chp2 e business technology basic

8/16/2019 Chp2 e Business Technology Basic

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E- Business

Ninth Edition

Chapter 2 E-Business Technology Basics

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E- Business, Ninth Edition 2

Learning Objectives

In this chapter, you will learn about:

!he origin, growth, and current structure o" the Internet

Internet technology and networ# and $ar#up language%

!he history and use o" $ar#up languages on the &eb,including '()L, *!)L, and +)L


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Learning Objectives cont.d%/

!he di""erences a$ong internets, intranets, and e0tranets

Options "or connecting to the Internet, including cost and

bandwidth "actors

Internet and the 'e$antic &eb


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!he Internet and the &orld &ide &eb

Computer network !echnology allowing people to connect co$puters

Internet Interconnected global co$puter networ#s large/

!ype o" internet lowercase 2i3/ Basic technology structure

'upports networ#s, the Internet, and e-co$$erce

World Wide Web (Web) 'ubset o" Internet co$puters

4ontents easily accessible

Includes easy-to-use inter"aces


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New 6ses "or the Internet

1789s: other uses E-$ail 178/

Networ#ing technology e$ote "ile trans"er and co$puter access

Mailin lists E-$ail address "orwards $essage to subscribed users

1787: !senet (!ser"s News Network) ead and post articles

Newsroups topic areas/

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New 6ses "or the Internet cont.d%/

(a$e-playing so"tware created

Li$ited Internet use esearch and acade$ic co$$unities

1787 ; 17


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&I'!E 2- (rowth o" the Internet


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(rowth o" the Internet cont.d%/

Internet hosts: directly connected co$puters

Internet growth !echnological and social acco$plish$ent

6sed by $illions o" people

!housands o" di""erent so"tware pac#ages

Billions o" dollars change hands yearly

Led to &orld &ide &eb

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E$ergence o" the &orld &ide &eb

&eb 'o"tware running on Internet-connected co$puters

(enerates networ# tra""ic &eb so"tware: largest single tra""ic category

Outpaces: e-$ail, "ile trans"ers, other data trans$ission tra""ic New way o" thin#ing about in"or$ation storage and retrieval

@ey technological &eb ele$ents *yperte0t

(raphical user inter"aces

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!he develop$ent o" hyperte0t

cont.d%/ 17


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cont.d%/ !he develop$ent o" hyperte0t cont.d%/ ,1M0

'et o" codes tags/ attached to te0t

=escribes relationships a$ong te0t ele$ents

,perte.t link (hperlink) Aoints to another location

'a$e or another *!)L docu$ent

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cont.d%/ (raphical inter"aces "orhyperte0t Web browser

'o"tware inter"ace 6sers read browse/ *!)L

docu$ents )ove "ro$ one *!)L docu$ent

to another !e0t "or$atted with hyperte0t lin#

tags in "ile

*!)L docu$ent

No speci"ication o" te0t ele$entappearance

'raphial user interae ('!I) Aresents progra$ control

"unctions, output to users Aictures, icons, other graphical

ele$ents



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cont.d%/ !he &orld &ide &eb Berners-Lee.s syste$ o" hyperlin#ed *!)L docu$ents



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cont.d%/ !he &orld &ide &eb cont.d%/ Eas wa to aess Internet inormation

Arovided by "unctional syste$ o" pages connected by hyperte0t lin#s

Aro"it-$a#ing potential

Netscape 4o$$unications "ounded in 1775 Netscape Navigator &eb browser based on )osaic/

)icroso"t: Internet E0plorer $ost widely used/

)o>illa ire"o0: Netscape Navigator descendant

Nu$ber o" &eb sites

)ore rapid growth than the Internet itsel"



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Esti$ates )ore than C9 $illion &eb sites

)ore than C9 billion individual &eb pages

4o$$ercial business &eb use increasing


&I'!E 2-2 (rowth o" the &orld &ide &eb


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Aac#et-'witched Networ#s

0oal area network (05N) Networ# o" co$puters located close together

Wide area networks (W5Ns) Networ#s o" co$puters connected over greater distances

Ciruit 4o$bination o" telephone lines and closed switches connecting

the$ to each other

Ciruit swithin

4entrally controlled, single-connection $odel 'ingle electrical path between caller and receiver

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4ircuit networ#s

Ciruit swithin cont.d%/ &or#s well "or telephone calls

=oes not wor# as well "or: 'ending data across large

&?N, interconnected networ#Internet/

4ircuit-switched networ#proble$ 4onnected circuit "ailure

4auses interrupted connection,data loss

'olution Aac#et switching: $ove data

between two points

6aket-swithed networ# 6akets

'$all pieces labeledelectronically origin, seDuence,destination address/

!ravel along interconnectednetwor#s

4an ta#e di""erent paths

)ay arrive out o" order

=estination co$puter

4ollects pac#ets easse$bles original "ile or e-

$ail $essage

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E B i Ni th Editi +


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E- Business, Ninth Edition +

E B i Ni th Editi 2


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outing Aac#ets

outin omputers =ecide how best to "orward each pac#et

?lso #nown as: outer omputers, routers, atewa omputers7 border routers

(ateway "ro$ L?N &?N to the Internet/ Border routers

Between organi>ation and the Internet

outin alorithms Arogra$s on routing co$puters

=eter$ine best path "or pac#et


E B i Ni th Editi 2


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outing Aac#ets cont.d%/

outing algorith$s applied to routing table con"iguration

table/ in"or$ation

outin table oniuration table/ in"or$ation Includes lists o" connections

Includes rules "or:

'peci"ying connection to use "irst

*andling heavy pac#et tra""ic and networ# congestion

ariety o" rules and standards "or creating pac#ets

,ubs, swithes, brides )ove pac#ets


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outers connect networ#s !ranslate pac#ets into standard "or$at

Internet bakbone Internet routers handle pac#et tra""ic along $ain connecting points

bakbone routers) !hree billion pac#ets per second


&I'!E 2-3 outer-based architecture o" the Internet



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Internet Arotocols

6rotool: collection o" networ# data rules Includes trans$ission rules

4o$puters $ust use sa$e protocol




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!4AFIA

Internet protocols 1ransmission Control 6rotool (1C6)

4ontrols $essage or "ile disasse$bly into pac#ets be"ore Internettrans$ission

4ontrols pac#et reasse$bly into original "or$ats at destinations

Internet 6rotool (I6) 'peci"ies addressing details "or each pac#et

Labels pac#et with origination and destination addresses


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=o$ain Na$es

=otted deci$al notation di""icult to re$e$ber

8omain names 'ets o" words assigned to speci"ic IA addresses

E0a$ple: www%sandiego%edu

4ontains three parts separated by periods 1op-le/el domain (108): right$ost part

'eneri top-le/el domains (108s)

9ponsored top-le/el domains (s108)

Internet Corporation or 5ssined Names and Numbers

(IC5NN) esponsibility: $anaging non-s!L=

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E- Business Ninth Edition 2$


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E- Business, Ninth Edition 2$

&I'!E 2-4 4o$$only used do$ain na$es

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&eb Aage eDuest and =elivery

Arotocols Web lient omputers Web lient sotware (Web browser sotware)

'ends &eb page "ile reDuests to other co$puters &eb servers/

&eb server co$puter Web ser/er sotware

eceives reDuests "ro$ $any di""erent &eb clients

Client:ser/er arhiteture 4o$bination: client co$puters, server co$puters

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E- Business Ninth Edition 2*


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&eb Aage eDuest and =elivery

Arotocols cont.d%/ ,perte.t 1ranser 6rotool (,116)

Internet &eb page "ile delivery rules

&eb page reDuest using &eb browser 6ser types protocol na$e

ollowed by 2FF:3 characters be"ore the do$ain na$e

!niorm esoure 0oator (!0)

4o$bination: protocol na$e, do$ain na$e

Locates resources &eb page/ on another co$puter &eb server/

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E- Business Ninth Edition 2+


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E Business, Ninth Edition 2+



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Electronic )ail Arotocols

Eletroni mail (e-mail) or$atted according to co$$on set o" rules

4lientFserver structure

E-mail ser/er

4o$puter devoted to e-$ail handling 'tores, "orwards e-$ail $essages

E-mail lient sotware eads and sends e-$ail

4o$$unicates with e-$ail server so"tware

'tandardi>ation and rules very i$portant

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Electronic )ail Arotocols cont.d%/

!wo co$$on protocols 9imple Mail 1ranser 6rotool (9M16)

'peci"ies $ail $essage "or$at

=escribes $ail ad$inistration e-$ail server

=escribes $ail trans$ission on the Internet 6ost ;ie 6rotool (6;6)

'ends $ail to user.s co$puter, deletes "ro$ server

'ends $ail to user.s co$puter, does not delete

?s#s i" new $ail arrived

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6nsolicited 4o$$ercial E-)ail

64E, 'pa$/ 9pam ?lso #nown as:

!nsoliited ommerial e-mail (!CE)

Bulk mail

Electronic jun# $ail types 'olicitations, advertise$ents, or e-$ail chain letters

&astes people.s ti$e and co$puter dis# space

4onsu$es large a$ounts o" Internet capacity

=istracts e$ployees

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)ar#up Languages and the &eb

1e.t markup lanuae 'peci"ies tag set inserted into te0t

Markup tas (tas) or$atting instructions &eb client understands

*!)L &eb $ar#up language

)ost co$$only used

9tandard 'enerali


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)ar#up Languages and the &eb

cont.d%/ E.tensible Markup 0anuae (=M0) =erived "ro$ '()L

)ar# up shared in"or$ation

)eta language

6ser creates $ar#up ele$ents e0tending +)L use"ulness

World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) )aintains &eb standards

E.tensible ,perte.t Markup 0anuae (=,1M0)

*!)L version 5%9 re"or$ulation as +)L application



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&I'!E 2-# =evelop$ent o" $ar#up languages



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)ar#up Languages

'enerali


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*yperte0t )ar#up Language

,perte.t elements !e0t ele$ents related to each other

*!)L Arevalent $ar#up language to create &eb docu$ents

W3C ,1M0 Workin 'roup page =etailed *!)L versions, related topic in"or$ation

,1M0 e.tensions eatures that wor# in speci"ic &eb browsers

=ra"t *!)L version C%9 Includes audio and video "eatures within the $ar#up language itsel"

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cont.d%/ *!)L tags Interpreted by &eb browser

or$at te0t display

Enclosed in angle brac#ets GH/

;penin ta and losin ta or$at te0t between the$

4losing tag Areceded by slash within angle brac#ets GFH/

6ser $ay custo$i>e tag interpretations !ags: generally written in lowercase letters

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cont.d%/ One-sided tags eDuire opening tag only

!wo-sided tags Optional closing tag

4losing tag position very i$portant

Opening tag $ay contain one or $ore property $odi"iers urther re"ine tag operation

Other "reDuently used *!)L tags (raphics and tables



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&I'!E 2-$ !e0t $ar#ed up with *!)L tags



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&I'!E 2-% !e0t $ar#ed up with *!)L tags as it appears in a &eb browser



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cont.d%/ *!)L lin#s *yperlin#s on interlin#ed pages "or$ a 2web3

0inear hperlink struture eads &eb page in serial "ashion

&or#s well when custo$er "ills out "or$

,ierarhial hperlink struture 6ses an introductory page home pae, start pae/ lin#ing to

other pages

Leads custo$ers "ro$ general to speci"ic topics

*ybrid designs co$bine linear and hierarchical structures



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&I'!E 2-* Linear vs% nonlinear paths through docu$ents


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cont.d%/ 'cripting languages and style sheets *!)L version released a"ter 1778/

Object tag

E$beds scripting language code on *!)L pages

Casadin 9tle 9heets (C99)

Arovide $ore control over displayed page "or$at

9tle sheet

Instructions stored in separate "ile

e"erenced using *!)L style tag

)ay be included in &eb page.s *!)L "ile



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E0tensible )ar#up Language

+)L/ &eb design tool or presenting or $aintaining in"or$ation lists, data

Includes data-$anage$ent capabilities *!)L cannot provide

'ee igures -19 and -11 Illustrate *!)L shortco$ings in presenting lists

+)L di""erent "ro$ *!)L +)L: not a $ar#up language with de"ined tags

+)L: tags do not speci"y te0t appearance on page


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E- Business, Ninth Edition 4*


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&I'!E 2- 4ountry list data as

it appears in a &eb browser

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igures -1 and -1 ?dvantages o" +)L list presentation

)ore e""ectively co$$unicates the $eaning o" data

&I'!E 2-2 4ountry list data $ar#ed up with +)L tags



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&I'!E 2-3 4ountry list data $ar#ed up with +)L tags as it

would appear in Internet E0plorer



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E0tensible )ar#up Language +)L/

cont.d%/ 'trength o" +)L

6sers $ay de"ine their own tags wea#ness as well/

'olution to user tag de"initions 4o$$on +)L tags standards

=ata-type de"initions =!=s/ or +)L sche$as 991: &4 released set o" rules "or +)L docu$ents

=M0 /oabular: set o" +)L tag de"initions

+)L "iles not intended to display in browser E.tensible 9tlesheet 0anuae (=90)

4ontains "or$atting instructions

=M0 parsers: "or$at +)L "ile "or device screen

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&I'!E 2-4 Arocessing reDuests "or &eb pages "ro$ an +)L database



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*!)L and +)L Editors

*!)L docu$ent creation (eneral-purpose te0t editor or word processor

'pecial-purpose *!)L editors available

&eb site design tools

4reate and $anage co$plete &eb sites 6pload entire site "ro$ A4 to &eb server

E0a$ple: ?dobe =rea$weaver

+)L "iles

4reated with te0t editor or progra$s



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Intranets and E0tranets

internets s$all 2i3/ Interconnected networ#s

=o not e0tend beyond organi>ational boundaries

Intranet

Interconnected networ# or internet/ 6ses !4AFIA protocol set

=oes not e0tend beyond creating organi>ation

E.tranet Intranet e0tended

Includes speci"ic entities outside organi>ation boundaries

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Aublic and Arivate Networ#s

6ubli network Aublic availability

6ri/ate network Arivate, leased-line connection

Ahysically connects intranets to one another

0eased line Aer$anent telephone connection between two points

?dvantage: security

=rawbac#: costs 9alin problem: adding co$panies

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irtual Arivate Networ# AN/

E0tranet using public networ#s and protocols 'ends sensitive data

6ses I6 tunnelin encapsulation/ syste$ Arivate passageway through public Internet

'ecure trans$ission

Enapsulation Encrypts pac#et content, places inside another pac#et

I6 wrapper : outer pac#et

AN so"tware installed on both co$puters

Establish short-ter$ logical connections in real ti$e AN is an e0tranet: not every e0tranet is a AN

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Internet 4onnection Options

Internet 'et o" interconnected networ#s

Organi>ations connect co$puters using a networ#

Internet aess pro/iders (I56s) or I'As Arovide Internet access to:

Individuals, businesses, other organi>ations

O""er several connection options

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4onnectivity Overview

4o$$on connection options oice-grade telephone lines, various types o" broadband

connections, leased lines, wireless

=istinguishing "actor

Bandwidth ?$ount o" data traveling through co$$unication line per unit o" ti$e

Net bandwidth ?ctual speed in"or$ation travels

9mmetri onnetions Arovide sa$e bandwidth in both directions

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4onnectivity Overview cont.d%/

5smmetri onnetions Arovide di""erent bandwidths "or each direction

!pstream bandwidth (upload bandwidth) ?$ount o" in"or$ation "ro$ user to the Internet in a given a$ount

o" ti$e

8ownstream bandwidth download7 downlink

bandwidth) ?$ount o" in"or$ation "ro$ the Internet to user in a given a$ount

o" ti$e



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oice-(rade !elephone

4onnections Local telephone service provider )ost co$$on way "or an individual to connect to I'A

6lain old telephone ser/ie (6;19) 6ses e0isting telephone lines, analog $ode$

Bandwidth between < and C @bps

8iital 9ubsriber 0ine (890) protocol *igher grade o" service

6se ='L $ode$ type o" networ# switch/

Interated 9er/ies 8iital Network (I98N) irst technology developed using ='L protocol suite



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Broadband 4onnections

4onnection speeds greater than 99 @bps 5smmetri diital subsriber line (5890)

='L protocol providing broadband range service

,ih-speed 890 (,890) )ore than 8< @bps sy$$etric bandwidth

4able $ode$s !rans$ission speeds: 99 @bps to 1 )bps

4onnection bandwidths vary

'ubscribers co$pete "or shared resource

='L: Arivate line with no co$peting tra""ic

ural connection option issues: /oie-rade lines

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Leased-Line 4onnections

)ore e0pensive technologies 4lassi"ied by eDuivalent nu$ber o" telephone lines included

='9 digital signal >ero/ 4arries one digital signal C @bps/

1 line ='1/ 4arries 5 ='9 lines 1%C55 )bps/

&rational 1 1< @bps and upward in 1


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Leased-Line 4onnections cont.d%/

Large organi>ations reDuire very high bandwidth

N?As use !1 and ! lines

N?As and Internet bac#bone routing co$puters &rame rela7 asnhronous transer mode (51M)

;ptial iber instead o" copper wire/

Bandwidth deter$ined by "iber-optic cable class

O4 optical carrier /: 1C )bps

O41: )bps

O45


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&ireless 4onnections

Arevious satellite $icrowave trans$issions =ownload speeds o" C99 @bps

6pload handled by AO!' $ode$ connection

!oday: AO!' $ode$ connection not reDuired

6se $icrowave trans$itter "or uploads 1C9 @bps/ 4osts and accuracy i$proving

)any wireless networ# types now available Internet-capable $obile phones, s$art phones, ga$e consoles,

and noteboo# co$puters

)ore than hal" o" 6%'% Internet users used a wireless device "orInternet access

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&ireless 4onnections cont.d%/

Bluetooth and 6ltra &ideband 6&B/

Bluetooth design "or use over short distances Low-bandwidth technology 8 @bps/

6ersonal area networks (65Ns) or pionets

'$all Bluetooth networ#s ?dvantages:

=evices consu$e very little power

=evices can discover one another and e0change in"or$ationauto$atically

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!ltra Wideband (!WB) Arovides bandwidth up to 5


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&ireless Ethernet &i-i/ cont.d%/ *2>a C5 )bps/: not C5 )bps/: n? 2=ra"t-N3 99 to 5C9 )bps range/

inali>ed speci"ication: predicted "or 919 oamin

'hi"ting "ro$ one &?A to another

No user intervention

,ot spots

&?As open to public

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&i.ed-point wireless 'yste$ o" repeaters

orward radio signal "ro$ I'A to custo$ers

epeaters

!rans$itter-receiver devices transei/ers/ 6ses mesh routin

=irectly trans$its &i-i pac#ets through short-range transceivers

hundreds or thousands/

Located close to each other

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4ellular telephone networ#s Broadcast signals to receive signals "ro$/ antennas

!hree $iles apart in grid Original design: voice co$$unications

1hird-eneration 3'/ ell phones 4o$bine latest technologies available today

9hort messae ser/ie 9M9/ protocol

'end and receive short te0t $essages Mobile ommere or m-ommere

=escribes resources people $ight want to access and pay "or/ usingwireless devices



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&I'!E 2-# Internet connection options



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Internet eplace$ent "or original ?A?NE! laboratory

E0peri$ental networ#ing technologies test bed

*igh end o" the bandwidth spectru$ 19 (bps/

6sed by universities, $edical schools, 4EN ocus

)ainly technology develop$ent

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cont.d%/ 9emanti Web project ne0t-generation &eb/

(oal: blending technologies and in"or$ation into a ne0t-generation&eb *ave words on &eb pages tagged using +)L/ with their $eanings

6ses sotware aents intelligent progra$s/ ead +)L tags, deter$ine $eaning o" words in their conte0ts

esoure desription ramework (8&) 'et o" +)L synta0 standards

=evelop$ent o" 'e$antic &eb will ta#e $any years 'tart with ontologies "or speci"ic subjects



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'u$$ary

Early develop$ent o" Internet technology began in the179s through research projects 4o$$ercial use began with e-$ail

Arivati>ation o" the Internet co$pleted in 177C

Aac#et-switched networ#s "or$ the Internet 6ses routing, IA addressing

!echnologies supporting the Internet, &eb, and electronicco$$erce Arotocols, progra$s, languages, architectures

!4AFIA

*!)L, '()L, +)L



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'u$$ary cont.d%/

*!)L de"ines structure and content o" &eb pages

E0tensible )ar#up Language +)L/ 6ses $ar#up tags to describe the $eaning or se$antics o" te0t

Networ#ing technologies Internets, intranets, e0tranets

E0tranet types

Aublic networ#, private networ#, virtual private networ#

%#


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'u$$ary cont.d%/

Internet service provider connection types Basic telephone connections, broadband cable, satellite $icrowave

trans$ission, ='L, wireless "i0ed-point, $obile/

Internet e0peri$ental test bed

4reating, per"ecting "uture high-speed networ#ing technologies 'e$antic &eb project

(oal o" $a#ing research data widely available

)ay enable &eb interaction using intelligent so"tware agents

chp2 e business technology basic

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