china's universities: are they congenial to a changing academic profession? may 1, 2012
TRANSCRIPT
China's universities:
Are they congenial to a changing academic profession?
May 1, 2012
• Main drivers
• Evolution of China’s universities
• The changing academy
Drivers
• 33 years of R&O– Prioritizing economic development
• Global economic competition– Role of S&T
• Deepening participation in global community
Changing Drivers of Growth Toward 2050
4
Low Cost CapitalDrives Growth
Low Cost IPDrives Growth
Low Cost LaborDrives Growth
1985 1995 2005+
Source: DeWoskin and Stevenson, April 2005.
Drivers (domestic)
• Market of demands– Knowledge and skills– Status culture– State control/social harmony
• Soft skills• Demography
System evolution
• 2 million students in 1990• 30 million now• 2020 – 40%• 2050 – 50%• Private universities, about 15 percent of enrollments.• Over three hundred independent colleges, enrolling about
400,000 undergraduates
Evolution
• Elite > mass & WCUs• Consolidation• Governance and finance• Specialized > comprehensive• Selection (exam reform and interviews)• Curriculum • Internationalization• Experimentation
Difficulties
• Access & equity• Student engagement• Over administration/governance• Grad unemployment• Attracting returnees• Campus culture
Creating an innovative nation
11
StrategicInnovation Triangle
15 YEAR MEDIUM-TO-LONG TERM S&T PLAN 2006-2020
MEDIUM-TO-LONG TERM EDUCATION REFORM PLAN
MEDIUM-TO-LONG TERM TALENT DEVELOPMENT PLAN
2020?
?
World’s second in scientific publications
• World’s share 1999 – (4.4% in 1999 to 10.2% in 2008)
• Heavy in engineering subjects– including nanotechnology
%GDP on R&D
• 0.6% in 1995• 1.3% in 2005• 1.44% in 2007• 2.5% by 2020
Growth of about 20% per year
Rising but…..
• Lion’s share of research funding goes to flagships universities
• Share of citations– 4% compared to 30% for US– 6th in world rankings.
The changing academy
• Academic profession– with Chinese characteristics
• Expansion - attracting the best
• Culture of the academy
Difficulties
• Salaries• Access• “guanxi” system• Weakness of professional organizations• Tiers and talent flows
– Flow of academic talent to Beijing&Shanghai
The academic profession -- reforms
• Beida– Addressing: deadwood & inbreeding– Up or out– International recruitment
The Second International Survey
Code Name GDP/per,$,2008
GDP/per rank Code Name
GDP/per,
$,2008
GDP/per rank
AR Argentina 8214 14 AU Australia 47400 3
BR Brazil 8197 15 CA Canada 45428 5
CH China 3315 18 DE Finland 51989 2
HK Hong Kong 30755 10 FI Germany 44660 6
KR Korea 19504 12 IT Italy 38996 8
MY Malaysia 8140 16 JP Japan 38559 9
MX Mexico 10234 13 NO Norway 95061 1
ZA South Africa 5693 17 PT Portugal 22997 11
UK UK 43785 7
US USA 46859 4
Total samples:24,652
gross participation ratio in higher edu.,%,2008
34
23
0
20
40
60
80
100
KR FI US AU NO AR IT JP UK PT HK BR MY MX CH ZA DE CA
GDP/per capita,2008,1000USD
3.315
30.755
0
20
40
60
80
100
NO FI AU US CA DE UK IT JP HK PT KR MX AR BR MY ZA CH
GDP/per capita, gross participation ratio in higher edu., 2008
Region 31 provinces- 6 regions. 11 provinces in 6 regions are sampled (1/3).
Institutions among 1,867 RHEIs, 691 public full-time 4-year degree level.
among 691: 105 to central, 586 to local. 691 are the target group.
70 institutions (1/10) are stratified sampled by region & affiliation 1:6.
Faculty 1,075,989 (1 million) in 1,867 RHEIs.
603,236 (0.6 million) in 691 P-RHEIs. 0.6 M are the target group.
Structure
of samples
each institution: 60 scholars in 5 disciplines, rank, gender, age…… 60 members×70 institutions = 4200 faculty members
Response Respondents: 3618 of 68 institutions. rate: 86%
Funding Ford Foundation and HKU
Mainland Team
H.Shen, Y.Zhou, Y.Zhang, X.M.Zhang, Y.T.Jia, Z.Y.Gu, J.Liu, and10 Ph.D & Master students, School of Edu., HUST,Wuhan China
Mainland China Higher Education System
Age
3126
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
AR BR MX ZA MY CH HK KR JP CA US DE IT NO FI PT UK AU
30 & below over 60 31-40 41-50 51-60
Academic degrees, un-weighted
Terminal degree as doctor,%,un-weighted
0
20
40
60
80
100
AR BR MX ZA MY CH HK KR JP CA US DE IT NO FI PT UK AU
doctor post-doc
China survey: structure of terminal degrees
China survey: structure of terminal degress,%
7.3
26.426.3
46.349
2317.5
4.4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
all central local
bachelor master doctor post-doc
Findings: Top tier/bottom tier Research Collaboration: Institutional
CH HK JP KR0
20
40
60
80
100
62
78 74
90
31
39
33
44 Top 10% Lower 10%
Institutional collaboration
International Research CollaborationTop tier/bottom tier
CH HK JP KR0
20
40
60
80
100
33
86
49 51
9
38
8
12
Top 10% Lower 10%
Perceptions on research and social responsibility Top Tier/bottom tier (% of agreement)
Top 10%
Lower 10%
Social responsibility
CH HK JP KR0
20
40
60
80
100
58
91
84
71
53
81
69
80
Top 10% Lower 10%
Institutional culture: Top tier/bottom tier
CH HK JP KR0
20
40
60
80
58
65 64
50 47
54 51
55
Top 10% Lower 10%
Academic freedom
Comparison: Research Activities
HK CH
a. 49 3
b. 86 28
• Source: CAP 2007
a. Co-authored with colleagues in other countries,
c: Published in a foreign country
Mainland China Hong Kong
Time for student consultation 661(21%) 272(42%)
* Source: CAP 2007 Survey
Perception on Teaching
Mainland China Hong Kong
At your institution there are adequate training courses for enhancing teaching quality
898(29%) 307(40%)
* Source: CAP 2007 Survey
Teaching Activities
Mainland China Hong Kong
Learning in projects/project groups 834(26%) 458(60%)
Development of course mate-rial 866(27%) 597(78%)
* Source: CAP 2007 Survey
Country Mass higher education
Model
CHINA Emergent State driven
USA Mature Market driven
Congeniality
• Career perspective (B5[4])• Commitment to the profession (D5[5])• Job strain (D5[6])• Job Satisfaction (B6)• Working conditions (B7)• Restrictions (D6[1&2])• Academic freedom (E5) • Organizational culture E4 (2,4,6)
Table 1: Self-Reported Research Productivity (Hong Kong, Mainland China, & the United States)
Country N Mean S.D. F df
Scholarly books you authored or co-authored ChinaHong KongU.S.
1826676
1043
.85HH
.48H
.23
2.08
1.01
.56
52.98***2,3542
Scholarly books you edited or co-edited ChinaHong KongU.S.
1826676
1043
.84HH
.44H
.23
1.82
.85
.92
62.60***2,3542
Articles published in an academic book or journal ChinaHong KongU.S.
1826676
1043
8.54H
9.55H
4.30
10.15
12.55
7.38
78.12***2,3542
Research report/monograph written for a funded project
ChinaHong KongU.S
1826676
1043
1.43
1.61
1.21
4.23
3.00
3.69
2.322,3542
Paper presented at a scholarly conference ChinaHong KongU.S.
1826676
1043
2.58
7.50HH
5.69H
4.87
9.86
11.18
105.79***2,3542
Professional article written for a newspaper or magazine
ChinaHong KongU.S.
1826676
1043
.97
2.25H
1.49
5.00
8.35
15.99
4.09*2,3542
Patent secured on a process or invention ChinaHong KongU.S.
1826676
1043
.30H
.19
7.67E-02
1.19
1.10
.53
15.60***2,3542
Computer program written for public use ChinaHong KongU.S.
1826676
1043
.33HH
8.14E-02
.10
1.64
.53
.55
16.68***2,3542
Artistic work performed or exhibited ChinaHong KongU.S.
1826676
1043
.13
.24
1.73HH
1.60
1.43
16.39
11.30***2,3542
Video or film produced ChinaHong KongU.S.
1826676
1043
6.96E-02
.12
.15
1.66
.61
1.13
1.312,3542
Others ChinaHong KongU.S.
1826676
1043
5.64E-02
.63H
.87H
.84
8.70
6.57
8.71***2,3542
Notes: HH = Research productivity is higher than that of two other system; H = Research productivity is higher than that of one other system; * p<.05; ***p<.001.
Congeniality
• US academics report higher levels than China• HK academics fall between China&US on most
Research productivity (D4)
• Books authored• Books edited• Articles in journals/books• Funded research report• Conference papers• Newspaper/mag. articles
• Patents on inventions• Computer programs• Artistic works• Videos or films• Other
Results (self-reported productivity)
• China academics report higher levels than USA– Except conference paper + artistic works
• HK academics report higher levels than both– on Articles, research reports, conference papers & newspaper/magazine articles
Table 2: Perceived Congeniality of Work Environment (Hong Kong, Mainland China, & the United States)
Country N Mean S.D. F df
This is a poor time for any young person to begin an academic career in my field
ChinaHong KongU.S.
34037871146
2.86
3.00C
3.53CC
1.25
1.38
1.23
123.28***2,5333
If I had it to do over again, I would not become an academic
ChinaHong KongU.S.
34167931144
3.69
3.78
4.18CC
1.35
1.23
1.10
61.12***2,5350
My job is a source of considerable personal strain ChinaHong KongU.S.
34367881146
2.41
2.84C
3.06CC
1.17
1.22
1.24
142.76***2,5367
How would you rate your overall satisfaction with your current job?
ChinaHong KongU.S
35158001146
2.47
2.35C
2.31C
.73
.94
.97
18.87***2,5458
Working conditions in higher education ChinaHong KongU.S.
35657991146
2.29CC
3.22
2.82C
1.04
1.14
1.03
308.23***2,5507
Restrictions on the publication of results from my publicly-funded research have increased since my first appointment
ChinaHong KongU.S.
2620651495
3.17
3.54C
3.75CC
1.28
1.22
1.22
57.34***2,3763
Restrictions on the publication of results from my privately-funded research have increased since my first appointment
ChinaHong KongU.S.
2436618452
3.32
3.59C
3.71C
1.24
1.06
1.20
28.37***2,3503
Good communication between management and academics
ChinaHong KongU.S.
33397751127
3.04CC
3.34
3.21
1.24
1.18
1.18
23.60***2,5238
Collegiality in decision-making processes ChinaHong KongU.S.
32877661122
2.95CC
3.26
3.09C
1.23
1.06
1.09
24.45***2,5172
A cumbersome administrative process ChinaHong KongU.S.
32897661120
2.41C
2.20
2.35C
1.18
1.01
1.16
10.04***2,5172
The administration supports academic freedom ChinaHong KongU.S.
33447801110
2.50
2.51
2.37CC
1.15
1.04
1.02
5.97**2,5231
Notes: CC = Perceived level of congeniality is higher than that of two other systems; C = Perceived level of congeniality is higher than that of one other system; **p<.01; ***p<.001.
Significant results Congeniality > Productivity
• China– job satisfaction (positive)– Increased restrictions on publication of results from publically
funded projects (negative)
• USA– Poor time for a young academic to begin a career (Negative)
• Hong Kong– Job satisfaction (positive)– Collegiality (negative)– Poor time for a young academic (negative)– Increased restrictions on publication of results from publically
funded projects (negative)
Conclusion
• Evolution continues• Strong areas:
– Traditions– Talent pool– Ascending research productivity
• Weak:– System differentiation– Lack of research doctorates/overseas returnees– Governance for creative learning and open access
Thank you
謝謝
Congeniality > Productivity
• job satisfaction – (positive) CHINA&US
• Increased restrictions on publication of results from publically funded projects – (negative) CHINA&HK
• Poor time for young academic to begin career – (Negative) HK&US
• Collegiality – (negative) HK
Table 3: Predicting Research Productivity from Perceived Congeniality(N Mainland China = 1,862; N Hong Kong = 676; N U.S. = 1043)
Research Productivity China Hong Kong U.S.
R2 .02 .05 .02
F 10.34*** 7.74*** 5.36*
DfL 2, 1338 4, 552 1,356
β restrictions_publicly .10*** .13** -
β collegiality - .12** -
β satisfaction -.06* -.15*** -
β poor time - -.11* -.12*
Notes: L = Listwise cases exclusion was used;
restrictions_publicly = restrictions on the publication of results from my publicly-funded research have increased since my first appointment;
collegiality = collegiality in decision-making processes;
satisfaction = how would you rate your overall satisfaction with your current job;
poor time = this is a poor time for any young person to begin an academic career in my field;
*=p.<.05; **=p<.01; ***=p<.001.
International Research Collaboration
Do you collaborate with international colleagues?
AR AU CH FI DE HK IT JP MY NO UK US Total
Percent 47 59 13 70 58 60 59 24 32 67 61 31 45
国际研究合作你是否与国际同事合作?
AR=阿根廷, AU=澳大利亚, CH=中国, FI=芬兰, DE=丹麦, IT=意大利,JP=日本,MY=马来西亚, NO=挪威, UK=英国, US=美国
International Publications
Which percentage of your publications in the last three years were coauthored with colleagues located in other countries?
AR AU CH FI DE HK IT JP MY NO UK US Total
Arithmetic
Mean 9.8 20.3 1.1 25.2 39.5 21.3 14.7 10.0 7.6 26.8 27.4 5.6 15.0
Median 0.0 6.0 0.0 10.0 30.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 20.0 0.0 0.0
国际发表著作情况
AR=阿根廷, AU=澳大利亚, CH=中国, FI=芬兰, DE=丹麦, IT=意大利,JP=日本,MY=马来西亚, NO=挪威, UK=英国, US=美国
过去三年你的著作在国外发表的比例是多少?
International Publications
Which percentage of your publications in the last three years were published in another country?
Hong Kong Ranks #1
AR AU CH FI DE HK IT JP MY NO UK US Total
Arithmetic
Mean 32.2 45.3 11.7 58.4 61.0 77.9 46.3 25.8 21.2 62.2 37.3 7.6 38.6
Median 10.0 39.0 0.0 70.0 70.0 95.0 40.0 0.0 0.0 75.0 30.0 0.0 20.0
国际发表著作情况 过去三年你的著作在国外发表的比例是多少?
香港位居第一
External Funding from International organizations/entities
In the current (or previous) academic year, which percentage of the external funding for your research came from International organizations/entities?
AR AU CH FI DE HK IT JP MY NO UK US Total
Arithmetic
Mean 6.7 14.0 4.3 27.3 14.2 4.5 17.1 0.9 5.8 19.7 48.3 63.1 16.3
Median 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.0 42.5 100.0 0.0
来自国际组织 /团体的额外资助 在现在(或过去)一个学年之中,你的研究经费来自国际组织 /团体额外资助的比例是多少?
Internationalization in Teaching
In your courses you emphasize international perspectives or content
[ 5 point scale: 1=“Strongly agree” to 5=“Strongly Disagree”]
Hong Kong Ranks #1
AR AU CH FI DE HK IT JP MY NO UK US TOTAL
Percentage
(responses 1 & 2) 58 68 67 51 65 72 61 51 60 68 66 53 62
Arithmetic Mean 2.3 2,1 2.1 2.5 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.5 2.3
教学的国际化 在你的课程中,你会强调国际视野或内容五分法: 1=“非常同意”到 5=“非常不同意)
香港位居第一
Internationalization in Teaching
Currently, most of your graduate students are international
[ 5 point scale: 1=“Strongly agree” to 5=“Strongly Disagree”]
AR AU CH FI DE HK IT JP MY NO UK US TOTAL
Percentage
(responses 1 & 2) 4 25 10 8 6 14 2 8 11 10 31 6 10
Arithmetic Mean 4,4 3.5 4.4 4.3 4.4 3.9 4.6 4.4 4.1 4.3 3.2 4.3 4.2
教学国际化 现在,你教过的毕业生来自世界各地五分法: 1=“非常同意”到 5=“非常不同意”