Chlorocarbon CompoundsBy Kadelyn Egan and Chloe Hoffman

History• 1877 Ship Feigorifique • Buenos Aires to the French port

of Rouen• Argentinian beef• Historic Voyage• Beginning of refrigeration • End of food preservation

Famous for coolness James Harrison: built ether-

based vapor-compression refrigerator for Australian brewery

Transport meat from Australia to Britain: fridge failed

Dec. 1879 on the ship S.S. Strathleven

Melbourne to London in 2 months with 40 tons of frozen beef and mutton

Ferdinand Carre 1877 Sailed on S.S. Paraguay ship

from Argentina to France Used ammonia as refrigerant

Economic development

Keeping it Cool

• Ice used since 2ooo B.C.• liquid evaporates = absorbs

heat form surroundings• Compression: (g) back to (l)• Liquid re-evaporates = cycle• Diethyl ether• Ammonia• Methyl chloride• Sulfur dioxide (used to cool

first artificial ice skating rink)

Not so cool (maybe) Ammonia, ether, methyl

chloride, sulfur dioxide and similar molecules

Decomposed, were fire hazards, were poisonous, or smelled terrible

Medley and Henne Prepared

chlorofluorocarbons CFC’s nontoxic,

nonflammable, inexpensive, stable and nearly odorless

Different molecules containing one or two carbon atoms and a varying number of fluorine and carbon atoms in place of hydrogen atoms

CFC’s used

Freon 114

• Changed the refrigeration business• Increase in home refrigeration• Perishable items could be stored safely• Frozen food industry blossomed • Allowed heat-sensitive antibiotics,

vaccines, and other medications to be stored and shipped across the world

• Air conditioning• Spray cans: hair spray, colognes, whipped

cream, insecticides • Fire Extinguishers (Freon 13B1) higher

boiling point

Freon 113

Freon 13B1: substitution of a bromine atom for a chlorine or a fluorine in the CFC molecule

The dark side of CFC’s

Stability of CFC’s created a problem

Don’t break down by ordinary chemical reactions

Drift around for decades Rise to stratosphere and

rupture by solar radiation 15-30 kilometers above surface

of earth is ozone layer Compared to the ocean it

measures in millimeters

The process

Atoms float down to the ozone layer

Ozone molecules are broken by high energy ultra-violet radiation

Two oxygen recombine to make oxygen molecule

Rowland and Molina suggested this reaction may upset balance between ozone and oxygen molecules

Cl acts as a catalyst Cl molecule will destroy a hundred

thousand ozone molecules before it is deactivated

New replacements for CFC’s are not as effective and require 3% more energy for the refrigeration cycle

If the intensity of UV radiation reaching earth increases, the potential for damaged cells and DNA also increases—leading to cancer and mutation

Oxygen atoms

Oxygen atom oxygen molecule Ozone molecule

Solar radiation

Oxygen molecule

Oxygen molecule oxygen atom

UV radiation

Ozone molecule

Oxygen moleculeOxygen atoms

Ozone molecule

Oxygen atom

Oxygen molecule

Oxygen molecule

ClO

ClO

Cl atom

Cl atom

The Dark Side to Cl Purifying water Cl is poisonous Fritz Haber German chemist Synthesized ammonia from

nitrogen in the air 1st poisonous compound in WW1 Yellowish-green chlorine gas Choking and difficulty breathing Mustard and Phosgene gas are

chlorine-containing compounds Causes fatal swelling of tissues

in the lungs and airways Death by suffocation

Chlorocarbons continue to wreak havoc Polychlorinated biphenyls

or PCB’s Ideal for use as: electrical

insulators and coolants in transformers, reactors, capacitors and circuit breakers

Extreme stability, even at high temp. and lack of flammability

Wrapping food industry Liners in baby bottles Compounds where chlorine

atoms are replaced by hydrogen atoms

More than 200 combinations possible

Symptoms: Choracne, damage to immune, nervous, endocrine and reproductive systems

Subject to bioaccumulation Birth defects, and liver cancer Outlawed in 1979

Chlorine in Pesticides

Produced some of the most effective pesticides

Used in WW2 as a delousing powder to stop the spread of typhus and to kill the larvae of disease-carrying mosquitoes

“Bug Bombs” DDT is a fat-soluble

compound that accumulates in animal tissues

For birds DDT prohibits the enzyme that supplies Ca to their shells

•Agent orange: chlorine-containing herbicides•Used to destroy guerrilla-concealing foliage•Dioxin: implicated birth defects, cancer, skin defects, immune system deficiencies

Continued… Hexachlorophene Effective germicide Used 1950’s-1960’s Soaps, shampoos, lotions,

deodorants, mouthwashes Also used in diapers Talcum powders and other

baby toiletries Resulted in brain and

nervous system damage

Molecules that put you to sleep!

Until mid 1800’s surgery was performed without anesthesia

Alcohol was used to numb agony

William Morton (dentist): ether

James Simpson(physician and professor): chloroform

Invited dinner guests to inhale various substances

Chloroform better than ether Worked faster Smelled better Less was required Ether: flammable The use on while giving

childbirth was controversial Religious reasons: “In sorrow

thou shalt bring forth children”

Accepted more after Queen Victoria delivered her eighth child

Twilight Sleep Scopolamine and

morphine used during childbirth

Morphine used first Scopolamine induced

sleep Twilight became a

political issue part of a larger

movement that campaigned the right for women to vote

Reality: it didn’t work The scopolamine-induced

amnesia blocked memory of birth

Effects: liver and kidney damage

Damage cornea of eye, cause skin to crack, fatigue, nausea, cancer, irregular heartbeat

When exposed to heat, air or light, forms toxic or corrosive chemicals

Its not all bad Refrigerant: opened

new trade opportunities

Anesthetics helped develop surgery branch of medicine

Food storage Air-conditioning Safe drinking water Insect-borne diseases

reduced

Thank You! ^-^