981: No Urban areas Dang (Gujarat), Wayanad (Kerala), Nicobar (Andaman & Nicobar

Island), East Kameng, Upper Subansiri, Dibang Valley and Tirap districts (Arunachal Pradesh),Lahul Spiti and Kinnaur districts (Himachal Pradesh) and Phek (Nagaland).

3. 2001: No Urban areas in Dangs (Gujarat), Senapati, Tamenglong, Churachandpur and Ukhrul

(Manipur), Upper Siang (Arunachal Pradesh), and Lawngtlai (Mizoram), Lahul & Spiti andKinnaur (Himachal Pradesh) and Nicobar (Andaman & Nicobar Island).









Andhra P. -- 8 15 -- 4 19 23 23

Bihar5 26 --

-- 36 131

37


Gujarat -- 19 -- -- 25 -- 19 25

Haryana 5 7 -- 15 4 -- 12 19

Jammu & K -- 13 1 -- 9 5 14 14

Karnataka 19 -- -- -- 19 8 19 27

Kerala 4 8 -- -- 14 -- 12 14

Madhya P.2 36 7

2 43 --45

45


Maharashtra 11 15 -- -- 35 -- 26 35Orissa -- 9 4 -- 23 7 13 30

Punjab -- 12 -- -- 17 -- 12 17

Rajasthan -- 26 -- 8 24 -- 26 32

Tamil Nadu -- 15 1 -- -- 30 16 30

Uttar P.30 24 2

-- 62 856

70


W. Bengal 10 6 -- -- 15 3 16 18

A&N Island 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 2

Arunachal P. 8 1 -- -- 10 3 9 13

Himachal P. 3 7 2 3 9 -- 12 12

Manipur 1 3 2 -- 2 7 6 9Meghalaya 5 -- - -- -- 7 5 7

Mizoram 3 -- -- -- 8 -- 3 8

Nagaland 3 4 -- -- 2 6 7 8

Pondicherry 1 3 -- -- 4 -- 4 4

Sikkim -- 4 -- -- 4 -- 4 4

Goa -- 1 -- -- 2 -- 1 2

Daman Diu -- 2 -- -- 2 -- 2 2

Assam NG NG NG -- 13 10 10 23


Delhi NG NG NG 1 8 -- 1 9Chandigarh NG NG NG -- 1 -- 1 1



INDIA N

%

111

(26.94)

249

(60.44)

35

(8.50)

30

(5.06)

441

(74.37)

122

(20.58)

412

(100.0)

593

(100.0)






Table 5.2B: Distribution of Districts by the levels of ASMCRU for women aged 40-44

years, Rural Areas, 1981-2001.



Andhra P. -- 7 15 -- 6 16 23 23

Bihar5 26 --

-- 36 131

37


Gujarat -- 19 -- 1 24 -- 19 25

Haryana 6 6 -- 18 1 -- 12 19

Jammu & K -- 13 1 -- 8 6 14 14

Karnataka 19 -- -- -- 20 7 19 27

Kerala 7 5 -- -- 14 -- 12 14

Madhya P.2 36 7

2 43 --45

45


Maharashtra 11 14 -- -- 33 -- 26 35

Orissa -- 9 4 -- 22 8 13 30

Punjab 1 11 -- -- 17 -- 12 17Rajasthan -- 26 -- 11 21 -- 26 32

Tamil Nadu -- 14 1 -- -- 29 16 30

Uttar P.30 23 3

-- 66 456

70


W. Bengal 10 5 -- -- 15 2 16 18

A&N Island 1 -- 1 1 -- 1 2 2

Arunachal P. 8 1 -- -- 10 3 9 13

Himachal P. 2 8 2 3 9 -- 12 12

Manipur 1 3 2 -- 2 7 6 9

Meghalaya 5 -- -- -- -- 7 5 7

Mizoram 3 -- -- 1 7 -- 3 8 Nagaland 2 5 -- -- 2 6 7 8

Pondicherry 1 2 -- -- 2 -- 4 4

Sikkim -- 4 -- -- 4 -- 4 4

Goa -- 1 -- -- 2 -- 1 2

Daman Diu -- 2 -- 1 1 -- 2 2

Assam NG NG NG -- 16 7 10 23



Chandigarh NG NG NG 1 -- -- 1 1



INDIA N

%

114

(27.67)

240

(58.25)

36

(8.74)

42

(4.08)

428

(72.17)

114

(19.23)

412

(100.0)

593

(100.0)

Note:

1. 1981: No rural area in Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh), Greater Bombay district (Maharashtra),

Madras (Tamil Nadu), Calcutta (West Bengal) and Yanam (Pondicherry).

2. 1981: Assam, Delhi, Tripura, Chandigarh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli & Lakshadweep data are not

available.

3. 2001: No rural area in Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh), Mumbai (Suburban) and Mumbai

(Maharashtra), Chennai (Tamil Nadu), Kolkatta (West Bengal), Mahe & Yanam (Pondicherry)

and New Delhi and Delhi Central districts.









Andhra P. -- 6 17 -- 3 20 23 23

Bihar1 30 --

-- 33 431

37


Gujarat -- 16 2 -- 23 1 19 25

Haryana 4 8 -- 8 11 -- 12 19

Jammu & K 2 10 2 -- 7 7 14 14

Karnataka 18 1 -- -- 18 9 19 27

Kerala 3 8 -- -- 12 2 12 14

Madhya P.4 33 8

1 44 --45

45


Maharashtra 8 17 1 -- 35 -- 26 35

Orissa 1 8 4 -- 27 3 13 30

Punjab 1 11 -- -- 17 -- 12 17Rajasthan 1 25 -- 3 29 -- 26 32

Tamil Nadu -- 15 1 -- -- 30 16 30

Uttar P.15 40 1

-- 50 2056

70

Uttarnchal 1 11 1 13

W. Bengal 8 8 -- -- 14 4 16 18

A&N Island -- 1 -- -- 1 -- 2 2

Arunachal P. 5 -- -- 1 9 2 9 13

Himachal P. 8 2 -- 1 9 -- 12 12

Manipur 1 3 2 -- 1 4 6 9

Meghalaya 5 -- -- -- 3 4 5 7

Mizoram 3 -- -- -- 6 1 3 8 Nagaland 5 1 -- -- 2 6 7 8

Pondicherry 1 3 -- -- 4 -- 4 4

Sikkim 1 3 -- 1 3 -- 4 4

Goa -- 1 -- -- 2 -- 1 2

Daman Diu -- 2 -- -- 1 1 2 2

Assam NG NG NG -- 9 14 10 23






INDIA N

%

95

(23.06)

253

(61.40)

38

(9.22)

16

(2.70)

433

(73.01)

134

(22.60)

412

(100.0)

593

(100.0)

Note:

1. 1981: No Urban areas Dang (Gujarat), Wayanad (Kerala), Nicobar (Andaman & Nicobar Island), East

Kameng, Upper Subansiri, Dibang Valley and Tirap districts (Arunachal Pradesh), Lahul Spiti and Kinnaur

districts (Himachal Pradesh) and Phek (Nagaland).

2. 1981: Assam, Delhi, Tripura, Chandigarh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Lakshadweep data are not available.

3. 2001: No Urban areas in Nicobar (Andaman & Nicobar Island), Upper Siang (Arunachal Pradesh), Lahul

Spiti and Kinnaur (Himachal Pradesh), Senapati, Tamenglong, Churachandpur and Ukhrul (Manipur), Dangs

(Gujarat) and Lawngtlai (Mizoram).









Andhra P. -- 7 16 -- 4 19 23 23Bihar

7 24 ---- 36 1

3137


Gujarat -- 18 1 -- 25 -- 19 25

Haryana 7 5 -- 14 5 -- 12 19

Jammu & K -- 13 1 -- 11 3 14 14

Karnataka 18 1 -- -- 19 8 19 27

Kerala 6 6 -- -- 14 -- 12 14

Madhya P.3 35 7

-- 45 --45

45


Maharashtra 12 14 -- -- 35 -- 26 35

Orissa -- 10 3 -- 20 10 13 30Punjab 1 11 -- -- 17 -- 12 17

Rajasthan 3 23 -- 9 23 -- 26 32

Tamil Nadu -- 15 1 -- -- 30 16 30

Uttar P.31 23 2

-- 63 756

70


W. Bengal 9 7 -- -- 15 3 16 18

A&N Island 1 1 -- 1 -- 1 2 2

Arunachal P. 9 -- -- -- 8 5 9 13

Himachal P. 3 8 1 3 9 -- 12 12

Manipur 1 3 2 -- 2 7 6 9

Meghalaya 5 -- -- -- -- 7 5 7

Mizoram 3 -- -- -- 8 -- 3 8

Nagaland 2 5 -- -- 3 5 7 8

Pondicherry 1 3 -- -- 4 -- 4 4

Sikkim -- 4 -- -- 4 -- 4 4

Goa -- 1 -- -- 2 -- 1 2

Daman Diu -- 2 -- -- 2 -- 2 2

Assam NG NG NG -- 15 8 10 23



Chandigarh NG NG NG -- 1 -- 1 1DN Haveli NG NG NG -- 1 -- 1 1


INDIA N

%

122

(29.61)

239

(58.01)

33

(8.01)

29

(4.89)

442

(74.53)

122

(20.57)

412

(100.0)

593

(100.0)






Table 5.3B: Distribution of Districts by the levels of ASMCRU for women aged 45-

49 years, Rural Areas, 1981-2001.



Andhra P. -- 8 14 -- 5 17 23 23Bihar9 22 --

-- 36 131

37


Gujarat -- 18 1 -- 25 -- 19 25

Haryana 10 2 -- 18 1 -- 12 19

Jammu & K -- 13 1 -- 11 3 14 14

Karnataka 18 1 -- -- 21 6 19 27

Kerala 6 6 -- -- 14 -- 12 14

Madhya P.3 36 6

-- 44 145

45


Maharashtra 10 15 -- -- 33 -- 26 35

Orissa -- 10 3 -- 20 10 13 30

Punjab 1 11 -- 1 16 -- 12 17Rajasthan 4 22 -- 10 22 -- 26 32

Tamil Nadu -- 14 1 -- -- 29 16 30

Uttar P.32 21 3

-- 66 456

70


W. Bengal 9 6 -- -- 15 2 16 18

A&N Island 1 1 -- 1 -- 1 2 2

Arunachal P. 8 1 -- -- 8 5 9 13

Himachal P. 3 8 1 3 9 -- 12 12

Manipur 1 3 2 -- 2 7 6 9

Meghalaya 5 -- -- -- -- 7 5 7

Mizoram 3 -- -- -- 8 -- 3 8 Nagaland 2 5 -- -- 5 3 7 8

Pondicherry 1 2 -- -- 2 -- 4 4

Sikkim -- 4 -- -- 4 -- 4 4

Goa -- 1 -- -- 2 -- 1 2

Daman Diu -- 2 -- -- 2 -- 2 2

Assam NG NG NG -- 17 6 10 23






INDIA N

%

126

(30.58)

232

(56.31)

32

(7.77)

38

(6.41)

433

(73.02)

113

(19.06)

412

(100.0)

593

(100.0)

Note:

1. 1981: No rural area in Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh), Greater Bombay district (Maharashtra), Madras (Tamil

Nadu), Calcutta (West Bengal) and Yanam (Pondicherry).

2. 1981: Assam, Delhi, Tripura, Chandigarh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli & Lakshadweep data are not available.

3. 2001: No rural area in Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh), Mumbai (suburban) and Mumbai (Maharashtra),Chennai (Tamil Nadu), Kolkatta (West Bengal), Mahe & Yanam (Pondicherry) and New Delhi & Delhi

Central (Delhi).







States / UTs Childless Levels: 1981 Childless Levels: 2001 No. of Districts


Andhra P. -- 6 17 -- 2 21 23 23

Bihar-- 29 2

-- 36 131

37


Gujarat -- 16 2 -- 23 1 19 25

Haryana 4 8 -- 7 12 -- 12 19

Jammu & K -- 13 1 -- 10 4 14 14

Karnataka 19 -- -- -- 19 8 19 27

Kerala 3 8 -- -- 13 1 12 14

Madhya P.1 35 9

1 44 --45

45


Maharashtra 9 17 -- -- 35 -- 26 35

Orissa 2 8 3 1 26 3 13 30

Punjab 4 8 -- -- 17 -- 12 17Rajasthan 1 24 1 3 29 -- 26 32

Tamil Nadu -- 15 1 -- -- 30 16 30

Uttar P.16 38 2

-- 51 1956

70

Uttarnchal -- 10 3 13

W. Bengal 8 7 1 -- 15 3 16 18

A&N Island -- 1 -- -- 1 -- 2 2

Arunachal P. 5 -- -- -- 8 4 9 13

Himachal P. 6 4 -- 1 9 -- 12 12

Manipur 1 3 2 -- 1 4 6 9

Meghalaya 5 -- -- -- 2 5 5 7

Mizoram 3 -- -- -- 7 -- 3 8

Nagaland 5 -- 1 -- 3 5 7 8Pondicherry 1 3 -- -- 4 -- 4 4

Sikkim 1 3 -- -- 2 2 4 4

Goa -- 1 -- -- 2 -- 1 2

Daman Diu -- 2 -- -- 2 -- 2 2

Assam NG NG NG -- 13 10 10 23






INDIA N

%

94

(22.82)

249

(60.44)

41

(9.95)

13

(2.19)

445

(75.05)

122

(20.57)

412

(100.0)

593

(100.0)

Note:

1. 1981: No Urban areas in Dang (Gujarat), Wayanad (Kerala), Nicobar (Andaman & Nicobar Island), East

Kameng, Upper Subansiri, Dibang Valley and Tirap districts (Arunachal Pradesh), Lahul Spiti andKinnaur districts (Himachal Pradesh) and Phek (Nagaland).

1. 1981: Assam, Delhi, Tripura, Chandigarh, Dadra Nagar Haveli and Lakshadweep data are not available.

2. 2001: No Urban areas in Nicobar (Andaman & Nicobar Island), Upper Siang (Arunachal Pradesh),

Lahul Spiti and Kinnaur (Himachal Pradesh), Senapati, Tamenglong, Churachandpur and Ukhrul

(Manipur), Dangs (Gujarat) and Lawngtlai (Mizoram).





Chapter 6

Factors affecting and Consequences of

childlessness on women

In the present section we attempt to understand various dimensions of childlessness inIndia and its states using data from the National Family Health Survey conducted during1998-99 by the IIPS, Mumbai (referred as NFHS II). This has been done in view of thefact that the NFHS data gives us greater scope to undertake in-depth analysis on the issuein comparison to the census data (which we have used in our analysis so far). This is possible because in case of NFHS we have access to individual data file. This allows usto carry out tabulation as per or need which is not possible from the census data. Thus in

the present section we try to throw in-depth light on the levels and differentials ofchildlessness by a number of characteristics at the national and state level. Although thereare obvious advantages of the NFHS data over census data, there are some limitations aswell. First and foremost, the sample size in NFHS has a clear limitation to undertake theanalysis of childless women in the conventional five-year age groups. As a result of this,we have computed the childlessness rates for the two groups of women- younger andolder women (women aged 15-29 years and 30-49 years respectively). Also as we havenoted in the previous sections the levels of childlessness more or less stabilize by age 30years. Further, the levels of childlessness at ages beyond 30 years may be taken as theindicator of the levels of infertility in the population such as ours. It may be worth toremind that here too we have considered all zero parity women at the time of survey as

childless.Before coming to the discussion on factors associated with the childlessness we wouldlike to present a very brief discussion on the levels and differentials of childlessnessamong the women in the reproductive ages as emerged from the NFHS data (withemphasis on the variables for which differentials could not be studied from the censusdata). Table 6.1 provides levels of childlessness for the women aged 15-29, 30-49 and15-49 years for India and its states for the period 1998-99. In the same table we have also provided the same for regions of the country as a whole. For better understanding, thestates have been classified into six regions of East, West, North, South, Central and Northeast regions and the details of the states under each of the region are provided in thefootnote below the table. In addition to the percentages of the childless women, we have

also given the total number of women in each of the category on which our analysis is based. As may be noted from the table, the General Marital Childlessness Rate (GMCR)for the nation as a whole is 11 per cent (in other words, about over one in every 10women in the reproductive ages surveyed in NFHS in India were childless at the time ofsurvey). It may be recalled that the corresponding figure for 2001 from census data wasabout 16 per cent. Among major states, the GMCR ranged from low levels of about 7-8 per cent in Haryana and Punjab to nearly 13 per cent in Bihar followed by about 12 percent in Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. IN case of other smallerstates, it was observed at 12 percent in Himachal Pradesh and 9-10 per cent in ArunachalPradesh and Tripura and between 4-8 percent for rest of the other states. At the regional




level (see lower panel of the table) the GMCR was relatively higher in central and eastregions (at 12 per cent) followed by west and south regions and are lowest in the northand northeastern regions.The data also revealed that the levels of childlessness are higher among younger womenas compared to the older women (which is obvious and have also been noted in theanalysis based on the census data presented in the previous sections). It is interesting to

point out that the percentage of childlessness among women aged 15-29 years isrelatively higher for Bihar and Uttar Pradesh (at 22 per cent) in comparison to otherstates. This becomes very important in view of the fact that the age at marriage forfemales is very low in these two state and the same time values attached to motherhoodare probably stronger in comparison to any other states. In case of women aged 30-49years, the GMCR among major states varied from a lowest of close to 2 per cent inHaryana, Punjab and Rajasthan to 4 per cent or higher in Andhra Pradesh, Assam,Maharashtra, Orissa and Tamil Nadu. Interestingly, south (at 4 per cent), west (at 3.8 percent) and northeast (at 3.5 per cent) regions have exhibited higher levels of GMCR forolder women as compared to about 2 per cent in northern region and central regions.It may be noticed from the table 6.2 that the levels of GMCR does not show any variation

by economic status of the household as measured by Standard of Living Index (SLI) foeall women, however, less percentage of younger women from poor household werechildless (17 percent) as compared to those either from medium or higher socio-economicstrata (20 per cent). The scenario has reversed completely for older women, childlessnesslevels being higher for women from low SLI households (4 per cent) as compared tothose from medium or high SLI households (3 per cent). The percentages of childlesswomen increased notably from less than 10 per cent among illiterate women to over 15 per cent among those who had completed secondary education. This increase is steeperamong young women (from about 17 per cent among illiterate to nearly 25 per centamong those who had completed higher education. With respect to age at marriage of thewomen, the levels are apparently higher for those marrying later than age 18 years

(nearly 15 per cent) as compared to those marrying at very young ages (less than 7 percent for those marrying before age 15 years). These differences are much wider foryounger women; only 11 per cent of women who married before age 15 years werechildless which increased to over 27 per cent among those who married after age 18years. It may also be observed that the incidence of childlessness is higher for those whohad experienced sexually transmitted infection (nearly 12 per cent) as compared thosewho did not experience any sexually transmitted infection (about 10 per cent).The analysis of data on the differentials in childlessness at the regional levels presented inTable 6.3a through 6.3c for women aged 15-29 years, 30-49 years and 15-49 yearsrespectively (also see figures 6.1 and 6.2). The patterns emerging are rather unclear andmix. However, the data reveals that there prevail wide variations in the levels of

childlessness by socio-economic characteristics at least for some of the indicators at theregional level. For example, among young women aged 15-29 years, the levels ofchildless were substantially higher among women in high SLI households (23-24 percent) compared to those in other regions (19-22 percent). Similarly, the levels of childlessamong young women reporting substance use is notably higher in west and south regionsas compared to other regions (17 per cent versus 9-12 per cent). In the east, western andcentral regions, higher percentage of the young women who experienced any sexuallytransmitted infection were childless (21-22 per cent) as compared to those in otherregions (18-20 per cent).




Among the older women aged 30-49 years it may be seen from table 6.3b that relativelyhigher proportion of women from low SLI households in west and south regions werechildless (5 per cent) as compared to those in other regions (2-3 per cent). Likewise, inlevels of childlessness were higher for women from high SLI households in east, westand northeast regions (about 5 percent) compared to those in other regions (2-3 per cent).Four to five per cent of women who reported substance use in south and central regions

were childless (5 per cent) as compared to those in other regions (1 per cent in east, 2 percent in northeast, for example). On the other hand, the differentials by reproductivemorbidity status were wider among women in western region (5 per cent among thosewho experienced any sexually transmitted infection compared to 3 per cent among thosewho did not experience any sexually transmitted infection).

Figures 6.1: Percentages of women aged 15-29 years who were childless at the time

of survey by regions of India, 1998-99.




Figures 6.1 contd…..

Figures 6.2: Percentages of women aged 30-49 years who were childless at the time

of survey by regions of India, 1998-99.




Figures 6.2 contd…..

6.1 Factors Affecting Childlessness

Tables 6.4 presents the results of the logistic regression analysis for India separately forthree groups of women aged 15-24 years, 30-49 years and 15-49 years respectively. Inthe final table here we have presented the results for one model only. However, in ouranalysis we ran three different models wherein in the first model we have consideredvariables such as woman’s place of residence, her religion, caste, educational and




standard of living index of the household only. In the second model in addition to thesevariables, we also introduced woman’s age at marriage. In the final model we also addedvariables such as her body mass index (for nutrition status), substance abuse andexperience of any reproductive morbidity by the woman. The analysis based on thesethree different models suggests that the relationship of the independent variables with thatof the dependent variable did not change with respect to the common variables in all

three models. In other words, inclusion of additional variable did not alter the association between childlessness and independent variables that were common in various models.This is observed for all the three age groups considered here. As a result of this it wasdecided to present the results based on the more exhaustive model which include all thesevariables. Further, although we have presented the results for three groups of womenseparately, we focus our discussions only for all women aged 15-49 years of age. At theoutset it may be noted that all the independent variables included in the analysis haveemerged as an important factor as far as the childlessness is concerned. This is true for allthree categories of the women considered in the present analysis.The results in table 6.4 clearly reveal that the likelihood of childlessness (at thesignificance level of one per cent) is closely associated with place of residence, religion,

caste, standard of living index, her educational status, age at marriage, body mass index(BMI), substance use and experience of any sexually transmitted infection. It may be pointed out that the likelihood of childlessness is 28 per cent higher among rural womanas compared to their counterparts living in the urban areas. Likewise, SC and ST womenare more likely to be childless as compared to the Non-SC/ST women (7 and 26 per centrespectively). The differentials in this respect are more evident with regards to theeducation and BMI. For example, likelihood of a illiterate woman being childless is 43 per cent less than a woman who had completed higher education. Those women whoseBMI is less than 18.5 or greater than 25 are 20 and 54 per cent, respectively, less likely to be childless as compared to those whose BMI is between 18.5 to 25.0. The data furthersuggests that the likelihood of childlessness is more than double for the women who

marry later than 18 years of age as compared to those who marry before reaching age 15years. Further, likelihood of childlessness is about 69 per cent more for the women whomarry between ages 15 to 18 years as compared to those who marry before reaching age15 years. Women who have experienced any sexually transmitted infections have 21 percent higher chances of being childless as compared to those who have not experiencedany reproductive morbidity.

6.2 Consequences of Childlessness on women

In the present analysis an attempt is also made to examine the consequences ofchildlessness on the lives of the woman. As mentioned before, the NFHS data provide

information on the current marital status of the women and incidence of domesticviolence in the past 12 months prior to the survey date. We understand that this data maynot be able to through the light on the nature of relationship of these variables with that ofthe childlessness as it fails to provide information on the exact reason for marriagedissolution (in case of marital status) and/or incidence of gender based violence.However, in spite of this limitation we have used this data to understand the consequenceof childlessness on martial disruption and gender based violence. Thus our results need to be understood in this context. It may further be pointed out that because of the samplesize concerns we have presented analysis of this for the six regions of the country. The




regions have been created on the lines suggested by the NFHS and the list of states fallingin the region is presented below:

Region Names of the States

East Orissa, Bihar and West Bengal

West Maharashtra, Goa and Gujarat

North Jammu & Kashmir, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab and HaryanaSouth Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka

Central Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh

Northeast Tripura, Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland and Sikkim

Table 6.5 and 6.6 give percentages of women who have experienced gender basedviolence and were divorced/separated/deserted at the time of survey separately for thosewomen who were childless and those who were not. This has been presented for the period 1998-99 for India and its six regions as described earlier. In addition to this, wehave also examined the interrelationship between levels of childlessness on the levels of

fertility as measured by total fertility rate (TFR). This relationship has been examined atthe district level. For this we have used the percentages of the childless women in the agegroup 35-49 years. Ram et. al. (2005) have estimated the vital statistics at the districtlevel using census 2001 data for all the districts in India. For fertility levels at the districtlevel we have used their estimates of TFR. The results obtained of the cross tabulation between the two variables have been presented in table 6.7.

A. Childlessness and Marital Disruption

Before coming to the discussion we would like to mention that we have presented theanalysis here once again for younger and older women. The data in table 6.5 and Figure

6.3 below give the percentages of women who were divorced/separated/deserted at thetime of survey separately for childless and those with child(ren) for India and its regions by broad ages of the women (younger and older women). The results are very clear.Whether it is national level or regional levels or younger and older women, percentagesof women who were divorced/separated/disserted were notably higher for those whowere childless as compared to those who have any child(ren). The impact of childless onthe marital disruption is apparently far more serious for the older women as compared tothe younger women. This is quite logical in the sense that in situations where woman failto have a child the families may give some more time to the woman and wait beforetaking the final plunge.At the national level, for example, about 5 per cent of the young women aged 15-29 years

who were childless were divorced/separated/deserted as against of just less than 3 percent among those with children. Among the older women aged 30-39 years, over 29 percent women were divorced/separated/deserted among those who were childless as againstof about 8 per cent among those with children. This clearly indicates that the atrocities interms of marital disruption have been more severe among childless women as comparedto the women who have children.

Figures 6.3: Percentages of divorced/deserted women by their childlessness status,

1998-99.




Figures 6.3 contd…

Similar observations are also made in different regions of the country. As a matter of factthe gaps actually widen up much more in some regions. More women residing in thesouthern region, for example, suffer marital disruption as compared to their counterpartswith children. Among older women, the gaps were wide for all regions in general and forwomen in west, south and east regions in particular. Over 36 per cent of the childlesswomen aged 30-49 years and about 6 per cent of them in the age group 15-29 years livingin southern states were divorced/separated/ disserted in comparison to 11 and less than 4 per cent, respectively, among those with children. It may be recalled from our earlier

discussion that the levels of childlessness are much higher in southern states of AndhraPradesh and Tamil Nadu. Not only this, there are many districts in these two states wheremore than 10 per cent of the women in 2001 were childless. Among the younger women,the gaps between childless women and those with children in terms of percentages ofdivorced/separated/disserted is once again notable in western (6 per cent as against of 3 per cent) and central regions (over 4 per cent as against of 2 per cent).

B. Childlessness and domestic Violence perpetrated by husband and in-laws




At the outset we would like to mention that the relationship between childlessness andexperience of domestic violence perpetrated by husband and in-laws in our analysis hasnot emerged in the expected direction for younger women. As may be seen from the datain table, the percentages of women who experienced violence perpetrated by husband andin-laws among young women is consistently high for those with children as compared tothose without any child. This is true for country as a whole and also for six regions

individually. We do not have any explanation for this. In view of this, we discuss theresults for older women only.As may be noted from the data in table 6.6 and Figure 6.4, at the all India level, the proportion of women reportedly were beaten by the husbands and in-laws as was over 23 per cent among childless women aged 30-49 years as compared to 21 per cent those whohave children and for the women who had children. At the regional level, the results aresimilar, nonetheless, it may be noted that higher proportion of older childless womenfrom the north region reported that they were beaten by their husbands/in-laws ascompared to their counterparts with children (16 per cent versus 12 per cent). Similarly,about 27 per cent of the older childless women in central region reported violence asagainst of less than 23 per cent among those with children.

Figures 6.4: Percentages of women aged 30-49 years who reported experiencingdomestic violence perpetrated by husband/in-laws by their childlessness

status, 1998-99.

C: Childlessness and Total Fertility Rate

At the outset we may mention that the correlation coefficient between percentage ofchildless women and TFR is –0.302 (significant at the 0.01 level) indicating that thefertility levels are lower in the districts wherever childlessness incidence is higher. Thedistribution of districts by fertility levels for various levels of childlessness in table 6.7reveals that the proportional share of districts with low fertility increases with theincrease in the percentages of childless women. For example, the share of district with below replacement level fertility was less than 5 per cent among districts with less than2.5 per cent childless women aged 35-49 years which increased over 17 per cent among




those with 2.51 to 5.00 per cent childless women to further nearly 29 per cent amongthose with 5.01 to 7.5 per cent childlessness. Further, the share of districts in belowreplacement is over 44 per cent among districts with 7.51 – 10.00 per cent childless andrises to over 56 per cent in case of districts with more than 10 per cent childlessness. Onthe other hand, share of districts with TFR of more than 4 declines with the increase inthe levels of childlessness. For example, TFR was more than 4.00 in over 9 per cent of

the districts. This increases to nearly 5 per cent among those with childlessness of 7.51 –10.00 and to less than 3 per cent among those with greater than 10.00 per centchildlessness.

Figures 6.5: Distribution of districts by levels of childlessness among women aged

35-49 years and TFR, India, 1998-99.




Table 6.1: Percentage of childless women in the age group 15-29, 30-49 and 15-49

years for States and Regions of India, 1998-99.

States

Proportion of childless women among all women

15-29 years 30-49 years 15-49 years

% No. % No. % No.States

Major statesAndhra PradeshAssamBiharGujaratHaryanaKarnatakaKeralaMadhya PradeshMaharashtra

OrissaPunjabRajasthanTamil NaduUttar PradeshWest BengalSmaller statesArunachal PradeshGoaHimachal PradeshJammuManipur

MeghalayaMizoram NagalandSikkimTripura New Delhi

19.319.322.120.515.317.921.620.016.9

18.617.920.718.221.918.5

15.225.817.314.313.8

7.611.513.516.718.717.9

40151030469317157672297110935934111

14797592301258471703628

463120829458

79235218134431

4.04.02.62.81.53.43.83.14.4

4.61.72.34.42.03.6

2.56.61.92.12.8

1.32.72.90.02.92.0

40611180430724959452561205333964596

172511732424352369734027

4076

317427108

80377020

171690

11.611.112.810.57.6

10.310.111.810.3

11.08.1

11.310.212.110.7

9.312.18.07.27.2

4.46.37.47.79.88.1

807522099000441117124859316369908707

3204193147266106

141437655

86107525722166

15963122393051121

Regions#

EastWest NorthSouthCentral

Northeast

20.318.118.619.021.3

18.0

980060574760

1000510763

1442

3.33.82.04.02.3

3.5

10058716759761219810369

1706

11.710.49.4

10.712.0

10.2

198591322410737222022133

3149All India 19.6 42828 3.2 47474 11.0 90304

# East Region: Orissa, Bihar and West Bengal;West Region: Maharashtra, Goa and Gujarat;North Region: Jammu & Kashmir, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Delhi and Haryana;

South Region: Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka;Central Region: Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh;Northeast Region: Tripura, Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland and Sikkim.




Table 6.2. Percentage of childless women in the age group 15-29, 30-49 and 15-49 by

selected background characteristics for States and Regions of India, 1998-99.

15-29 30-49 15-49%

Childless

No. of

Women

%

Childless

No. of

Women

%

Childless

No. of

WomenPlace of Residence of EW

RuralUrban

Religion of EWHindMuslimChristianOthers

Caste of EWSC

STOthers

SLI (HH)LowMediumHigh

Education of EWIlliteratePrimarySecondaryHigher

Husband’s Work status Not workingWorking

Age at first marriage EWBelow 15 years15-18 yearsGreater than 18 years

BMI of EWBelow 18.518.5-25.0Greater than 25.0

Substance use* of EWUser Non-user

STI status of EWHas STI No STI

19.520.0

19.918.318.918.9

19.1

19.419.8

17.820.120.0

17.420.023.424.7

39.019.2

11.220.727.1

15.921.816.8

11.819.8

20.718.9

331209708

3504657298751177

8139

405230657

14929200757321

23042842544346562

105041778

9788233149726

14585221662513

100141828

1715725671

3.13.3

3.22.54.82.7

2.8

3.93.2

3.82.92.9

3.22.83.43.6

5.03.1

2.82.45.4

3.33.23.1

3.63.2

3.33.1

3354013935

38778558914131696

8378

381135286

144732174910714

29030912030146303

143346052

112362385212386

13502230357197

254944926

1777429701

11.310.2

11.210.510.29.4

10.8

11.910.9

10.911.210.6

9.511.115.314.4

19.410.8

6.711.114.7

9.912.36.7

5.911.2

11.910.4

6666023643

738241131922872873

16518

786365923

294024182318034

5243217546744812868

248387821

210244716722112

28087452019711

355086753

3493155373

• Means either drink or some regularly or have done so ever.




Table 6.3a: Percentage of childless women in the age group 15-29 years by their

background characteristics for India and States, 1998-99.

$ Substance user means either drink alcohol or smoke regularly/ever smoked.** Professional includes technical and managerial jobs.

Background

Characteristics

East West North South Central Northeast

% N % N % N % N % N % N

Place of Rural 20.3 8587 17.3 3742 18.5 3420 18.5 7282 21.2 8798 18.0 1291

residence Urban 19.9 1213 19.3 2315 18.7 1340 20.2 2722 21.6 1965 17.2 10763

Religion Hindu 20.6 7962 18.9 5038 18.7 3698 18.9 8281 21.4 9284 17.6 784

Muslim 18.3 1664 12.9 620 15.9 485 19.2 1180 20.3 1348 20.8 432

Christian 23.8 63 25.0 72 23.8 21 18.0 516 35.1 37 12.7 166

Others 27.0 111 14.0 328 19.9 557 37.0 27 16.0 94 18.0 61

Caste SC 19.7 2258 16.7 825 19.0 997 17.6 1908 21.4 1994 14.4 160

ST 21.5 985 17.5 897 21.6 315 21.5 428 19.5 1025 14.4 402

Others 20.3 6557 18.5 4336 18.2 3448 19.2 7669 21.5 7746 20.2 880

SLI Low 18.6 5059 16.0 1862 16.9 682 18.0 3494 17.6 3209 17.0 623

Medium 22.2 3732 16.8 1249 18.2 2363 18.9 4832 22.4 1714 18.5 654

High 22.2 934 23.4 5926 19.7 1675 21.4 1624 23.9 10604 18.5 124

Education Illiterate 18.7 5942 13.7 2576 16.0 2586 16.3 4543 19.0 7125 15.9 628

EW Primary 21.5 2065 18.5 1497 20.5 767 18.4 2150 22.5 1541 18.0 405

Secondary 23.0 842 22.8 785 23.0 483 19.9 1169 30.0 907 19.2 250

Higher 24.9 947 24.4 1199 22.1 924 24.6 2142 26.9 1191 23.9 159

Working Not working 37.1 310 28.6 98 38.8 121 23.9 117 49.1 369 30.6 36

Husband Working 19.7 9489 17.9 5960 18.1 4640 18.9 9889 20.3 10395 17.7 1407

Age at 1st < 15 years 10.3 2110 11.1 1442 13.1 603 11.5 2237 11.7 3209 5.4 186

Marriage 15-18 years 20.4 5742 16.9 3097 17.6 2687 19.2 5016 23.7 5958 16.5 812

EW > 18 years 30.5 1948 27.2 1517 22.7 1470 24.6 2751 31.4 1596 25.9 444

BMI <18.5 15.9 3840 14.6 2529 15.0 1304 16.9 3558 16.1 2994 17.2 360

18.5-25 23.3 5116 21.2 2909 20.6 2764 20.9 5359 22.8 5095 18.7 923

>25 21.0 447 15.0 379 13.7 402 16.0 846 19.7 390 12.0 50

Substance User $ 8.5 351 17.1 35 12.2 74 16.7 228 11.2 178 11.1 135

Use Non User 20.7 9449 18.1 6022 18.7 4687 19.0 9776 21.5 10586 18.7 1307STI status Has STI 21.9 4159 21.4 2255 18.7 1896 20.2 3814 21.2 4229 17.8 804

No STI 19.1 5641 16.1 3802 18.5 2865 18.2 6191 21.3 6534 18.2 638




Table 6.3b: Percentage of Childless Women in the age group 30-49 years by their



Background

Characteristics


% N % N % N % N % N % N

Place of Rural 3.2 8175 3.3 3965 2.1 3848 4.1 8374 2.3 7735 3.6 1441

residence Urban 3.7 1883 4.5 3202 1.8 2127 3.7 3823 2.4 2634 3.0 266

Religion Hindu 3.3 8365 3.8 5961 2.1 4524 4.1 9962 2.4 8900 3.8 1065

Muslim 3.1 1470 2.8 602 1.3 600 2.6 1297 1.7 1283 3.6 336

Christian 2.4 82 10.3 107 0.0 32 4.7 899 10.2 59 2.6 232

Others 7.1 141 4.0 497 1.6 819 0.0 39 1.6 126 1.4 73

Caste SC 2.5 2085 2.7 1011 2.7 1131 3.6 2171 2.3 1811 3.0 169

ST 4.8 942 4.1 869 2.3 304 3.4 326 4.5 848 2.5 521

Others 3.4 7032 4.0 5287 1.8 4541 4.0 9701 2.1 7710 4.1 1016

SLI Low 3.3 4723 4.6 1755 2.1 745 5.1 3724 2.8 2908 3.7 616

Medium 3.2 3884 3.4 3204 2.0 2728 3.6 5849 2.1 5274 3.0 849

High 3.8 1372 3.6 2065 1.9 2443 3.0 2561 2.3 2031 5.0 241


EW Primary 3.1 2006 3.0 1789 1.4 850 2.9 2790 2.8 1277 2.7 408

Secondary 3.9 491 3.6 552 3.0 396 3.9 903 2.2 462 2.8 211

Higher 4.6 871 4.3 1267 1.9 1034 3.6 1914 3.4 1042 5.6 177

Working Not working 5.0 302 8.4 249 2.7 149 4.9 407 4.0 253 2.7 74Husband Working 3.3 9757 3.6 6917 2.0 5826 3.9 11791 2.3 10117 3.6 1634

Age at 1st < 15 years 3.1 2364 4.0 1668 1.7 727 3.5 3024 1.6 3247 3.9 206

Marriage 15-18 years 2.6 5578 2.5 3446 1.8 3206 3.0 5324 2.1 5488 1.9 810

EW > 18 years 5.5 2116 5.9 2052 2.4 2043 5.6 3850 4.5 1635 5.5 691

BMI <18.5 3.1 3822 3.8 2154 2.2 1300 4.3 3170 2.5 2688 3.5 367

18.5-25 3.3 4915 3.8 3317 2.1 3046 3.8 6262 2.5 4407 3.6 1088

>25 3.8 927 4.0 1379 1.5 1307 3.7 2451 1.7 999 3.0 134

Substance User $ 3.3 855 1.1 93 2.7 255 4.9 627 4.1 439 2.1 280

Use Non User 3.3 9203 3.8 7074 1.9 5720 3.9 11571 2.2 9930 3.8 1426

STI status Has STI 3.5 4101 5.1 2476 1.9 2313 3.3 3899 2.7 4185 3.6 799

No STI 3.2 5957 3.1 4691 2.0 3662 4.3 8299 2.1 6184 3.4 907




Table 6.3c: Percentage of Childless Women in the age group 15-49 years by their



Background

Characteristics


% N % N % N % N % N % N

Place of Rural 12.0 16763 10.7 7707 9.8 7268 10.8 15657 12.4 16533 10.4 2731

residence Urban 10.0 3096 10.1 5517 8.4 3467 10.6 6545 10.6 4599 8.2 417

Religion Hindu 11.7 16327 10.7 11000 9.6 8223 10.8 18242 12.1 18184 9.6 1849

Muslim 11.2 3134 7.9 1222 7.8 1085 10.5 2477 11.3 2631 13.3 768

Christian 11.6 146 15.8 177 9.4 53 9.6 1416 19.8 96 6.8 398

Others 15.9 252 8.0 824 9.0 1376 15.2 66 7.7 221 9.0 134

Caste SC 11.4 4342 9.0 1836 10.3 2128 10.1 4079 12.3 3805 8.5 329

ST 13.3 1928 10.9 1767 12.1 620 13.7 754 12.7 1873 7.7 923

Others 11.5 13589 10.5 9623 8.9 7989 10.7 17370 11.8 15455 11.6 1898SLI Low 11.2 9782 10.5 3617 9.2 1427 1.3 7219 10.6 6118 10.4 1239

Medium 12.6 7616 9.7 6018 9.5 5091 10.5 10682 12.7 10955 9.9 1463

High 11.3 2306 11.1 3314 9.1 4118 10.2 4186 12.2 3745 10.1 365


EW Primary 12.4 4072 9.9 3286 10.5 1618 9.6 2071 13.6 2817 10.3 813

Secondary 16.0 1333 14.9 1337 14.0 878 12.9 4056 20.6 1367 11.7 461

Higher 15.2 1818 14.1 2467 11.4 1958 14.7 22201 15.9 2232 14.3 336

Working Not working 21.4 613 14.1 347 18.9 270 9.0 522 30.8 621 11.1 108

Husband Working 11.4 19246 10.3 12877 9.1 10466 10.8 21680 11.4 20511 10.1 3040

Age at 1st < 15 years 6.5 4475 7.3 3110 6.8 1330 6.9 5261 6.6 6456 4.6 392

Marriage 15-18 years 11.6 11320 9.3 6545 9.0 5894 10.9 10341 13.4 11446 9.2 1622

EW > 18 years 17.5 4064 15.0 3570 10.9 3511 13.5 6600 17.8 3232 13.5 1135

BMI <18.5 9.5 7662 9.6 4684 8.6 2604 11.0 6728 9.7 5662 10.3 727

18.5-25 13.5 10031 11.9 6226 10.9 5809 11.7 11621 13.4 21646 10.6 2012

>25 9.4 1374 6.4 1758 9.2 1708 6.9 3297 6.8 5682 4.9 183

Substance User $ 4.8 1206 6.3 128 4.9 329 8.0 854 6.0 616 5.1 415

Use Non User 12.1 18652 10.4 13096 9.5 10407 10.8 21348 12.2 20516 10.9 2734

STI status Has STI 12.7 8260 12.9 4732 9.5 4209 11.7 7712 12.0 8415 10.7 1603

No STI 10.9 11598 12.9 8493 9.3 6527 10.2 14490 12.0 12719 9.6 1546




Table 6.4: Results of Logistic Regression for childless women aged 15-34, 35-49

and 15-49 years for all India, 1998-99.

Background Characteristics Present Age of the Woman

15-34 35-49 15-49Place of residence

Urban®

Rural 1.191* 0.929 1.282*

Religion

Hindu ®

Muslim 0.926 0.722* 0.998

Christian 0.794 1.245*** 0.731*

Others 0.795** 0.848 0.782*

Caste

Others ®

SC 1.047 0.808*** 1.067**

ST 1.154** 1.086 1.264*

SLI

High ®

Low 1.093*** 1.697* 1.450*

Medium 1.075*** 1.214** 1.264*

Education of Women

Higher ®

Illiterate 0.851* 1.157 0.568*

Primary 0.882*** 0.972 0.664*

Secondary 1.002 1.052 0.971

Age at first Marriage

< 15 years®

15-18 years 1.982* 0.893 1.687*

>18 years 2.896* 1.984* 2.254*

BMI

18.5 - 25®

<18.5 0.710* 1.003 0.804*

>25 0.669* 1.043 0.460*

Substance Use

Not User ®

User 0.572* 1.046 0.508*Reproductive Morbidity

Absent®

Present 1.221* 1.040 1.211*

Constant 0.121 0.021 0.076

Note: Dependent Variable: Childless (Yes =1, No=0).® Denotes reference category * p < 0.01 ** p < 0.05 *** p < 0.10




Table 6.5: Percentages of divorced/separated/ deserted women by their childlessnessstatus, 1998-99.

Table 6.6: Percentages of women who were beaten by their husband / in-laws since age15 year by their childlessness status, 1998-99.

# East Region: Orissa, Bihar and West Bengal; West Region: Maharashtra, Goa and Gujarat; North

Region: Jammu & Kashmir, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana; South Region: AndhraPradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka; Central Region: Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh; North-

East Region: Tripura, Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland and Sikkim(According to NFHS).* All values are calculated without using weight.

States / Regions#


Childless Not childless Childless Not childless Childless Not childless

All India

4.7(8414)

2.7(34414)

29.3(1510)

8.4(45965)

8.4(9925)

6.0(80378)

East4.2

(1986)2.8

(7814)27.8(335)

8.0(9723)

7.7(2322)

5.7(17537)

West6.2

(1096)3.2

(4961)31.9(273)

9.5(6893)

11.3(1369)

6.9(11854)

North2.4

(886)1.3

(3875)16.9(118)

5.6(5858)

4.0(1003)

3.9(9732)

South5.7

(1897)3.5

(8107)36.1(482)

11.1(11715)

11.9(2379)

8.0(19823)

Central4.3

(2290)2.1

(8474)23.1(242)

6.0(10129)

6.1(2531)

4.2(18601)

North-East5.4

(260)4.3

(1183)20.0(60)

10.3(1646)

8.1(320)

7.8(2829)

States / Regions#


Childless Not childless Childless Not childless Childless Not childless

All India 10.9

(8415)

20.0

(34414)

23.4

(1510)

20.5

(45965)

12.8

(9924)

20.3

(80378)

East12.7

(1987)22.8

(7814)25.4(335)

22.9(9723)

14.6(2322)

22.9(17537)

West7.7

(1096)14.9

(4961)18.2(274)

15.1(6893)

9.8(1370)

15.0(11855)

North4.9

(886)11.5

(3875)15.5(118)

11.8(5858)

6.1(1004)

11.7(9732)

South13.9

(1897)23.6

(8107)26.6(482)

25.1(11715)

16.4(2379)

24.5(19824)

Central11.2

(2291)21.8

(8473)26.6(241)

22.6(10128)

12.7(2532)

22.2(18602)

North-East 6.9(259) 14.5(1183) 16.4(61) 14.5(1647) 8.8(320) 14.5(2830)




Table 6.7: Interrelationship between percentages of the childless women aged 35-

49 years and the levels of total fertility rate in the districts of India,

2001.

% childlesswomen

aged 35-49

TFR

Below 2.1 2.1 – 3.00 3.01 – 4.00

More than

4.00 Total

Below 2.50

2.51 – 5.00

5.01 – 7.50

7.51 – 10.00

More than

10.00

Total

4.5

17.5

28.7

44.2

56.4

27.7

72.7

33.6

39.0

36.0

28.2

37.1

13.6

40.8

31.4

15.1

12.8

30.7

9.1

8.1

0.9

4.7

2.6

4.6

22 (100.00)

223 (100.00)

223 (100.00)

86 (100.00)

39 (100.00)

593 (100.00)




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183

Appendix 1



184

Appendix 1.1: Trends in Adjusted Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Adjusted

(ASMCRA) and the General Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRA) and

Rural-Urban Differentials in India, 1981-2001.

India

ASMCRA GMCRA

15-4915-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49

Absolute Change (ABSCHANGE 1) and Percent Change (PCTCHANGE2): 1981-91ABSCHANGE 1

Combined

Rural

Urban

PCTCHANGE2

Combined

Rural

Urban

9.14

8.16

12.25

15.67

12.10

17.43

3.22

2.68

4.96

11.69

8.71

15.63

2.96

2.75

3.72

27.13

19.83

27.80

3.25

3.18

3.27

50.70

32.92

41.71

3.26

3.25

3.43

66.13

39.68

54.44

3.16

3.21

3.10

59.51

37.90

50.32

3.08

3.12

3.06

58.33

37.32

49.84

2.11

2.03

2.74

12.83

10.94

17.39

Absolute Change (ABSCHANGE1) & Percent Change (PCTCHANGE

2) – 1991-2001

ABSCHANGE1

Combined

Rural

Urban

PCTCHANGE2

Combined

Rural

Urban

2.82

1.47

8.77

4.66

2.14

12.49

0.97

-0.48

5.27

3.43

-1.55

17.30

-0.49

-1.66

2.21

-4.46

-12.09

18.31

-1.82

-2.52

-0.29

-28.13

-26.11

-4.07

-1.89

-2.44

-0.80

-37.95

-29.65

-13.82

-2.31

-2.79

-1.35

-43.42

-32.71

-23.52

-2.22

-2.60

-1.43

-42.05

-30.95

-24.66

-2.80

-3.64

-0.53

-16.25

-18.90

-3.39

Absolute Change (ABSCHANGE1) & Percent Change (PCTCHANGE

2) – 1981-2001

ABSCHANGE 1

Combined

Rural

Urban

PCTCHANGE2

Combined

Rural

Urban

11.96

9.63

21.02

24.13

15.58

29.78

4.19

2.20

10.23

16.50

7.25

28.72

2.47

1.09

5.93

23.08

7.56

35.66

1.43

0.66

2.98

21.60

6.67

31.04

1.37

0.81

2.63

28.31

9.79

35.21

0.85

0.42

1.75

15.74

4.94

24.48

0.86

0.52

1.63

15.87

6.13

23.12

-0.69

-1.61

2.21

-4.96

-9.66

13.70

Rural - Urban Gap (R-U Gap)

Rural-Urban 3

1981

1991

2001

11.01

6.92

-0.38

2.87

0.59

-5.16

0.28

-0.69

-4.56

-0.15

-0.24

-2.47

0.14

-0.04

-1.68

-0.08

0.03

-1.41

-0.14

-0.08

-1.25

3.31

2.60

-0.51

A. ASMCRA (for the ith age group)

1 defined as: 1981-1991: ASMCRA (1991) – ASMCRA (1981)

1991-2001: ASMCRA (2001) – ASMCRA (1991)

1981-2001: ASMCRA (2001) – ASMCRA (1981)

2 defined as: 1981-1991: [ASMCRA (1991) – ASMCRA (1981)] / ASMCRA (1981) * 1001991-2001: [ASMCRA (2001) – ASMCRA (1991)] / ASMCRA (1991) * 100

1981-2001: [ASMCRA (2001) – ASMCRA (1981)] / ASMCRA (1981) * 100 3 defined as: ASMCRA (Rural) - ASMCRA (Urban)

B. GMCRA 1 defined as: 1981-1991: GSMCRA (1991) – GSMCRA (1981)

1991-2001: GSMCRA (2001) – GSMCRA (1991)

1981-2001: GSMCRA (2001) – GSMCRA (1981) 2 defined as: 1981-1991: [GSMCRA (1991) – GSMCR A (1981)] / GSMCRA (1981) * 100

1991-2001: [GSMCRA (2001) – GSMCRA (1991)] / GSMCRA (1991) * 100

1981-2001: [GSMCRA (2001) – GSMCRA (1981)] / GSMCRA (1981) * 100 3 defined as: GSMCRA (Rural) - GSMCRA (Urban)



185

Appendix 1.2: Adjusted General Marital Childlessness Rates-Adjusted (ASMCRA)

and the Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates (GMCRA) by Residence,

India 1981.

IndiaASMCRA GMCRA

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-49

Combined

Our estimate

Vemuri

Difference

58.3

77.1

-18.8

27.6

30.3

-2.7

10.9

11.4

-0.5

6.4

6.5

-0.1

4.9

5.0

-0.1

5.3

5.4

-0.1

5.3

5.3

0.0

16.5

18.5

-2.00

Rural

Our estimate

Vemuri

Difference

60.6

78.1

-17.5

28.3

30.5

-2.2

11.0

11.3

-0.3

6.5

6.4

0.1

5.0

4.9

0.1

5.3

5.3

0.0

5.3

5.2

0.1

17.2

19.1

-1.9

Urban

Our Estimate

Vemuri

Difference

49.6

72.2

-22.6

25.4

29.8

-4.4

10.7

11.7

-1.0

6.3

6.6

-0.3

4.8

5.2

-0.4

5.4

5.7

-0.3

5.4

5.6

-0.2

13.9

16.6

-2.7

Vemuri (1987) The Difference is equal to our estimate minus Vemuri estimate.



186

Appendix 2



187

Appendix 2.1A

Means and Standard Deviations for the Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates -

Adjusted (ASMCRA) and General Marital Childlessness Rate - Adjusted (GMCRA) for

States and Union Territories of India by Residence, 1981.

ASMCRA GMCRA

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-49

A: All states included (N=26)

Combined – 1981

Mean 54.49 25.72 10.42 6.22 4.95 5.34 5.27 14.49

SD 17.02 5.69 2.99 2.73 2.54 2.75 2.79 3.87

Max 79.83 36.31 19.93 16.61 14.86 15.73 15.63 21.53

Min 14.42 13.64 5.79 2.00 0.86 0.87 0.82 7.10

Rural – 1981

Mean 56.31 26.79 11.14 6.99 5.76 6.15 6.05 15.68

SD 16.60 7.17 6.49 6.50 6.34 6.51 6.46 6.28

Max 81.66 48.25 40.80 37.47 35.55 36.49 36.14 40.03

Min 14.80 15.04 5.65 1.92 0.75 0.72 0.65 7.17

Urban – 1981

Mean 49.21 23.97 9.91 5.66 4.31 4.84 4.89 12.73

SD 17.78 6.26 2.41 1.87 1.69 1.80 1.77 3.82

Max 74.16 34.04 13.72 9.65 7.75 9.18 9.21 19.27

Min 11.33 10.08 5.06 2.73 0.85 1.70 2.13 4.76

B: Karnataka, Meghalaya & Mizoram are excluded (N = 23)

Combined – 1981

Mean 59.07 26.76 10.46 6.16 4.88 5.27 5.16 14.98

SD 11.66 5.06 3.09 2.82 2.61 2.83 2.81 3.73

Max 79.83 36.31 19.93 16.61 14.86 15.73 15.63 21.53

Min 38.67 17.86 5.79 2.00 0.86 0.87 0.82 7.35

Rural – 1981

Mean 60.92 27.82 11.23 6.94 5.72 6.10 5.95 16.22

SD 10.78 6.92 6.87 6.88 6.71 6.89 6.81 6.43

Max 81.66 48.25 40.80 37.47 35.55 36.49 36.14 40.03

Min 42.19 17.46 5.65 1.92 0.75 0.72 0.65 7.17

Urban – 1981

Mean 53.71 25.28 10.08 5.83 4.44 4.96 5.00 13.37

SD 13.22 5.22 2.30 1.88 1.64 1.80 1.75 3.47

Max 74.16 34.04 13.72 9.65 7.75 9.18 9.21 19.27

Min 26.96 14.29 5.06 2.73 1.80 2.42 2.24 6.05 Note:

1. DNH PNS is Zero in the urban areas & hence El-Badry could not be applied for adjusting the rates.2. Assam and Tripura, data on CEB is not available

3. Delhi is excluded as adjusted values in combined areas turned negative.

4. Nagaland is dropped, as the adjusted values for the rural areas turned negative.5. Karnataka, Meghalaya & Mizoram are excluded, as unadjusted and adjusted values are different.



188

Appendix 2.1B

Means and Standard Deviations for the Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates - Adjusted

(ASMCRA) and General Marital Childlessness Rate - Adjusted (GMCRA) for States and

Union Territories of India by Residence, 1991.

ASMCRA GMCRA

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-49


Mean 65.58 30.85 15.03 10.85 9.25 9.58 9.38 17.99

SD 7.09 5.54 5.95 6.04 5.85 6.09 6.02 5.30

Max 76.38 42.44 31.31 28.66 27.26 27.52 26.91 32.55

Min 48.06 22.27 7.10 4.18 3.11 2.87 2.76 11.01

Rural – 1991 (N=29)

Mean 66.00 30.67 14.66 10.79 9.21 9.65 9.33 18.31

SD 7.16 6.47 6.80 6.67 6.47 6.68 6.57 5.66

Max 77.50 46.48 35.07 32.26 31.03 31.91 30.60 36.14

Min 50.35 21.46 6.84 3.94 3.24 3.04 1.67 11.44

Urban – 1991 (N=29)

Mean 63.57 30.77 15.42 10.43 8.77 9.07 8.77 16.74

SD 6.86 4.25 4.75 4.96 4.65 4.77 4.64 4.39

Max 73.32 40.56 29.09 24.80 22.53 21.11 21.65 27.21

Min 44.24 24.23 9.70 4.57 3.10 2.86 2.82 10.52

Note: Daman and Diu, PNS is Zero so El=Badry could not be applied; JK data on CEB is not available andMeghalaya is excluded as adjusted values in urban areas turned negative.

Appendix 2.1C

Means and Standard Deviations for the Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates - Adjusted

(ASMCRA) and General Marital Childlessness Rate - Adjusted (GMCRA) for States and

Union Territories of India by Residence, 2001

ASMCRA GMCRA

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-49


Mean

SDMaximum

Minimum

69.28

5.3576.76

58.41

31.86

5.2944.12

22.38

13.80

3.8324.47

7.44

8.03

2.8716.25

3.46

6.15

2.3112.34

2.52

5.90

2.2211.20

2.35

5.69

2.1410.98

2.38

14.79

2.4919.56

10.57

Rural – 2001 (N=35)

Mean

SDMaximum

Minimum

68.67

6.0779.01

57.69

30.48

5.9245.58

19.90

12.59

4.2825.13

6.23

7.47

3.0316.50

3.01

5.80

2.4012.95

2.24

5.61

2.2911.43

2.12

5.49

2.1811.22

2.18

14.58

2.7220.54

10.51

Urban – 2001 (N=35)

MeanSD

Maximum

Minimum

70.684.18

77.06

61.22

35.234.32

47.19

27.37

16.343.50

23.85

10.32

9.223.01

15.60

4.49

6.862.49

12.11

3.09

6.452.51

12.33

2.81

6.182.45

12.56

2.56

15.282.72

22.20

11.13



189

Appendix 2.2

Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Adjusted (ASMCRA) and the General Marital

Childlessness Rates (GMCRA) by Residence, India and States, 1981

ASMCRA GMCRACombined 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49

Major States

Andhra Pradesh 59.97 27.08 12.74 9.35 7.62 8.85 8.83 20.02 18.88

Bihar 68.72 33.27 13.92 7.45 5.25 5.06 4.76 21.89 20.27

Gujarat 79.83 36.31 12.19 6.44 5.02 5.07 5.19 20.03 18.50

Haryana 73.19 28.35 8.32 3.75 2.71 2.57 2.32 20.05 18.25

Jammu & Kashmir 67.81 31.16 12.05 6.24 4.48 4.76 4.72 17.18 15.86

Karnataka 26.24 20.62 10.24 6.21 4.99 5.67 5.41 13.13 12.45

Kerala 51.08 22.06 8.42 4.47 3.27 3.39 3.23 11.34 10.34

Madhya Pradesh 69.42 25.75 9.82 6.06 4.95 5.45 5.56 20.07 18.62Maharashtra 44.83 24.83 9.89 5.70 4.47 4.78 4.71 14.76 13.72

Orissa 57.18 23.95 9.76 5.60 4.49 5.08 5.16 14.37 13.36

Punjab 59.55 30.30 10.63 5.22 3.51 3.49 3.25 13.72 12.50

Rajasthan 78.70 31.75 10.70 5.89 4.44 4.49 4.26 23.39 21.53

Tamil Nadu 61.91 28.72 11.88 7.58 5.96 6.73 6.81 15.74 14.64

Uttar Pradesh 59.55 32.06 12.74 7.36 5.68 5.75 5.71 21.23 19.65

West Bengal 40.71 17.86 7.38 4.02 2.99 3.62 4.27 12.08 11.32

Minor States & UTs

A & N Island 43.74 18.73 7.13 4.79 3.98 5.09 4.91 12.13 11.61

Arunachal Pradesh 41.67 18.03 5.79 2.00 0.86 0.87 0.82 8.11 7.35

Himachal Pradesh 51.11 20.35 5.86 3.17 3.50 4.60 5.38 12.95 12.15Manipur 38.67 27.38 19.93 16.61 14.86 15.73 15.63 19.62 19.14

Meghalaya 17.53 18.82 12.42 9.17 8.02 8.44 9.41 12.82 12.56

Mizoram 14.42 13.64 7.44 4.62 3.28 3.50 3.49 7.44 7.10

Nagaland 17.84 12.55 7.69 4.65 3.38 4.43 3.91 6.56 6.26

Pondicherry 59.03 23.83 9.23 5.69 4.43 5.37 5.12 13.37 12.38

Sikkim 61.03 26.15 9.81 6.24 5.17 4.77 4.21 15.89 14.85

Goa, Daman & Diu 64.26 31.78 13.68 7.63 5.37 6.06 6.02 13.29 12.39

Dadra & Nagar Haveli 69.12 26.41 8.90 5.04 4.33 3.75 3.77 16.48 15.15

Chandigarh 63.45 29.68 10.53 3.99 2.69 2.36 2.20 13.13 12.21

Delhi 48.27 21.98 6.21 0.87 -0.67 -0.77 -0.76 9.67 8.70Lakshadweep 63.12 26.15 8.29 6.45 6.59 7.34 5.50 16.23 15.05

India 58.32 27.55 10.91 6.41 4.93 5.31 5.28 17.73 16.45



190

Appendix 2.2: contd…

ASMCRA GMCRA

Urban 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49

Major States

Andhra Pradesh 56.74 27.03 13.26 9.65 7.71 9.18 9.21 19.51 18.57Bihar 62.95 30.10 12.70 7.65 5.90 6.20 6.04 18.74 17.62

Gujarat 74.16 34.04 13.08 7.45 5.91 6.33 6.58 18.63 17.44

Haryana 66.49 30.09 9.27 4.29 2.81 2.92 2.85 16.04 14.72

Jammu & Kashmir 55.08 26.01 10.28 5.08 3.79 4.07 4.54 12.14 11.26

Karnataka 19.50 18.60 11.96 4.89 4.45 4.71 3.88 11.40 10.79

Kerala 45.76 21.87 9.28 4.03 3.08 3.41 3.61 10.35 9.49

Madhya Pradesh 64.47 26.35 10.24 6.54 5.16 5.86 6.08 17.69 16.61

Maharashtra 34.90 22.01 9.75 5.62 4.37 5.00 4.79 12.34 11.64

Orissa 51.08 22.48 9.28 6.54 5.51 6.78 6.86 13.74 13.13

Punjab 58.99 30.68 11.29 5.69 3.90 3.76 3.69 14.08 12.94Rajasthan 72.35 29.47 10.25 5.96 4.72 4.92 5.00 20.74 19.27

Tamil Nadu 61.51 28.53 12.52 7.72 6.06 6.63 6.61 15.98 14.92

Uttar Pradesh 41.51 28.79 13.72 9.13 7.75 7.94 8.26 18.02 17.12

West Bengal 26.96 16.10 8.54 4.63 3.83 4.28 4.66 9.17 8.70

Minor States & UTs

A & N Island 47.96 22.05 7.76 4.37 2.96 3.83 4.22 12.47 11.94


Himachal Pradesh 43.21 20.94 7.78 2.73 2.42 3.11 2.90 9.77 9.08

Manipur 30.71 14.29 6.89 3.72 2.32 3.03 3.62 6.43 6.05

Meghalaya 11.33 13.01 8.65 5.38 4.49 5.26 6.04 8.00 7.85

Mizoram 13.50 10.08 5.12 2.79 0.85 1.70 2.13 5.01 4.76

Nagaland 14.35 12.35 5.93 1.97 0.93 4.15 3.31 6.18 6.04

Pondicherry 56.81 22.76 9.58 5.66 4.25 5.83 5.37 13.15 12.24

Sikkim 53.73 25.23 9.81 6.86 4.12 4.06 4.07 15.82 15.05

Goa, Daman & Diu 60.88 30.03 13.47 7.95 5.77 6.38 6.05 13.71 12.90


Chandigarh 63.42 29.90 10.63 4.07 2.77 2.42 2.24 13.04 12.12

Delhi 46.97 21.84 6.27 0.83 -0.73 -0.83 -0.81 9.22 8.28

Lakshadweep 68.54 26.65 7.46 6.10 5.23 5.64 4.47 16.11 14.88

India 49.57 25.39 10.70 6.26 4.84 5.40 5.42 14.84 13.92



191

Appendix 2.2: contd…

ASMCRA GMCRA

Rural 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49

Major States


Gujarat 81.66 37.32 11.76 5.99 4.62 4.57 4.64 20.67 18.98

Haryana 74.29 27.88 8.01 3.59 2.69 2.49 2.19 21.15 19.23

Jammu & Kashmir 69.57 32.32 12.53 6.54 4.65 4.93 4.75 18.44 17.02

Karnataka 28.55 20.97 9.39 6.32 4.92 5.73 5.63 13.39 12.69

Kerala 52.09 22.08 8.19 4.54 3.28 3.35 3.11 11.53 10.50

Madhya Pradesh 70.25 25.60 9.71 5.94 4.90 5.36 5.44 20.64 19.09

Maharashtra 49.49 26.59 10.23 6.06 4.85 5.03 5.02 16.29 15.07

Orissa 57.03 23.33 9.13 4.67 3.55 4.07 4.16 13.64 12.57

Punjab 59.81 30.14 10.33 5.08 3.39 3.43 3.15 13.61 12.36Rajasthan 80.01 32.38 10.83 5.87 4.36 4.39 4.08 24.06 22.11

Tamil Nadu 62.09 28.83 11.55 7.51 5.92 6.77 6.89 15.63 14.51

Uttar Pradesh 63.49 32.92 12.63 7.09 5.35 5.41 5.30 22.01 20.28

West Bengal 44.10 18.61 7.11 3.90 2.83 3.57 4.34 13.25 12.39

Minor States & UTs

A & N Island 42.63 17.46 6.88 4.98 4.41 5.54 5.18 12.03 11.51



Manipur 57.92 48.25 40.80 37.47 35.55 36.49 36.14 40.55 40.03

Meghalaya 19.55 20.65 13.67 10.41 9.21 9.56 10.56 14.32 14.02

Mizoram 14.80 15.04 8.38 5.40 4.28 4.29 4.18 8.41 8.04

Nagaland 14.74 8.50 3.51 0.53 -0.84 -0.04 -0.50 2.07 1.73

Pondicherry 61.19 25.04 8.84 5.72 4.61 4.89 4.86 13.59 12.53

Sikkim 62.56 26.35 9.81 6.12 5.35 4.86 4.22 15.91 14.81

Goa, Daman & Diu 66.65 32.66 13.78 7.46 5.17 5.92 5.99 13.06 12.13


Chandigarh 63.63 26.96 8.86 2.49 1.11 1.37 1.44 14.41 13.45

Delhi 59.39 23.98 4.67 0.71 -0.44 -0.55 -0.59 15.09 13.76

Lakshadweep 58.51 25.81 9.10 6.82 7.86 8.88 6.42 16.42 15.29

India 60.58 28.26 10.98 6.47 4.98 5.32 5.28 18.62 17.23



192

Appendix 2.3

Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Adjusted (ASMCRA) and the General Marital

Childlessness Rates (GMCRA) by Residence, India and States, 1991

ASMCRA GMCRACombined 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49

Major States

Andhra Pradesh 61.59 26.63 12.54 9.32 7.71 8.65 8.49 18.95 17.92

Bihar 73.60 37.33 18.77 12.88 11.00 10.98 10.73 25.58 24.16

Gujarat 76.38 37.30 13.41 7.91 6.41 6.34 6.26 19.09 17.80

Haryana 71.62 27.12 8.29 4.18 3.42 3.16 3.12 15.96 14.87

Karnataka 56.40 25.98 11.92 8.31 6.97 7.54 7.07 15.76 14.88

Kerala 64.53 28.01 12.09 7.76 6.33 6.32 5.79 14.06 13.10

Madhya Pradesh 71.23 28.18 12.16 8.27 7.21 7.79 7.87 20.60 19.36

Maharashtra 48.06 25.57 10.35 6.89 5.62 5.84 5.70 14.29 13.41

Orissa 66.64 33.12 15.11 10.98 9.33 9.90 9.41 19.44 18.32

Punjab 65.64 32.34 11.14 5.69 4.39 4.27 4.01 14.01 12.91

Rajasthan 74.85 32.48 11.45 6.35 4.89 4.94 4.90 21.81 20.20

Tamil Nadu 56.01 31.48 16.72 12.79 10.86 11.62 11.80 18.85 17.99

Uttar Pradesh 76.05 36.76 18.58 13.51 11.90 11.81 11.89 26.03 24.58

West Bengal 57.68 23.23 11.37 8.43 7.12 7.02 6.79 15.93 15.04

Minor States & UTs

A & N Island 61.70 22.68 9.57 5.73 4.62 4.25 5.72 12.33 11.74


Assam 59.96 24.44 11.46 7.81 6.15 6.31 5.62 15.28 14.42

Himachal Pradesh 72.35 26.01 7.10 4.48 4.19 5.02 5.43 13.24 12.36Manipur 61.46 37.14 25.67 21.38 19.36 18.93 19.44 25.08 24.40

Meghalaya 60.48 43.80 35.04 32.09 30.12 30.85 31.19 36.32 35.85

Mizoram 73.70 42.44 31.31 28.66 27.26 27.52 26.91 33.16 32.55

Nagaland 63.50 35.92 23.95 19.58 17.92 18.57 18.24 23.78 23.06

Pondicherry 63.92 28.74 14.05 10.07 7.53 8.61 7.75 16.72 15.73

Sikkim 63.82 31.53 19.14 16.34 14.02 15.21 15.05 22.62 21.94

Tripura 53.22 22.27 9.58 6.05 4.18 4.38 3.82 12.97 12.08

Daman & Diu 69.76 29.09 12.13 9.21 8.39 8.45 8.75 16.34 15.45

Goa 69.98 40.86 22.81 14.67 11.43 11.31 10.56 19.31 18.12


Chandigarh 69.75 29.71 10.15 4.66 3.11 2.87 2.76 11.87 11.01

Delhi 66.37 28.26 10.38 5.27 3.87 3.60 3.53 13.47 12.57

Lakshadweep 68.88 36.42 18.82 16.09 11.04 13.58 13.06 23.41 22.20

India 67.46 30.77 13.87 9.66 8.19 8.47 8.36 19.71 18.56



193

Appendix 2.3: contd….

ASMCRA GMCRA

Urban 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49

Major States


Gujarat 73.32 35.85 13.76 8.35 6.87 6.96 7.09 17.59 16.62

Haryana 68.67 28.99 9.86 4.80 3.90 3.48 3.72 13.52 12.68

Karnataka 56.88 27.85 14.10 9.47 7.75 8.41 7.97 16.47 15.65

Kerala 61.94 28.60 12.81 7.43 6.03 5.78 5.74 13.50 12.58

Madhya Pradesh 69.33 30.62 13.76 9.47 7.76 8.33 8.10 19.28 18.24

Maharashtra 44.24 25.73 11.52 7.23 5.63 5.98 5.70 13.63 12.91

Orissa 60.88 30.40 14.71 11.47 9.46 10.27 10.68 17.35 16.68

Punjab 64.64 32.05 11.79 6.37 5.19 5.16 4.78 13.93 13.01

Rajasthan 70.00 30.36 11.24 6.58 5.05 5.18 5.71 18.39 17.25Tamil Nadu 51.43 31.15 18.05 13.82 11.78 11.89 11.87 19.07 18.30

Uttar Pradesh 69.30 36.04 19.58 14.84 13.38 13.43 13.47 23.12 22.16

West Bengal 56.25 27.78 15.31 10.72 8.77 8.45 8.58 16.39 15.55

Minor States & UTs

A & N Island 66.49 25.67 10.81 6.25 3.26 2.91 5.10 13.20 12.51


Assam 57.58 28.72 15.16 9.08 6.50 6.51 5.85 15.52 14.65


Manipur 62.21 40.56 29.09 24.80 22.53 21.11 21.65 27.93 27.21

Meghalaya 7.44 -6.90 -12.66 -16.07 -17.86 -17.64 -17.04 -13.01 -13.34

Mizoram 71.41 35.61 24.69 22.09 20.28 19.77 19.68 26.57 25.95 Nagaland 61.60 30.79 19.75 13.36 12.59 13.36 12.50 20.22 19.72

Pondicherry 63.23 29.04 14.97 10.64 8.43 8.98 8.33 17.08 16.14

Sikkim 64.36 33.45 20.00 14.24 10.89 15.14 12.31 21.58 20.88

Tripura 53.76 24.23 12.25 7.83 5.31 5.47 4.45 13.51 12.58

Daman & Diu 70.22 32.31 14.78 10.67 10.14 9.58 10.03 17.79 16.79

Goa 66.25 37.83 21.33 12.74 9.35 8.74 8.13 17.37 16.24


Chandigarh 70.69 30.26 10.39 4.69 3.10 2.86 2.82 11.60 10.74

Delhi 66.54 28.83 10.73 5.35 3.90 3.63 3.54 13.41 12.50

Lakshadweep 67.75 38.36 21.11 17.84 13.67 15.10 14.97 25.63 24.38India 61.82 30.35 14.42 9.89 8.27 8.50 8.48 17.54 16.66



194

Appendix 2.3: contd….

ASMCRA GMCRA

Rural 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49

Major States


Gujarat 77.50 38.02 13.22 7.66 6.15 6.02 5.87 19.89 18.42

Haryana 72.09 26.60 7.71 3.94 3.24 3.04 2.92 16.78 15.60

Karnataka 56.28 25.15 10.84 7.72 6.56 7.13 6.66 15.41 14.50

Kerala 65.26 27.81 11.82 7.86 6.42 6.50 5.80 14.25 13.27

Madhya Pradesh 71.65 27.53 11.65 7.89 7.03 7.62 7.79 20.98 19.68

Maharashtra 50.35 25.61 9.62 6.75 5.70 5.87 5.81 14.81 13.82

Orissa 67.25 33.48 15.17 10.90 9.30 9.85 9.25 19.75 18.56

Punjab 66.02 32.47 10.83 5.36 4.01 3.92 3.72 14.05 12.88

Rajasthan 76.09 33.09 11.49 6.26 4.82 4.86 4.68 22.80 21.05Tamil Nadu 58.16 31.94 16.34 12.59 10.73 11.80 12.04 19.05 18.15

Uttar Pradesh 77.13 36.93 18.32 13.16 11.49 11.45 11.58 26.70 25.14

West Bengal 57.99 21.97 9.99 7.49 6.36 6.38 6.06 15.77 14.86

Minor States & UTs

A & N Island 59.89 21.46 9.09 5.53 5.14 4.76 5.95 11.98 11.44


Assam 60.14 23.96 10.99 7.64 6.11 6.29 5.60 15.26 14.39


Manipur 61.14 35.83 24.36 19.98 18.06 18.01 18.59 23.94 23.27

Meghalaya 57.03 40.06 30.66 27.91 25.89 26.69 26.94 32.32 31.82

Mizoram 73.47 46.48 35.07 32.26 31.03 31.91 30.60 36.79 36.14 Nagaland 63.95 37.58 25.09 21.02 18.90 19.23 18.74 24.53 23.70

Pondicherry 64.91 28.17 12.34 8.85 5.92 7.88 6.76 16.00 14.93

Sikkim 63.68 31.21 18.88 16.41 14.20 15.11 15.18 22.58 21.91

Tripura 53.14 21.95 9.08 5.67 3.94 4.16 3.69 12.87 11.98

Daman & Diu 69.39 26.76 9.95 7.94 6.64 7.23 7.36 15.07 14.25

Goa 73.68 43.22 23.97 16.20 13.07 13.10 12.06 20.82 19.53


Chandigarh 65.24 26.64 8.40 4.33 3.24 3.11 1.67 14.23 13.54

Delhi 65.73 24.17 7.41 4.44 3.46 3.17 3.28 13.85 13.11

Lakshadweep 70.97 33.94 15.60 13.60 7.62 11.75 10.48 20.41 19.24India 68.74 30.94 13.73 9.65 8.23 8.53 8.40 20.51 19.26



195

Appendix 2.4

El-Bardy’s coefficients ‘a’ and ‘b’ for India and States, 1981


a b a b a bStates

Andhra Pradesh 0.0252 0.0008 0.0206 0.0008 0.0392 0.0004

Arunachal Pradesh 0.014 -0.0002 0.002 -0.0003 0.0000 0.0000

Assam -0.0008 0.0002 -0.0009 0.0002 0.0024 -0.0003

Bihar 0.0143 0.0008 0.0147 0.0008 0.0105 0.0009

Goa 0.0043 -0.0005 -0.0004 0.0001 0.0153 0.002

Gujrat 0.0463 0.0099 0.0452 0.0104 0.0487 0.0089

Haryana 0.003 0.0004 0.0026 0.0004 0.0046 0.0005

Himachal Pradesh 0.0168 0.0012 0.0169 0.0009 0.0188 0.0031

Karnataka 0.0509 0.0082 0.0574 0.0087 0.0326 0.008

Kerala 0.0185 0.0039 0.0228 0.0035 0.0026 0.0054

Maharashtra 0.541 0.0068 0.5207 0.0049 0.5832 0.0082

Manipur 0.0817 0.0022 0.0699 0.0052 0.1043 -0.0049

Meghalaya 1.6753 -0.1729 1.1836 -0.1259 -2.7081 0.2864

Mizoram 0.5706 -0.0958 0.5543 -0.1064 0.4128 -0.0584

Madhya Pradesh 0.0217 0.0011 0.0222 0.0014 0.0194 0.0003

Nagaland 0.0377 0.0051 0.041 0.0059 -0.0055 0.0065

Orissa 0.0186 0.0015 0.0187 0.0013 0.0178 0.0022

Punjab 0.0485 0.0043 0.0512 0.0031 0.0431 0.0067

Rajasthan 0.0638 0.0042 0.0697 0.0036 0.0389 0.0067

Sikkim 0.0993 -0.0004 0.1105 -0.0012 -0.0663 0.0219

Tamil Nadu 0.3514 -0.0019 0.2827 -0.0003 0.5492 -0.0116

Tripura 0.0295 0.0051 0.0294 0.0054 0.0306 0.0036

Uttar Pradesh 0.0402 0.0037 0.0419 0.0014 0.032 0.0123

West Bengal 0.0107 0.002 0.0102 0.0016 0.0141 0.0029

UT

A & N Island -0.0006 0.0012 -0.0035 0.0009 0.0041 0.0022

Chandigarh 0.0000 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002

Dadra & Nagar Haveli 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

Daman 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

Delhi 0.0325 0.00002 0.0451 -0.0007 0.0306 0.0002Lakshadweep 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

Pondichery 0.0098 0.0033 0.0182 0.0012 0.0018 0.0049

INDIA 0.0767 0.0032 0.0671 0.0021 0.1185 0.0039



196

Appendix 2.5

El-Bardy’s coefficients ‘a’ and ‘b’ for India and States, 1991

Combined Rural Urbana b a b a b

States

Andhra Pradesh 0.0782 -0.0002 0.0767 -0.0001 0.0837 -0.0008

Arunachal Pradesh 0.1366 0.0662 0.1354 0.0679 0.1781 0.0439

Bihar 0.2178 0.0034 0.2288 0.0041 0.1185 0.0010

Gujrat 0.0102 0.0015 0.0087 0.0008 0.0151 0.0024

Haryana 0.0358 0.0039 0.0368 0.0028 0.0315 0.0074

Himachal Pradesh 0.5933 0.0223 0.6008 0.0230 0.4749 0.0199

Jammu & Kashmir 0.0131 0.0036 0.0150 0.0034 -0.0022 0.0050

Karnataka 4.5188 0.0255 4.5475 0.0209 4.1050 0.0484

Kerala 0.2357 0.0146 0.2477 0.0129 0.1659 0.0234

Maharashtra 0.9780 0.0182 0.8756 0.0130 1.2998 0.0221

Manipur 1.7372 -0.0519 4.5726 -0.2564 -0.0217 0.0668

Meghalaya 12.5168 -0.0081 14.7398 -0.0204 6.4712 0.0292

Mizoram 3.7837 0.0204 4.5320 0.0092 2.0111 0.0489

Madhya Pradesh -0.0020 0.0128 -0.0048 0.0132 0.0110 0.0109

Nagaland 1.2081 0.0379 -0.3593 0.0811 2.2680 0.0548

Orissa 0.0109 0.0153 -0.0337 0.0249 0.0856 0.0035

Punjab 0.1223 0.0126 0.1253 0.0099 0.1162 0.0186

Rajasthan 0.0041 -0.0001 0.0031 -0.0001 0.0080 -0.0001

Sikkim 0.0176 0.0062 0.0171 0.0064 0.0202 0.0056Tamil Nadu 0.0029 0.0005 0.0022 0.0007 0.0049 0.0001

Uttar Pradesh 1.2259 0.0170 1.1910 0.0180 1.4715 0.0080

West Bengal 0.6051 0.0342 0.5859 0.0256 0.7463 0.0518

UT

A & N Island 0.3229 0.0013 0.3486 -0.0005 0.2762 0.0052

Chandigarh 0.0531 0.0029 0.0512 0.0154 0.0531 0.0022

Dadra Nagar Haveli 0.0046 0.0003 0.0048 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000

Goa, Daman & Diu 0.0048 0.0010 0.0086 0.0010 -0.0059 0.0015

Delhi 0.3003 0.0515 0.4782 0.0395 0.2819 0.0528

Lakshadweep 0.0295 0.0000 0.0604 -0.0029 0.0002 0.0024Pondicherry -0.0282 0.0070 -0.0259 0.0069 -0.0310 0.0072

INDIA 0.3342 0.0127 0.3334 0.0106 0.3350 0.0190



197

Appendix 3



198

Detail Tables for Age Specific and General

Marital Childlessness Rates By Religion and

Place of Residence, 1981-2001



199

Appendix – 3A

Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted (ASMCRU) and the General Marital

Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) by Religion, COMBINED Areas, India and States, 1981

ASMCRU GMCRUHindu 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49

Andhra Pradesh 58.18 25.37 11.87 8.67 7.10 8.13 8.15 18.92 17.81

Karnataka 10.42 4.35 1.80 1.24 0.95 1.09 1.07 2.87 2.69

Kerala 51.67 20.56 7.63 4.22 3.10 3.09 2.97 9.83 8.92

Tamil Nadu 62.17 28.91 11.97 7.62 5.96 6.58 6.65 15.85 14.72

Bihar 61.08 27.58 11.28 5.90 4.07 3.73 3.40 18.42 16.99

Madhya Pradesh 70.00 25.83 9.87 6.18 5.22 5.60 5.71 20.42 18.94

Rajasthan 79.20 31.97 10.76 5.91 4.41 4.46 4.22 23.58 21.71

Uttar Pradesh 36.36 15.12 5.75 3.39 2.73 2.74 2.72 10.61 9.77

Gujarat 80.38 36.19 11.97 6.23 4.85 4.90 5.03 20.16 18.61

Maharashtra 33.94 13.76 5.16 3.15 2.57 2.72 2.67 8.54 7.90

Haryana 72.22 27.43 7.93 3.59 2.73 2.56 2.36 19.70 17.95

Punjab 58.73 27.78 9.30 4.80 3.32 3.12 2.96 13.26 12.09


Orissa 57.97 23.79 9.57 6.29 5.22 5.75 5.73 14.77 13.77

West Bengal 35.69 11.94 4.74 2.69 2.19 2.28 2.42 8.43 7.81

India 52.62 21.76 8.33 4.99 3.95 4.16 4.13 14.39 13.31

Muslim

Andhra Pradesh 53.88 24.60 11.40 8.46 6.42 4.84 7.57 17.12 16.20

Karnataka 9.81 3.82 1.52 1.00 0.79 0.90 1.11 2.64 2.50

Kerala 49.23 15.02 5.34 3.71 2.87 3.17 2.80 12.39 11.45

Tamil Nadu 58.12 24.45 10.05 6.77 4.85 5.88 5.51 15.22 14.15

Bihar 59.31 27.87 12.41 6.52 4.33 3.83 3.42 18.03 16.68

Madhya Pradesh 60.93 23.74 9.40 6.11 4.77 5.24 5.45 17.43 16.29

Rajasthan 73.08 28.88 10.05 5.42 4.30 4.60 4.03 22.93 21.27

Uttar Pradesh 31.78 13.47 5.78 3.61 2.81 2.86 2.72 9.27 8.60

Gujarat 70.37 33.29 12.31 7.76 6.40 6.61 6.38 17.94 16.72

Maharashtra 30.10 11.72 4.65 2.89 2.28 2.45 2.41 7.67 7.16

Haryana 66.15 26.63 9.07 5.24 2.92 2.76 2.34 21.76 19.98

Punjab 53.97 24.08 10.09 4.51 5.41 5.24 3.41 13.96 12.86


Orissa 49.23 16.71 6.99 4.77 3.74 5.37 4.34 12.51 11.74

West Bengal 35.24 11.84 4.42 2.68 1.94 1.95 2.06 9.58 8.92

India 44.31 18.39 7.56 4.60 3.40 3.45 3.39 12.59 11.71



200

Appendix – 3A Contd…1981 Combined

ASMCRU GMCRU

Christian 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49

Andhra Pradesh 50.52 22.80 11.90 8.08 5.91 7.73 7.51 16.73 15.78

Karnataka 10.51 5.11 2.31 1.16 0.73 0.81 1.08 2.50 2.32

Kerala 51.93 22.54 7.35 2.74 1.90 1.82 1.78 8.08 7.19

Tamil Nadu 62.91 29.08 11.74 6.25 4.26 4.32 4.48 12.73 11.65

Bihar 56.09 27.30 11.33 6.21 3.63 3.04 2.94 11.83 10.65

Madhya Pradesh 63.00 28.07 11.42 4.36 3.87 4.68 4.77 13.39 12.41

Rajasthan 70.45 32.09 16.57 9.06 4.53 4.65 3.05 16.60 15.35

Uttar Pradesh 27.44 13.26 8.62 5.68 3.76 4.16 4.01 8.43 7.94

Gujarat 75.20 33.73 13.38 6.78 5.05 5.32 5.26 14.87 13.79

Maharashtra 19.28 11.24 5.05 2.25 1.88 1.54 1.74 4.59 4.23

Haryana 52.08 21.18 7.19 3.97 6.45 2.60 5.21 11.73 11.05Punjab 56.16 22.98 8.18 4.06 3.57 2.88 0.63 11.64 10.33


Orissa 55.22 23.44 9.64 5.99 5.10 5.59 4.95 13.11 12.22

West Bengal 42.09 16.66 6.13 4.62 3.84 2.28 2.72 9.70 8.91

India 45.22 21.16 8.35 4.44 3.20 3.37 3.22 3.27 8.96

Other Religions

Andhra Pradesh 54.60 29.40 13.76 7.89 9.18 178.51 6.98 39.82 36.66

Karnataka 12.53 4.70 2.27 1.43 0.93 1.00 1.32 3.15 2.96

Kerala 0.00 23.88 -194.80 6.58 2.07 0.37 3.26 -42.38 -36.00Tamil Nadu 62.24 27.33 8.07 6.37 6.37 5.80 5.23 14.41 13.40

Bihar 51.87 25.13 12.14 7.70 6.27 5.84 5.38 14.57 13.46

Madhya Pradesh 67.41 29.30 8.56 5.96 4.79 6.71 6.68 16.29 15.22

Rajasthan 69.77 28.66 8.89 4.65 3.84 3.31 3.99 15.65 14.31

Uttar Pradesh 31.03 15.53 5.86 3.08 2.09 2.33 1.91 7.51 6.85

Gujarat 73.88 41.20 16.55 6.77 5.33 5.92 6.98 16.11 14.86

Maharashtra 33.61 12.90 4.81 2.90 2.35 2.61 2.19 8.02 7.35

Haryana 65.29 28.80 8.96 3.97 2.71 2.54 1.76 13.71 12.27

Punjab 60.21 28.22 9.67 4.64 3.32 3.35 3.10 12.65 11.49


Orissa 55.07 27.99 13.91 11.74 10.79 10.46 11.49 19.25 18.45

West Bengal 37.52 15.80 7.56 5.00 3.88 3.88 3.87 10.26 9.53

India 47.48 23.10 8.29 4.40 3.34 3.76 3.23 11.61 10.61



201

Appendix – 3A Contd…

Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted and the General Marital

Childlessness Rates by Religion, COMBINED Areas, India and States, 1991


Andhra Pradesh 61.43 26.24 12.24 9.04 7.51 8.39 8.29 18.71 17.67

Karnataka 56.08 25.24 11.45 7.97 6.72 7.06 6.46 15.28 14.39

Kerala 67.65 29.21 12.31 8.16 6.70 6.71 6.40 13.59 12.72

Tamil Nadu 53.56 25.45 12.73 9.90 8.41 9.02 9.04 15.28 14.49

Bihar 73.58 37.11 18.53 12.57 10.87 10.80 10.51 25.59 24.15

Madhya Pradesh 70.66 27.60 11.85 8.03 7.01 7.62 7.73 20.36 19.13

Rajasthan 72.05 30.78 10.81 5.87 4.55 4.54 4.49 20.62 19.07

Uttar Pradesh 75.57 35.68 17.76 12.84 11.34 11.23 11.32 25.46 24.00

Gujarat 76.76 36.16 12.77 7.52 6.02 5.95 5.90 18.71 17.42

Maharashtra 42.20 18.00 6.83 4.44 3.76 3.86 3.74 9.98 9.31

Haryana 71.84 26.80 8.12 4.11 3.34 3.14 3.07 15.90 14.82

Punjab 64.97 30.69 10.51 5.56 4.62 4.27 4.15 13.54 12.56


Orissa 66.77 32.94 14.89 10.85 9.14 9.69 9.21 19.26 18.13

West Bengal 58.28 23.63 11.59 8.41 7.09 6.83 6.58 15.65 14.74

India 66.96 29.27 12.98 9.00 7.65 7.89 7.77 18.91 17.76

Muslim

Andhra Pradesh 56.56 24.53 12.11 9.44 7.42 8.49 7.87 17.31 16.43

Karnataka 53.40 22.31 10.18 7.57 6.02 6.38 6.18 14.46 13.67

Kerala 62.63 22.35 9.66 7.94 6.60 7.09 5.64 16.38 15.34

Tamil Nadu 48.70 23.03 12.10 9.48 7.72 8.20 8.27 15.28 14.52

Bihar 69.18 35.74 18.70 13.27 10.57 10.93 11.12 23.98 22.81

Madhya Pradesh 64.55 26.58 12.76 9.06 8.01 7.98 7.73 18.59 17.61

Rajasthan 67.02 28.79 10.75 6.71 4.88 5.35 4.50 20.88 19.50

Uttar Pradesh 70.37 34.32 18.54 13.82 12.25 12.21 12.14 23.99 22.80

Gujarat 68.23 32.97 12.76 8.30 7.35 7.64 6.80 17.21 16.16

Maharashtra 36.74 14.98 6.17 4.72 3.80 3.78 3.38 9.40 8.84Haryana 67.01 24.87 8.33 4.49 3.54 3.50 3.26 18.45 17.30

Punjab 62.07 25.45 9.36 5.48 4.30 3.45 4.87 13.31 12.50


Orissa 55.69 23.43 10.52 7.39 6.41 7.78 6.66 14.78 13.96

West Bengal 55.64 20.91 9.91 7.85 6.61 6.94 6.42 16.09 15.27

India 61.62 26.65 12.79 9.75 8.17 8.47 8.13 18.61 17.64



202


ASMCRU GMCRU

Christian 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49

Andhra Pradesh 55.78 22.92 13.13 8.44 7.71 8.43 8.78 16.74 15.96

Karnataka 52.75 30.52 14.83 8.68 6.60 6.71 5.23 14.08 13.03

Kerala 72.79 35.32 13.44 5.97 4.74 4.53 3.89 11.86 10.87

Tamil Nadu 49.02 21.97 10.63 7.23 6.03 5.97 5.60 10.89 10.19

Bihar 65.81 37.23 18.20 12.85 9.57 8.74 8.02 18.65 17.30

Madhya Pradesh 49.61 26.63 11.77 6.25 5.05 4.77 4.96 12.18 11.34

Rajasthan 55.83 40.06 18.88 10.05 7.58 8.91 8.07 18.40 17.38

Uttar Pradesh 48.82 36.19 18.68 14.50 12.21 15.54 12.51 22.04 20.97

Gujarat 64.76 31.74 17.28 8.48 7.89 4.67 8.62 14.99 14.25

Maharashtra 37.31 22.51 11.97 6.88 5.11 3.34 3.15 10.01 9.19

Haryana 70.00 34.62 14.32 2.26 10.00 3.00 15.08 15.75 15.69Punjab 62.57 29.47 12.43 6.13 5.58 4.96 6.47 15.30 14.35


Orissa 59.41 30.48 15.14 11.15 10.22 11.31 10.32 17.97 17.08

West Bengal 62.23 26.72 14.64 12.05 9.64 7.25 8.29 17.09 16.14

India 56.05 29.22 14.61 9.29 7.77 7.81 7.41 14.68 13.81

Other Religions

Andhra Pradesh 55.31 28.21 8.66 12.51 6.24 15.75 2.73 17.20 15.87

Karnataka 63.51 28.98 10.88 7.78 6.26 6.18 5.65 15.45 14.44

Kerala 81.48 28.57 18.78 11.97 15.20 6.69 4.42 16.80 15.56Tamil Nadu 60.43 27.65 14.31 8.03 7.35 7.63 3.39 15.52 14.26

Bihar 62.09 31.36 16.09 12.91 10.62 10.68 9.89 19.75 18.59

Madhya Pradesh 64.63 33.61 12.57 8.44 5.39 7.70 6.50 17.29 16.15

Rajasthan 68.19 31.34 9.15 5.28 3.98 3.77 3.55 14.15 13.02

Uttar Pradesh 53.04 32.97 16.13 10.79 9.41 7.83 8.32 19.18 18.12

Gujarat 66.65 42.55 16.52 8.91 5.73 5.98 4.69 16.05 14.62

Maharashtra 39.67 17.20 6.61 4.49 3.43 3.47 3.52 9.36 8.69

Haryana 69.61 33.48 10.24 4.56 4.25 3.22 3.12 13.74 12.73

Punjab 65.37 31.73 10.71 5.34 4.09 3.98 3.69 13.47 12.36


Orissa 61.78 26.80 16.44 10.92 12.81 13.38 10.72 19.86 18.88

West Bengal 62.42 29.13 14.79 12.10 9.34 10.53 11.11 19.46 18.52

India 56.78 28.27 10.89 6.64 5.30 5.35 5.03 13.89 12.90



203

Appendix – 3A Contd…

Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted and the General MaritalChildlessness Rates by Religion, COMBINED Areas, India and States, 2001

ASMCRU GMCRU

Hindu 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 61.90 28.89 14.22 9.99 8.44 9.05 9.29 18.25 17.27

Karnataka 64.99 30.75 14.40 8.87 6.72 7.01 6.69 16.18 15.06

Kerala 75.88 37.37 16.60 8.80 6.55 6.06 5.95 14.88 13.57

Tamil Nadu 70.05 36.14 18.46 12.91 10.92 11.27 11.07 19.68 18.56

Bihar 73.68 36.01 14.56 7.87 5.87 5.45 5.53 20.19 18.65

Madhya Pradesh 73.13 28.12 9.56 5.14 4.15 4.06 4.14 16.13 14.96

Rajasthan 74.91 29.38 9.35 4.73 3.57 3.41 3.40 17.66 16.26

Uttar Pradesh 76.80 35.90 14.77 8.39 6.52 6.00 5.91 19.74 18.28

Gujarat 76.99 36.81 12.93 6.74 5.15 4.81 4.88 16.6815.39

Maharashtra 71.18 29.94 11.41 6.40 5.18 5.43 5.37 14.27 13.28

Haryana 68.40 25.36 7.41 3.41 2.49 2.33 2.37 12.62 11.63

Punjab 74.64 37.33 14.11 6.94 5.24 4.66 4.48 14.93 13.74


Orissa 66.67 32.14 13.60 7.54 5.89 5.74 5.81 14.59 13.57

West Bengal 59.62 23.34 11.17 7.15 6.04 6.09 5.72 13.90 13.00

India 70.81 31.78 13.24 7.73 6.23 6.12 6.17 16.98 15.79

Muslim

Andhra Pradesh 67.35 34.55 18.23 13.30 11.16 11.43 11.36 22.01 20.91

Karnataka 65.58 29.56 13.17 8.24 6.41 6.59 6.35 16.43 15.36

Kerala 66.94 27.06 11.06 7.17 5.95 5.82 5.39 16.55 15.36

Tamil Nadu 69.97 36.32 18.28 12.98 10.67 10.69 10.38 21.18 19.97

Bihar 72.68 36.46 15.23 8.60 6.32 5.97 5.98 19.05 17.66

Madhya Pradesh 68.27 28.36 10.80 6.16 4.99 4.79 4.45 15.20 14.16

Rajasthan 71.53 28.40 9.70 5.27 4.08 3.79 3.75 18.33 17.02

Uttar Pradesh 72.51 34.88 15.46 9.31 7.11 6.57 6.27 18.56 17.25

Gujarat 74.13 34.94 13.96 8.42 6.68 6.45 6.47 16.88 15.76

Maharashtra 68.56 29.30 11.68 7.10 5.65 5.89 5.65 15.37 14.45

Haryana 65.41 20.51 5.54 3.10 2.36 2.46 2.49 14.07 13.18

Punjab 71.36 30.31 11.25 6.34 4.92 4.58 4.72 14.89 13.95


Orissa 63.45 28.48 11.77 6.75 5.15 5.58 5.24 13.76 12.86

West Bengal 55.63 19.15 7.94 5.47 4.75 5.20 5.08 13.49 12.73

India 66.77 30.00 13.05 8.18 6.53 6.40 6.20 17.19 16.07




204

ASMCRU GMCRU

Christian 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49

Andhra Pradesh 63.41 32.86 18.92 13.24 10.64 10.94 10.97 20.58 19.48

Karnataka 73.56 42.70 23.19 12.34 8.80 7.82 7.64 18.93 17.40

Kerala 85.23 45.10 19.25 7.67 5.18 4.47 4.17 13.74 12.23

Tamil Nadu 78.93 43.56 22.60 13.51 10.84 10.34 9.85 20.32 18.85

Bihar 73.72 36.69 20.90 11.17 8.01 7.19 7.73 17.69 16.47

Madhya Pradesh 67.12 35.75 18.80 9.37 5.99 5.99 4.81 15.47 14.12

Rajasthan 64.48 32.87 18.75 7.22 6.22 5.32 5.61 14.89 13.65

Uttar Pradesh 75.02 40.12 22.38 13.52 10.75 9.34 9.48 20.60 19.18

Gujarat 70.39 33.21 16.93 8.73 6.08 5.57 5.14 14.53 13.33

Maharashtra 74.70 42.17 24.52 11.99 8.12 7.01 6.65 17.40 15.83

Haryana 76.27 41.80 19.10 9.02 4.27 3.96 4.87 15.23 14.03

Punjab 73.88 35.01 13.11 6.58 5.29 4.80 4.24 15.53 14.35


Orissa 65.80 30.91 13.44 8.04 6.84 6.97 7.27 14.84 13.98

West Bengal 62.19 28.51 14.94 9.68 7.54 7.17 7.63 15.94 15.01

India 71.63 38.86 19.73 10.77 8.13 7.45 7.16 17.27 15.89

Other Religions

Andhra Pradesh 70.51 42.24 24.52 18.25 15.50 15.64 16.34 26.80 25.71

Karnataka 68.24 33.89 14.87 9.13 6.84 7.50 7.54 17.08 15.94

Kerala 75.49 39.54 22.37 14.58 10.81 11.47 10.79 20.59 19.21

Tamil Nadu 81.83 55.02 31.73 22.59 19.66 18.03 19.12 31.40 29.95Bihar 73.77 38.71 17.59 10.21 8.08 8.61 8.05 20.85 19.45

Madhya Pradesh 73.10 33.68 12.92 6.47 5.08 4.80 4.94 13.70 12.64

Rajasthan 71.49 28.44 9.85 5.30 4.12 3.83 3.80 18.27 16.97

Uttar Pradesh 76.70 38.29 17.14 9.86 7.82 7.15 6.75 18.52 17.12

Gujarat 77.61 49.82 20.55 10.04 7.47 6.38 6.56 17.45 15.87

Maharashtra 72.10 32.35 12.90 6.91 5.17 5.08 4.99 14.50 13.39

Haryana 70.44 30.62 9.40 4.25 2.97 2.45 2.38 11.72 10.69

Punjab 75.52 35.36 12.65 6.30 4.74 4.15 3.96 14.02 12.79

Himachal Pradesh 75.87 36.36 13.54 6.88 4.68 4.76 4.29 13.5312.30

Orissa 66.05 30.62 14.53 10.19 8.74 9.32 9.86 17.36 16.49

West Bengal 64.07 30.15 15.54 10.88 9.28 9.51 8.87 18.47 17.35

India 71.74 34.35 13.75 7.43 5.73 5.35 5.29 15.13 13.95



205

Appendix – 3B


Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) by Religion, RURAL Areas, India and States, 1981


Andhra Pradesh 58.80 25.47 11.79 8.62 7.09 8.06 8.08 19.05 17.89

Karnataka 10.52 4.28 1.72 1.21 0.94 1.03 1.03 2.88 2.69

Kerala 52.02 20.15 7.32 4.18 3.02 2.99 2.88 9.84 8.92

Tamil Nadu 62.14 28.92 11.64 7.55 5.89 6.61 6.72 15.74 14.59

Bihar 61.07 27.59 11.29 5.79 3.92 3.54 3.19 18.57 17.09

Madhya Pradesh 70.60 25.75 9.79 6.12 5.20 5.53 5.64 20.90 19.35

Rajasthan 80.23 32.58 10.89 5.89 4.38 4.39 4.09 24.23 22.27

Uttar Pradesh 37.12 15.35 5.76 3.37 2.69 2.68 2.63 10.94 10.05

Gujarat 81.83 37.15 11.68 5.91 4.57 4.52 4.56 20.75 19.05

Maharashtra 35.39 14.63 5.47 3.34 2.72 2.82 2.78 9.33 8.59

Haryana 73.03 26.86 7.59 3.37 2.67 2.39 2.19 20.73 18.86

Punjab 58.41 26.88 8.30 4.25 2.86 2.80 2.71 12.84 11.65


Orissa 58.75 24.11 9.70 6.31 5.24 5.69 5.69 14.98 13.93

West Bengal 37.95 12.21 4.52 2.60 2.06 2.25 2.43 9.24 8.55

India 53.43 21.99 8.35 5.00 3.95 4.12 4.09 14.92 13.76

Muslim

Andhra Pradesh 54.72 23.03 10.30 7.97 6.15 7.41 7.26 17.15 16.17

Karnataka 11.07 4.41 1.68 0.99 0.87 0.87 1.42 2.97 2.83

Kerala 50.28 15.34 5.36 3.84 2.83 3.04 2.71 12.72 11.74

Tamil Nadu 59.94 24.76 9.16 6.54 4.69 6.00 5.44 14.83 13.72

Bihar 59.99 28.06 12.48 6.43 4.15 3.53 3.19 18.23 16.84

Madhya Pradesh 64.50 23.43 7.98 4.95 3.93 5.01 5.02 18.33 17.06

Rajasthan 76.18 29.54 9.94 5.42 3.54 3.90 3.38 23.22 21.41

Uttar Pradesh 34.16 14.28 5.89 3.54 2.64 2.72 2.59 9.94 9.19

Gujarat 73.78 35.16 11.09 6.52 5.36 5.32 5.38 17.71 16.37


Punjab 57.13 26.21 11.84 5.41 6.43 4.86 4.34 15.49 14.25


Orissa 50.42 17.04 7.42 4.87 3.54 5.33 4.17 13.06 12.17

West Bengal 36.73 12.20 4.41 2.62 1.86 1.81 1.95 10.05 9.33

India 46.06 18.99 7.66 4.50 3.19 3.23 3.09 13.26 12.28



206

Appendix – 3B Contd…1981 RURAL

ASMCRU GMCRU

Christian 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49

Andhra Pradesh 50.71 21.65 10.60 7.73 5.70 7.79 7.14 16.54 15.55

Karnataka 13.69 6.73 2.69 1.07 0.62 0.87 0.90 3.08 2.79

Kerala 52.38 22.25 6.37 2.48 1.77 1.65 1.58 7.79 6.90

Tamil Nadu 64.23 28.67 10.86 5.74 3.92 4.09 4.10 12.22 11.11

Bihar 55.34 27.04 10.72 6.10 3.38 3.02 2.47 11.73 10.47

Madhya Pradesh 65.87 26.78 11.20 4.54 3.82 4.57 4.19 14.18 12.95

Rajasthan 64.29 20.18 8.60 8.99 4.16 0.00 0.00 13.65 12.25

Uttar Pradesh 30.59 13.13 5.66 2.59 3.07 2.00 4.55 8.14 7.73

Gujarat 71.39 30.60 11.80 5.47 2.40 3.58 4.81 13.65 12.61

Maharashtra 21.68 12.90 3.46 2.97 1.76 1.23 1.14 5.19 4.71

Haryana 45.65 10.20 0.00 6.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.59 6.36Punjab 56.58 24.14 7.64 4.15 3.53 2.95 0.59 11.81 10.44


Orissa 56.11 23.64 9.13 6.42 5.21 5.51 5.14 13.23 12.31

West Bengal 44.18 16.81 6.18 4.73 3.63 1.97 2.46 10.45 9.57

India 46.41 21.16 7.78 4.28 3.04 3.27 2.98 9.76 8.96

Other Religions

Andhra Pradesh 52.37 25.55 11.55 11.43 11.18 10.04 10.92 19.33 18.39

Karnataka 12.84 4.39 2.37 1.70 1.10 0.96 1.32 3.38 3.16


Bihar 51.13 24.66 12.09 7.79 6.39 5.57 5.41 14.46 13.34

Madhya Pradesh 68.01 27.94 9.43 7.39 6.79 8.91 8.23 18.88 17.69

Rajasthan 69.24 26.79 8.90 4.30 3.71 3.39 3.65 15.73 14.32

Uttar Pradesh 30.53 14.77 5.52 2.70 1.72 2.06 1.86 7.40 6.75

Gujarat 81.21 37.37 13.90 3.90 4.93 5.91 6.40 15.29 13.89

Maharashtra 37.19 14.69 5.50 3.34 2.61 2.79 2.29 9.30 8.46

Haryana 65.05 28.64 8.54 3.88 2.65 2.69 1.73 14.09 12.59

Punjab 60.06 28.15 9.57 4.55 3.22 3.27 3.02 12.60 11.42


Orissa 54.94 27.44 14.21 12.12 11.32 10.74 11.85 19.55 18.75

West Bengal 37.65 15.74 7.93 5.53 4.50 4.49 3.99 11.16 10.35

India 49.12 23.61 8.57 4.60 3.52 3.54 3.29 11.98 10.93



207

Appendix – 3B Contd…


Childlessness Rates by Religion, RURAL Areas, India and States, 1991


Andhra Pradesh 61.59 26.09 12.22 9.06 7.57 8.47 8.30 19.06 17.96

Karnataka 55.64 24.21 10.33 7.34 6.26 6.69 6.08 14.82 13.92

Kerala 67.70 28.45 11.80 8.21 6.84 6.87 6.36 13.64 12.76

Tamil Nadu 55.71 26.56 13.02 10.15 8.68 9.48 9.53 15.99 15.14

Bihar 73.83 37.32 18.64 12.58 10.93 10.75 10.45 26.03 24.55

Madhya Pradesh 70.83 26.98 11.42 7.73 6.87 7.50 7.67 20.66 19.38

Rajasthan 72.48 31.09 10.78 5.79 4.49 4.49 4.34 21.41 19.75

Uttar Pradesh 75.99 35.66 17.50 12.54 10.97 10.91 10.97 25.92 24.37

Gujarat 77.39 36.64 12.62 7.33 5.90 5.75 5.63 19.45 17.99

Maharashtra 42.49 17.53 6.39 4.33 3.78 3.84 3.76 10.18 9.45

Haryana 72.33 26.20 7.45 3.86 3.14 3.01 2.93 16.74 15.56

Punjab 65.33 30.13 10.04 4.87 3.78 3.66 3.28 13.46 12.32


Orissa 67.28 33.25 14.93 10.77 9.12 9.62 9.07 19.54 18.35

West Bengal 58.60 22.08 9.97 7.29 6.29 6.10 5.77 15.42 14.47

India 67.84 29.50 12.95 9.04 7.74 7.98 7.82 19.72 18.48

Muslim

Andhra Pradesh 56.78 23.38 11.24 8.54 6.22 7.66 6.45 17.19 16.14

Karnataka 52.63 21.00 9.24 7.29 6.15 5.72 5.89 14.02 13.21

Kerala 63.73 22.84 10.05 8.32 6.85 7.54 5.87 17.08 16.00

Tamil Nadu 52.55 24.76 12.97 9.35 7.88 8.66 8.04 16.39 15.40

Bihar 69.79 36.01 18.46 12.96 10.30 10.63 10.71 24.14 22.93

Madhya Pradesh 63.60 25.44 11.14 7.10 6.68 5.98 5.92 18.24 17.16

Rajasthan 66.02 29.49 10.70 6.26 4.52 4.44 3.60 20.88 19.37

Uttar Pradesh 71.63 34.52 18.25 13.08 11.44 11.32 11.57 24.57 23.27

Gujarat 70.27 35.55 13.00 7.71 6.58 7.17 6.24 17.29 16.11


Punjab 65.94 28.46 10.68 5.12 4.80 2.99 5.32 14.86 13.90


Orissa 58.50 23.97 10.81 6.79 5.34 7.90 5.75 15.37 14.34

West Bengal 55.97 20.59 9.38 7.42 6.09 6.47 5.89 16.02 15.18

India 63.26 27.13 12.77 9.61 7.97 8.22 7.91 19.35 18.30



208


ASMCRU GMCRU

Christian 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49

Andhra Pradesh 54.81 21.06 11.39 8.06 6.92 7.62 8.79 16.52 15.74

Karnataka 56.68 30.19 11.42 6.49 5.77 5.85 3.45 12.63 11.45

Kerala 71.64 34.56 12.83 5.81 4.49 4.40 3.76 11.58 10.61

Tamil Nadu 52.67 22.16 10.18 7.11 6.31 6.03 5.86 11.05 10.33

Bihar 66.18 37.36 17.68 12.99 9.71 8.18 7.99 18.85 17.46

Madhya Pradesh 46.03 21.33 7.38 5.28 4.23 4.77 5.13 10.28 9.71

Rajasthan 41.72 32.08 12.86 10.91 11.58 11.14 0.00 17.44 16.18

Uttar Pradesh 51.11 35.37 14.03 11.65 13.41 17.60 11.02 23.70 22.46

Gujarat 60.92 28.25 14.56 8.73 8.01 6.56 8.18 15.05 14.25

Maharashtra 29.20 19.67 10.54 6.17 5.41 1.81 2.54 9.38 8.52

Haryana 73.91 33.33 9.47 0.00 14.29 0.00 14.38 18.36 17.82Punjab 62.18 28.89 11.01 6.62 5.33 5.47 6.86 14.98 14.09


Orissa 61.37 30.18 14.86 11.03 9.57 10.96 10.15 18.02 17.09

West Bengal 62.65 25.98 13.45 11.84 7.96 7.57 8.74 16.95 16.09

India 57.08 29.27 14.26 9.58 8.08 8.34 7.95 15.06 14.19

Other Religions

Andhra Pradesh 61.79 28.64 11.64 6.79 3.90 15.87 0.00 21.29 19.18

Karnataka 63.89 25.78 10.64 8.21 6.63 7.40 5.98 15.95 14.81


Bihar 62.51 30.81 16.27 13.35 10.70 10.99 9.68 19.97 18.74

Madhya Pradesh 65.21 30.37 12.11 8.79 6.56 9.27 7.74 18.65 17.46

Rajasthan 66.87 30.16 9.53 4.81 3.29 3.36 3.58 14.47 13.31

Uttar Pradesh 56.10 33.58 16.06 10.74 10.60 8.70 9.06 20.98 19.79

Gujarat 72.69 45.15 16.40 11.64 4.98 5.40 4.31 18.56 16.60

Maharashtra 40.45 16.97 6.08 4.52 3.52 3.67 3.67 9.62 8.88

Haryana 69.78 33.78 10.26 4.51 4.44 3.03 2.68 14.42 13.35

Punjab 65.52 31.79 10.39 5.07 3.86 3.75 3.54 13.47 12.32


Orissa 61.14 26.49 16.50 11.24 13.31 13.74 10.70 20.08 19.07

West Bengal 62.89 28.80 14.67 13.28 10.08 11.64 12.50 20.56 19.67

India 58.56 28.71 10.98 6.82 5.57 5.64 5.32 14.56 13.50



209

Appendix – 3B Contd…


Childlessness Rates by Religion, RURAL Areas, India and States, 2001


Andhra Pradesh 60.74 26.82 12.45 8.79 7.46 8.16 8.42 17.21 16.24

Karnataka 63.51 28.60 12.69 8.09 6.25 6.66 6.32 15.32 14.25

Kerala 74.79 36.17 15.68 8.36 6.25 5.86 5.73 14.57 13.28

Tamil Nadu 68.52 33.89 16.46 11.63 9.99 10.55 10.51 18.58 17.49

Bihar 73.92 36.03 14.36 7.78 5.85 5.46 5.57 20.46 18.92

Madhya Pradesh 73.34 27.06 8.50 4.73 3.96 3.92 4.04 16.43 15.25

Rajasthan 75.60 28.64 8.59 4.48 3.41 3.31 3.32 18.33 16.87

Uttar Pradesh 77.04 35.25 13.89 7.82 6.01 5.54 5.50 19.87 18.38

Gujarat 76.76 35.19 11.45 6.00 4.61 4.27 4.36 16.43 15.11

Maharashtra 70.85 28.05 9.50 5.81 5.04 5.47 5.54 13.90 12.98

Haryana 67.97 23.38 6.15 2.94 2.21 2.10 2.16 12.66 11.69

Punjab 73.70 35.64 12.07 5.53 4.10 3.51 3.37 13.85 12.68


Orissa 66.74 31.86 13.29 7.45 5.87 5.73 5.81 14.62 13.59

West Bengal 58.87 20.46 8.34 5.27 4.58 4.81 4.64 12.59 11.77

India 70.81 30.58 11.99 7.07 5.76 5.73 5.83 16.92 15.72

Muslim

Andhra Pradesh 62.77 27.75 12.57 8.64 7.21 7.82 8.02 17.42 16.42

Karnataka 64.24 27.42 11.37 7.25 5.73 5.91 5.67 15.22 14.18

Kerala 66.36 26.17 10.77 7.06 5.96 5.88 5.46 16.55 15.37

Tamil Nadu 69.59 35.13 16.80 12.21 10.06 9.58 9.62 20.58 19.31

Bihar 73.05 36.43 14.84 8.25 6.11 5.84 5.88 19.05 17.66

Madhya Pradesh 69.62 26.33 8.78 4.73 4.01 3.87 3.87 15.18 14.14

Rajasthan 71.76 26.86 8.41 4.36 3.33 3.05 3.01 18.43 17.07

Uttar Pradesh 72.54 33.88 14.10 8.30 6.29 5.83 5.61 18.44 17.13

Gujarat 75.08 34.49 12.33 6.91 5.52 5.31 5.33 15.79 14.65


Punjab 73.22 30.61 9.45 5.48 4.03 3.96 3.97 14.72 13.72


Orissa 63.46 27.47 10.44 5.94 4.57 5.22 4.69 13.02 12.14

West Bengal 55.22 17.92 6.98 4.72 4.16 4.70 4.58 12.95 12.21

India 66.03 28.39 11.66 7.19 5.75 5.72 5.55 16.67 15.57



210


ASMCRU GMCRU

Christian 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49

Andhra Pradesh 60.09 26.69 13.61 9.48 7.87 8.42 8.90 17.21 16.27

Karnataka 69.34 36.65 18.22 9.15 6.32 5.81 5.50 14.97 13.65

Kerala 84.77 44.15 18.69 7.21 4.93 4.19 3.91 13.31 11.84

Tamil Nadu 78.12 40.38 19.83 11.82 9.52 9.39 9.23 18.76 17.39

Bihar 72.03 34.53 16.60 8.26 7.93 6.38 7.62 17.48 16.37

Madhya Pradesh 66.21 24.70 11.61 7.17 4.05 5.36 4.57 14.13 13.11

Rajasthan 60.06 22.08 9.18 5.27 4.52 4.34 5.39 12.21 11.54

Uttar Pradesh 73.82 34.89 16.84 9.80 8.35 6.87 7.85 19.33 18.08

Gujarat 66.57 24.98 10.08 5.90 4.96 4.56 4.58 11.73 10.89

Maharashtra 72.53 34.30 16.80 8.37 6.26 5.84 5.93 14.96 13.79

Haryana 78.33 35.15 15.19 8.62 5.39 3.66 7.64 16.08 15.33Punjab 74.08 34.75 11.78 5.88 4.36 3.90 3.86 15.05 13.93


Orissa 65.60 30.19 12.67 7.73 6.76 6.85 7.37 14.63 13.82

West Bengal 60.72 26.35 12.45 7.96 6.41 6.20 6.61 14.77 13.90

India 69.89 36.48 17.66 9.66 7.47 6.91 6.70 16.27 14.97

Other Religions

Andhra Pradesh 65.11 32.16 18.14 14.03 10.63 12.46 12.99 22.07 21.11

Karnataka 66.13 29.60 13.10 8.62 6.28 7.37 7.31 16.06 15.00


Bihar 73.25 37.75 16.78 10.19 8.03 8.50 8.67 21.56 5.42

Madhya Pradesh 72.72 29.44 10.56 6.25 5.56 5.34 5.75 14.23 13.28

Rajasthan 69.62 29.42 8.96 4.37 3.11 2.84 2.71 12.68 11.58

Uttar Pradesh 76.06 34.78 14.19 8.42 6.85 6.20 5.91 18.05 16.73

Gujarat 71.16 38.03 15.40 8.71 7.15 5.67 5.80 16.08 14.68

Maharashtra 72.72 29.75 10.42 5.96 4.89 5.02 5.08 13.90 12.89

Haryana 69.32 28.69 8.16 3.97 2.67 2.31 2.13 11.42 10.45

Punjab 74.81 34.31 11.72 5.89 4.44 3.88 3.68 13.64 12.45Himachal Pradesh 75.95 34.59 12.62 6.61 4.55 4.56 4.21 13.07 11.89

Orissa 65.66 29.71 14.09 10.22 8.86 9.68 10.08 17.33 16.49

West Bengal 63.64 28.37 14.23 9.98 8.61 8.95 8.48 17.91 16.84

India 70.95 32.31 12.30 6.98 5.54 5.28 5.24 14.86 13.74



211

Appendix – 3C


Childlessness Rates (GMCRU) by Religion, URBAN Areas, India and States, 1981


Andhra Pradesh 55.37 25.04 12.14 8.87 7.16 8.45 8.50 18.38 17.47

Karnataka 10.03 4.59 2.04 1.31 0.99 1.28 1.19 2.86 2.69

Kerala 49.45 22.63 8.99 4.40 3.45 3.50 3.37 9.80 8.93

Tamil Nadu 62.27 28.88 12.66 7.80 6.12 6.50 6.45 16.11 15.02

Bihar 61.23 27.44 11.20 6.71 5.20 5.30 5.27 17.19 16.13

Madhya Pradesh 65.78 26.22 10.19 6.46 5.33 5.98 6.07 18.02 16.92

Rajasthan 73.01 29.31 10.21 6.00 4.55 4.82 4.89 20.52 19.05

Uttar Pradesh 29.14 13.75 5.70 3.51 2.95 3.16 3.27 8.51 7.98

Gujarat 75.20 33.71 12.63 7.04 5.58 5.97 6.35 18.62 17.43

Maharashtra 28.23 11.61 4.52 2.70 2.2 2.47 2.36 6.58 6.14

Haryana 66.47 29.45 8.92 4.32 2.90 3.15 2.98 16.01 14.71

Punjab 59.17 28.66 10.23 5.36 3.79 3.46 3.24 13.67 12.54


Orissa 50.57 21.19 8.59 6.14 5.09 6.26 6.15 13.04 12.43

West Bengal 25.64 11.13 5.25 2.88 2.48 2.35 2.42 6.37 5.94

India 48.03 20.89 8.28 4.94 3.98 4.30 4.29 12.40 11.58

Muslim

Andhra Pradesh 52.96 25.98 12.36 8.93 6.67 2.11 7.89 17.09 16.24

Karnataka 8.61 3.34 1.39 1.01 0.71 0.92 0.83 2.35 2.21

Kerala 44.13 13.67 5.25 3.19 3.07 3.72 3.18 10.95 10.18

Tamil Nadu 57.06 24.28 10.55 6.92 4.95 5.79 5.55 15.46 14.42

Bihar 54.00 26.70 11.98 7.08 5.45 5.82 4.97 16.71 15.67

Madhya Pradesh 57.83 23.95 10.33 6.89 5.28 5.40 5.74 16.81 15.76

Rajasthan 69.62 28.16 10.16 5.42 5.14 5.50 4.82 22.61 21.11

Uttar Pradesh 25.00 11.70 5.54 3.78 3.18 3.15 3.00 7.77 7.30

Gujarat 67.91 31.79 13.24 8.74 7.14 7.66 7.20 18.12 17.00


Punjab 47.83 21.13 7.86 3.16 3.71 5.86 1.73 11.67 10.74


Orissa 46.95 16.13 6.34 4.61 4.05 5.45 4.68 11.59 11.01

West Bengal 22.05 9.21 4.53 3.05 2.41 2.74 2.77 6.54 6.20

India 39.72 17.15 7.36 4.81 3.82 3.88 4.03 11.22 10.55



212

Appendix – 3C Contd…1981 URBAN

ASMCRU GMCRU

Christian 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49

Andhra Pradesh 49.87 25.82 14.82 8.92 6.45 7.56 8.56 17.23 16.39

Karnataka 7.60 3.89 2.04 1.22 0.82 0.76 1.23 2.06 1.96

Kerala 49.62 24.06 11.91 3.80 2.46 2.55 2.76 9.47 8.56

Tamil Nadu 60.72 29.74 13.05 7.04 4.85 4.74 5.20 13.57 12..55

Bihar 62.45 28.84 14.29 6.70 4.84 3.16 6.04 12.34 11.63

Madhya Pradesh 53.39 30.50 11.75 4.11 3.95 4.91 6.05 12.08 11.50

Rajasthan 90.38 41.45 21.15 9.10 4.73 7.13 5.32 18.40 17.28

Uttar Pradesh 24.52 13.31 9.51 6.7 4.00 4.85 3.80 8.54 8.01

Gujarat 81.43 37.71 14.64 7.91 7.68 7.23 5.75 16.07 14.97

Maharashtra 18.10 10.77 5.41 2.09 1.90 1.62 1.88 4.45 4.12

Haryana 58.00 25.09 9.79 2.78 9.04 3.70 10.00 13.41 13.14Punjab 54.48 18.93 9.95 3.75 3.73 2.58 0.79 11.00 9.92


Orissa 50.31 22.36 12.00 3.90 4.53 6.06 3.59 12.49 11.74

West Bengal 23.70 16.02 5.95 4.31 4.42 3.24 3.51 7.17 6.73

India 41.70 21.18 9.66 4.79 3.58 3.63 3.86 9.87 9.16

Other Religions

Andhra Pradesh 57.85 32.23 15.23 5.40 7.70 303.48 2.80 55.42 51.04

Karnataka 11.60 5.11 2.13 1.01 0.69 1.10 1.32 2.80 2.65

Kerala -4.00 33.13 -483.76 12.61 3.31 0.61 6.02 -92.60 -77.71Tamil Nadu 63.75 29.99 8.52 5.61 4.73 6.26 3.23 14.04 12.95

Bihar 58.91 28.07 12.43 6.98 5.41 8.03 5.11 15.33 14.29

Madhya Pradesh 66.18 30.52 7.86 4.72 3.05 4.79 5.26 13.92 12.96

Rajasthan 71.03 31.79 8.86 5.22 4.05 3.18 4.59 15.52 14.30

Uttar Pradesh 32.23 16.51 6.25 3.56 2.59 2.67 1.98 7.66 6.98

Gujarat 70.54 42.65 17.23 7.56 5.46 5.92 7.21 16.37 15.18

Maharashtra 26.66 10.53 4.04 2.31 1.99 2.30 2.03 6.22 5.78

Haryana 66.84 29.39 10.33 4.28 2.88 2.08 1.86 12.44 11.18

Punjab 61.10 28.58 10.14 5.09 3.85 3.84 3.58 12.92 11.84


Orissa 58.58 36.19 8.79 7.01 4.20 6.85 6.50 14.92 14.01

West Bengal 36.13 16.06 6.38 3.45 1.91 2.05 3.44 7.13 6.69

India 42.01 21.89 7.69 3.89 2.89 4.63 3.08 10.66 9.77



213

Appendix – 3C Contd…


Childlessness Rates by Religion, URBAN Areas, India and States, 1991


Andhra Pradesh 60.73 26.73 12.30 8.97 7.33 8.09 8.23 17.54 16.70

Karnataka 57.75 28.08 14.25 9.57 7.91 8.19 7.58 16.53 15.67

Kerala 67.47 31.61 13.73 8.04 6.36 6.30 6.52 13.47 12.60

Tamil Nadu 47.72 23.10 12.14 9.41 7.85 8.00 7.82 13.78 13.10

Bihar 70.64 35.39 17.73 12.51 10.49 11.12 10.98 22.18 21.08

Madhya Pradesh 69.59 30.30 13.46 9.16 7.49 8.13 8.00 19.15 18.11

Rajasthan 69.25 29.43 10.92 6.17 4.79 4.72 5.17 17.38 16.27

Uttar Pradesh 71.38 35.77 19.01 14.26 13.05 12.98 13.32 22.93 21.97

Gujarat 74.67 35.01 13.07 7.89 6.27 6.42 6.56 17.13 16.17

Maharashtra 41.28 19.00 7.62 4.66 3.72 3.90 3.69 9.59 9.02

Haryana 68.83 28.85 9.82 4.74 3.84 3.50 3.50 13.52 12.68

Punjab 64.55 31.20 10.89 6.11 5.30 4.85 5.01 13.61 12.76


Orissa 61.71 30.41 14.63 11.34 9.25 10.15 10.40 17.28 16.58

West Bengal 56.97 28.18 15.36 10.63 8.54 8.17 8.24 16.20 15.34

India 62.05 28.48 13.06 8.89 7.41 7.59 7.59 16.29 15.43

Muslim

Andhra Pradesh 56.32 25.43 12.75 10.08 8.30 9.23 9.10 17.41 16.66

Karnataka 54.13 23.37 10.92 7.80 5.92 6.97 6.45 14.83 14.06

Kerala 58.88 20.99 8.60 6.92 5.92 5.90 5.02 14.44 13.51

Tamil Nadu 46.04 22.04 11.61 9.55 7.62 7.91 8.42 14.62 13.98

Bihar 63.97 34.00 20.16 15.23 12.13 12.65 13.62 22.96 22.09

Madhya Pradesh 65.33 27.27 13.68 10.19 8.70 9.10 8.76 18.79 17.88

Rajasthan 68.10 28.09 10.80 7.19 5.24 6.31 5.50 20.88 19.64

Uttar Pradesh 66.31 33.88 19.10 15.22 13.69 13.96 13.30 22.80 21.84

Gujarat 67.04 31.22 12.60 8.72 7.87 7.97 7.24 17.15 16.19


Punjab 52.66 20.32 7.25 6.03 3.52 4.35 4.01 10.70 10.11


Orissa 49.70 22.50 10.04 8.24 8.01 7.59 8.38 13.83 13.33

West Bengal 52.72 23.20 13.27 10.32 9.23 9.42 9.25 16.54 15.85

India 57.17 25.67 12.85 10.01 8.53 8.95 8.55 17.16 16.35



214


ASMCRU GMCRU

Christian 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49

Andhra Pradesh 58.38 26.51 15.64 8.92 8.87 9.75 8.76 17.10 16.31

Karnataka 50.06 30.70 16.85 9.86 7.10 7.22 6.42 14.93 13.97

Kerala 76.73 37.96 15.43 6.44 5.53 4.93 4.31 12.73 11.67

Tamil Nadu 42.85 21.66 11.28 7.39 5.59 5.88 5.14 10.64 9.99

Bihar 62.39 36.39 20.70 12.19 8.92 11.59 8.23 17.59 16.45

Madhya Pradesh 61.00 36.25 19.08 7.78 6.28 4.78 4.71 15.24 13.93

Rajasthan 69.94 46.95 21.77 9.49 5.47 7.63 11.04 18.99 18.08

Uttar Pradesh 43.77 36.93 21.91 16.13 11.74 14.32 13.31 20.90 19.97

Gujarat 69.97 36.59 19.22 8.28 7.81 2.98 9.00 14.94 14.25

Maharashtra 38.60 23.18 12.22 7.00 5.07 3.59 3.26 10.12 9.31

Haryana 63.41 35.96 16.38 3.26 9.12 4.49 15.79 14.43 14.53Punjab 63.74 31.79 17.74 4.55 6.39 3.08 4.93 16.41 15.29


Orissa 45.45 32.66 16.52 11.69 13.15 13.06 11.31 17.70 17.00

West Bengal 59.80 30.06 18.72 12.65 14.00 6.33 7.07 17.55 16.28

India 53.21 29.12 15.35 8.72 7.14 6.74 6.19 13.87 12.99

Other Religions

Andhra Pradesh 42.12 27.99 7.52 14.95 7.15 15.70 4.18 15.27 14.29

Karnataka 62.26 33.76 11.26 7.20 5.69 4.26 4.96 14.68 13.83


Bihar 58.43 35.07 14.93 10.07 10.13 8.30 11.51 18.27 17.55

Madhya Pradesh 63.71 36.26 12.87 8.20 4.62 6.51 5.51 16.28 15.17

Rajasthan 72.12 33.45 8.56 6.02 4.98 4.37 3.51 13.62 12.55

Uttar Pradesh 44.35 31.98 16.22 10.87 7.94 6.64 7.19 16.59 15.70

Gujarat 63.11 41.64 16.55 8.14 5.93 6.16 4.82 15.33 14.04

Maharashtra 38.46 17.48 7.14 4.46 3.33 3.22 3.31 9.06 8.48

Haryana 68.35 32.32 10.18 4.70 3.71 3.72 4.28 11.59 10.79

Punjab 64.60 31.41 12.06 6.44 5.05 5.03 4.39 13.49 12.51


Orissa 80.30 30.93 15.62 6.87 6.57 8.04 10.94 16.78 16.13

West Bengal 57.18 31.35 15.35 7.69 6.55 6.37 5.15 14.27 13.18

India 51.09 27.22 10.69 6.26 4.75 4.69 4.31 12.40 11.55



215

Appendix – 3C Contd…


Childlessness Rates by Religion, URBAN Areas, India and States, 2001


Andhra Pradesh 67.30 35.89 19.53 13.65 11.37 11.85 12.17 21.56 20.56

Karnataka 69.63 35.85 18.10 10.62 7.79 7.82 7.56 18.18 16.94

Kerala 79.96 41.23 19.22 9.96 7.35 6.55 6.52 15.76 14.36

Tamil Nadu 72.85 39.50 21.17 14.55 12.23 12.26 11.91 21.23 20.05

Bihar 69.91 35.71 16.42 8.74 6.07 5.39 5.17 17.53 16.07

Madhya Pradesh 71.87 32.42 12.88 6.43 4.66 4.47 4.47 15.10 13.98

Rajasthan 72.93 32.59 11.58 5.41 3.89 3.62 3.62 15.43 14.20

Uttar Pradesh 74.49 39.99 19.00 11.04 8.56 7.87 7.71 19.14 17.80

Gujarat 77.66 40.13 15.49 8.09 6.05 5.78 5.83 17.12 15.89

Maharashtra 71.95 33.52 14.29 7.33 5.40 5.37 5.12 14.87 13.77

Haryana 70.24 30.99 10.25 4.46 3.06 2.80 2.80 12.51 11.49

Punjab 75.47 38.76 15.74 8.08 6.09 5.47 5.32 15.78 14.56


Orissa 66.18 34.08 15.37 8.05 5.95 5.78 5.84 14.41 13.42

West Bengal 62.46 32.01 17.90 11.06 8.78 8.34 7.63 16.87 15.68

India 70.83 35.77 16.59 9.48 7.41 7.12 7.06 17.17 15.99

Muslim

Andhra Pradesh 71.70 39.90 22.57 16.87 14.12 14.25 14.12 25.60 24.44

Karnataka 66.62 30.97 14.34 8.94 6.87 7.08 6.85 17.25 16.18

Kerala 69.23 29.64 11.85 7.46 5.90 5.66 5.20 16.54 15.31

Tamil Nadu 70.14 36.78 18.82 13.26 10.91 11.11 10.68 21.41 20.23

Bihar 68.79 36.67 18.26 11.27 7.83 6.99 6.68 19.05 17.66

Madhya Pradesh 67.07 29.67 11.95 6.98 5.51 5.30 4.76 15.21 14.17

Rajasthan 71.20 30.01 11.00 6.20 4.79 4.55 4.51 18.22 16.97

Uttar Pradesh 72.42 37.19 18.10 11.21 8.49 7.84 7.41 18.78 17.50

Gujarat 73.50 35.26 15.07 9.47 7.45 7.25 7.26 17.63 16.52


Punjab 67.94 29.83 13.76 7.53 6.15 5.50 5.85 15.13 14.29


Orissa 63.43 29.95 13.68 7.92 5.96 6.11 6.02 14.83 13.90

West Bengal 58.92 26.84 13.41 9.62 7.66 7.65 7.50 16.57 15.64

India 68.76 33.19 15.56 9.97 7.85 7.61 7.34 18.14 17.02



216


ASMCRU GMCRU

Christian 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49

Andhra Pradesh 69.83 41.80 25.22 17.55 13.88 13.95 13.54 24.81 23.51

Karnataka 75.34 45.31 25.38 13.80 9.96 8.80 8.67 20.73 19.12

Kerala 86.61 48.20 21.12 9.14 5.99 5.32 5.00 15.11 13.52

Tamil Nadu 79.60 46.23 24.62 14.68 11.82 11.03 10.33 21.48 19.94

Bihar 82.35 42.61 27.71 15.14 8.11 8.09 7.86 18.01 16.62

Madhya Pradesh 68.97 45.11 22.47 10.35 6.81 6.24 4.91 16.16 14.62

Rajasthan 74.00 47.36 25.51 8.80 7.24 5.81 5.71 16.91 15.15

Uttar Pradesh 77.15 46.30 26.63 16.17 12.11 10.70 10.38 21.55 19.97

Gujarat 83.50 52.51 27.28 12.53 7.49 6.75 5.78 18.63 16.79

Maharashtra 75.34 44.17 26.00 12.62 8.43 7.20 6.76 17.84 16.19

Haryana 74.14 46.65 21.17 9.21 3.80 4.05 3.99 14.82 13.43Punjab 73.35 35.76 16.51 8.33 7.36 6.74 5.05 16.71 15.37


Orissa 67.29 36.24 18.06 9.81 7.27 7.58 6.75 16.09 14.96

West Bengal 70.19 39.21 23.89 14.97 10.85 9.70 10.28 19.91 18.63

India 75.78 43.74 23.47 12.70 9.31 8.41 7.99 19.10 17.57

Other Religions

Andhra Pradesh 77.37 50.56 29.29 21.26 18.89 17.92 18.97 30.43 29.24

Karnataka 74.80 41.98 17.98 10.05 7.91 7.77 7.98 19.00 17.72


Bihar 77.96 42.84 20.00 10.24 8.21 8.88 6.57 18.60 17.04

Madhya Pradesh 74.53 41.54 15.77 6.73 4.59 4.27 4.11 13.04 11.87

Rajasthan 75.45 42.55 14.32 5.45 4.00 3.66 3.56 13.23 11.98

Uttar Pradesh 79.38 46.92 22.23 12.29 9.19 8.44 7.87 19.33 17.78

Gujarat 80.44 53.09 21.60 10.31 7.52 6.51 6.71 17.73 16.12

Maharashtra 71.37 35.00 15.02 7.73 5.42 5.13 4.92 15.04 13.83

Haryana 74.73 36.97 12.75 5.00 3.66 2.74 2.90 12.51 11.31

Punjab 78.44 39.76 16.16 7.83 5.74 5.03 4.86 15.40 14.01


Orissa 77.61 43.03 19.71 9.85 7.35 5.02 7.31 17.73 16.45

West Bengal 69.13 44.34 23.28 15.53 12.52 11.99 10.69 21.70 20.23

India 74.27 39.42 16.69 8.35 6.08 5.48 5.37 15.70 14.39



218

Appendix – 3D

Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted and the General Marital Childlessness

Rates by Education of the Woman, Combined Areas, India and States, 1981

ASMCRU GMCRUIlliterate 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49

Andhra Pradesh 58.80 26.33 12.47 9.14 7.37 8.36 8.30 58.80 26.33

Karnataka 10.15 4.12 1.73 1.23 0.95 1.09 1.11 10.15 4.12

Kerala 45.80 16.64 6.86 4.68 3.45 3.53 2.97 45.80 16.64

Tamil Nadu 61.57 29.00 12.07 8.06 6.18 6.85 6.79 61.57 29.00

Bihar 60.99 28.01 11.84 6.21 4.22 3.80 3.42 60.99 28.01

Madhya Pradesh 69.82 25.91 9.99 6.27 5.27 5.63 5.71 69.82 25.91

Rajasthan 78.94 31.78 10.73 5.79 4.33 4.37 4.09 78.94 31.78

Uttar Pradesh 35.62 14.67 5.71 3.39 2.70 2.71 2.65 35.62 14.67

Gujarat 78.14 35.26 12.00 6.51 5.07 5.08 3.22 78.14 35.26

Maharashtra 34.39 14.22 5.59 3.41 2.69 2.82 2.68 34.39 14.22

Haryana 71.15 26.01 7.66 3.63 2.71 2.51 2.29 71.15 26.01

Punjab 56.75 25.34 8.85 4.60 3.29 3.26 3.03 56.75 25.34


Orissa 58.22 24.96 10.75 6.99 5.74 6.07 5.92 58.22 24.96

West Bengal 35.78 12.18 4.87 2.87 2.23 2.32 2.44 35.78 12.18

India 52.17 21.76 8.59 5.18 4.03 4.19 4.08 52.17 21.76

Literate < Middle

Andhra Pradesh 51.68 19.38 8.39 5.99 5.16 6.19 6.45 51.68 19.38

Karnataka 11.15 4.47 1.73 1.12 0.83 0.97 0.87 11.15 4.47

Kerala 48.67 16.17 5.68 3.40 2.44 2.33 2.34 48.67 16.17

Tamil Nadu 61.44 27.14 10.29 6.08 4.56 4.97 4.97 61.44 27.14

Bihar 58.53 24.41 9.13 4.71 3.37 3.44 3.35 58.53 24.41

Madhya Pradesh 68.38 22.63 8.09 5.40 4.65 5.46 5.79 68.38 22.63

Rajasthan 75.15 27.79 8.41 5.46 4.49 4.95 5.39 75.15 27.79

Uttar Pradesh 36.07 14.46 5.18 3.22 2.74 2.93 3.24 36.07 14.46

Gujarat 82.25 35.31 10.36 5.42 4.47 4.70 5.22 82.25 35.31


Punjab 62.95 28.01 8.33 4.23 3.07 2.68 2.63 62.95 28.01


Orissa 56.27 21.17 6.28 4.25 3.01 4.02 4.64 56.27 21.17

West Bengal 34.77 9.60 3.08 1.90 1.66 1.74 1.92 34.77 9.60

India 49.30 18.99 6.46 3.88 3.08 3.34 3.45 49.30 18.99



219

Appendix – 3D Contd…..Combined 1981

ASMCRU GMCRU

Middle < Matric 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49

Andhra Pradesh 54.95 21.33 8.71 6.13 4.83 5.96 6.00 54.95 21.33

Karnataka 10.76 4.33 1.56 1.07 0.79 0.88 0.75 10.76 4.33

Kerala 54.19 16.28 6.26 3.19 2.27 2.49 2.41 54.19 16.28

Tamil Nadu 62.09 25.59 10.00 5.57 4.41 4.69 5.06 62.09 25.59

Bihar 59.05 23.48 8.13 4.00 3.38 3.23 3.64 59.05 23.48

Madhya Pradesh 68.28 25.33 8.00 4.96 3.88 3.96 4.80 68.28 25.33

Rajasthan 74.80 30.12 8.93 6.30 4.05 4.12 5.24 74.80 30.12

Uttar Pradesh 35.06 14.81 5.25 3.50 2.93 3.30 3.03 35.06 14.81

Gujarat 83.43 36.32 10.08 5.26 3.49 4.19 6.66 83.43 36.32

Maharashtra 31.28 11.89 3.71 2.13 1.71 1.49 0.65 31.28 11.89

Haryana 73.27 30.69 8.73 3.87 2.35 3.10 2.84 73.27 30.69Punjab 67.29 29.87 9.48 4.53 3.14 3.16 2.66 67.29 29.87


Orissa 54.79 19.09 5.48 3.11 2.26 2.77 3.75 54.79 19.09

West Bengal 35.60 11.74 3.83 2.42 1.83 1.97 2.18 35.60 11.74

India 47.32 18.66 6.14 3.50 2.74 3.00 3.09 47.32 18.66

Matric <Graduate 62.00 28.39 12.55 8.33 6.86 7.78 8.65 62.00 28.39

Andhra Pradesh 10.88 5.33 2.34 1.32 1.02 1.11 1.24 10.88 5.33

Karnataka 56.61 28.87 10.26 4.20 2.94 2.90 3.59 56.61 28.87

Kerala 66.90 31.37 13.19 7.30 5.93 5.13 6.11 66.90 31.37

Tamil Nadu 63.97 30.22 10.92 5.70 4.08 4.57 4.91 63.97 30.22

Bihar 72.64 31.37 10.97 5.79 4.75 4.62 5.07 72.64 31.37

Madhya Pradesh 79.12 35.28 12.55 6.82 6.24 6.42 7.44 79.12 35.28

Rajasthan 38.91 17.64 6.85 4.01 3.71 3.56 4.21 38.91 17.64

Uttar Pradesh 85.43 39.75 13.97 7.35 6.15 6.56 9.26 85.43 39.75

Gujarat 29.99 12.99 4.71 2.49 2.21 1.98 2.22 29.99 12.99

Maharashtra 72.72 35.47 10.52 4.71 3.57 3.00 3.30 72.72 35.47

Haryana 69.46 35.95 12.34 5.74 3.84 4.18 4.83 69.46 35.95

Punjab 50.14 19.55 5.20 2.07 2.00 1.78 2.56 50.14 19.55


Orissa 38.59 17.04 6.65 3.32 3.07 2.28 2.68 38.59 17.04

West Bengal 52.85 24.82 9.10 4.71 3.77 3.58 4.06 52.85 24.82

India 62.00 28.39 12.55 8.33 6.86 7.78 8.65 62.00 28.39



220

Appendix – 3D Contd…..Combined 1981

ASMCRU GMCRU

Graduate &

Above 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 68.45 47.40 23.32 12.43 10.47 9.73 13.05 68.45 47.40

Karnataka 12.45 7.72 3.07 1.39 1.20 0.85 1.26 12.45 7.72

Kerala 17.86 44.71 17.66 5.92 3.52 2.66 5.00 17.86 44.71

Tamil Nadu 85.00 50.90 25.23 11.19 8.09 8.13 11.92 85.00 50.90

Bihar 57.39 39.80 17.18 7.78 6.08 6.10 6.49 57.39 39.80

Madhya Pradesh 74.57 43.24 16.70 8.40 5.86 7.57 7.61 74.57 43.24

Rajasthan 86.27 48.10 19.08 10.44 8.33 8.31 9.24 86.27 48.10

Uttar Pradesh 38.23 22.89 9.72 5.74 4.87 5.80 8.11 38.23 22.89

Gujarat 74.86 56.30 23.87 9.85 7.51 8.22 9.44 74.86 56.30

Maharashtra 33.95 19.07 8.18 3.49 2.33 2.59 3.24 33.95 19.07

Haryana 66.27 46.34 14.95 5.02 4.06 4.73 4.82 66.27 46.34

Punjab 87.55 43.52 16.54 6.51 6.68 9.56 5.59 87.55 43.52


Orissa 64.29 36.13 14.42 5.47 4.78 5.01 10.51 64.29 36.13

West Bengal 38.97 26.89 11.65 4.79 4.26 3.93 4.83 38.97 26.89

India 52.56 34.81 14.40 6.11 4.62 4.70 5.75 52.56 34.81



221

Appendix – 3D


Rates by Education of the Woman, Rural Areas, India and States, 1981


Andhra Pradesh 59.55 26.45 12.30 8.95 7.25 8.18 8.11 59.55 26.45

Karnataka 10.38 4.16 1.69 1.21 0.95 1.05 1.08 10.38 4.16

Kerala 46.50 16.86 6.89 4.69 3.40 3.46 2.87 46.50 16.86

Tamil Nadu 61.89 29.14 11.87 7.86 6.05 6.71 6.73 61.89 29.14

Bihar 61.11 28.06 11.81 6.06 4.05 3.60 3.23 61.11 28.06

Madhya Pradesh 70.51 26.07 9.93 6.12 5.18 5.51 5.61 70.51 26.07

Rajasthan 80.05 32.46 10.83 5.78 4.26 4.28 3.96 80.05 32.46

Uttar Pradesh 36.53 15.06 5.77 3.38 2.65 2.64 2.58 36.53 15.06

Gujarat 79.76 36.21 11.93 6.20 4.73 4.64 2.67 79.76 36.21

Maharashtra 35.83 15.10 5.89 3.51 2.74 2.82 2.72 35.83 15.10

Haryana 71.81 26.10 7.64 3.48 2.62 2.35 2.14 71.81 26.10

Punjab 57.45 25.63 8.73 4.46 3.15 3.16 2.92 57.45 25.63


Orissa 58.86 25.19 10.75 6.91 5.66 5.97 5.85 58.86 25.19

West Bengal 37.42 12.59 4.91 2.83 2.15 2.22 2.38 37.42 12.59

India 53.10 22.19 8.66 5.13 3.97 4.08 3.98 53.10 22.19

Literate < Middle

Andhra Pradesh 51.46 18.69 8.03 5.71 5.20 6.30 6.76 51.46 18.69

Karnataka 11.53 4.69 1.77 1.20 0.81 0.83 0.75 11.53 4.69

Kerala 49.41 16.32 5.53 3.37 2.34 2.18 2.24 49.41 16.32

Tamil Nadu 62.07 27.91 10.21 5.83 4.34 4.78 5.04 62.07 27.91

Bihar 58.56 24.62 8.91 4.57 3.19 3.14 3.05 58.56 24.62

Madhya Pradesh 70.03 22.60 8.06 5.66 5.00 6.16 6.76 70.03 22.60

Rajasthan 77.78 28.83 9.12 6.14 5.23 5.73 7.05 77.78 28.83

Uttar Pradesh 37.92 15.24 5.23 3.16 2.64 3.05 3.37 37.92 15.24

Gujarat 85.49 38.29 10.28 4.76 3.97 3.95 4.49 85.49 38.29


Punjab 63.33 29.04 8.53 4.00 2.83 2.59 2.47 63.33 29.04


Orissa 57.11 21.51 6.76 4.26 3.07 3.96 4.73 57.11 21.51

West Bengal 37.51 10.15 2.89 1.79 1.39 1.71 1.90 37.51 10.15

India 50.27 19.32 6.35 3.76 2.98 3.25 3.45 50.27 19.32



222

Appendix – 3D Contd…..Rural 1981

ASMCRU GMCRU

Middle < Matric 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49

Andhra Pradesh 54.55 20.15 8.26 6.04 4.69 6.71 6.86 54.55 20.15

Karnataka 11.10 4.48 1.75 1.04 0.76 0.69 0.89 11.10 4.48

Kerala 55.38 15.17 5.99 3.08 2.06 2.29 2.11 55.38 15.17

Tamil Nadu 61.83 25.82 9.71 5.15 4.25 5.20 5.56 61.83 25.82

Bihar 58.93 23.18 7.84 3.90 3.17 3.08 3.68 58.93 23.18

Madhya Pradesh 69.42 23.63 7.88 5.56 6.73 5.32 8.00 69.42 23.63

Rajasthan 76.89 32.57 11.62 6.99 7.42 8.65 12.13 76.89 32.57

Uttar Pradesh 37.88 16.08 5.57 3.74 3.61 4.92 4.73 37.88 16.08

Gujarat 87.24 38.05 9.95 4.39 2.59 2.85 6.26 87.24 38.05

Maharashtra 34.12 13.61 4.19 2.55 2.32 2.65 0.25 34.12 13.61

Haryana 75.35 31.41 9.34 3.83 3.32 4.75 4.47 75.35 31.41Punjab 65.39 32.37 10.44 4.23 2.84 3.00 3.26 65.39 32.37


Orissa 56.30 19.64 5.54 3.30 3.05 3.02 4.15 56.30 19.64

West Bengal 39.79 12.48 3.43 2.31 1.67 1.82 2.12 39.79 12.48

India 48.78 19.11 6.14 3.47 2.86 3.33 3.56 48.78 19.11

Matric < Graduat

Andhra Pradesh 60.94 25.32 10.95 8.37 7.69 8.94 14.55 60.94 25.32

Karnataka 11.90 6.04 2.39 1.27 0.74 0.51 2.80 11.90 6.04


Bihar 61.08 28.97 10.87 5.94 4.60 4.09 6.04 61.08 28.97

Madhya Pradesh 73.01 30.62 11.35 8.37 4.85 8.63 6.46 73.01 30.62

Rajasthan 79.79 34.93 15.59 11.21 12.50 16.45 10.93 79.79 34.93

Uttar Pradesh 42.62 19.99 8.64 5.22 6.69 6.56 7.48 42.62 19.99

Gujarat 88.41 41.75 13.01 5.87 5.47 8.94 13.08 88.41 41.75

Maharashtra 32.55 13.64 4.71 2.74 3.35 3.83 3.00 32.55 13.64

Haryana 75.19 35.77 10.90 5.32 5.82 7.38 9.07 75.19 35.77

Punjab 71.14 38.93 14.48 6.05 4.38 5.08 7.59 71.14 38.93


Orissa 58.60 24.22 7.42 4.37 5.25 7.58 4.39 58.60 24.22

West Bengal 44.16 18.79 6.58 3.64 4.51 3.90 3.50 44.16 18.79

India 53.73 25.71 9.46 5.01 4.34 4.68 5.45 53.73 25.71



223

Appendix – 3D Contd…..Rural 1981

ASMCRU GMCRU

Graduate &

Above 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 65.50 44.98 22.25 17.01 10.73 10.34 19.19 65.50 44.98

Karnataka 31.11 10.98 3.88 1.18 3.77 2.55 0.00 31.11 10.98

Kerala 13.89 45.82 18.76 6.55 3.50 2.06 5.12 13.89 45.82

Tamil Nadu 76.92 48.34 25.95 10.90 6.02 7.52 9.83 76.92 48.34

Bihar 45.71 32.87 15.91 9.46 2.80 6.35 2.76 45.71 32.87

Madhya Pradesh 77.52 41.81 15.18 11.26 7.67 18.36 3.60 77.52 41.81

Rajasthan 90.74 42.58 16.13 14.54 8.75 15.72 25.58 90.74 42.58

Uttar Pradesh 41.37 25.47 12.06 7.28 8.84 7.07 13.84 41.37 25.47

Gujarat 66.67 57.55 21.83 10.93 7.69 1.89 18.52 66.67 57.55

Maharashtra 50.43 17.87 8.18 3.08 3.23 2.37 1.42 50.43 17.87

Haryana 71.26 48.35 13.77 8.37 3.50 0.00 0.00 71.26 48.35

Punjab 100.00 48.96 22.54 10.61 10.02 12.79 5.26 100.00 48.96


Orissa 100.00 37.40 12.57 5.55 10.70 0.00 29.41 100.00 37.40

West Bengal 46.02 30.36 12.33 4.82 5.21 7.78 17.22 46.02 30.36

India 51.26 35.94 16.06 7.49 5.56 5.76 8.79 51.26 35.94



224

Appendix – 3D


Rates by Education of the Woman, Urban Areas, India and States, 1981


Andhra Pradesh 54.61 25.73 13.25 10.15 8.01 9.35 9.31 54.61 25.73

Karnataka 9.13 3.97 1.90 1.35 0.95 1.26 1.25 9.13 3.97

Kerala 39.81 14.89 6.57 4.62 3.78 3.97 3.60 39.81 14.89

Tamil Nadu 60.33 28.41 12.87 8.90 6.69 7.39 7.02 60.33 28.41

Bihar 59.08 27.26 12.11 7.92 6.02 6.03 5.74 59.08 27.26

Madhya Pradesh 63.66 24.70 10.33 7.26 5.84 6.41 6.37 63.66 24.70

Rajasthan 71.79 27.78 10.14 5.85 4.72 4.91 4.82 71.79 27.78

Uttar Pradesh 26.85 11.79 5.29 3.51 3.01 3.22 3.12 26.85 11.79

Gujarat 70.98 31.39 12.28 7.72 6.31 6.72 6.65 70.98 31.39

Maharashtra 27.85 10.94 4.58 3.06 2.53 2.83 2.52 27.85 10.94

Haryana 64.61 25.36 7.81 4.53 3.19 3.36 3.05 64.61 25.36

Punjab 54.18 24.20 9.32 5.24 3.86 3.65 3.44 54.18 24.20


Orissa 50.82 22.24 10.77 7.89 6.70 7.37 6.92 50.82 22.24

West Bengal 23.42 9.56 4.68 3.08 2.62 2.78 2.75 23.42 9.56

India 45.42 19.19 8.20 5.49 4.41 4.80 4.61 45.42 19.19

Literate < Middle

Andhra Pradesh 52.17 20.68 9.03 6.46 5.11 6.00 6.00 52.17 20.68

Karnataka 10.35 4.05 1.66 1.00 0.85 1.14 1.01 10.35 4.05

Kerala 44.29 15.34 6.46 3.54 2.88 2.96 2.75 44.29 15.34

Tamil Nadu 60.54 26.06 10.39 6.38 4.80 5.17 4.89 60.54 26.06

Bihar 58.37 23.57 9.83 5.12 3.76 4.18 4.04 58.37 23.57

Madhya Pradesh 64.23 22.70 8.15 5.06 4.31 4.87 5.13 64.23 22.70

Rajasthan 71.45 26.60 7.74 4.90 3.99 4.49 4.58 71.45 26.60

Uttar Pradesh 28.32 12.15 5.07 3.34 2.88 2.77 3.08 28.32 12.15

Gujarat 74.80 30.49 10.48 6.24 5.01 5.45 5.87 74.80 30.49


Punjab 61.91 25.12 7.86 4.76 3.43 2.78 2.75 61.91 25.12


Orissa 49.77 18.72 4.29 4.19 2.75 4.24 4.26 49.77 18.72

West Bengal 24.74 8.11 3.49 2.10 2.04 1.78 1.94 24.74 8.11

India 46.52 18.24 6.66 4.09 3.25 3.48 3.46 46.52 18.24



226

Appendix – 3D Contd…..Urban 1981

ASMCRU GMCRU

Graduate & Above 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49

Andhra Pradesh 69.53 47.87 23.47 11.79 10.44 9.66 12.55 69.53 47.87

Karnataka 8.77 7.24 2.98 1.41 1.04 0.76 1.32 8.77 7.24

Kerala 25.00 43.28 16.20 5.23 3.54 3.11 4.92 25.00 43.28

Tamil Nadu 87.23 51.36 25.10 11.24 8.46 8.23 12.24 87.23 51.36

Bihar 60.89 41.49 17.41 7.52 6.55 6.06 6.97 60.89 41.49

Madhya Pradesh 74.09 43.40 16.86 8.13 5.71 6.92 7.78 74.09 43.40

Rajasthan 85.68 48.69 19.42 10.03 8.29 7.75 7.89 85.68 48.69

Uttar Pradesh 36.98 22.35 9.38 5.56 4.47 5.69 7.59 36.98 22.35

Gujarat 78.03 56.05 24.13 9.74 7.49 8.58 9.08 78.03 56.05

Maharashtra 29.41 19.22 8.18 3.52 2.28 2.60 3.31 29.41 19.22

Haryana 63.69 45.99 15.10 4.75 4.09 5.00 4.93 63.69 45.99

Punjab 85.59 42.50 15.51 5.80 6.29 9.25 5.62 85.59 42.50


Orissa 54.55 35.68 14.98 5.45 3.78 5.75 6.52 54.55 35.68

West Bengal 35.43 26.12 11.52 4.78 4.16 3.69 4.06 35.43 26.12

India 52.96 34.60 14.13 5.90 4.51 4.60 5.47 52.96 34.60



227

Appendix – 3E




Andhra Pradesh 60.05 25.60 12.53 9.43 7.85 8.81 8.55 18.26 17.20

Karnataka 53.46 23.07 10.59 7.99 6.67 7.17 6.55 14.36 13.44

Kerala 55.17 24.89 12.44 11.26 8.35 8.71 7.11 12.01 10.75

Tamil Nadu 51.90 25.42 13.24 10.83 9.16 9.70 9.53 15.26 14.34

Bihar 72.26 36.47 18.57 12.83 10.96 10.96 10.62 24.73 23.29

Madhya Pradesh 68.81 26.23 11.59 8.05 7.08 7.73 7.74 19.39 18.12

Rajasthan 71.19 30.10 10.75 5.88 4.59 4.57 4.42 20.32 18.69

Uttar Pradesh 73.72 34.70 17.86 13.05 11.51 11.34 11.37 24.57 23.08

Gujarat 73.52 33.77 12.59 7.84 6.31 6.24 5.95 17.25 15.87

Maharashtra 37.13 14.98 6.16 4.64 3.98 4.01 3.80 8.65 7.97

Haryana 68.38 24.23 7.55 4.18 3.36 3.09 2.97 14.27 13.13

Punjab 60.83 27.80 10.10 5.49 4.43 4.14 3.85 11.87 10.68


Orissa 64.55 31.82 15.57 11.59 9.95 10.33 9.58 19.15 17.90

West Bengal 55.67 21.50 10.64 8.61 7.30 7.19 6.82 15.28 14.33

India 65.79 28.58 13.26 9.58 8.17 8.34 8.06 18.87 17.60

Literate < Middle

Andhra Pradesh 60.46 22.38 9.48 7.29 6.03 6.57 6.52 17.27 16.41

Karnataka 57.63 23.90 10.08 7.13 6.49 6.07 5.74 14.64 13.84

Kerala 57.85 21.46 10.26 7.86 6.64 6.47 5.47 10.91 10.08

Tamil Nadu 52.67 23.80 11.23 8.51 6.98 7.28 6.98 14.47 13.78

Bihar 74.31 35.22 16.98 12.07 10.27 9.85 10.24 26.18 24.96

Madhya Pradesh 74.13 27.25 11.06 7.67 6.60 6.97 7.55 22.57 21.60

Rajasthan 73.14 29.65 9.14 5.23 4.11 4.06 4.59 21.64 20.47

Uttar Pradesh 77.14 34.74 16.41 11.90 10.72 10.92 11.42 26.13 25.06

Gujarat 77.44 35.28 11.43 6.69 5.44 5.50 5.62 18.94 17.74


Punjab 67.38 29.82 9.14 4.86 3.43 3.32 2.99 13.06 12.29


Orissa 68.86 32.69 12.58 8.98 7.22 7.63 7.28 17.81 16.90

West Bengal 58.04 19.96 8.94 6.52 5.71 5.46 5.27 14.95 14.10

India 64.71 25.76 10.50 7.44 6.29 6.36 6.20 16.75 15.82



230

Appendix – 3E




Andhra Pradesh 60.73 25.94 12.57 9.34 7.77 8.65 8.38 18.58 17.46

Karnataka 53.68 22.94 10.03 7.49 6.26 6.79 6.18 14.06 13.14

Kerala 56.92 25.19 12.49 11.40 8.53 8.72 7.00 12.21 10.91

Tamil Nadu 54.00 26.25 13.34 10.76 9.16 9.82 9.74 15.55 14.62

Bihar 72.58 36.71 18.61 12.75 10.88 10.81 10.48 24.95 23.49

Madhya Pradesh 69.33 26.36 11.45 7.77 6.88 7.51 7.58 19.64 18.34

Rajasthan 71.77 30.77 10.85 5.80 4.47 4.44 4.24 20.76 19.07

Uttar Pradesh 74.34 34.90 17.69 12.72 11.09 10.96 10.98 24.83 23.27

Gujarat 74.78 34.68 12.65 7.62 6.09 5.95 5.70 17.61 16.14

Maharashtra 37.56 15.13 6.15 4.56 3.91 3.90 3.76 8.74 8.03

Haryana 68.79 24.28 7.36 3.99 3.20 2.94 2.83 14.52 13.35

Punjab 61.68 28.14 9.67 5.01 3.93 3.77 3.57 11.50 10.31


Orissa 65.15 32.17 15.58 11.47 9.82 10.17 9.39 19.26 17.97

West Bengal 56.15 21.31 10.25 8.15 6.78 6.73 6.23 15.25 14.26

India 66.74 29.11 13.36 9.51 8.08 8.23 7.97 19.32 17.99

Literate < Middle

Andhra Pradesh 60.84 22.25 9.31 6.98 5.72 6.73 6.60 18.29 17.42

Karnataka 57.69 23.89 9.68 6.61 6.08 5.64 5.19 14.76 13.99

Kerala 58.84 21.71 10.28 7.92 6.73 6.62 5.44 11.14 10.30

Tamil Nadu 56.02 25.49 11.68 8.36 6.90 7.56 7.17 15.46 14.76

Bihar 75.37 35.83 17.05 11.73 10.22 9.90 9.81 27.67 26.45

Madhya Pradesh 75.21 27.50 10.35 7.23 6.39 6.71 7.88 24.75 23.91

Rajasthan 73.99 30.87 8.90 5.15 4.14 4.15 5.04 25.57 24.53

Uttar Pradesh 78.51 35.26 15.76 11.01 9.62 10.17 10.41 27.68 26.62

Gujarat 79.45 37.25 11.68 6.26 5.14 5.13 5.20 21.17 19.89


Punjab 68.48 30.32 9.26 4.47 3.15 2.92 2.57 13.43 12.73


Orissa 69.63 33.28 12.54 8.80 7.04 7.37 6.87 18.20 17.26

West Bengal 58.95 19.65 7.97 5.60 4.96 4.65 4.45 15.18 14.35

India 66.31 26.47 10.40 7.17 6.12 6.27 6.04 17.79 16.85



231

Appendix – 3E Contd…..Rural 1991

ASMCRU GMCRU

Middle < Matric 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49

Andhra Pradesh 65.48 25.36 8.28 7.08 5.54 5.05 7.16 23.48 22.79

Karnataka 61.67 25.48 10.12 6.89 5.99 5.30 4.46 18.32 17.66

Kerala 66.16 25.45 9.62 6.40 5.17 4.72 4.76 15.52 14.90

Tamil Nadu 59.04 25.82 11.38 7.98 6.96 6.34 7.08 17.06 16.49

Bihar 76.50 37.04 16.27 10.44 9.14 8.24 8.17 28.38 27.27

Madhya Pradesh 77.79 32.47 10.44 6.57 5.91 6.71 9.03 30.73 30.18

Rajasthan 74.95 33.99 9.57 5.54 4.41 6.17 6.96 28.92 28.35

Uttar Pradesh 80.03 36.98 16.02 11.77 10.32 10.07 12.77 32.72 32.05

Gujarat 81.93 39.38 12.11 6.29 5.52 4.51 5.79 25.96 25.34

Maharashtra 50.02 20.66 6.39 3.76 2.93 3.35 3.90 14.19 13.82

Haryana 79.61 32.32 8.76 3.33 2.69 4.96 4.74 26.41 25.95Punjab 71.01 34.00 10.51 4.43 4.26 3.42 3.54 18.26 17.63


Orissa 72.52 34.62 12.11 8.06 6.76 7.44 7.43 22.10 21.65

West Bengal 62.95 23.60 8.57 5.60 4.78 4.50 5.47 17.51 17.08

India 68.70 28.67 10.69 7.09 5.94 5.92 6.45 20.88 20.27

Matric <Graduate

Andhra Pradesh 69.93 33.04 13.20 8.50 7.42 7.05 8.95 27.49 27.04

Karnataka 66.06 33.56 14.24 7.84 6.70 8.29 7.66 21.88 21.49

Kerala 75.21 34.79 13.71 7.01 4.94 5.30 5.24 17.93 17.28

Tamil Nadu 61.94 28.98 13.53 8.97 7.25 7.65 8.14 17.54 17.14

Bihar 76.72 43.01 21.90 13.72 12.32 12.11 14.50 35.98 35.30

Madhya Pradesh 78.92 35.83 14.15 8.20 8.59 8.78 14.01 27.14 26.81

Rajasthan 79.14 37.98 11.64 8.36 6.04 8.33 10.07 29.00 28.50

Uttar Pradesh 81.62 44.20 20.34 13.92 13.53 15.29 18.70 37.19 36.71

Gujarat 85.50 46.01 14.86 8.50 7.04 7.05 8.27 28.67 28.13

Maharashtra 52.47 24.37 7.78 4.24 3.88 4.50 4.26 15.18 14.91

Haryana 82.09 38.03 10.14 4.87 5.68 4.29 8.82 28.19 27.87

Punjab 74.39 40.13 13.34 6.38 4.96 6.42 6.87 21.82 21.41


Orissa 80.21 40.43 17.55 9.86 6.98 10.52 14.36 26.82 26.60

West Bengal 71.40 36.90 15.31 8.03 7.29 8.84 10.36 21.19 20.93

India 74.27 37.00 14.92 8.72 7.35 7.98 9.18 24.79 24.30



232

Appendix – 3E Contd…..Rural 1991

ASMCRU GMCRU

Graduate & Above 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49

Andhra Pradesh 81.25 51.45 24.76 14.28 13.22 12.90 14.41 30.07 29.63

Karnataka 62.86 51.69 24.75 10.55 11.85 6.61 11.11 24.92 24.59

Kerala 75.00 56.31 23.64 9.77 5.95 6.28 4.75 21.07 20.36

Tamil Nadu 70.73 39.23 19.10 13.61 9.89 9.24 8.55 20.30 19.64

Bihar 74.82 49.86 28.10 19.77 17.31 16.29 20.96 34.19 33.80

Madhya Pradesh 76.47 46.00 20.92 11.07 8.91 17.33 18.27 24.99 24.75

Rajasthan 68.00 44.22 18.12 10.75 9.72 10.84 13.16 23.29 23.02

Uttar Pradesh 79.39 48.29 23.79 16.18 18.87 17.25 18.32 30.04 29.70

Gujarat 90.32 56.38 23.51 12.06 10.09 11.19 10.34 29.34 28.77

Maharashtra 51.79 32.21 12.98 6.34 6.28 6.07 5.37 14.84 14.50

Haryana 60.00 50.31 18.84 6.70 5.88 7.69 5.88 23.88 23.34

Punjab 71.43 50.83 21.53 9.44 4.38 4.76 5.26 21.81 21.36


Orissa 80.77 51.04 26.66 13.89 10.96 14.39 20.78 27.82 27.58

West Bengal 71.43 52.15 30.56 15.02 11.54 12.07 11.40 25.81 25.21

India 74.75 48.46 23.29 12.75 10.63 10.44 11.19 24.95 24.45



233

Appendix – 3E




Andhra Pradesh 56.10 23.96 12.37 9.81 8.18 9.54 9.31 16.81 15.99

Karnataka 52.42 23.65 12.80 10.19 8.29 8.82 8.02 15.59 14.67

Kerala 46.56 23.28 12.17 10.61 7.54 8.66 7.53 11.09 10.08

Tamil Nadu 43.31 22.18 12.82 11.09 9.15 9.24 8.73 14.12 13.23

Bihar 66.77 33.10 18.06 13.76 11.90 12.58 12.13 21.96 20.84

Madhya Pradesh 64.36 25.36 12.50 9.76 8.14 8.99 8.67 17.78 16.73

Rajasthan 67.15 26.09 10.24 6.36 5.25 5.24 5.43 17.83 16.52

Uttar Pradesh 67.12 33.21 18.94 15.14 14.01 13.87 13.89 22.80 21.76

Gujarat 68.18 30.33 12.40 8.59 7.05 7.28 6.88 15.98 14.92

Maharashtra 35.56 14.50 6.20 4.90 4.17 4.38 3.97 8.38 7.80

Haryana 64.97 23.94 8.57 5.19 4.19 3.94 3.71 12.83 11.86

Punjab 57.87 26.58 11.69 7.31 6.39 5.71 5.01 13.30 12.13


Orissa 56.59 27.37 15.43 12.85 11.35 12.12 11.78 17.92 17.13

West Bengal 52.22 22.70 12.75 10.86 9.51 9.12 9.50 15.42 14.68

India 58.57 25.45 12.73 9.96 8.62 8.88 8.57 16.42 15.45

Literate < Middle

Andhra Pradesh 59.58 22.61 9.72 7.73 6.46 6.35 6.42 15.70 14.88

Karnataka 57.46 23.93 11.00 8.30 7.32 6.86 6.61 14.37 13.52

Kerala 53.61 20.54 10.17 7.64 6.35 6.01 5.58 10.11 9.37

Tamil Nadu 46.41 21.17 10.54 8.72 7.10 6.93 6.74 13.00 12.36

Bihar 67.50 32.46 16.74 13.13 10.40 9.75 11.19 20.90 19.90

Madhya Pradesh 70.67 26.69 12.23 8.35 6.88 7.29 7.24 18.73 17.69

Rajasthan 71.30 27.92 9.40 5.31 4.08 3.99 4.31 17.17 16.02

Uttar Pradesh 70.00 32.95 18.04 13.85 12.77 12.28 12.94 22.08 21.15

Gujarat 72.36 31.82 11.08 7.23 5.78 5.94 6.08 15.78 14.77


Punjab 63.82 28.03 8.74 6.01 4.14 4.22 3.68 12.00 11.09


Orissa 62.58 28.30 12.82 10.03 8.11 8.81 9.08 15.56 14.85

West Bengal 53.78 21.06 11.82 8.85 7.34 7.08 6.78 14.29 13.43

India 59.49 24.03 10.71 7.98 6.60 6.51 6.44 14.54 13.68



234

Appendix – 3E Contd…..Urban 1991

ASMCRU GMCRU

Middle < Matric 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49

Andhra Pradesh 63.48 25.47 10.03 7.63 6.14 5.85 5.24 17.86 17.01Karnataka 58.70 24.12 11.10 7.63 5.82 6.11 5.78 15.43 14.65

Kerala 61.85 25.62 10.41 6.41 5.58 5.26 5.54 14.44 13.84

Tamil Nadu 48.35 21.60 10.67 7.98 6.19 6.20 6.17 13.24 12.63

Bihar 71.24 30.85 15.18 10.12 8.03 8.51 8.44 19.74 18.69

Madhya Pradesh 75.35 31.18 11.63 7.67 6.07 6.14 5.97 20.90 19.87

Rajasthan 72.25 30.35 10.03 6.05 3.47 3.70 3.22 17.70 16.79

Uttar Pradesh 71.96 32.71 16.76 11.98 10.04 10.58 9.65 21.80 20.79

Gujarat 79.85 33.85 10.61 6.48 5.62 5.29 6.07 18.34 17.62


Punjab 71.87 28.92 10.17 5.47 5.36 4.98 4.36 13.50 12.68


Orissa 64.61 29.62 11.54 8.74 6.83 6.82 7.03 15.41 14.80

West Bengal 61.53 27.21 13.38 8.86 6.68 7.10 6.80 15.87 15.02

India 60.93 25.31 10.67 7.25 5.74 5.90 5.71 15.33 14.59

Matric <Graduate

Andhra Pradesh 71.64 31.68 13.03 8.88 6.69 7.39 8.06 20.59 19.98

Karnataka 65.88 32.54 14.41 8.51 6.90 7.37 6.55 17.54 16.92

Kerala 74.32 34.51 14.47 7.26 6.16 5.34 5.32 16.40 15.57

Tamil Nadu 55.58 24.64 12.01 8.40 6.66 6.71 6.79 13.47 13.02

Bihar 76.58 39.04 18.03 11.51 9.07 9.88 10.18 24.34 23.44

Madhya Pradesh 79.98 38.42 14.06 9.00 6.61 6.64 6.47 20.80 19.93

Rajasthan 76.87 35.64 11.12 6.28 4.62 5.40 5.11 18.24 17.52

Uttar Pradesh 76.95 38.43 18.04 13.76 11.79 11.98 11.31 23.45 22.61

Gujarat 82.90 39.75 13.66 7.79 6.62 6.28 6.49 19.11 18.36

Maharashtra 45.62 22.60 8.54 4.70 3.78 3.53 3.27 10.55 10.04

Haryana 75.45 33.35 10.26 4.78 3.52 3.29 3.62 14.16 13.59Punjab 72.39 34.77 10.64 5.65 4.08 4.05 4.66 14.29 13.65


Orissa 72.95 33.66 13.78 10.52 7.07 7.48 6.94 17.67 17.14

West Bengal 72.39 39.15 18.16 11.10 8.72 8.06 7.87 18.23 17.39

India 69.40 32.85 13.34 8.28 6.63 6.52 6.39 17.05 16.34



235

Appendix – 3E Contd…..Urban 1991

ASMCRU GMCRU

Graduate & Above 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49

Andhra Pradesh 78.86 49.93 22.79 11.71 9.84 8.22 9.89 22.87 22.30

Karnataka 80.00 51.86 25.97 11.48 8.25 8.87 8.71 20.96 20.42

Kerala 75.00 55.15 23.81 9.40 5.23 4.78 3.59 17.62 16.64

Tamil Nadu 69.16 36.71 18.26 9.61 8.37 8.47 6.77 16.56 16.05

Bihar 79.53 50.64 24.94 15.06 11.45 12.54 13.93 26.75 26.09

Madhya Pradesh 79.10 49.03 20.66 10.34 8.39 8.39 7.28 20.84 20.12

Rajasthan 78.57 46.90 17.41 8.75 6.33 6.43 8.18 18.81 18.31

Uttar Pradesh 77.96 47.96 23.36 14.96 13.16 13.56 14.23 23.51 23.03

Gujarat 70.97 55.27 23.54 9.76 6.92 7.35 8.84 20.34 19.74

Maharashtra 40.36 34.10 14.52 6.02 4.12 4.19 4.70 12.21 11.73

Haryana 80.77 44.61 17.09 4.93 5.07 3.81 4.87 15.60 15.13

Punjab 76.32 42.58 15.21 5.51 4.88 4.16 6.40 14.62 14.22


Orissa 58.33 49.74 21.82 11.72 9.71 9.94 13.04 20.45 20.13

West Bengal 75.81 58.28 29.29 14.83 11.59 10.05 10.78 21.78 20.85

India 73.62 46.87 21.04 10.24 8.01 7.73 8.15 18.85 18.23



236

Appendix – 3F




Andhra Pradesh 58.58 26.85 13.34 9.82 8.41 9.21 9.46 58.58 26.85

Karnataka 58.98 26.47 12.06 8.21 6.48 7.16 6.84 58.98 26.47

Kerala 59.55 29.23 14.82 10.90 8.79 8.59 7.40 59.55 29.23

Tamil Nadu 61.09 30.80 15.83 12.19 10.54 11.47 11.21 61.09 30.80

Bihar 72.84 35.21 13.90 7.55 5.68 5.41 5.60 72.84 35.21

Madhya Pradesh 69.19 24.71 8.11 4.75 3.99 4.01 4.14 69.19 24.71

Rajasthan 72.64 26.74 8.41 4.51 3.43 3.32 3.31 72.64 26.74

Uttar Pradesh 73.15 32.77 13.30 7.73 5.97 5.59 5.61 73.15 32.77

Gujarat 70.44 30.35 10.56 6.17 4.90 4.65 4.76 70.44 30.35

Maharashtra 61.96 24.43 9.37 6.26 5.41 5.99 5.92 61.96 24.43

Haryana 60.81 19.84 5.45 2.84 2.16 2.08 2.15 60.81 19.84

Punjab 62.52 28.01 10.22 5.64 4.34 3.89 3.70 62.52 28.01


Orissa 63.23 30.01 13.14 8.15 6.64 6.80 6.90 63.23 30.01

West Bengal 53.52 19.01 8.39 5.93 5.36 5.87 5.63 53.52 19.01

India 67.33 28.81 11.72 7.27 6.02 6.10 6.20 67.33 28.81

Literate < Middle

Andhra Pradesh 61.08 25.41 11.67 8.31 7.11 7.44 7.58 61.08 25.41

Karnataka 65.22 27.80 12.33 7.80 5.97 5.90 5.53 65.22 27.80

Kerala 60.88 24.84 11.79 7.99 6.22 5.73 5.34 60.88 24.84

Tamil Nadu 68.59 33.40 16.35 11.59 10.03 10.10 9.74 68.59 33.40

Bihar 75.87 36.54 14.26 7.78 5.76 5.07 4.80 75.87 36.54

Madhya Pradesh 76.55 28.39 8.94 4.99 4.13 4.02 3.97 76.55 28.39

Rajasthan 77.99 29.53 8.65 4.48 3.38 3.25 3.21 77.99 29.53

Uttar Pradesh 79.65 35.92 14.17 8.17 6.52 5.93 5.64 79.65 35.92

Gujarat 79.52 35.96 12.17 6.56 5.02 4.67 4.72 79.52 35.96


Punjab 76.22 31.47 10.36 5.57 4.29 3.78 3.62 76.22 31.47


Orissa 66.28 30.04 11.73 6.12 4.52 3.95 3.65 66.28 30.04

West Bengal 57.68 18.35 7.62 5.20 4.50 4.61 4.27 57.68 18.35

India 69.79 28.30 11.10 6.84 5.62 5.42 5.26 69.79 28.30



237

Appendix – 3F Contd…..Combined 2001

ASMCRU GMCRU

Middle < Matric 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49


Kerala 67.72 27.74 11.91 6.95 5.35 4.58 4.45 67.72 27.74

Tamil Nadu 72.28 35.00 17.66 12.26 10.33 9.96 9.65 72.28 35.00

Bihar 75.68 38.12 15.58 8.50 6.24 5.32 5.08 75.68 38.12

Madhya Pradesh 77.73 31.18 10.55 5.73 4.41 3.88 3.77 77.73 31.18

Rajasthan 77.91 32.52 10.41 5.37 3.96 3.42 3.51 77.91 32.52

Uttar Pradesh 81.03 37.52 15.20 8.96 7.14 6.44 6.21 81.03 37.52

Gujarat 81.87 38.89 13.36 7.15 5.59 5.21 5.44 81.87 38.89


Punjab 83.30 34.79 11.73 6.27 5.23 4.53 4.54 83.30 34.79


Orissa 71.32 32.07 12.29 6.30 4.64 3.92 3.85 71.32 32.07

West Bengal 66.59 24.20 10.51 6.95 5.64 5.26 5.00 66.59 24.20

India 74.34 31.49 12.57 7.58 6.08 5.59 5.49 74.34 31.49

Matric <Graduate

Andhra Pradesh 75.15 37.27 17.44 12.44 11.37 11.14 11.56 75.15 37.27

Karnataka 76.19 37.53 16.90 10.12 7.71 7.05 7.05 76.19 37.53

Kerala 78.36 38.26 16.43 8.05 5.64 4.95 4.89 78.36 38.26

Tamil Nadu 80.28 41.93 21.34 14.28 11.99 11.09 10.96 80.28 41.93

Bihar 74.02 38.49 16.46 9.37 7.04 6.20 5.67 74.02 38.49

Madhya Pradesh 81.39 39.22 13.38 7.12 5.32 4.80 4.60 81.39 39.22

Rajasthan 82.10 41.47 12.67 6.21 4.58 4.15 4.27 82.10 41.47

Uttar Pradesh 83.31 45.05 18.43 11.26 9.04 8.13 8.01 83.31 45.05

Gujarat 84.77 44.09 15.02 7.87 6.04 5.65 5.86 84.77 44.09

Maharashtra 80.50 35.83 12.86 7.13 5.43 5.05 4.90 80.50 35.83

Haryana 78.20 32.39 8.87 4.52 3.29 2.97 3.06 78.20 32.39Punjab 86.05 43.00 15.10 7.59 5.70 5.17 5.01 86.05 43.00


Orissa 77.30 38.59 15.06 6.96 4.97 4.52 4.50 77.30 38.59

West Bengal 76.46 39.47 17.06 10.24 8.52 7.59 7.45 76.46 39.47

India 79.34 39.65 16.09 9.27 7.30 6.65 6.59 79.34 39.65



238

Appendix – 3F Contd…..Combined 2001

ASMCRU GMCRU

Graduate & Above 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49

Andhra Pradesh NA 58.21 31.99 18.28 14.66 14.81 15.77 NA 58.21

Karnataka NA 59.58 31.72 14.93 10.14 8.81 8.93 NA 59.58

Kerala NA 60.03 27.34 11.01 6.38 5.19 4.89 NA 60.03

Tamil Nadu NA 62.41 35.11 19.77 15.82 14.75 14.13 NA 62.41

Bihar NA 42.10 23.08 12.15 8.62 7.40 7.17 NA 42.10

Madhya Pradesh NA 51.42 23.91 9.41 6.12 5.68 5.57 NA 51.42

Rajasthan NA 51.43 21.34 7.91 5.47 4.85 5.39 NA 51.43

Uttar Pradesh NA 53.15 28.21 14.76 10.82 9.79 9.45 NA 53.15

Gujarat NA 58.61 25.78 11.69 8.15 7.54 7.57 NA 58.61

Maharashtra NA 54.70 25.92 10.48 6.75 5.78 5.75 NA 54.70

Haryana NA 48.74 19.51 6.69 4.17 3.29 3.36 NA 48.74

Punjab NA 55.15 24.74 9.74 6.48 5.32 5.53 NA 55.15

Himachal Pradesh NA 57.67 26.20 8.20 5.39 4.65 4.06 NA 57.67

Orissa NA 54.30 26.59 11.36 7.07 6.37 6.36 NA 54.30

West Bengal NA 59.89 33.81 16.18 12.19 10.76 10.39 NA 59.89

India NA 55.63 27.87 12.89 9.00 7.83 7.76 NA 55.63



239

Appendix – 3F




Andhra Pradesh 58.33 26.12 12.51 9.06 7.69 8.47 8.72 58.33 26.12

Karnataka 58.85 26.16 11.64 7.85 6.18 6.79 6.45 58.85 26.16

Kerala 59.66 28.97 14.43 10.69 8.60 8.37 7.23 59.66 28.97

Tamil Nadu 61.13 30.29 15.10 11.46 9.89 10.79 10.70 61.13 30.29

Bihar 73.12 35.37 13.88 7.50 5.65 5.38 5.58 73.12 35.37

Madhya Pradesh 69.81 24.73 7.89 4.57 3.87 3.90 4.03 69.81 24.73

Rajasthan 73.36 26.93 8.33 4.43 3.36 3.24 3.23 73.36 26.93

Uttar Pradesh 73.64 32.76 13.02 7.42 5.65 5.29 5.32 73.64 32.76

Gujarat 71.01 30.19 10.05 5.74 4.53 4.28 4.37 71.01 30.19

Maharashtra 62.67 24.18 8.98 6.01 5.32 5.87 5.89 62.67 24.18

Haryana 61.20 19.41 5.16 2.65 2.02 1.94 1.98 61.20 19.41

Punjab 62.67 27.87 9.61 5.20 3.91 3.47 3.28 62.67 27.87


Orissa 63.80 30.25 13.14 8.10 6.58 6.68 6.78 63.80 30.25

West Bengal 53.53 18.34 7.68 5.28 4.79 5.29 5.13 53.53 18.34

India 67.94 28.90 11.48 7.00 5.75 5.81 5.92 67.94 28.90

Literate < Middle

Andhra Pradesh 60.45 24.34 10.36 7.05 5.92 6.24 6.39 60.45 24.34

Karnataka 65.17 27.73 11.94 7.38 5.58 5.50 5.13 65.17 27.73

Kerala 60.83 24.67 11.57 7.74 6.04 5.55 5.15 60.83 24.67

Tamil Nadu 68.26 32.79 15.39 10.68 9.35 9.36 9.10 68.26 32.79

Bihar 76.40 36.97 14.30 7.73 5.75 5.12 4.86 76.40 36.97

Madhya Pradesh 77.49 28.62 8.66 4.78 4.01 3.91 3.90 77.49 28.62

Rajasthan 78.53 29.58 8.31 4.24 3.22 3.17 3.21 78.53 29.58

Uttar Pradesh 80.28 35.94 13.65 7.68 6.08 5.44 5.13 80.28 35.94

Gujarat 80.69 36.94 11.83 5.95 4.51 4.05 4.08 80.69 36.94


Punjab 76.83 31.52 9.84 5.12 3.88 3.28 3.13 76.83 31.52


Orissa 66.82 30.36 11.75 6.03 4.43 3.84 3.52 66.82 30.36

West Bengal 57.61 17.35 6.49 4.16 3.54 3.71 3.42 57.61 17.35

India 70.27 28.12 10.49 6.29 5.16 4.95 4.82 70.27 28.12



240

Appendix – 3F Contd…..Rural 2001

ASMCRU GMCRU

Middle < Matric 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49

Andhra Pradesh 65.62 25.44 10.97 7.38 6.05 5.96 6.30 65.62 25.44

Karnataka 69.60 28.38 12.27 7.46 5.59 5.55 5.38 69.60 28.38

Kerala 67.14 27.20 11.52 6.61 5.04 4.27 4.06 67.14 27.20

Tamil Nadu 71.42 34.09 16.44 11.02 9.01 8.56 8.69 71.42 34.09

Bihar 76.02 38.60 15.64 8.48 6.38 5.48 5.26 76.02 38.60

Madhya Pradesh 78.62 31.31 10.16 5.51 4.39 3.95 3.99 78.62 31.31

Rajasthan 78.32 32.77 10.03 5.31 4.08 3.56 3.86 78.32 32.77

Uttar Pradesh 81.51 37.56 14.65 8.34 6.61 5.99 5.74 81.51 37.56

Gujarat 81.84 38.73 12.61 6.30 4.92 4.05 4.77 81.84 38.73

Maharashtra 76.04 28.88 9.35 5.56 4.46 4.53 4.58 76.04 28.88

Haryana 71.41 24.44 6.77 3.57 2.75 2.63 3.06 71.41 24.44Punjab 83.67 34.80 11.17 5.72 4.62 3.93 4.05 83.67 34.80


Orissa 71.38 32.35 12.40 6.16 4.51 3.76 3.84 71.38 32.35

West Bengal 65.75 22.15 8.37 5.02 4.02 3.75 3.61 65.75 22.15

India 74.34 31.17 11.87 6.88 5.45 4.94 4.93 74.34 31.17

Matric <Graduate

Andhra Pradesh 72.05 33.06 14.10 9.35 8.02 7.99 8.28 72.05 33.06

Karnataka 73.83 35.06 15.65 9.57 7.36 6.87 6.73 73.83 35.06

Kerala 77.52 37.64 16.07 7.62 5.27 4.59 4.52 77.52 37.64

Tamil Nadu 78.57 39.58 19.59 12.92 10.60 9.67 9.20 78.57 39.58

Bihar 73.73 37.91 16.18 9.29 7.41 6.62 6.34 73.73 37.91

Madhya Pradesh 81.60 38.08 12.81 7.11 6.26 5.64 5.74 81.60 38.08

Rajasthan 81.84 41.49 12.75 6.63 5.52 5.84 6.00 81.84 41.49

Uttar Pradesh 83.83 44.62 17.65 10.72 8.90 8.22 8.34 83.83 44.62

Gujarat 84.13 42.91 13.92 7.02 5.27 4.78 5.20 84.13 42.91

Maharashtra 80.14 33.80 11.00 6.29 5.25 5.27 5.45 80.14 33.80

Haryana 76.96 30.19 8.01 4.46 3.61 3.41 4.32 76.96 30.19

Punjab 85.52 42.50 14.65 7.08 5.46 5.15 5.47 85.52 42.50


Orissa 76.71 38.36 15.08 6.79 4.92 4.67 4.68 76.71 38.36

West Bengal 75.40 35.05 13.56 7.58 6.28 5.59 5.79 75.40 35.05

India 78.44 38.19 15.13 8.57 6.76 6.21 6.22 78.44 38.19



241

Appendix – 3F Contd…..Rural 2001

ASMCRU GMCRU

Graduate & Above 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49


Karnataka NA 52.63 28.05 14.75 11.05 10.62 11.61 NA 52.63

Kerala NA 59.68 26.85 10.71 6.02 5.07 4.63 NA 59.68

Tamil Nadu NA 59.06 32.37 17.01 13.51 12.61 12.44 NA 59.06

Bihar NA 37.69 20.57 11.80 9.56 8.42 8.28 NA 37.69


Rajasthan NA 47.65 19.81 8.87 7.22 8.32 8.74 NA 47.65


Gujarat NA 54.42 23.50 11.20 8.16 8.30 8.19 NA 54.42


Haryana NA 45.15 19.18 7.97 5.29 5.42 4.86 NA 45.15

Punjab NA 58.38 27.50 10.36 7.76 6.99 7.32 NA 58.38


Orissa NA 51.66 25.72 11.55 7.72 8.03 8.02 NA 51.66

West Bengal NA 55.61 29.08 13.80 11.10 10.13 9.61 NA 55.61

India NA 51.82 25.72 12.54 9.30 8.62 8.41 NA 51.82



242

Appendix – 3F




Andhra Pradesh 60.22 30.88 17.46 13.55 11.57 12.68 12.98 60.22 30.88

Karnataka 59.57 27.70 13.72 9.71 7.66 8.69 8.27 59.57 27.70

Kerala 59.03 30.42 16.79 11.91 9.78 9.63 8.17 59.03 30.42

Tamil Nadu 60.96 32.16 17.76 14.14 12.24 13.23 12.52 60.96 32.16

Bihar 66.65 31.90 14.21 8.30 6.20 5.85 5.83 66.65 31.90

Madhya Pradesh 64.07 24.58 9.30 5.69 4.49 4.55 4.62 64.07 24.58

Rajasthan 67.22 25.60 8.82 4.94 3.77 3.78 3.72 67.22 25.60

Uttar Pradesh 67.63 32.84 15.24 9.74 7.75 7.35 7.33 67.63 32.84

Gujarat 68.00 30.97 12.35 7.68 6.07 5.89 6.10 68.00 30.97

Maharashtra 60.12 25.08 10.30 6.91 5.65 6.36 6.03 60.12 25.08

Haryana 58.76 21.74 6.68 3.68 2.75 2.68 2.87 58.76 21.74

Punjab 62.15 28.45 12.09 7.07 5.73 5.33 5.20 62.15 28.45


Orissa 56.48 27.05 13.18 8.78 7.36 8.06 8.19 56.48 27.05

West Bengal 53.41 23.49 12.65 9.47 8.07 8.51 7.83 53.41 23.49

India 62.53 28.26 12.97 8.70 7.27 7.51 7.55 62.53 28.26

Literate < Middle

Andhra Pradesh 63.79 28.89 15.16 11.34 9.53 9.78 9.79 63.79 28.89

Karnataka 65.37 27.95 13.11 8.59 6.61 6.55 6.13 65.37 27.95

Kerala 61.08 25.51 12.59 8.88 6.88 6.35 5.94 61.08 25.51

Tamil Nadu 69.18 34.31 17.60 12.66 10.82 10.90 10.40 69.18 34.31

Bihar 69.63 32.57 13.95 8.08 5.77 4.86 4.55 69.63 32.57

Madhya Pradesh 71.27 27.44 9.77 5.53 4.36 4.23 4.09 71.27 27.44

Rajasthan 74.88 29.35 9.66 5.07 3.68 3.38 3.21 74.88 29.35

Uttar Pradesh 74.89 35.81 16.19 9.85 7.72 7.20 6.82 74.89 35.81

Gujarat 76.22 34.01 12.69 7.42 5.64 5.41 5.41 76.22 34.01


Punjab 74.47 31.28 12.03 6.95 5.42 5.08 4.78 74.47 31.28


Orissa 62.17 27.66 11.54 6.66 4.97 4.51 4.25 62.17 27.66

West Bengal 58.10 22.66 11.69 8.40 6.99 6.80 6.12 58.10 22.66

India 67.69 28.87 12.67 8.16 6.58 6.35 6.06 67.69 28.87



243

Appendix – 3F Contd…..Urban 2001

ASMCRU GMCRU

Middle < Matric 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49

Andhra Pradesh 71.13 31.28 16.27 12.29 10.12 10.03 10.36 71.13 31.28

Karnataka 72.51 29.93 14.08 8.96 6.80 6.57 6.56 72.51 29.93

Kerala 70.30 29.67 13.21 7.98 6.23 5.42 5.48 70.30 29.67

Tamil Nadu 73.61 36.16 18.82 13.15 11.25 10.83 10.24 73.61 36.16

Bihar 72.97 34.86 15.26 8.59 5.78 4.86 4.63 72.97 34.86

Madhya Pradesh 75.56 30.96 11.08 5.94 4.42 3.84 3.65 75.56 30.96

Rajasthan 76.77 32.10 10.86 5.43 3.89 3.36 3.37 76.77 32.10

Uttar Pradesh 78.17 37.37 16.89 10.45 8.07 7.15 6.83 78.17 37.37

Gujarat 81.92 39.10 14.12 7.91 6.05 5.96 5.81 81.92 39.10

Maharashtra 74.46 29.26 11.15 6.71 5.06 4.86 4.46 74.46 29.26

Haryana 75.36 27.33 8.07 4.26 2.90 2.77 2.48 75.36 27.33Punjab 82.54 34.76 13.05 7.40 6.14 5.27 5.02 82.54 34.76


Orissa 71.01 30.62 11.84 6.76 4.92 4.22 3.86 71.01 30.62

West Bengal 69.06 29.30 14.65 9.97 7.74 7.03 6.30 69.06 29.30

India 74.34 32.21 13.84 8.63 6.83 6.30 6.04 74.34 32.21

Matric <Graduate

Andhra Pradesh 79.01 41.77 20.41 14.58 13.11 12.46 12.80 79.01 41.77

Karnataka 78.51 39.68 17.82 10.43 7.87 7.11 7.15 78.51 39.68

Kerala 81.00 40.02 17.39 9.15 6.49 5.67 5.58 81.00 40.02

Tamil Nadu 81.76 43.81 22.42 14.89 12.53 11.58 11.54 81.76 43.81

Bihar 75.30 40.63 17.37 9.58 6.37 5.56 4.81 75.30 40.63

Madhya Pradesh 81.17 40.07 13.70 7.13 5.04 4.59 4.37 81.17 40.07

Rajasthan 82.46 41.45 12.63 6.04 4.34 3.83 4.00 82.46 41.45

Uttar Pradesh 81.90 45.89 19.52 11.83 9.13 8.08 7.86 81.90 45.89

Gujarat 85.45 45.16 15.82 8.37 6.38 5.97 6.06 85.45 45.16

Maharashtra 80.91 37.72 14.10 7.53 5.49 4.98 4.76 80.91 37.72

Haryana 81.43 36.31 9.91 4.56 3.14 2.82 2.68 81.43 36.31

Punjab 86.75 43.83 15.73 8.16 5.88 5.19 4.80 86.75 43.83


Orissa 78.86 39.21 15.02 7.22 5.03 4.40 4.37 78.86 39.21

West Bengal 77.97 44.63 20.09 11.95 9.60 8.46 8.00 77.97 44.63

India 80.71 41.50 17.07 9.84 7.64 6.86 6.75 80.71 41.50



244

Appendix – 3F Contd…..Urban 2001

ASMCRU GMCRU

Graduate & Above 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49


Karnataka NA 61.52 32.62 14.97 10.00 8.62 8.69 NA 61.52

Kerala NA 60.66 28.16 11.44 6.79 5.30 5.10 NA 60.66

Tamil Nadu NA 63.41 35.81 20.37 16.20 15.02 14.35 NA 63.41

Bihar NA 48.22 25.77 12.49 7.93 6.77 6.51 NA 48.22


Rajasthan NA 52.61 21.67 7.76 5.29 4.59 5.19 NA 52.61


Gujarat NA 59.99 26.35 11.78 8.15 7.47 7.52 NA 59.99


Haryana NA 50.18 19.60 6.45 4.02 3.08 3.22 NA 50.18

Punjab NA 54.09 23.94 9.60 6.26 5.08 5.31 NA 54.09


Orissa NA 57.05 27.36 11.25 6.80 5.89 5.96 NA 57.05

West Bengal NA 61.75 35.34 16.76 12.38 10.84 10.49 NA 61.75

India NA 57.36 28.63 12.99 8.94 7.71 7.66 NA 57.36



245


Marital Childlessness Rates By Caste and Place

of Residence, 1981-2001



246

Appendix – 3G


Rates by Caste of the Woman, Combined Areas, India and States, 1981

ASMCRU GMCRUSchedule Caste 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49

Andhra Pradesh 60.26 28.90 13.83 10.26 8.03 8.90 8.70 20.95 19.70

Karnataka 8.91 3.60 1.53 1.16 0.82 1.06 1.02 2.55 2.41

Kerala 50.02 18.90 7.61 4.73 3.63 3.58 3.05 10.51 9.59

Tamil Nadu 60.27 28.62 12.45 8.14 6.19 6.58 6.42 16.57 15.39

Bihar 58.10 27.27 11.79 6.29 4.22 3.60 3.21 18.58 17.17

Madhya Pradesh 69.76 24.99 9.56 6.21 4.95 5.46 5.65 21.16 19.62

Rajasthan 76.69 29.82 9.88 5.40 4.00 4.15 3.71 22.89 21.04

Uttar Pradesh 35.34 14.03 5.55 3.35 2.67 2.73 2.67 10.46 9.64

Gujarat 82.28 36.57 10.83 5.59 4.23 4.34 4.62 21.27 19.62

Maharashtra 33.44 12.99 4.92 3.28 2.66 2.61 2.17 9.23 8.50

Haryana 69.52 25.27 7.16 3.35 2.48 2.27 2.18 19.66 17.94

Punjab 56.57 25.43 8.24 4.07 3.02 2.84 2.68 12.70 11.58


Orissa 55.47 23.89 10.30 6.96 5.71 6.02 5.62 15.81 14.73

West Bengal 34.79 11.22 4.19 2.52 1.94 2.13 2.18 8.93 8.29

India 49.39 20.30 8.06 4.99 3.88 4.01 3.87 14.29 13.22

Schedule Tribe

Andhra Pradesh 58.63 28.30 13.92 9.49 7.53 7.82 7.66 19.31 18.20

Karnataka 10.91 4.59 2.06 1.35 1.11 1.12 1.12 3.25 3.04

Kerala 47.65 20.41 7.33 4.27 2.80 1.99 2.20 11.07 10.12

Tamil Nadu 59.26 28.25 12.01 8.98 7.15 6.75 8.07 17.94 16.85

Bihar 54.93 25.03 11.67 7.33 4.94 4.46 3.86 15.49 14.19

Madhya Pradesh 67.64 27.56 11.66 7.45 6.55 6.80 6.79 19.84 18.48

Rajasthan 78.00 32.46 12.02 6.62 4.82 4.46 4.27 22.81 21.08

Uttar Pradesh 55.19 22.35 10.23 8.29 8.42 9.57 8.69 17.88 16.94

Gujarat 66.06 28.49 10.51 6.11 4.85 4.69 4.86 15.37 14.23

Maharashtra 29.76 11.62 4.73 3.16 2.61 2.77 2.60 7.96 7.38Haryana NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Punjab NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA


Orissa 60.56 27.54 12.63 8.75 7.52 7.97 7.55 17.25 16.19

West Bengal 39.82 17.98 8.37 5.01 3.98 3.40 3.54 12.24 11.38

India 56.29 23.62 10.01 6.41 5.18 5.18 5.02 15.57 14.47



247

Appendix – 3G contd……Combined 1981

ASMCRU GMCRU

Other Castes 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 57.08 24.31 11.27 8.23 6.78 7.95 8.00 18.26 17.21

Karnataka 10.66 4.43 1.82 1.22 0.94 1.06 1.08 2.87 2.69

Kerala 50.45 19.37 6.91 3.73 2.72 2.78 2.66 10.05 9.11

Tamil Nadu 62.48 28.68 11.70 7.32 5.69 6.38 6.46 15.39 14.28

Bihar 61.82 27.89 11.37 5.82 4.03 3.73 3.43 18.47 17.05

Madhya Pradesh 70.22 25.37 9.20 5.62 4.70 5.14 5.28 20.09 18.63

Rajasthan 79.20 31.93 10.60 5.81 4.40 4.51 4.31 23.50 21.63

Uttar Pradesh 35.80 15.10 5.80 3.43 2.74 2.74 2.71 10.35 9.54

Gujarat 81.31 37.31 12.48 6.49 5.10 5.20 5.29 20.61 19.03Maharashtra 34.06 13.77 5.14 3.07 2.50 2.67 2.64 8.36 7.73

Haryana 72.37 28.00 8.25 3.76 2.79 2.63 2.36 19.37 17.63

Punjab 61.11 28.93 9.96 4.91 3.46 3.43 3.15 12.95 11.76


Orissa 57.28 22.31 8.23 5.17 4.24 4.89 5.13 13.52 12.58

West Bengal 35.52 11.72 4.56 2.59 2.08 2.15 2.33 8.33 7.72

India 51.56 21.42 8.10 4.73 3.71 3.94 3.92 13.78 12.74



248

Appendix – 3G


Rates by Caste of the Woman, Rural Areas, India and States, 1981


Andhra Pradesh 61.00 29.40 13.94 10.24 7.98 8.72 8.57 21.12 19.81

Karnataka 9.28 3.71 1.50 1.13 0.86 1.08 0.94 2.61 2.44

Kerala 50.56 18.96 7.49 4.71 3.56 3.55 3.05 10.60 9.67

Tamil Nadu 61.28 29.56 12.73 8.23 6.26 6.55 6.52 16.74 15.52

Bihar 57.99 27.32 11.75 6.15 4.03 3.44 2.99 18.52 17.09

Madhya Pradesh 70.68 25.10 9.45 6.04 4.86 5.32 5.60 21.33 19.73

Rajasthan 77.74 30.34 9.95 5.33 3.95 4.08 3.72 22.86 20.97

Uttar Pradesh 36.06 14.28 5.59 3.36 2.66 2.67 2.63 10.63 9.78

Gujarat 86.03 39.15 11.37 5.91 4.06 4.13 4.06 22.09 20.20

Maharashtra 36.65 14.78 5.65 3.56 2.71 2.77 2.26 10.17 9.30

Haryana 70.34 25.32 7.18 3.29 2.48 2.06 1.95 19.89 18.08

Punjab 56.70 25.64 8.15 4.04 2.88 2.66 2.57 12.42 11.31


Orissa 56.11 24.13 10.29 6.80 5.57 5.87 5.46 15.79 14.68

West Bengal 36.04 11.44 4.21 2.50 1.87 2.09 2.12 9.23 8.55

India 49.98 20.64 8.17 5.00 3.85 3.95 3.82 14.46 13.36

Schedule Tribe

Andhra Pradesh 59.15 28.53 13.89 9.33 7.52 7.74 7.63 19.22 18.10

Karnataka 10.96 4.50 1.95 1.33 1.07 1.07 1.15 3.19 3.00

Kerala 47.40 20.05 7.45 4.19 2.86 1.91 2.23 10.99 10.05

Tamil Nadu 59.11 28.17 12.02 8.96 6.94 6.98 8.29 17.83 16.75

Bihar 54.99 24.83 11.49 7.09 4.79 4.29 3.70 15.34 14.03

Madhya Pradesh 67.75 27.58 11.62 7.36 6.47 6.71 6.75 19.82 18.44

Rajasthan 78.20 32.58 12.01 6.50 4.73 4.37 4.20 22.75 21.02

Uttar Pradesh 55.65 22.53 10.21 8.11 8.34 9.84 8.59 18.08 17.09

Gujarat 66.34 28.52 10.47 6.02 4.74 4.64 4.71 15.31 14.15




Orissa 60.82 27.57 12.58 8.67 7.46 7.91 7.52 17.23 16.16

West Bengal 40.28 18.17 8.44 5.06 4.05 3.46 3.54 12.41 11.53

India 56.85 23.86 10.06 6.38 5.16 5.15 5.01 15.69 14.56



249

Appendix – 3G contd……Rural 1981

ASMCRU GMCRU


Karnataka 10.88 4.43 1.77 1.21 0.93 1.00 1.07 2.93 2.74

Kerala 51.25 19.19 6.60 3.66 2.62 2.64 2.52 10.08 9.12

Tamil Nadu 62.51 28.53 11.14 7.15 5.58 6.43 6.53 15.11 14.00

Bihar 61.96 27.96 11.41 5.72 3.88 3.51 3.22 18.72 17.25

Madhya Pradesh 71.41 25.03 8.87 5.43 4.57 4.99 5.09 21.14 19.53

Rajasthan 80.81 32.72 10.73 5.81 4.34 4.41 4.09 24.58 22.57

Uttar Pradesh 36.97 15.49 5.82 3.38 2.67 2.66 2.61 10.84 9.96


Haryana 73.05 27.37 7.88 3.53 2.73 2.52 2.22 20.56 18.69

Punjab 61.09 28.68 9.68 4.66 3.26 3.34 3.05 12.79 11.57


Orissa 58.31 22.65 8.34 5.19 4.25 4.79 5.09 13.80 12.79

West Bengal 38.00 11.94 4.20 2.41 1.87 2.03 2.27 9.23 8.53

India 52.76 21.72 8.06 4.70 3.66 3.87 3.84 14.46 13.31



250

Appendix – 3G

Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted and the General Marital ChildlessnessRates by Caste of the Woman, Urban Areas, India and States, 1981

ASMCRU GMCRU

Schedule Caste 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 55.84 26.23 13.26 10.38 8.33 10.10 9.59 19.95 19.04

Karnataka 7.55 3.21 1.62 1.25 0.65 0.94 1.34 2.36 2.27

Kerala 45.05 18.34 8.50 4.84 4.10 3.78 3.04 9.89 9.01

Tamil Nadu 56.55 25.01 11.37 7.75 5.87 6.75 5.96 15.86 14.83

Bihar 59.48 26.71 12.24 7.81 6.28 5.54 5.86 19.20 18.05

Madhya Pradesh 65.35 24.56 9.99 6.99 5.37 6.17 5.96 20.37 19.11

Rajasthan 72.36 27.76 9.57 5.70 4.27 4.52 3.65 23.02 21.35

Uttar Pradesh 28.54 12.03 5.27 3.26 2.75 3.32 3.01 8.96 8.39


Haryana 64.85 25.05 7.09 3.66 2.51 3.35 3.54 18.49 17.16

Punjab 56.17 24.71 8.61 4.22 3.55 3.59 3.16 13.76 12.66


Orissa 49.94 21.69 10.39 8.49 7.10 7.53 7.53 16.01 15.25

West Bengal 24.57 9.51 4.04 2.61 2.39 2.44 2.54 6.84 6.41

India 46.06 18.66 7.48 4.90 4.01 4.40 4.15 13.35 12.50

Schedule Tribe

Andhra Pradesh 52.54 25.53 14.42 12.13 7.72 9.26 8.30 20.58 19.70

Karnataka 10.50 5.15 2.82 1.51 1.39 1.48 0.90 3.63 3.37

Kerala 63.04 35.65 2.05 8.46 0.00 6.52 0.00 14.88 13.87

Tamil Nadu 60.42 28.87 11.98 9.18 8.97 4.60 5.71 18.94 17.72

Bihar 53.94 27.97 14.07 10.96 7.14 7.58 6.71 17.76 16.70

Madhya Pradesh 64.44 26.93 12.64 9.95 8.50 9.43 8.13 20.45 19.44

Rajasthan 73.09 29.68 12.32 9.79 7.81 7.11 6.32 24.19 22.78

Uttar Pradesh 31.96 17.54 10.51 12.78 10.04 0.00 12.40 12.71 12.69

Gujarat 62.48 28.17 10.96 7.15 6.39 5.44 7.12 16.06 15.23

Maharashtra 28.59 10.76 4.65 3.31 3.04 3.27 3.17 7.27 6.84

Haryana NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA



Orissa 55.20 26.97 13.61 10.32 8.58 9.08 8.40 17.54 16.74

West Bengal 26.81 13.24 6.81 3.99 2.22 1.85 3.45 8.25 7.85

India 46.67 20.26 9.29 6.95 5.59 5.69 5.30 13.76 12.99



251

Appendix – 3G contd…… Urban 1981

ASMCRU GMCRU


Karnataka 10.03 4.43 1.93 1.24 0.95 1.21 1.10 2.75 2.59

Kerala 46.37 20.19 8.15 4.01 3.12 3.33 3.24 9.89 9.05

Tamil Nadu 62.43 28.92 12.61 7.64 5.92 6.27 6.32 15.87 14.78

Bihar 60.42 27.40 11.14 6.42 5.00 5.27 5.07 16.68 15.65

Madhya Pradesh 64.44 26.35 10.02 6.13 5.02 5.60 5.89 17.01 15.95

Rajasthan 72.14 29.55 10.23 5.80 4.60 4.83 5.04 20.04 18.61

Uttar Pradesh 27.77 13.43 5.74 3.65 3.05 3.13 3.20 8.17 7.67


Haryana 66.79 30.21 9.27 4.47 2.98 3.01 2.82 15.32 14.04

Punjab 61.17 29.45 10.49 5.45 3.87 3.62 3.36 13.29 12.17


Orissa 49.73 20.18 7.64 5.06 4.17 5.57 5.43 11.81 11.25

West Bengal 25.11 11.13 5.31 2.94 2.50 2.39 2.46 6.32 5.90

India 46.21 20.57 8.21 4.82 3.84 4.16 4.16 11.86 11.07



252

Appendix – 3H


Rates by Caste of the Woman, Combined Areas, India and States, 1991


Andhra Pradesh 61.42 27.70 13.76 10.58 8.68 9.59 9.33 20.36 19.27

Karnataka 46.90 20.17 9.22 7.07 5.89 6.58 5.98 13.29 12.58

Kerala 64.22 28.26 15.14 11.32 9.85 10.07 9.15 16.67 15.76

Tamil Nadu 56.95 29.03 15.58 12.58 10.97 11.88 11.98 18.77 17.95

Bihar 71.87 35.12 18.12 12.54 10.99 11.15 11.36 26.05 24.76

Madhya Pradesh 69.94 27.37 12.56 9.52 8.63 9.32 9.58 22.18 20.96

Rajasthan 75.69 30.91 11.57 7.09 5.92 5.82 6.17 22.39 20.82

Uttar Pradesh 72.86 34.51 18.77 14.46 13.04 13.21 13.11 26.47 25.09

Gujarat 81.77 38.55 12.70 7.59 6.26 6.41 6.30 20.30 18.85

Maharashtra 49.47 21.61 10.64 8.94 7.91 8.49 8.07 15.00 14.26

Haryana 66.30 24.83 7.88 4.12 3.36 3.14 3.08 15.70 14.66

Punjab 64.41 30.20 10.78 6.29 4.88 4.72 4.61 14.84 13.74


Orissa 61.95 30.21 13.65 9.89 7.98 9.14 8.42 18.87 17.82

West Bengal 56.83 23.57 12.78 10.02 8.83 8.76 7.95 18.33 17.54

India 65.87 28.91 14.01 10.53 9.20 9.63 9.50 20.66 19.57

Schedule Tribe

Andhra Pradesh 60.39 27.54 13.58 10.09 8.80 9.30 9.37 19.66 18.70

Karnataka 47.47 20.94 9.29 7.10 5.94 6.55 6.21 13.42 12.72

Kerala 66.97 32.15 17.13 12.91 11.00 11.06 8.94 19.83 18.65

Tamil Nadu 59.57 29.38 16.14 14.17 12.26 14.13 15.11 20.86 20.25

Bihar 65.10 33.76 19.09 14.42 12.28 12.12 11.16 23.19 21.93

Madhya Pradesh 67.89 28.74 14.27 11.14 10.22 10.75 10.83 21.48 20.40

Rajasthan 77.58 35.79 14.97 9.39 7.72 7.47 7.23 24.16 22.53

Uttar Pradesh 65.81 29.16 13.43 11.38 10.18 11.23 12.14 21.43 20.46

Gujarat 69.15 30.78 12.99 9.14 8.20 7.92 8.13 17.65 16.67


Punjab 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00


Orissa 63.15 31.32 15.30 11.13 10.41 10.91 9.89 19.89 18.81

West Bengal 62.87 31.59 17.78 14.32 12.08 11.56 11.40 22.95 21.92

India 64.37 29.35 14.71 11.24 10.05 10.30 10.09 20.15 19.13



253

Appendix – 3H contd……Combined 1991

ASMCRU GMCRU


Karnataka 58.66 26.29 11.93 8.16 6.83 7.08 6.49 15.67 14.73

Kerala 64.72 27.59 11.48 7.23 5.82 5.90 5.33 13.61 12.65

Tamil Nadu 51.74 24.04 11.79 9.00 7.53 8.01 7.98 14.04 13.27

Bihar 73.80 37.51 18.53 12.52 10.61 10.58 10.33 25.25 23.81

Madhya Pradesh 71.38 27.27 10.84 6.49 5.36 5.95 5.93 19.20 17.93

Rajasthan 69.44 29.64 9.79 4.99 3.65 3.75 3.53 19.33 17.83

Uttar Pradesh 75.34 35.73 17.64 12.59 11.06 10.85 10.95 24.81 23.39


Haryana 72.90 27.59 8.36 4.16 3.43 3.16 3.10 15.94 14.85

Punjab 65.59 31.70 10.59 5.12 4.08 3.85 3.62 13.02 11.96


Orissa 70.31 34.16 15.05 10.93 8.99 9.44 9.18 18.96 17.81

West Bengal 57.29 21.86 9.94 7.17 5.97 5.95 5.86 14.07 13.19

India 66.27 28.88 12.47 8.42 7.03 7.20 7.04 17.98 16.84



254

Appendix – 3G

Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted and the General Marital ChildlessnessRates by Caste of the Woman, Rural Areas, India and States, 1981

ASMCRU GMCRU


Karnataka 47.32 20.46 9.21 7.02 5.91 6.60 6.08 13.38 12.66

Kerala 64.52 27.98 14.71 11.10 9.71 9.94 8.92 16.58 15.65

Tamil Nadu 58.36 29.87 15.69 12.57 10.97 11.88 12.01 19.00 18.13

Bihar 72.39 35.42 18.22 12.51 10.99 11.00 11.17 26.26 24.93

Madhya Pradesh 70.73 27.66 12.62 9.56 8.75 9.33 9.68 22.74 21.43

Rajasthan 76.62 31.67 11.81 7.18 5.94 5.81 6.08 22.80 21.13

Uttar Pradesh 73.15 34.64 18.65 14.27 12.79 13.00 12.79 26.58 25.15


Haryana 66.76 24.98 7.84 4.00 3.21 2.99 2.93 15.88 14.80

Punjab 65.24 30.70 10.70 5.98 4.57 4.45 4.32 14.70 13.56


Orissa 63.20 30.75 13.75 9.78 7.90 8.97 8.19 19.02 17.91

West Bengal 57.25 23.08 12.11 9.31 8.13 8.17 7.44 17.91 17.10

India 66.81 29.48 14.23 10.62 9.28 9.69 9.53 21.16 20.00

Schedule Tribe

Andhra Pradesh 60.79 27.78 13.67 10.07 8.84 9.28 9.34 19.70 18.72

Karnataka 47.52 21.04 9.31 7.06 6.04 6.61 6.28 13.42 12.72

Kerala 67.04 32.23 17.02 12.90 11.05 11.16 9.00 19.86 18.68

Tamil Nadu 60.80 29.99 16.33 14.30 12.59 14.51 15.44 21.21 20.59

Bihar 65.30 33.86 19.25 14.50 12.42 12.14 11.19 23.42 22.13

Madhya Pradesh 67.99 28.80 14.30 11.17 10.26 10.77 10.83 21.58 20.48

Rajasthan 77.77 35.96 15.07 9.41 7.72 7.43 7.17 24.24 22.58

Uttar Pradesh 65.78 29.19 13.46 11.08 9.77 10.77 11.59 21.47 20.44

Gujarat 69.21 30.77 12.86 8.96 8.04 7.78 8.01 17.58 16.58

Maharashtra 51.99 23.39 12.21 10.56 9.86 10.14 10.21 16.83 16.14

Haryana NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NAPunjab NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA


Orissa 63.50 31.62 15.43 11.10 10.41 10.95 9.83 20.03 18.92

West Bengal 63.12 31.59 17.54 14.08 11.74 11.27 11.27 22.81 21.77

India 64.71 29.57 14.79 11.25 10.09 10.32 10.11 20.31 19.27



255

Appendix – 3H contd……Rural 1991

ASMCRU GMCRU

Other Castes 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49


Kerala 65.46 27.28 11.12 7.25 5.83 6.01 5.27 13.72 12.75

Tamil Nadu 54.32 25.02 11.91 9.10 7.70 8.40 8.41 14.62 13.79

Bihar 74.10 37.75 18.56 12.47 10.60 10.48 10.20 25.72 24.23

Madhya Pradesh 71.71 25.82 9.50 5.28 4.41 5.15 5.27 19.41 18.05

Rajasthan 69.75 29.67 9.39 4.52 3.26 3.40 3.11 20.12 18.48

Uttar Pradesh 76.15 35.79 17.26 12.09 10.48 10.30 10.47 25.46 23.91

Gujarat 78.18 37.92 12.57 6.88 5.29 5.20 4.96 19.66 18.10


Punjab 65.56 31.62 10.15 4.64 3.55 3.44 3.20 12.96 11.82


Orissa 70.90 34.53 15.06 10.88 8.94 9.33 8.99 19.35 18.11

West Bengal 57.38 19.64 7.59 5.55 4.70 4.88 4.71 13.48 12.58

India 67.52 29.10 12.25 8.29 6.94 7.14 6.96 18.85 17.60



256

Appendix – 3H


Rates by Caste of the Woman, Urban Areas, India and States, 1991


Andhra Pradesh 58.14 25.75 12.68 9.86 8.03 9.15 9.40 18.24 17.44

Karnataka 45.40 19.26 9.26 7.25 5.81 6.50 5.59 12.98 12.30

Kerala 62.39 29.61 17.09 12.27 10.44 10.62 10.18 17.10 16.24

Tamil Nadu 51.62 25.97 15.18 12.61 10.96 11.90 11.84 17.89 17.24

Bihar 65.68 31.79 17.08 12.86 11.00 12.67 13.44 23.75 22.88

Madhya Pradesh 66.43 26.31 12.35 9.37 8.23 9.27 9.15 20.17 19.21

Rajasthan 71.77 28.01 10.65 6.72 5.81 5.83 6.58 20.75 19.57

Uttar Pradesh 69.84 33.53 19.62 15.97 14.93 14.97 15.93 25.54 24.64

Gujarat 76.17 35.10 12.41 7.83 6.48 6.86 7.22 18.76 17.72

Maharashtra 48.08 20.23 9.70 8.01 6.70 6.91 6.96 13.75 13.14

Haryana 63.92 24.14 8.06 4.63 3.99 3.87 3.80 14.91 14.05

Punjab 61.82 28.42 11.04 7.44 6.01 5.85 5.78 15.36 14.42


Orissa 52.29 25.78 12.83 10.82 8.69 10.71 10.64 17.63 17.02

West Bengal 54.22 26.45 16.54 13.81 12.39 12.01 10.95 20.67 19.97

India 60.66 26.43 13.09 10.15 8.86 9.33 9.40 18.45 17.64

Schedule Tribe

Andhra Pradesh 56.12 24.92 12.52 10.31 8.22 9.45 9.96 19.12 18.45

Karnataka 47.23 20.41 9.20 7.30 5.39 6.14 5.72 13.41 12.75

Kerala 65.12 29.86 20.16 13.27 9.71 8.46 6.97 19.10 18.03

Tamil Nadu 50.52 25.23 14.75 13.23 9.75 11.15 12.35 18.26 17.70

Bihar 61.33 32.24 17.10 13.43 10.67 11.85 10.64 20.06 19.20

Madhya Pradesh 65.66 27.44 13.62 10.52 9.34 10.41 11.03 19.59 18.86

Rajasthan 73.57 32.36 12.85 9.00 7.68 8.29 8.67 22.60 21.47

Uttar Pradesh 66.88 28.46 12.89 15.59 15.86 19.63 21.10 20.71 20.75

Gujarat 68.40 30.83 14.32 11.03 9.92 9.72 9.74 18.37 17.60




Orissa 55.10 26.31 13.09 11.72 10.57 10.09 11.23 17.34 16.85

West Bengal 58.05 31.52 21.77 18.42 18.00 16.82 14.61 25.33 24.60

India 58.96 26.53 13.83 11.07 9.63 9.94 9.81 18.01 17.30



257

Appendix – 3H contd…… Urban 1991

ASMCRU GMCRU


Karnataka 59.58 28.71 14.45 9.53 7.77 8.09 7.56 16.65 15.77

Kerala 62.25 28.47 12.45 7.16 5.78 5.64 5.48 13.32 12.40

Tamil Nadu 46.44 22.47 11.61 8.85 7.23 7.32 7.13 13.08 12.41

Bihar 70.63 35.81 18.30 12.86 10.69 11.13 11.15 22.08 20.99

Madhya Pradesh 69.89 31.07 13.70 9.13 7.29 7.81 7.57 18.70 17.64

Rajasthan 67.99 29.57 10.80 6.17 4.62 4.72 4.81 17.10 15.98

Uttar Pradesh 69.42 35.46 18.91 14.27 12.89 12.89 12.82 22.35 21.40


Haryana 70.22 29.78 10.08 4.77 3.82 3.42 3.56 13.20 12.37

Punjab 65.69 31.85 11.38 5.97 5.01 4.70 4.52 13.12 12.24


Orissa 65.78 31.93 15.01 11.16 9.22 10.02 10.20 16.99 16.26

West Bengal 56.94 27.73 14.73 9.94 7.96 7.72 7.95 15.25 14.42

India 60.77 28.28 12.95 8.71 7.21 7.35 7.25 15.82 14.96



258

Appendix – 3I

Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted and the General Marital ChildlessnessRates by Caste of the Woman, Combined Areas, India and States, 2001

ASMCRU GMCRU


Karnataka 61.60 27.52 12.69 8.15 6.39 6.94 6.90 15.69 14.71

Kerala 69.70 32.33 15.74 9.59 7.10 6.63 6.44 15.20 13.93

Tamil Nadu 67.83 33.46 16.85 12.08 10.29 10.90 11.04 19.09 18.07

Bihar 72.70 34.24 13.57 7.37 5.73 5.56 6.06 20.78 19.34

Madhya Pradesh 72.90 27.45 8.79 4.63 3.73 3.63 3.74 16.78 15.55

Rajasthan 73.22 27.78 8.46 4.35 3.24 3.13 3.20 17.70 16.32

Uttar Pradesh 74.69 33.22 13.18 7.45 5.79 5.47 5.58 18.96 17.58


Haryana 67.90 24.71 6.68 3.00 2.12 2.02 2.13 13.18 12.18

Punjab 72.70 33.17 11.55 5.58 4.02 3.47 3.38 13.85 12.70


Orissa 64.25 30.51 12.86 7.25 5.72 5.75 5.89 14.54 13.58

West Bengal 56.43 19.06 7.97 5.14 4.47 4.83 4.67 12.56 11.78

India 68.49 29.36 11.91 7.03 5.75 5.76 5.97 16.75 15.61

Schedule Tribe

Andhra Pradesh 59.51 27.18 13.35 9.76 8.97 9.73 10.46 18.82 18.00

Karnataka 61.32 27.89 12.82 8.30 6.64 7.24 6.99 16.06 15.07

Kerala 68.88 32.32 16.95 11.88 9.24 8.43 7.62 18.89 17.47

Tamil Nadu 66.37 36.13 19.44 15.64 14.13 15.25 16.38 23.71 22.90

Bihar 71.09 36.27 16.35 9.32 7.87 7.27 7.04 19.89 18.55

Madhya Pradesh 68.47 24.41 8.31 5.04 4.52 4.49 5.00 14.84 13.89

Rajasthan 72.45 27.98 9.13 5.02 3.98 3.88 3.89 17.28 16.01

Uttar Pradesh 65.45 31.07 13.79 9.56 7.72 7.76 7.92 19.30 18.32

Gujarat 66.69 28.52 10.51 6.66 5.54 5.36 5.56 14.15 13.24

Maharashtra 65.07 25.15 9.28 5.89 5.17 5.59 6.02 13.79 12.99




Orissa 66.50 32.57 14.63 9.25 7.91 8.31 8.89 16.94 16.04

West Bengal 61.35 26.54 13.12 8.85 7.69 7.84 7.66 16.99 16.03

India 66.92 28.80 12.36 7.86 6.73 6.78 7.07 16.44 15.45



259

Appendix – 3I contd……Combined 2001

ASMCRU GMCRU

Other Castes 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49

Andhra Pradesh 62.87 29.63 14.77 10.41 8.74 9.30 9.46 18.48 17.49

Karnataka 66.64 31.82 14.92 9.07 6.81 6.98 6.63 16.42 15.26

Kerala 71.29 34.57 15.56 8.02 6.01 5.56 5.35 15.08 13.73

Tamil Nadu 71.25 37.36 19.16 13.14 11.03 11.22 10.90 19.96 18.77

Bihar 73.81 36.45 14.86 8.09 5.97 5.52 5.50 19.87 18.34

Madhya Pradesh 74.40 29.66 10.38 5.45 4.25 4.13 4.04 16.21 15.00

Rajasthan 75.80 30.03 9.59 4.77 3.57 3.40 3.37 17.71 16.28

Uttar Pradesh 76.72 36.48 15.38 8.86 6.86 6.27 6.09 19.70 18.24

Gujarat 78.40 38.23 13.65 7.04 5.34 4.96 5.01 17.17 15.84

Maharashtra 72.24 31.02 12.09 6.71 5.30 5.48 5.35 14.51 13.48

Haryana 68.29 25.53 7.62 3.56 2.61 2.42 2.43 12.52 11.53Punjab 76.37 37.16 13.83 6.91 5.27 4.65 4.42 14.59 13.35


Orissa 67.49 32.26 13.38 7.03 5.26 4.94 4.82 13.75 12.69

West Bengal 58.96 23.27 11.16 7.26 6.11 6.17 5.82 14.10 13.20

India 71.17 32.62 13.80 8.01 6.37 6.17 6.11 17.05 15.82



260

Appendix – 3I

Age Specific Marital Childlessness Rates-Unadjusted and the General Marital ChildlessnessRates by Caste of the Woman, Rural Areas, India and States, 2001

ASMCRU GMCRU


Karnataka 60.58 26.37 11.76 7.62 6.02 6.69 6.57 15.06 14.10

Kerala 68.94 31.55 15.09 9.29 6.96 6.47 6.38 14.97 13.75

Tamil Nadu 67.31 32.56 15.96 11.39 9.77 10.51 10.79 18.45 17.46

Bihar 73.01 34.41 13.57 7.37 5.74 5.60 6.10 20.97 19.52

Madhya Pradesh 73.48 26.98 8.20 4.27 3.46 3.48 3.55 17.16 15.89

Rajasthan 73.57 27.42 8.11 4.18 3.10 3.05 3.14 17.93 16.51

Uttar Pradesh 75.01 33.03 12.81 7.14 5.50 5.24 5.33 19.03 17.64


Haryana 68.16 24.54 6.41 2.84 1.94 1.87 1.99 13.27 12.27

Punjab 72.94 32.89 10.91 5.10 3.58 3.08 2.98 13.41 12.26


Orissa 64.81 30.79 12.86 7.19 5.64 5.61 5.76 14.54 13.56

West Bengal 56.18 18.17 7.17 4.60 4.07 4.49 4.38 12.12 11.36

India 68.69 28.96 11.40 6.70 5.50 5.56 5.79 16.76 15.61

Schedule Tribe

Andhra Pradesh 59.38 27.07 13.22 9.62 8.85 9.55 10.37 18.68 17.86

Karnataka 60.93 27.52 12.36 8.10 6.58 7.09 6.92 15.81 14.84

Kerala 68.92 32.30 16.91 11.98 9.33 8.63 7.65 19.01 17.59

Tamil Nadu 66.92 36.69 19.93 16.24 14.83 15.87 17.25 24.39 23.60

Bihar 70.96 36.31 16.29 9.23 7.90 7.30 7.08 19.99 18.65

Madhya Pradesh 68.60 24.28 8.14 4.95 4.47 4.42 4.96 14.83 13.88

Rajasthan 72.56 27.84 9.03 4.99 3.96 3.85 3.85 17.30 16.02

Uttar Pradesh 65.09 30.84 13.55 9.11 7.39 7.54 7.82 19.21 18.24

Gujarat 66.63 28.30 10.32 6.50 5.41 5.25 5.45 14.05 13.12

Maharashtra 64.99 24.77 9.05 5.77 5.19 5.57 6.11 13.78 12.99




Orissa 66.64 32.66 14.65 9.26 7.93 8.30 8.87 16.99 16.08

West Bengal 61.38 26.34 12.92 8.72 7.58 7.74 7.55 16.91 15.94

India 66.98 28.68 12.22 7.78 6.70 6.74 7.05 16.45 15.45



261

Appendix – 3I contd……Rural 2001

ASMCRU GMCRUOther Castes 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49

Andhra Pradesh 61.03 26.42 12.08 8.53 7.19 7.92 8.13 16.73 15.77

Karnataka 64.97 29.29 12.91 8.15 6.23 6.55 6.16 15.33 14.23

Kerala 70.47 33.58 14.88 7.60 5.74 5.35 5.12 14.79 13.47

Tamil Nadu 69.44 34.68 16.78 11.65 9.95 10.36 10.20 18.59 17.44

Bihar 74.06 36.44 14.59 7.93 5.90 5.49 5.51 20.11 20.45

Madhya Pradesh 74.99 28.27 8.82 4.81 3.91 3.87 3.81 16.80 15.56

Rajasthan 76.33 29.01 8.61 4.42 3.35 3.23 3.20 18.50 17.01

Uttar Pradesh 77.04 35.70 14.27 8.12 6.22 5.69 5.57 19.86 18.37

Gujarat 78.80 36.96 11.87 5.96 4.50 4.11 4.17 17.09 15.68

Maharashtra 72.38 28.78 9.66 5.86 5.03 5.45 5.44 13.92 12.98

Haryana 67.71 23.18 6.18 3.06 2.32 2.19 2.23 12.54 11.57

Punjab 75.43 35.42 12.19 6.12 4.70 4.10 3.88 13.87 12.67


Orissa 67.37 31.60 12.77 6.77 5.13 4.82 4.68 13.61 12.54

West Bengal 57.96 19.96 7.98 5.11 4.43 4.71 4.54 12.64 11.84

India 71.11 31.10 12.22 7.14 5.73 5.64 5.63 16.87 15.64



262

Appendix – 3I


Rates by Caste of the Woman, Urban Areas, India and States, 2001


Andhra Pradesh 66.08 35.08 18.95 13.54 11.07 11.57 12.17 22.00 20.98

Karnataka 64.95 30.83 15.28 9.72 7.47 7.76 7.94 17.55 16.51

Kerala 74.43 36.39 18.85 10.87 7.69 7.26 6.67 16.22 14.77

Tamil Nadu 69.10 35.54 18.86 13.65 11.49 11.84 11.66 20.58 19.51

Bihar 67.08 31.45 13.62 7.37 5.55 5.10 5.50 17.96 16.64

Madhya Pradesh 70.25 29.06 10.54 5.73 4.44 4.09 4.31 15.59 14.50

Rajasthan 71.44 29.19 9.73 5.01 3.75 3.43 3.46 16.82 15.56

Uttar Pradesh 71.09 34.88 15.92 9.70 7.62 7.04 7.29 18.36 17.16

Gujarat 76.96 39.04 15.10 7.64 5.54 5.20 4.95 17.26 15.91

Maharashtra 66.67 27.60 11.13 6.29 4.83 5.00 4.82 14.13 13.16

Haryana 66.76 25.35 7.65 3.60 2.70 2.52 2.58 12.83 11.87

Punjab 72.07 34.03 13.50 7.03 5.24 4.57 4.59 15.13 13.98


Orissa 60.30 28.35 12.87 7.72 6.33 6.89 6.90 14.52 13.70

West Bengal 57.98 24.49 12.48 8.01 6.39 6.50 6.13 14.97 14.02

India 67.42 31.08 13.88 8.30 6.65 6.51 6.67 16.70 15.63

Schedule Tribe

Andhra Pradesh 61.09 28.50 14.89 11.52 10.47 12.40 11.70 20.45 19.72

Karnataka 63.56 29.79 15.14 9.40 6.98 8.13 7.43 17.37 16.34

Kerala 67.68 32.88 18.01 9.77 7.28 4.21 7.07 15.63 14.50

Tamil Nadu 62.61 32.99 16.87 12.30 10.26 11.74 11.52 19.89 18.96

Bihar 75.16 35.34 17.73 11.05 7.25 6.66 6.23 17.79 16.51

Madhya Pradesh 66.19 26.53 10.77 6.39 5.10 5.46 5.68 14.91 14.06

Rajasthan 70.10 30.62 10.85 5.47 4.26 4.36 4.56 16.92 15.83

Uttar Pradesh 69.01 33.75 16.08 13.11 9.95 9.36 8.65 20.08 18.96

Gujarat 67.45 31.18 12.57 8.39 6.74 6.54 6.85 15.31 14.47




Orissa 63.82 30.86 14.29 9.15 7.62 8.54 9.16 15.95 15.23

West Bengal 60.88 30.17 16.41 11.03 9.21 9.33 9.46 18.36 17.42

India 66.06 30.22 13.83 8.76 7.03 7.19 7.24 16.35 15.42



263

Appendix – 3I contd…… Urban 2001

ASMCRU GMCRU


Karnataka 70.20 36.00 18.04 10.55 7.77 7.71 7.44 18.20 16.95

Kerala 74.23 37.44 17.42 9.14 6.74 6.08 5.94 15.85 14.45

Tamil Nadu 73.72 40.39 21.62 14.61 12.22 12.13 11.72 21.42 20.19

Bihar 70.24 36.52 17.15 9.41 6.49 5.75 5.43 17.78 16.32

Madhya Pradesh 71.91 33.31 13.45 6.69 4.83 4.61 4.46 14.96 13.83

Rajasthan 72.97 33.16 12.02 5.64 4.09 3.80 3.78 15.59 14.34

Uttar Pradesh 74.51 39.99 19.24 11.32 8.70 8.00 7.69 19.15 17.80


Haryana 71.00 32.12 10.73 4.62 3.15 2.85 2.84 12.48 11.44

Punjab 78.09 40.37 16.45 8.22 6.14 5.47 5.25 15.76 14.45


Orissa 68.18 35.46 15.89 8.04 5.77 5.43 5.42 14.33 13.28

West Bengal 62.89 32.67 18.20 11.39 9.02 8.54 7.84 17.18 15.98

India 71.42 36.49 17.08 9.79 7.59 7.23 7.10 17.42 16.22



264


Marital Childlessness Rates By Economic

Activity Status and Place of Residence, 1981-

2001



265

Appendix – 3J


Rates by economic activity status of the Woman, Combined Areas, India and States, 1981

ASMCRU GMCRUMain Workers 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49

Andhra Pradesh 61.96 28.65 13.93 10.17 8.33 9.36 9.30 20.69 19.48

Karnataka 11.76 5.24 2.21 1.53 1.12 1.24 1.31 3.18 2.99

Kerala 50.58 21.74 9.48 5.23 3.43 3.44 3.32 9.05 8.24

Tamil Nadu 64.09 31.61 13.72 8.59 6.52 7.12 7.44 15.95 14.81

Bihar 58.73 28.03 12.62 6.97 4.88 4.46 4.04 16.63 15.25

Madhya Pradesh 69.91 27.11 11.20 7.18 6.06 6.46 6.69 19.68 18.23

Rajasthan 83.61 36.75 14.49 8.59 6.70 6.53 6.26 27.61 25.68

Uttar Pradesh 45.40 20.21 8.56 5.85 5.15 5.31 5.40 13.16 12.22

Gujarat 80.45 37.94 13.59 7.33 5.80 5.81 5.98 20.51 19.03

Maharashtra 35.31 15.17 6.02 3.49 2.76 2.75 2.79 8.89 8.18

Haryana 74.24 28.91 11.61 5.33 4.19 3.96 3.77 21.79 20.32

Punjab 59.76 31.81 15.97 9.05 6.96 7.96 7.12 14.14 13.47


Orissa 60.55 29.14 13.41 8.89 7.29 7.90 7.74 16.10 15.07

West Bengal 38.14 16.34 8.87 5.65 4.76 4.85 5.18 10.91 10.31

India 55.05 23.92 10.34 6.51 5.18 5.50 5.57 14.96 13.90

Marginal Workers

Andhra Pradesh 57.12 23.61 10.11 6.99 5.61 6.52 6.40 16.82 15.74

Karnataka 12.76 4.97 1.93 1.37 0.97 1.21 1.27 3.24 3.05

Kerala 50.64 18.94 6.71 3.49 2.92 2.54 2.90 8.04 7.32

Tamil Nadu 61.22 27.12 10.58 6.52 4.98 5.65 5.90 14.69 13.65

Bihar 58.29 23.66 9.76 5.17 3.27 3.09 2.91 15.34 14.10

Madhya Pradesh 68.94 25.18 9.18 5.62 4.68 4.72 4.70 19.01 17.60

Rajasthan 78.33 30.91 9.77 5.00 3.61 3.55 3.34 21.19 19.52

Uttar Pradesh 43.57 15.85 5.04 2.57 2.05 2.18 1.91 10.36 9.39

Gujarat 80.13 35.02 10.42 3.69 4.00 4.23 4.20 18.42 16.99


Punjab 53.56 24.63 6.98 3.66 2.36 2.70 2.40 11.42 10.39


Orissa 58.16 25.30 11.02 6.87 5.98 6.20 6.24 15.15 14.18

West Bengal 34.65 12.42 5.30 2.91 2.22 1.93 1.90 8.94 8.15

India 58.16 23.24 8.29 4.72 3.67 3.82 3.74 14.76 13.60



266

Appendix – 3J contd….Combined 1981

ASMCRU GMCRU

Non Workers 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49Andhra Pradesh 53.79 22.85 10.37 7.48 6.02 7.08 7.26 17.35 16.37

Karnataka 9.26 3.77 1.54 0.99 0.79 0.91 0.90 2.58 2.41

Kerala 50.33 18.90 6.31 3.35 2.55 2.65 2.45 10.63 9.64

Tamil Nadu 60.94 27.44 11.01 6.93 5.40 6.01 5.87 15.59 14.46

Bihar 61.26 27.85 11.41 5.91 4.07 3.69 3.36 18.84 17.41

Madhya Pradesh 69.62 25.13 9.06 5.49 4.57 4.98 5.09 20.89 19.44

Rajasthan 77.25 30.63 10.01 5.42 4.05 4.19 3.99 22.91 21.03

Uttar Pradesh 34.50 14.38 5.52 3.20 2.48 2.46 2.43 10.10 9.31


Haryana 71.12 27.63 7.79 3.66 2.70 2.50 2.31 19.12 17.35

Punjab 59.98 28.10 9.39 4.48 3.20 3.09 2.93 12.93 11.73


Orissa 57.10 22.39 8.37 5.47 4.46 5.03 5.08 14.34 13.35

West Bengal 35.41 11.54 4.21 2.34 1.81 1.88 2.05 8.45 7.81

India 40.67 20.41 7.56 4.35 3.35 3.49 3.43 13.23 12.25



267

Appendix – 3J:


Rates by economic activity status of the Woman, Rural Areas, India and States, 1981


Andhra Pradesh 62.10 28.47 13.53 9.90 8.08 9.06 8.99 20.72 19.49

Karnataka 11.79 5.12 2.04 1.45 1.04 1.14 1.21 3.17 2.97

Kerala 50.74 21.33 8.92 5.09 3.35 3.28 10.28 9.10 8.24

Tamil Nadu 63.88 31.08 12.84 8.17 6.29 6.96 7.21 15.86 14.70

Bihar 58.75 27.95 12.39 6.78 4.62 4.15 3.73 16.68 15.26

Madhya Pradesh 70.06 26.96 10.94 6.90 5.86 6.19 6.47 19.85 18.37

Rajasthan 84.06 36.94 14.16 8.24 6.28 6.13 5.74 28.32 26.33

Uttar Pradesh 45.87 20.36 8.21 5.54 4.95 5.04 5.14 13.36 12.38

Gujarat 80.71 37.97 12.64 6.72 5.26 4.95 5.28 20.98 19.44

Maharashtra 35.39 15.19 5.81 3.39 2.69 2.66 2.65 9.13 8.38

Haryana 74.75 28.05 10.29 4.79 3.63 3.85 3.21 23.48 21.86

Punjab 60.43 31.11 14.54 9.15 7.18 7.31 6.38 14.78 13.92


Orissa 60.97 29.11 13.22 8.78 7.16 7.65 7.59 16.11 15.06

West Bengal 38.58 16.26 8.33 5.34 4.39 4.42 4.69 11.25 10.58

India 55.36 23.93 9.96 6.32 5.03 5.31 5.35 15.25 14.14

Marginal Workers

Andhra Pradesh 57.12 23.56 9.93 6.94 5.56 6.41 6.33 16.77 15.67

Karnataka 12.56 4.79 1.88 1.31 0.97 1.21 1.24 3.18 2.99

Kerala 51.12 18.79 6.62 3.43 2.91 2.39 9.16 8.09 7.35

Tamil Nadu 61.13 26.71 10.25 6.50 4.88 5.67 5.88 14.61 13.58

Bihar 58.15 23.66 9.74 5.18 3.24 3.05 2.84 15.33 14.08

Madhya Pradesh 69.09 25.24 9.15 5.60 4.68 4.75 4.71 19.12 17.70

Rajasthan 78.44 30.98 9.80 5.02 3.61 3.55 3.31 21.27 19.59

Uttar Pradesh 43.87 16.03 5.07 2.59 2.07 2.11 1.93 10.47 9.49

Gujarat 80.31 35.17 10.47 3.65 3.96 4.25 4.16 18.55 17.11


Punjab 53.99 24.53 7.09 3.68 2.41 2.73 2.31 11.47 10.43


Orissa 58.22 25.36 11.05 6.87 6.01 6.17 6.21 15.19 14.20

West Bengal 36.03 13.27 5.32 3.00 2.25 2.18 2.41 9.46 8.79

India 58.39 23.36 8.27 4.73 3.66 3.81 3.73 14.89 13.72



268

Appendix – 3J contd….Rural 1981

ASMCRU GMCRU


Karnataka 9.28 3.63 1.46 0.95 0.82 0.85 0.88 2.59 2.41

Kerala 51.18 18.74 6.04 3.28 2.44 2.53 11.89 10.73 9.72

Tamil Nadu 60.92 27.39 10.68 6.90 5.38 6.10 6.01 15.44 14.29

Bihar 61.41 27.94 11.47 5.81 3.93 3.49 3.15 19.10 17.62

Madhya Pradesh 71.18 24.79 8.79 5.39 4.57 4.96 5.02 22.43 20.81

Rajasthan 79.00 31.36 10.19 5.45 4.04 4.14 3.88 23.84 21.79

Uttar Pradesh 35.51 14.67 5.55 3.17 2.42 2.38 2.34 10.53 9.67


Haryana 71.94 27.10 7.56 3.51 2.73 2.36 2.17 20.15 18.23

Punjab 60.07 27.99 9.24 4.34 3.06 3.05 2.88 12.73 11.51


Orissa 58.11 22.73 8.51 5.51 4.48 5.01 5.06 14.64 13.59

West Bengal 37.59 11.76 3.99 2.23 1.68 1.83 2.01 9.25 8.53

India 39.54 20.59 7.57 4.32 3.29 3.39 3.32 13.73 12.67



269

Appendix – 3J:


Rates by economic activity status of the Woman, Urban Areas, India and States, 1981


Andhra Pradesh 59.73 30.90 17.85 12.63 10.62 12.05 12.24 20.33 19.40

Karnataka 11.45 6.09 3.17 1.90 1.51 1.73 1.80 3.29 3.12

Kerala 47.18 26.89 13.63 5.95 3.89 4.34 4.66 8.68 8.06

Tamil Nadu 65.95 35.42 18.30 10.58 7.68 7.98 8.77 16.43 15.44

Bihar 58.73 28.03 12.62 6.97 4.88 4.46 4.04 16.63 15.25

Madhya Pradesh 66.59 29.47 14.49 10.37 8.11 9.20 9.26 17.48 16.46

Rajasthan 74.69 34.23 17.41 11.15 9.70 9.46 10.02 20.91 19.69

Uttar Pradesh 33.25 17.94 11.77 8.59 6.86 7.66 7.76 11.06 10.62

Gujarat 77.22 37.71 18.64 10.17 8.11 9.40 9.09 17.88 16.82

Maharashtra 33.94 14.92 7.39 4.08 3.19 3.35 3.74 7.16 6.74

Haryana 60.42 36.63 16.63 6.92 5.77 4.36 6.04 13.91 13.20

Punjab 57.78 32.89 17.43 8.94 6.75 8.63 8.10 13.45 12.99


Orissa 53.86 29.56 15.52 10.07 8.73 10.80 9.51 15.95 15.18

West Bengal 31.08 17.16 11.85 6.78 6.04 6.33 7.09 9.26 8.98

India 49.86 23.81 13.06 7.73 6.16 6.82 7.11 12.72 12.05

Marginal Workers

Andhra Pradesh 57.28 24.69 13.41 8.01 6.57 8.76 8.06 17.95 17.05

Karnataka 17.01 8.21 2.71 2.34 1.01 1.22 1.80 4.23 3.97

Kerala 43.60 20.86 7.55 4.02 3.05 3.74 3.98 7.55 7.01

Tamil Nadu 62.73 32.53 14.66 6.74 6.11 5.39 6.15 15.68 14.49

Bihar 67.95 24.01 10.73 5.08 4.75 5.42 6.90 15.99 15.03

Madhya Pradesh 63.18 23.41 10.01 6.31 4.74 3.86 4.51 15.87 14.68

Rajasthan 73.77 27.74 8.74 4.24 3.56 3.52 4.54 18.18 16.83

Uttar Pradesh 31.09 10.64 4.19 2.08 1.33 4.27 1.20 6.99 6.35

Gujarat 73.18 29.71 8.87 4.88 4.88 3.49 5.39 14.51 13.52


Punjab 43.51 27.26 3.85 3.14 1.12 1.81 4.76 10.12 9.53


Orissa 55.64 22.53 9.62 7.06 4.86 7.66 7.60 13.71 13.08

West Bengal 10.13 3.55 4.75 1.96 1.58 0.67 0.27 2.85 2.14

India 50.74 20.02 8.68 4.63 3.90 3.88 3.84 11.82 10.84



270

Appendix – 3J contd….Urban 1981

ASMCRU GMCRUNon Workers 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 15-44 15-49

Andhra Pradesh 54.01 24.48 11.20 7.96 6.12 7.18 7.30 17.81 16.90

Karnataka 9.22 3.96 1.65 1.04 0.76 1.03 0.93 2.56 2.41

Kerala 46.33 19.59 7.34 3.59 2.98 3.04 2.82 10.23 9.34

Tamil Nadu 60.97 27.50 11.38 6.96 5.44 5.88 5.67 15.78 14.67

Bihar 60.00 27.26 11.04 6.51 4.91 4.98 4.78 17.12 16.06

Madhya Pradesh 64.46 25.82 9.52 5.66 4.58 5.01 5.24 17.72 16.63

Rajasthan 72.04 29.02 9.62 5.35 4.07 4.32 4.32 20.66 19.16

Uttar Pradesh 27.76 13.10 5.40 3.31 2.77 2.80 2.87 8.16 7.63

Gujarat 73.92 33.48 12.46 7.04 5.55 5.85 6.21 18.59 17.40

Maharashtra 26.95 10.80 3.90 2.28 1.85 2.14 1.91 6.34 5.90

Haryana 66.35 29.20 8.39 4.09 2.62 2.95 2.74 15.97 14.63

Punjab 59.75 28.34 9.70 4.84 3.51 3.20 3.05 13.40 12.24


Orissa 49.89 20.27 7.63 5.22 4.35 5.19 5.21 12.49 11.88

West Bengal 25.07 10.85 4.79 2.58 2.12 2.02 2.15 6.24 5.82

India 45.82 19.96 7.54 4.41 3.48 3.73 3.69 11.98 11.17



271

Appendix – 3K


Rates by economic activity status of the Woman, Combined Areas, India and States, 1991


Andhra Pradesh 62.26 27.49 13.65 10.08 8.44 9.29 9.15 19.57 18.51

Karnataka 55.62 25.55 11.87 8.83 7.14 7.59 6.99 14.83 14.00

Kerala 63.40 30.24 15.31 10.05 7.78 7.59 7.10 12.75 11.91

Tamil Nadu 54.84 27.88 14.56 11.37 9.56 10.08 10.02 16.18 15.34

Bihar 72.30 38.63 21.95 15.73 14.43 14.26 13.61 26.07 24.76

Madhya Pradesh 69.06 27.15 12.44 8.78 7.57 8.21 8.29 19.03 17.86

Rajasthan 72.99 32.91 13.17 7.67 6.06 5.93 6.00 22.35 20.78

Uttar Pradesh 74.74 36.61 21.22 16.94 14.91 14.58 14.84 25.60 24.29

Gujarat 75.08 36.74 14.13 8.56 7.08 6.86 7.03 18.72 17.49

Maharashtra 40.98 17.49 7.16 4.79 3.98 3.97 3.90 9.70 9.02

Haryana 69.21 26.32 10.40 5.99 5.03 5.23 5.29 16.13 15.17

Punjab 52.38 33.73 17.26 8.42 8.32 6.46 7.13 13.69 12.87


Orissa 65.65 34.94 19.62 14.20 12.57 13.33 12.76 21.42 20.37

West Bengal 60.53 27.96 16.76 13.73 12.18 11.75 11.75 19.70 18.91

India 62.71 28.13 13.93 10.16 8.68 8.94 8.82 17.90 16.88

Marginal Workers

Andhra Pradesh 60.54 23.82 10.68 7.57 6.15 7.06 7.02 16.84 15.82

Karnataka 55.75 22.81 8.80 5.77 4.95 5.27 4.91 13.32 12.46

Kerala 63.20 25.02 10.13 6.99 5.78 5.80 4.87 10.90 10.10

Tamil Nadu 54.31 24.37 11.04 7.93 7.22 7.29 7.69 14.12 13.31

Bihar 69.61 32.59 15.90 10.18 8.86 8.77 8.36 21.76 20.45

Madhya Pradesh 69.09 25.62 10.41 6.79 6.35 6.74 6.78 18.96 17.80

Rajasthan 71.49 30.26 10.00 4.92 3.91 3.82 3.48 19.25 17.71

Uttar Pradesh 73.38 32.67 15.07 10.41 9.13 8.76 9.01 21.99 20.55

Gujarat 76.73 35.63 11.79 6.71 5.28 5.14 4.91 18.16 16.79


Punjab 58.34 27.58 9.71 4.17 3.26 2.65 1.39 11.90 10.70


Orissa 65.05 31.84 14.87 10.62 9.39 9.33 9.08 19.16 18.04

West Bengal 57.40 20.23 9.03 6.36 5.76 5.07 5.27 14.35 13.50

India 66.17 27.51 11.03 7.19 6.25 6.23 6.12 17.35 16.18



273

Appendix – 3K


Rates by economic activity status of the Woman, Rural Areas, India and States, 1991


Andhra Pradesh 62.37 27.36 13.29 9.85 8.20 9.08 8.96 19.71 18.62

Karnataka 55.54 24.95 10.81 8.11 6.65 7.21 6.60 14.55 13.71

Kerala 63.94 29.68 14.87 9.90 7.97 7.61 7.11 12.92 12.08

Tamil Nadu 55.54 27.76 14.17 11.10 9.41 10.06 10.04 16.32 15.45

Bihar 72.35 38.54 21.69 15.38 14.20 13.90 13.26 26.09 24.75

Madhya Pradesh 69.14 26.96 11.93 8.31 7.21 7.94 8.05 19.06 17.88

Rajasthan 73.09 33.03 12.77 7.28 5.68 5.51 5.69 22.73 21.12

Uttar Pradesh 74.82 36.39 20.26 16.06 14.03 13.71 14.19 25.38 24.03

Gujarat 75.44 36.50 13.41 8.06 6.64 6.29 6.70 19.03 17.76

Maharashtra 41.04 17.08 6.46 4.41 3.76 3.76 3.70 9.68 8.98

Haryana 69.69 25.57 8.97 4.99 4.48 4.82 4.86 16.83 15.83

Punjab 52.84 30.75 15.35 7.94 7.02 6.16 6.50 14.01 13.13


Orissa 65.78 34.89 19.11 13.86 12.40 13.11 12.36 21.39 20.30

West Bengal 60.68 27.51 15.28 12.34 10.85 10.36 10.01 19.31 18.46

India 62.95 27.93 13.35 9.78 8.43 8.71 8.61 18.09 17.03

Marginal Workers

Andhra Pradesh 60.61 23.67 10.61 7.48 6.08 6.95 6.87 16.82 15.78

Karnataka 55.82 22.76 8.67 5.76 4.92 5.23 4.84 13.32 12.46

Kerala 63.82 24.59 9.69 7.07 5.69 5.80 4.64 10.91 10.09

Tamil Nadu 54.98 24.49 10.95 7.79 7.15 7.31 7.72 14.17 13.35

Bihar 69.69 32.60 15.89 10.16 8.83 8.66 8.30 21.79 20.46

Madhya Pradesh 69.14 25.58 10.33 6.69 6.35 6.67 6.77 19.01 17.84

Rajasthan 71.60 30.34 10.03 4.88 3.90 3.84 3.41 19.32 17.77

Uttar Pradesh 73.58 32.65 14.89 10.15 8.86 8.55 8.87 21.96 20.51

Gujarat 77.02 35.72 11.81 6.72 5.28 5.13 4.87 18.28 16.88


Punjab 60.52 26.70 9.86 4.04 2.54 2.71 1.43 11.75 10.56


Orissa 65.14 31.89 14.91 10.63 9.39 9.31 9.03 19.21 18.08

West Bengal 57.49 20.28 8.96 6.25 5.76 4.98 5.20 14.38 13.52

India 66.37 27.56 10.98 7.12 6.20 6.18 6.07 17.44 16.25



274

Appendix – 3K contd….Rural 1991

ASMCRU GMCRU


Karnataka 55.31 23.60 10.27 6.97 6.27 6.36 5.80 15.60 14.60

Kerala 65.58 27.26 10.89 7.02 5.72 6.07 5.27 14.76 13.76

Tamil Nadu 55.63 25.24 11.88 9.07 7.65 8.67 8.68 15.52 14.67

Bihar 73.78 37.28 18.12 12.22 10.09 10.03 9.91 26.02 24.53

Madhya Pradesh 72.63 27.74 11.37 7.49 6.58 7.19 7.50 23.58 22.15

Rajasthan 71.75 30.22 10.00 5.53 4.06 4.24 4.08 21.75 20.01

Uttar Pradesh 75.65 35.71 17.45 12.23 10.67 10.64 10.61 26.29 24.74


Haryana 72.62 27.13 7.62 3.88 3.19 2.90 2.77 16.97 15.76

Punjab 66.13 31.52 10.15 4.96 3.77 3.67 3.50 13.55 12.40


Orissa 67.80 32.71 13.53 9.62 7.81 8.43 7.86 18.88 17.65

West Bengal 57.38 20.94 8.93 6.44 5.27 5.50 5.19 15.04 14.11

India 69.19 30.28 13.13 9.08 7.60 7.87 7.63 20.75 19.44



275

Appendix – 3K


Rates by economic activity status of the Woman, Urban Areas, India and States, 1991


Andhra Pradesh 60.59 29.02 16.91 11.94 10.24 11.01 10.78 18.33 17.52

Karnataka 56.40 30.01 17.67 12.27 9.34 9.52 9.02 16.36 15.57

Kerala 59.46 33.14 17.03 10.53 7.15 7.54 7.07 12.16 11.35

Tamil Nadu 47.56 28.81 16.75 12.68 10.26 10.16 9.86 15.45 14.71

Bihar 70.46 41.26 27.11 21.28 17.52 19.09 18.54 25.67 24.77

Madhya Pradesh 67.51 30.18 17.95 13.14 10.44 10.57 10.49 18.64 17.64

Rajasthan 70.92 31.26 17.10 10.87 8.86 8.97 8.66 18.53 17.48

Uttar Pradesh 72.31 40.14 31.05 24.36 21.41 21.48 20.78 27.79 26.89

Gujarat 69.96 39.05 18.59 11.02 8.93 9.49 8.68 16.94 15.95

Maharashtra 40.13 21.52 11.47 6.74 5.00 5.09 5.15 9.83 9.28

Haryana 57.07 34.34 17.14 9.46 6.57 6.38 6.68 12.97 12.27

Punjab 50.63 39.94 19.71 8.90 9.42 6.72 7.70 13.34 12.58


Orissa 62.45 36.04 26.02 17.75 14.31 15.81 17.90 17.04 21.30

West Bengal 58.13 32.60 26.23 19.81 16.89 16.16 17.52 21.72 21.15

India 58.62 30.36 18.14 12.46 10.08 10.29 10.18 16.55 15.78

Marginal Workers

Andhra Pradesh 59.24 26.28 11.70 8.93 7.23 8.99 10.29 17.11 16.55

Karnataka 53.82 24.06 11.45 6.02 5.57 6.05 6.39 13.30 12.59

Kerala 56.82 28.47 12.98 6.53 6.31 5.80 6.12 10.89 10.18

Tamil Nadu 47.34 23.19 11.84 9.09 7.76 7.10 7.32 13.69 12.98

Bihar 65.27 32.06 16.21 10.69 10.18 13.11 11.00 20.52 19.62

Madhya Pradesh 66.89 26.80 12.74 9.29 6.42 8.38 6.84 17.70 16.69

Rajasthan 67.39 27.55 9.24 6.07 4.03 3.09 5.72 16.85 15.87

Uttar Pradesh 65.23 33.24 18.77 16.38 15.00 13.94 12.23 22.67 21.50

Gujarat 64.74 32.60 11.17 6.39 5.47 5.32 6.44 14.85 14.11


Punjab 0.00 51.67 3.91 7.09 15.90 0.00 0.00 16.03 14.51


Orissa 57.14 28.20 12.60 10.24 9.33 10.22 11.87 11.71 15.69

West Bengal 53.72 18.41 11.18 9.07 5.88 7.74 7.55 13.25 12.76

India 59.07 26.33 12.02 8.57 7.10 7.34 7.33 15.32 14.52



277

Appendix 4



278

Appendix – 4.1.1

Names of the districts with AMSCRU of 10 per cent or higher, 1981

Name of the state Name of the districtsASMCRU

35-39 40-44 45-49

CombinedJammu & Kashmir Ladakh -- -- 11.58

Andhra Pradesh Nizamabad -- 10.28 --

Cuddapah -- 10.50 10.69

Nellore -- 11.56 12.25

Chittoor -- 10.28 10.32

Madhya Pradesh Surguja 10.83 -- --

Uttar Pradesh Uttarkashi 11.58 12.2 15.96

Rural

Jammu & Kashmir Ladakh -- -- 11.24


Cuddapah -- 10.21 10.36

Nellore -- 11.54 12.55

Chittoor -- 10.4 10.59

Madhya Pradesh Surguja 10.94 -- --

Mandla -- 10.13 --

Uttar Pradesh Uttarkashi 12.19 12.81 16.51

UrbanJammu & Kashmir Ladakh 11.07 11.36 14.47

Madhya Pradesh Surguja -- 10.31 --

Seoni -- 11.84 10.05

Raigarh -- 11.89 14.67

Bastar 10.11 12.46 --

Balaghat -- -- 10.98


Medak -- 11.42 --

Cuddapah -- 11.91 12.26

Nellore -- 11.66 10.87Rangareddi -- -- 10.21

Manipur Manipur West 14.29 14.49 22.45

Uttar Pradesh Tehri Garhwal -- -- 15.9

Nagaland Mon -- -- 14.29

NOTE: '--' indicates values are less than 10%



279

Appendix – 4.2.1

Districts with AMSCRU of 10 per cent or higher (combined), 1991


35-39 40-44 45-49

Madhya Pradesh Sehore -- 11.18 10.54Hoshangabad 12.21 12.98 11.84

Shivpuri -- -- 10.73

Chhatarpur -- -- 10.64

Indore -- -- 10.82

Betul 11.42 11.16 12.35

Narsimhapur 11.74 13.04 11.56

Seoni -- 10.17 --

Balaghat 11.07 12.46 12.87

Surguja 10.62 10.14 10.29

Orissa Sundargarh 11.30 11.40 11.94

Dhenkanal 12.08 13.59 11.80

Mayurbhanj 10.28 -- --

Kalahandi 13.58 13.98 12.74

Koraput 11.95 12.57 11.89

Andhra Pradesh Visakhapatnam -- 10.48 10.10

Hyderabad 10.52 10.69 10.90

Vizianagaram -- -- 11.06

Goa North Goa 15.23 15.38 14.41

Tamil Nadu North Arcot Ambedkar 11.29 11.42 11.59

Dharmapuri 10.35 11.45 11.30

Madurai -- -- 10.13

South Arcot 10.89 12.02 11.47

Salem 10.33 10.84 10.94

Periyar 10.92 11.75 --

Ramanathapuram 11.59 11.64 12.41

Sikkim West District 16.82 17.49 17.44

South District 10.23 10.28 10.73East District 13.64 14.85 14.16

Assam Kokrajhar 15.07 16.49 15.19

Lakhimpur 15.91 14.91 14.55

Meghalaya East Garo Hills 19.19 22.29 22.15

West Khasi Hills 18.91 21.93 21.91

Jaintia Hills 11.82 11.85 13.71



280

Appendix – 4.2.1: Contd…


35-39 40-44 45-49

Arunachal P. Tawang 39.50 41.10 39.24

West Kameng 24.69 24.98 22.10

East Kameng 39.30 41.01 42.14Lower Subansiri 25.15 27.70 27.03

Upper Subansiri 30.73 34.67 35.72

East Siang 27.49 27.58 30.85

Lohit 15.83 17.53 17.65

Changlang 11.39 10.46 12.37

Tirap 14.14 16.31 14.90

Nagaland Mon 20.84 21.48 19.78

Tuensang 14.40 14.45 13.99

Mokokchung 23.92 22.31 22.24

Wokha 25.17 28.42 26.77

Zunheboto 21.92 23.69 24.53

Phek 17.21 17.16 18.14

Kohima 13.46 13.26 12.69

Manipur Senapati 18.07 18.80 18.58

Tamenglong 14.09 15.48 14.16

Imphal 19.62 19.00 19.29

Bishnupur 18.20 17.19 18.03

Thoubal 13.14 12.62 13.00

Ukhrul 27.82 25.85 31.70Chandel 15.40 14.57 14.62

Churachandpur 16.61 15.38 15.63

Mizoram Aizawl 17.54 18.45 17.05

Lunglei 15.36 13.98 14.83

Chhimtuipui 17.92 16.14 17.75

Uttar Pradesh Uttar Kashi 12.18 16.29 15.24

Chamoli 16.19 18.29 17.95

Meerut 19.33 21.13 21.83

Ghaziabad 23.25 23.79 22.75Bulandshahr 13.96 13.91 14.98

Moradabad 17.79 17.24 18.86

Rampur 16.15 17.24 15.41

Bareilly 10.65 10.84 --

Pilibhit 11.51 10.67 10.75



281



35-39 40-44 45-49

Uttar Pradesh Shahjahanpur 14.65 14.57 14.44

Aligarh 16.13 16.26 16.28

Agra 18.10 17.35 18.09Farrukhabad 14.58 15.21 13.64

Etawah 14.95 16.18 14.80

Allahabad 10.21 10.25 10.06

Hamirpur 12.34 11.03 10.60

Kheri 17.69 16.99 16.89

Sitapur 15.83 15.63 14.67

Bahraich 11.42 11.52 11.72

Bara Banki 20.46 20.50 20.83

Faizabad 12.66 12.54 12.27

Sultanpur 10.10 11.14 10.71

Basti 19.45 17.98 18.91

Gorakhpur 13.04 13.70 12.82

Azamgarh 11.47 11.49 10.98

Jaunpur 19.68 19.04 19.87

Ghazipur 14.61 14.13 14.23

Varanasi 17.28 15.80 16.40

Kanpur Dehat 12.39 12.12 13.15

Jalaun 12.07 12.62 11.02

Siddharth Nagar 12.29 13.29 14.17

Maharajganj 15.75 16.44 17.36

Karnataka Dakshin Kannad 10.35 -- --

Bihar Patna -- -- 10.04

Nalanda 10.57 11.05 11.04

Nawada 14.45 13.49 12.76

Gaya 16.77 16.57 15.77

Aurangabad 13.42 13.15 11.34

Bhojpur 20.11 17.89 18.79

Saran 11.72 11.71 11.07

Siwan 10.62 -- --

Purba Champaran 18.61 19.32 18.28Begusarai 10.18 10.22 10.72

Samastipur 14.35 13.74 14.66

Madhubani 10.38 10.62 --

Saharsa 10.41 10.49 --

Bhagalpur 11.41 11.85 10.78

Jehanabad 16.85 15.41 15.59



282



35-39 40-44 45-49

Bihar Madhepura 14.91 13.92 13.95

Khagaria 15.15 15.63 16.65

Godda 13.09 14.49 13.17Sahibganj 26.39 24.31 25.47

Dumka 13.80 12.54 11.88

Deoghar 11.27 10.71 11.08

Purbi Singhbhum -- -- 10.10

Pashchimi Singhbhum 11.09 10.53 --

Araria -- 10.39 10.07

Gujarat Surat 10.94 11.68 11.40

West Bengal Calcutta 10.20 -- 10.30



283

Appendix – 4.2.2

Districts with AMSCRU of 10 per cent or higher (Rural), 1991


35-39 40-44 45-49

Himachal Pradesh Sirmaur -- -- 10.66

Madhya Pradesh Sehore -- 10.88 10.57

Shivpuri -- -- 11.06

Chhatarpur -- -- 10.40

Betul 11.94 11.78 13.19

Narsimhapur 10.99 12.96 12.03

Indore -- -- 11.27

Balaghat 11.33 12.66 13.14

Surguja 11.38 10.36 10.60

Orissa Sundargarh 12.40 12.34 13.19

Dhenkanal 12.67 14.20 12.09

Kalahandi 13.93 14.33 12.99

Koraput 12.17 12.75 12.23

Ganjam 11.16 12.29 11.94

Mayurbhanj 10.60 10.15 --

Andhra Pradesh Visakhapatnam 10.33 11.34 10.75

Vizianagaram -- -- 11.29

Nellore -- 10.01 --

Goa North Goa 16.88 17.17 15.71

Tamil Nadu Dakshin Kannad 10.75 -- --

North Arcot Ambedkar 11.10 11.48 11.97

Dharmapuri 10.45 11.75 11.62

Madurai -- -- 10.93

South Arcot 10.30 11.65 11.32

Salem 10.26 11.14 11.34

Periyar 11.30 12.07 10.16


Tiruchchirappalli -- -- 10.38


South District 10.52 10.40 10.95

East District 13.96 14.44 14.25

Assam Kokrajhar 15.55 16.75 15.86

Lakhimpur 15.48 14.46 13.69



284



35-39 40-44 45-49

Meghalaya East Garo Hills 17.68 18.41 18.57


Jaintia Hills 12.43 12.47 14.23

Arunachal P. Tawang 39.50 41.10 39.24

West Kameng 23.13 23.95 22.28

East Kameng 39.30 41.01 42.14

Lower Subansiri 29.62 30.43 29.64

Upper Subansiri 30.73 34.67 35.72

East Siang 29.77 29.09 31.50

Lohit 18.56 20.22 20.03

Changlang 11.39 10.46 12.37

Tirap 14.48 16.73 14.94

Nagaland Mon 21.73 21.81 19.84

Tuensang 14.99 14.87 14.13

Mokokchung 24.30 23.60 23.66

Wokha 27.45 29.86 27.53

Zunheboto 22.73 24.81 25.03

Phek 18.28 17.36 18.22

Kohima 13.83 12.93 12.72


Tamenglong 14.09 15.48 14.16Imphal 15.62 15.86 15.88

Bishnupur 19.13 18.72 19.20

Thoubal 13.92 13.36 13.84

Ukhrul 27.82 25.85 31.70

Chandel 13.14 12.76 13.16



Lunglei 13.83 13.15 12.04

Chhimtuipui 19.01 17.44 19.08

Uttar Pradesh Uttar Kashi 12.70 16.24 15.80

Chamoli 16.33 17.92 17.47

Meerut 21.68 23.23 24.64

Ghaziabad 29.22 28.63 27.19

Bulandshahr 16.13 16.08 16.59

Moradabad 20.28 19.73 21.55



285



35-39 40-44 45-49

Uttar Pradesh Rampur 13.04 15.35 13.56

Shahjahanpur 13.46 13.91 13.69

Aligarh 19.12 18.96 18.59Agra 20.18 18.93 19.43

Farrukhabad 12.41 12.87 11.19

Etawah 13.25 14.48 13.39

Hamirpur 11.95 10.91 --

Kheri 17.76 16.22 16.43

Sitapur 16.39 16.00 14.92

Bahraich 10.36 10.81 10.96

Bara Banki 20.98 20.99 21.11

Faizabad 10.54 10.65 10.62

Sultanpur -- 11.24 10.59

Basti 18.50 17.26 18.26

Gorakhpur 13.37 13.77 13.12

Azamgarh 10.83 10.96 10.65

Jaunpur 19.65 18.96 19.97

Ghazipur 15.13 14.38 14.72

Kanpur Dehat 12.52 12.08 13.15

Jalaun 10.25 11.22 --


Maharajganj 15.78 16.20 17.55

Bihar Nalanda 10.39 10.71 10.41 Nawada 14.14 13.19 12.47

Gaya 16.14 16.04 15.30

Aurangabad 13.45 13.23 11.25

Bhojpur 19.87 17.68 18.33

Saran 11.80 11.71 11.08

Siwan 10.25 -- --

Purba Champaran 18.28 18.82 18.15

Samastipur 14.86 14.20 15.10

Madhubani 10.25 10.53 --

Saharsa 10.36 10.33 --

Bhagalpur 11.56 11.59 10.75Dhanbad 11.22 10.57 --

Jehanabad 16.96 15.41 15.77

Madhepura 14.89 13.84 13.66

Khagaria 14.74 14.99 15.92

Godda 12.62 14.38 12.96

Sahibganj 26.07 23.81 25.35



286



35-39 40-44 45-49

Bihar Dumka 13.71 12.35 11.57

Deoghar 11.63 11.21 11.65

Purbi Singhbhum 11.02 11.40 11.55Pashchimi Singhbhum 11.08 10.56 --

Kishanganj -- 10.04 --

Gujrat Surat 13.05 12.89 12.89



287

Appendix – 4.2.3

Districts with AMSCRU of 10 percent or higher (Urban), 1991


35-39 40-44 45-49

Madhya Pradesh Sehore -- 12.71 10.42Hoshangabad 23.82 25.22 25.58

Gwalior -- 10.83 --

Shivpuri -- 10.12 --

Chhatrapur 10.95 -- 11.88

Satna 10.72 -- 10.43

Rewa 11.19 14.25 12.90

Ujjain -- -- 10.87

Jhabua 15.18 10.53 11.75

West Nimar -- 11.53 --

Chhindwara -- 12.66 11.31

Bilaspur -- -- 10.35

Narsimhapur 15.93 13.43 --

Indore -- 10.67 10.61

Seoni 11.15 16.84 --

Balaghat -- 10.48 --

Orissa Koraput 10.24 10.92 --

Ganjam 10.27 10.91 11.63

Mayurbhanj -- -- 12.78

Puri 16.18 15.77 18.36

Kendujhar -- 11.47 --

Andhra Pradesh Nellore -- -- 10.12

Hyderabad 10.52 10.69 10.90

Goa North Goa 12.27 11.78 11.34

Tamil Nadu North Arcot Ambedkar 11.71 11.31 10.69

South Arcot 14.17 14.06 12.38

Salem 10.50 10.03 --

Periyar -- 10.60 --

Ramanathapuram 11.37 10.42 14.72P. M. Thevar 12.45 12.51 12.75

Dindigul Anna 10.41 -- 12.15

Pudukkottai -- -- 10.90


East District 12.26 16.93 13.68



288



35-39 40-44 45-49

Assam Kokrajhar -- 13.39 --

Lakhimpur 21.95 23.95 30.36

Karbi Anglong -- 11.34 --Cachar 10.07 11.23 --

Meghalaya West Garo Hills 11.57 11.19 14.41


Arunachal P. West Kameng 37.58 35.48 20.00

East Siang 15.94 17.09 22.93

Tirap -- -- 13.64

Nagaland Mon -- 14.39 18.27

Tuensang -- -- 10.78

Mokokchung 22.06 13.70 --

Wokha 14.58 17.77 19.42

Zunheboto 14.44 11.92 16.04

Phek -- 13.04 15.87

Kohima 12.63 14.24 12.59

Manipur Imphal 25.15 23.03 24.21

Bishnupur 16.51 14.46 15.84

Thoubal 11.72 11.34 11.60

Chandel 27.88 25.94 24.72Churachandpur 12.77 12.68 14.83


Lunglei 17.80 15.32 19.70

Chhimtuipui 10.65 -- --

Uttar Pradesh Uttar Kashi -- 17.29 --

Chamoli 14.31 23.38 27.66

Tehri Garhwal 10.08 10.55 --

Meerut 15.75 17.51 16.42

Almora 17.45 -- --Ghaziabad 17.58 18.47 17.17

Moradabad 11.85 10.73 11.77

Rampur 24.17 22.41 20.74

Bareilly 14.36 15.04 14.63

Pilibhit 17.47 18.22 18.53

Shahjahanpur 18.75 17.13 17.40



289



35-39 40-44 45-49

Uttar Pradesh Agra 15.61 15.09 16.11

Etah 17.49 14.28 17.78

Farrukhabad 23.43 25.53 25.13Etawah 22.42 25.53 22.48

Allahabad 16.32 15.30 16.33

Lalitpur 12.54 14.50 10.25

Hamirpur 14.06 11.61 13.94

Kheri 17.17 23.63 21.57

Sitapur 12.10 12.77 12.59

Hardoi 12.40 11.53 12.40

Rae Barali 14.22 16.11 11.76

Baharich 23.58 22.00 23.36

Gonda 13.22 12.69 14.32

Bara Banki 15.36 15.27 17.51

Faizabad 28.65 28.25 26.99

Sultanpur 13.56 -- 13.59

Pratapgarh 16.87 16.53 14.21

Basti 34.27 30.16 30.03

Gorakhpur 11.65 13.38 11.44

Azamgarh 20.13 19.89 16.45

Jaunpur 20.08 20.44 18.19

Ghazipur -- 10.84 --

Varanasi 38.23 36.83 38.20

Bijnor 12.66 12.06 10.41Kanpur Dehat 10.69 12.12 13.15

Jalaun 17.47 17.52 16.55


Maharajganj 15.08 21.59 12.63

Mau -- 10.14 --

Firozabad -- 10.57 12.12

Bihar Patna 11.35 11.73 12.52

Nalanda 11.63 13.26 15.37

Nawada 18.79 17.63 17.94

Gaya 20.90 19.75 19.31Aurangabad 13.15 11.96 12.68

Rohtas 23.65 24.96 20.20

Bhojpur 21.93 19.55 22.74

Saran 10.90 11.68 10.91

Siwan 17.58 16.48 17.26

Purba Champaran 24.69 28.54 20.66



290



35-39 40-44 45-49

Bihar Sitamarhi 15.19 12.39 13.64

Muzaffarrpur 11.69 12.20 10.57

Begusarai 14.41 17.82 21.21Darbhanga 10.95 -- 12.05

Madhubani 13.78 13.19 10.45

Saharsa 11.04 12.57 --

Munger 10.03 10.26 10.62

Bhagalpur 10.29 13.78 11.01

Palamu 10.24 -- 11.06

Jehanabad 15.18 15.38 12.86

Madhepura 15.20 15.29 18.44

Khagaria 21.69 26.92 28.87

Godda 28.93 21.51 20.00

Sahibganj 30.49 31.62 27.06

Dumka 15.29 16.18 17.57

Gumla 10.31 13.73 10.67

Pashchimi Singhbhum 11.14 10.34 --

Araria 13.10 18.09 19.59

Gujrat Surat -- 10.13 --

Kheda 10.34 10.65 11.14

Panch Mahals 11.89 11.35 --

Vadodara -- 10.03 10.66

Rajasthan Bhilwara -- 10.12 --

West Bengal Calcutta 10.20 -- 10.30

Birbhum 13.17 -- 10.09

Karnataka Bellary 14.07 10.76 10.69

Pondichery Karaikal 10.40 10.57 --

Daman & Diu Daman 13.23 13.00 12.26



291

Appendix – 4.3.1

Districts with AMSCRU of 10 per cent or higher (C0mbined), 2001


35-39 40-44 45-49

Jammu & Kashmir Kupwara 13.08 11.85 10.31Sri Nagar 11.52 -- --

Baramula 11.08 -- --


Varanasi 10.33 -- --

Allahabad 10.89 10.17 10.08

West Bengal Kolkata 12.37 11.65 10.78

Orissa Koraput -- 10.58 11.90

Rayagada -- -- 10.76

Malkangiri -- -- 10.73

Andhra Pradesh Adilabad -- 10.28 10.90

Nizamabad 10.88 11.66 11.07

Hyderabad 19.97 19.31 19.01

Rangareddi 13.76 14.09 14.45

Visakhapatnam 11.19 12.05 12.49

Tamil Nadu Chennai 19.83 19.32 18.69

Thiruvallur 14.03 14.12 14.45Kancheepuram 13.53 13.59 13.43

Cuddalore -- 10.70 10.66

Salem 11.36 12.13 11.95

Namakkal 11.04 11.81 11.76

Erode 10.76 11.15 10.54

Coimbatore 11.68 11.55 11.22

Dindigul 11.01 11.50 11.11

Madurai 12.34 12.64 12.39

Sivaganga -- 10.09 10.09


Virudhunagar 10.76 10.99 10.98Toothukudi 10.50 10.31 --

Tirunelveli 11.16 10.80 10.40

Thiruvarur -- -- 10.01

Arunachal Pradesh Lower Subansiri 12.83 15.11 13.58

Papum Pare 11.15 11.96 12.16

Upper Siang -- -- 11.76



292



35-39 40-44 45-49


East Khasi Hills 10.05 -- --

East Garo Hills 11.89 11.50 14.05South Garo Hills -- -- 10.62

Ri Bhoi 11.24 12.46 12.12

Nagaland Tuensang 12.30 11.96 11.56

Dimapur 10.30 -- --

Mokokchung 10.63 -- --

Zunheboto 10.47 -- --

Kohima 12.61 11.04 11.06


Ukhrul 13.28 11.45 --

Tamenglong 16.65 13.66 13.39

Bishnupur 13.53 11.51 10.82

Imphal West 12.62 10.56 --


Chandel 20.49 17.20 16.86



293

Appendix – 4.3.2

Districts with AMSCRU of 10 per cent or higher, Rural 2001


35-39 40-44 45-49

Jammu & Kash'r Srinagar 14.59 14.99 12.47Baramula 10.65 -- --

Kupwara 13.15 11.90 10.30

Orissa Koraput -- 11.31 12.89

Rayagada -- 10.30 11.35

Malkangiri -- 10.17 10.96

Andhra Pradesh Adilabad 10.49 10.79 11.17

Nizamabad 10.43 11.31 10.69

Visakhapatnam -- 10.38 11.11

Cuddapah -- 10.22 10.23

Chittoor -- -- 10.28

Tamil Nadu Thiruvallur 12.63 13.38 13.83

Kancheepuram 12.00 12.14 12.32

Cuddalore 10.13 11.21 11.32

Thanjavur -- -- 10.12

Salem 11.40 12.19 12.32

Namakkal 11.05 12.09 12.07

Erode 11.28 11.49 10.71

Coimbatore 11.14 11.27 10.61Dindigul 12.01 12.35 11.97

Madurai 12.41 12.60 12.78

Tiruchirappalli -- 10.08 10.14

Sivaganga 10.15 10.31 10.33


Virudhunagar 11.58 11.94 11.55

Toothukudi 10.59 10.58 --

Tirunelveli 11.80 11.53 11.31

Thiruvarur -- -- 10.16

The Nilgiris -- 10.36 10.21

Kanniyakumari 10.13 10.07 --

Arunachal P. Lower Subansiri 13.87 15.83 13.78

Upper Siang -- -- 11.76


East Khasi Hills 10.02 -- --

East Garo Hills 12.72 12.50 14.92

South Garo Hills -- -- 10.85



294



35-39 40-44 45-49

Meghalaya Ri Bhoi 11.28 12.65 12.62

Nagaland Tuensang 12.80 12.22 11.80Kohima 10.91 -- --

Mokokchung 10.56 -- --


Ukhrul 13.28 11.45 --

Tamenglong 16.65 13.66 13.39

Bishnupur 14.61 12.02 11.28

Imphal West 13.57 12.29 11.01


Chandel 22.06 18.23 17.77



295

Appendix – 4.3.3

Districts with AMSCRU of 10 percent or higher (Urban), 2001


35-39 40-44 45-49

Jammu & Kashmir Kupwara 11.32 10.47 10.70Pulwama 12.27 11.23 --

Sri Nagar 10.78 -- --

Baramula 13.03 10.15 --

Kargil 13.72 10.14 --


Allahabad 17.92 16.13 15.83

Sant Ravidas Nagar 10.73 11.28 10.36

Balrampur 10.61 -- --

Mau 10.34 -- --

Varanasi 13.88 12.70 11.60

Azamgarh 13.37 12.27 11.42

Bihar Gaya 11.38 10.54 --

Jharkhand Palamu 10.90 10.46 --

Gujarat Sabar Kantha 10.87 10.02 11.38

West Bengal Kolkata 12.37 11.65 10.78

Darjiling 11.80 11.02 --

Orissa Sambalpur 10.41 10.42 10.36

Andhra Pradesh Adilabad -- -- 10.02

Nizamabad 12.89 13.49 13.03

Hyderabad 19.97 19.31 19.01

Rangareddi 18.69 19.07 19.58

Visakhapatnam 13.64 14.59 14.73

Warangal 12.67 13.43 13.62

Mahbubnagar -- 10.01 10.06

Kurnool 11.42 11.34 11.18Krishna 10.64 11.08 11.56

Guntur -- 10.73 11.09

Prakasam 10.14 10.68 11.07

Nellore -- 10.37 11.52

Karnataka Bidar -- 10.46 --

Gulbarga 10.08 10.55 10.30

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