Types of Inferential Statistics• Parametric Statistics: estimate the

value of a population parameter from the characteristics of a sample– Assumes the values in a sample are

normally distributed– Interval/Ratio level data required

• Nonparametric Statistics: – No assumptions about the underlying

distribution of the sample – Used when the data do not meet the

assumption for a nonparametric test (ordinal and nominal data)

What are We Testing Anyway?• Parametric Statistics:

comparing the means of two or more groups relative to the variance within the groups

• Nonparametric Statistics: comparing the medians or ranks of two or more groups

• Testing the null hypothesis• Statistical Significance:

determination that the differences between groups are large enough to be unlikely to have occurred by chance

Steps in the Test of Significance1. State the null hypothesis.2. State the alternative hypothesis.3. Set the level of significance associated with the null

hypothesis (Type I Error).4. Select the appropriate test statistic.5. Compute the test statistic value.6. Determine the critical value needed for rejection of the

null hypothesis for the particular statistic.7. Compare the obtained value to the critical value.8. Make a decision: Accept or reject the null hypothesis.

All These Tests! How do I know which one?

• The type of statistical test you use depends on several factors:– Number of independent

variables– Number of levels of the

independent variable(s)– Number of dependent variables– Independent vs. dependent

samples (between vs. within groups design)

– Scale of measurement of the dependent variable

Selecting Statistical Tests

Two Independent Variables

Interval or RatioIndependent

t-testDependent

t-testOne-Way ANOVA

Repeated Measures ANOVA

Two -Factor ANOVA

Two-Factor ANOVA

Repeated Measures

OrdinalMann-

Whitney UWilcoxon

Kruskal-Wallis

Friedman

Nominal Chi-Square Chi-Square Chi-Square

Factorial Designs

Independent Groups

Dependent Groups

Measurement Scale of the Dependent

Variable

One Independent Variable

Two Levels More than 2 Levels

Two Independent

Groups

Two Dependent

Groups

Multiple Independent

Groups

Multiple Dependent

Groups

What Can We Conclude?• Intact Groups Design (Quasi-Experiments)

– Subject Variables: conditions over which the experimenter has no direct control

– Cannot establish cause and effect– Can only conclude that the groups are different from one

another• True Experiments

– Manipulated Variables: conditions that the experimenter controls directly and to which he randomly assigns participants

– Allows for cause and effect interpretations

The Power of a Test• Power of a Test: the probability that one will reject

H0 when it is a false statement. The power of a statistical analysis is represented as 1 – β.– Reminder: β = the probability of making a Type II Error

• It is influenced by:– μX - μ0

– n– σ– α

Effect Size Statistics

• Due to the role of N (sample size) in the formulae for parametric statistics, a large sample size can make a negligible difference between groups appear significant.

• Because of this, current APA guidelines recommend computing effect size statistics in addition to parametric comparisons.

Uses of the Effect Size Statistic• The effect size statistic can be used to:

– Estimate the true effect of the IV– Compare the results of one

research project to the results of other projects

– Estimate the power of the statistic

– Estimate the number of subjects one needs in a research project to maximize the chance of rejecting a false hypothesis (power)