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US History Notes -

Chapter 14 - The Territorial Expansion of the United States

Exploring the West- By 1840 Amerians had o!pied all of the land East of the "ississippi #i$er

- All %ere states exept for &isonsin and 'lorida

- ( )0 yrs after independene* most of the pop!lation li$ed %est of the Appalahians

The '!r Trade- The '!r Trade sp!rred exploration on the ontinent

- +epended on ,ood%ill of the 'N- Traded in the .ointly o!pied /re,on Co!ntry %ith the Amerians

- 180s - Amerian ompanies first a2le to hallen,e British dominane of the trans-"ississippi f!rtradeThe rendezvous system:- 3nstit!ted 2y &illiam Henry Ashley of the #oy "o!ntain '!r Company- Trappers 2ro!,ht their ath of f!rs to trade fairs and traded them for ,oods transported 2y the f!r

ompanies from St5 6o!is* 7,!ns* 2eads* et for %hih they traded %ith the 'N- Traders li$ed deep in the mo!ntains in some sort of relationship %ith the loal 'N- "any too 'N %i$es

9o$ernment-Sponsored Exploration- 'ederal ,o$ernment played a ma.or role in the exploration and de$elopment of the &est- :efferson infl!ened Amerian %est%ard expansion %ith 6o!isiana !rhase 7180;- :efferson instr!ted 6e%is and Clar to dra% &estern 'N a%ay from British- 6e%is and Clar expedition set a preedent for many ,o$ernment-finaned expeditions

- "any expeditions %ere

- 'ed p!2li appetite for exploration- 6and /rdinane of 1=8> - ditated ho% the 'ed5 9o$t sold lands

- extended all the %ay to the paifi ? lots of ,o$ernment s!r$eyors- The 'ed5 9o$t sold lands heaply and ,a$e a%ay land to $eterans of 181

- Also paid for 3ndian remo$al and esta2lished forts %hih proteted %hite settlers

Expansion and 3ndian oliy- 'N %ere mo$ed to 3ndian Territory 7present day /lahoma* @ansas* and Ne2rasa

- #e,arded as !nfarma2le- :effersons said this %o!ld allo% the 'N to li$e

- He failed to predit the speed of settlement ? enroahment of 3ndian Territory

- Be,an %ith the esta2lishment of the Santa 'e trail 7181- 18>4 - 9o$t a2olished the northern setion on the 3ndian territory %hih 2eame the @ansas and

Ne2rasa Territories- Northern 'N %ere ,i$en smaller reser$ations or allotments of land - press!red to sell

- 'N had no land- So!thern 'N fared 2etter

- Esta2lished self-,o$ernin, nations %ith shools and h!rhes- Bro!,ht sla$ery %ith them ? plantations

- Settlers i,nored the 3ndian ro2lem %hih dealt %ith &estern tri2es as the &estern tri2es hadno%here to ,o ? 3ndian %ar ? small reser$ations for 3ndians

The Politics of Expansion- Amerias rapid expansion had many onse

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- 3nstilled a pioneerin,* ad$ent!ro!s and optimisti attit!de into the peopleD 'rederi :ason T!rner

"anifest +estiny* an Expansionist 3deolo,y- Ne%spaperman S!lli$an ar,!ed it %as Amerias destiny to spread demoray- After the pani of 18;= many politiians 2elie$ed that the nations prosperity depended on

expanded trade %ith Asia- "anifest destiny %as e$an,elial reli,ion on a lar,er sale- +emorats 7S!lli$an inl!ded s!pported expansion- &hi,s opposed it as they feared it %o!ld lead to the extension of sla$ery

- &hi,s s!pported 9o$t ,!idane in settlin, %ithin the o!ntrys existin, limits- +emorats despised the fatory system and lar,e ities - many mo$ed %est

The /$erland Trails- 6and trip %as heaper than sea- Settlers %ere dra%n 2y s!ess stories* and to esape the malaria prone mid-%est

- 3t %as pioneers searh for an ideal home

- &a,on trains - ,ro!ps of settlers formin, a omm!nity for the trip- Complete %ith informal eleted leaders- 'N atta %as slim

- "ost deaths %ere from %hites attain, 'N- +eath toll %as hi,her on the 'N side

- Chlorea illed tho!sands- &a,on train mem2ers lent s!pport to eah other- The transontinental railroad ended the %a,on train tradition

/re,on- 'irst ontat %ith 'N %as ommerial 7f!r traders

- #elationships %ere ,enerally ,ood* often sex!al- Con$ention of 1818 - British and Amerians a,reed to .ointly o!py the re,ion- HBC learly dominated the re,ion

- 'irst settlement %as the HBC fort* 'ort ano!$er- 'ort ano!$er exemplified a frontier of inl!sion

- 'irst permanent settlers %ere retired f!r trappers %ith their 'N %i$es- "issionaries follo%ed 72!t they ,enerally failed- Seond %a$e onsisted of patrioti Amerians %hih e$ent!ally n!m2ered >000

- /re,oners had their o%n onstit!tion* 2anned 2las- Blas settled north of the Col!m2ia as a res!lt

- ol ampai,ned on >4540* 2!t e$ent!ally ompromised o$er 4Fth lat5

- British %o!nd !p their ailin, f!r trade and mo$ed to itoria- +onation 6and Claim At - ;0 ares of land to %hite males a,e 18G* )40 for o!ples- The nd omm!nity %as that of exl!sion

The Santa 'e Trade- Under Spanish ontrol* Amerians %ere not %elome - their explorers %ere apt!red

- After "exian independene 7181 Amerians %ere %elomed- Trail from Santa 'e to 3ndependene %as dan,ero!s

- Unlie /re,on trail 'N atta %as fre

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Amerians in Texas- "exian ,o$ernment reated a 2!ffer one a,ainst the 'N 2y ,rantin, Texas to A!stin- 3n Santa 'e* %hites settled on 'N land and in /re,on they settled on British land

- The settlement of Texas %as at!ally le,al- A!stin a,reed that all settlers of "exio %o!ld 2eome Catholi and "exian itiens

- &ent a,ainst the Amerian $al!es of itienship and rotestantism- 3nstead of the !s!al free-for-all of A!stin handpied his settlers- Soon Amerians %ith 2la sla$es o!tn!m2ered the Te.anos

- Eonomy %as 2ased on hi,hly or,anied omm!nities ,ro%in, otton- "ost Amerians i,nored on$ertin, to Catholiism or 2eomin, "exian itiens

- Sine they %ere on "exian land they o!ldnt set !p Amerian style ,o$ernments liethe settlers had done in /re,on

The Texas #e$olt- Centrists ,ained ontrol of the ,o$t in "exio City

- +ramati han,e of poliy - deided to tae firm ontrol o$er the N5 pro$ine

- Ne% ,o$t restrited U5S5 immi,ration* 2anned sla$ery* le$ied !stoms d!ties taxes- Amerians an,ry 2ea!seI They o!ldnt ,et land ,rants- &ere prone to restritions on trade 2ea!se of "exian !stoms re,!lations- +iffi!lties in !nderstandin, Hispani la%* as %ell as rae

- &ar 2reas o!t- Santa Anna r!shes Amerians at the Alamo

- He is in t!rn defeated Ho!ston? Treaty - staes the 2order at the #io 9rande

- "exian Con,ress ref!ses to ano%led,e treaty- T!rns do%n Andre% :asons offer of p!rhase

The #ep!2li of Texas

- Amerians prolaimed the #ep!2li of Texas- 6and 2et%een the #io 9rande and the N!ees #i$er remained disp!ted territory- "exians sa% Amerian attempts to annex this territory as the first step

in the on

- Strate,y 2afired %hen Se5 of State :ohn Calho!n %oe !p setional fears 2y statin,that the So!th needed to extend sla$ery into Texas for s!r$i$al

- Northerners ref!se to s!pport Tyler- Tyler o!sted from &hi, party

- Henry Clay 2eomes the presidential andidate- Clay fa$ored annexation 2!t only if "exio appro$ed

- This %o!ld 2e ridi!lo!s - Clay %as seen as not alienatin, anyone- 3n the +emorat party* an B!ren %as replaed 2y :ames ol for the andidate- ol %on 2y a slim mar,in d!e to opposition $ote splittin, 2t%n &hi, 6i2erty parties- /ne of Tylers last ats as president %as to p!sh thro!,h Con,ress a .oint resol!tion 7didnt needSenates appro$al neessary for treaties for the annexation of Texas

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- ; months later the Texas on,ress appro$ed annexation- Texas 2eomes the 1>th sla$e state 7'lorida had .!st .oined the USA

The Mexican-American War- 184) - ol s!essf!lly added /re,on 7So!th of the 4Fth to the USA- After the "ex-Amn &ar he ,ained "exios pro$ines of California and Ne% "exio

/ri,ins of the &ar- After ontro$ersy in /re,on 2e,an dyin, do%n* thin,s in Texas %ere heatin, !p a,ain- USA s!pported the Texan laim that Texas extended all the %ay to the #io 9rande

- Border disp!te- ol sends Taylor %ith troops to defend Texas- Also instr!ts aifi S

- 'remont and Amerian settlers in California delare independene from "exio

- ol also sends seret en$oy to "exio offerin, to 2!y disp!ted land in Texas* California and Ne%"exio for ;0 million- En$oyed is dismissed* Taylor is ordered So!th of the #io 9rande

- Sirmish- ol tells Con,ress that Taylor %as attaed ? %ar

"r5 ols &ar- Ameria %as di$isi$e- &hi,s 7inl!din, A2raham 6inoln

- Sa% the 2order inident as a So!thern plot to extend sla$ery- Ased %hy ol %o!ld settle for part of /re,on* 2!t fi,ht for a sla$e state

- "assah!setts le,islat!re passed a resol!tion ondemnin, the %ar as !nonstit!tional- ol too on the o$erall military strate,y - later taen on 2y 6inoln- Sent Taylor so!th into N5E5 "exio- Colonel @earny %ent to Ne% "exio and California

- @earny had Santa 'e s!rrender- At California he too California %ith the help of 'remont and the Na$y

- ol tho!,ht that his s!ess !p north %o!ld fore "exio to ne,otiate - /N9- Santa Anna is rep!lsed 2y Sott at B!ena ista- Sott taes erar! easily* 2!t then taes another ) months to ,et to "exio City- Treaty of 9!adal!pe - Hidal,o eded California and Ne% "exio*

- Border of Texas ? #io 9rande

- "exio paid 1> million in retri2!tion alon, %ith million in personal laims- ol %as f!rio!s %ith the terms* after Sotts $itory he %anted all of "exio- &hi,s %ere already a,ainst the %ar- So!therners opposed lettin, a lar,e "exian pop!lation .oin

- 9asden !rhase 718>; - added ;0*000 more s< miles

The ress and op!lar &ar Enth!siasm- 'irst %ar in %hih re,!lar* on-the-sene reportin, 2y representati$es of the press a!,ht the massof ordinary itiens* thans to the tele,raph- #eporters shaped the peoples attit!des* not politiians - 2e,innin,s of media infl!ene

California and the old !ush- Up !ntil 1840 California %as mostly made !p of 'N and Spanish deedent settlers

- A fe% Amerian traders and settlers e$en after the %ar- 9old r!sh han,ed this

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#!ssian-Californian Trade- #!ssians %ere the first o!tsiders in "exio- Spanish offiials insisted on isolation

- E$aded as trade flo!rished %ith Ne% En,land traders* and the #!ssian Amerian '!rCompany

- 'ort #oss %as esta2lished 2y the #!ssians to 2etter aess this trade- After "exian 3ndependene 7181 California %as open to trade to e$eryoneEarly Amerian Settlement- :ohann S!tter - settled in California in 18;F - 2eame "exian itien

- Held a land ,rant %hih entered at S!tters 'ort- Early pioneers %ho hoose California o$er /re,on 7the !s!al destination settled

near S!tters 'ort* a%are that they %ere interlopers in "exian territory- These Amerians 2anded to,ether at Sonoma in the Bear 'la, #e$olt

%ith 'remont delarin, independene in 1848- California %as seen as a 2a%oods* 2!t ol sa% the potential of the ,reat har2ors to failitatetrade %ith Asia

9oldJ- 'irst spotted 2y S!tters mill employees - 9/6+ #USHJJJ- &ord spread

- 80K %ere Amerians* the rest %ere "exians 71;K* E!ropeans and Asians- Chinese ompetition aro!sed hostility ? taxes on Chinese- San 'raniso ,re% from 1*000 people in 1848 to ;>*000 people in 1F>0

- Tons of money to 2e had in feedin,* lothin, and ho!ses in the miners- California %as admitted as a state in 18>0

"inin, Camps

- "ost minin, amps %ere deserted %hen the ,old %as ,one* not San 'raniso- Conditions %ere dreary- "ost men ne$er made it rih

- Beame %a,e earners for lar,e minin, ompanies 7o!ld afford to ,o deeper- &omen 2eame prostit!tes or domesti ser$ants

The Politics of Manifest "estiny- Bet%een 184> - 1848 the USA ,re% =0K territorially- "anifest +estiny soon 2eame the dominant iss!e in national politis

The Lo!n, Ameria "o$ement

- Amerians tho!,ht that their demoray %o!ld s%eep the %orld- 1848 - 3taly* 9ermany* H!n,ary* 'rane* A!stria all had demorati re$ol!tions- resident 'ranlin iere dispathed Commodore "atthe% erry to :apan to trade- Lo!n, Amerian "o$t 7+emorats - %anted to expand so!th into "exio- ol %anted to inter$ene in the 1848 "exian Ci$il &ar - #e2!ffed 2y Con,ress

- #!mo!red to ha$e offered Spain M100 million for C!2a

The &ilmot ro$iso- North %anted no more expansion as this %o!ld !pset the norm of the sla$ery

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- &hy did &ilmot propose his meas!re- &as a northern +emorat* not propelled 2y ideolo,y 2!t 2y the press!re of pratial

politis- 6i2erty arty - 184) - denied Henry Clay the from the &hite Ho!se 2y $ote splittin,

- "any northerners %ere anti-sla$ery- 6i2erty arty %as not radial for most Northerners ? &ilmot %as tryin, to ompromise

- The 6i2erty party proposed that only non-sla$e holders o!ld hold offie and that sla$es %o!ld not2e !sed in federal onstr!tion pro.ets- 6i2erty party %as anti-2la* not anti-sla$ery

- This sentiment %as t!rned into the 'ree Soil arty

The Eletion of 1848- California* Ne% "exio and Texas %ere all no% part to the USA

- &o!ld sla$ery 2e allo%ed in these ne% territories- 6e%is Cass of "ihi,an 2eame the +emorati nominee 7ol %as si- Cass proposed that the itiens of the ne% territories %o!ld deide

- Ehoed :effersonian faith that the ommon man o!ld $ote in his self interests

- This %o!ld 2e no different as the territorial le,islat!res %ere .!st as di$isi$e- &hi,s t!rned to Oahary Taylor the %ar hero to 2e their andidate- Taylor %as from 6o!isiana and a sla$eholder

- #ef!sed to s!pport the &ilmot ro$iso- ri$ately he opposed the expansion of sla$ery* p!2lily e$aded the iss!e

- a,!eness of the t%o andidates led some Northerners to s!pport the 'ree Soil arty- 6ed 2y former president "artin an B!ren

- an B!ren %as an,ry at the +emorati party for passin, him o$er in 1844- Also displeased of the ,ro%in, So!thern dominane of the +emorat arty- #an as a spoiler* e$ent!ally a!sin, Cass to lose

- Oahary Taylor %on* 2!t died shortly after