Church Reform and The Crusades

Chapter 14 section 1page 341

Reform- what does this mean?

• Reform- the improvement or amendment of what is wrong, corrupt, unsatisfactory

• social reform; education reform; immigration reform

Age of Faith

• A new religious wave spread across Europe.

• New religious orders were founded.

• Monasteries were built.

• The church expanded its power and authority.

Monastery from medieval Europe (Italy)

Ruins of a medieval monastery (Norway)

Medieval Monastery(Germany)

Major problems in the church

• Many village priests married and had families.

• Simony- the practice of selling church positions.

• Kings were in control of church bishops.

Reforms

• Reforms began with the founding of the Benedictine Monastery in 910 at Cluny in France.

• Monks strictly followed the Benedictine rule.

• Cluny’s reputation for virtue inspired the founding of similar monasteries throughout western Europe.

Benedictine

monastery in

Cluny,

France

Cistercian Monks

• In 1098, Cistercian monks were founded.

• The Cistercian life of hardship won many followers, helping to bring about further reforms.

• Pope Leo IX enforced church laws against simony and the marriage of priests in 1049.

• Pope Gregory VII became pope in 1073. He spent time at Cluny and was determined to ‘purify’ the church.

Church reorganized

Pope

Papal Curia – Group advisorsCourt - The Curia also acted as a court and developed canon law on matters of marriage, divorce, and inheritance

Tithing

• The church collected 1/10 of families’ incomes.

• It helped pay for services such as caring for the sick and the poor.

• Most hospitals were operated by the church.

Friars

• Traveled from town to town preaching and spreading their religion to the locals.

• They took vows of – Chastity– Poverty– Obedience

• Friars owned nothing and lived by begging.

Order of Dominicans

• Founded by Spanish Priest, Dominic

• Emphasized the importance of study.

• Many Dominican friars were scholars.

Order of Franciscans

• Founded by Italian St. Francis de Assisi– Son of rich merchant– Gave up wealth and turned to preaching at

age 20– Placed less importance on scholarship.

• Treated all creatures as his spiritual brothers and sisters.

St. Francis de Assisi

Orders for Women

• Some women joined the Dominicans.

• Franciscan order for women, known as the Poor Clares

• Benedictine convent in Germany

• Women were not allowed to travel as preachers.

• They lived in poverty and worked to help the poor and sick.

• St. Clare• “Poor Clares” named

after her.

Cathedrals – Cities of God

• Evidence of the church’s wealth was seen in the cathedrals.

• Between 800-1100, churches were built in Romanesque style. – Round arches– Heavy roof– Thick walls– Pillars– Tiny windows for light

Romanesque

Gothic

• A new architectural style developed in the 1100s.

• Named after Goth German tribe• Gothic cathedrals thrust upwards towards

heaven.– Huge glass stained windows– Vaulted ceilings– Decorated with all the richness people could offer. – Height and light

Paris Gothic Cathedral Notre Dame

• Cathedral of Chartres France

• Masterpiece of Gothic architecture

• Two bell towers• Spires pointing

towards heaven• Pointed, ribbed vaults

to support ceiling

• Windows of Chartres • Told the stories of the

Bible• Illiterate peasants

could learn the stories from the bible through the pictures.

Cathedral of Beauvais, France

• Inside of Beauvais • Cathedral

Wars of Conquest

• In 1093, The Byzantine Emperor, Alexius Comnenus asked for help against the Muslim Turks.

• The Muslim Turks threatened to conquer the capital of Constantinople.

• Pope Urban II called for a “holy war” or Crusade to gain control of the Holy Land.

• Alexius Comnenus • Pope Urban II

• Over the next 200 years, many crusades were launched.

• The goal of these military expeditions was to recover Jerusalem, the Holy Land, from the Muslim Turks.

• 50,000 – 60,000 knights became Crusaders.

• Battle cry was “God Wills it!”

• Few returned

Economic and Religious goals

• It was an economic opportunity for younger sons who would not inherit their father’s property

• Religious zeal

• According to Pope Urban II – if the knights died on the Crusade, they were guaranteed a place in heaven.

• Later years, merchants profited by making cash loans to finance the Crusade.

• Leased ships for hefty fees to transport armies over the Mediterranean Sea.

• Hoped to win key trade routes to India, Southeast Asia, and China from Muslim Traders.

The First Crusade

• The Crusaders were not prepared for their holy war in the First Crusade.

• They knew nothing of geography, climate, or culture of the Holy Land.

• They to capture Jerusalem, but had no strategy

• The nobles argued among themselves.

• No adequate supply lines.

• Finally the Crusaders attacked the city of Jerusalem for a month with 12,000 soldiers (about 1/4th of the original army)

• On July 15, 1099, they captured the city.

• Four feudal Crusaders states were carved out of this territory, each ruled by a European noble.

Second Crusade

• Edessa was re-conquered by the Turks.

• In 1187, Jerusalem had fallen to the Muslim leader, Saladin.

Saladin

Third Crusade

• Goal was to recapture Jerusalem

• Led by three of Europe’s most powerful monarchs. – French King Phillip Augustus– German Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa)– English King Richard the Lionhearted

King Philip IIKing Richard I

Emperor Frederick I

The Legend of Robin Hood

• During the third crusade, while Richard the Lionhearted was battling King Saladin, his brother, King John took over the throne of England.

• King Richard used much of the royal treasury to fund the third crusade, which left little for England.

• King John raised the taxes in England to rebuild the treasury.

• The people were overtaxed. Some lost their land and were imprisoned.

• Robin Hood was the local hero, who robbed from the rich to feed the poor.

• It still debated today, whether or not Robin Hood was a real person.

This statue of Robin hood is in Nottingham

Back to the Third Crusade

• Barbarossa drowned on the journey.

• Philip Augustus argued with Richard and went home.

• Richard was left to regain the Holy Land from Saladin.

Truce

• King Richard and Saladin agreed to a truce in 1192. – Jerusalem remained under Muslim control. – In return, Saladin promised that unarmed

Christian pilgrims could freely visit the city’s holy places.

Fourth Crusade

• In 1198, Pope Innocent III appealed for another crusade to capture Jerusalem.

The Church Splits

• The fourth crusade became entangled with Byzantine politics.

• Crusaders ended up looting the city of Constantinople in 1204.

• This caused the church to split. – The Church in the East (whose capital was

Constantinople)– The Church in the West (whose capital was

Rome)

Crusade Dwindles

• In the 1200s, the Crusades become common and unsuccessful.

• People only did it for personal gain. • Crusaders marched to North Africa. • The French King, Louis IX, won wide respect in

Europe. • He was later declared a saint. • None of the attempts conquered much land. • http://www.youtube.com/user/historyteachers#p/u/9/weMhSSYoRi4 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4TooOJGKlGc

King Louis IX

The Children’s Crusade

• Took place in 1212• Thousands of children set out for the Holy Land. • They were armed with only the belief that God

would protect them and give them Jerusalem. • On their march, many died from cold and

starvation. • One group even turned back. • The rest drowned at sea or were sold into

slavery.

Spanish Crusade

• In Spain, Muslims called Moors and controlled most of the country until the 1100s.

• The “Reconquista” was a long effort to drive the Muslims out of Spain.

• The Muslims were driven out in 1492 by Christian armies.

What else happened in 1492?

The Spanish Inquisition

• King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella united their country under one religion- Christianity

• The Inquisition was a tribunal court to prosecute heretics.

• Heretics were people whose religious beliefs differed from the teachings of the church.

• http://www.youtube.com/user/historyteachers#p/u/5/89Xv4mV1BIs

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella

• The inquisitors suspected Jewish and Muslim converts of heresy.

• A person suspected of heresy might be questioned for weeks and even tortured.

• Once suspects confessed, they were often publicly burned at the stake.

• In 1492, Ferdinand and Isabella expelled all practicing Jews and Muslims from Spain.

• About 50,000 trials took place by the Spanish Inquisition, targeting everything from homosexuality to witchcraft to the freemasons.

• About 3,000-5,000 were put to death.

• Most of the time they were burned alive, but sometimes they were strangled first.

• Most popular forms of torture – The rack– Being suspended by the arms behind back,

with weights on the ankles– Forced to drink with a cloth stuffed in mouth to

make it feel like drowning

• Torture Rack from the Tower of London

Effects of the Crusades

• Lessened the power of the pope

• Weakened feudal nobility (thousands of knights lost their lives and fortunes)

• Increased trade between Europe and Southwest Asia. – Spices– Fruits– cloth

Effects continued

• Kings become stronger

• Religious intolerance grows

• Italian cities expand trade and grow rich

• Muslims increasingly distrust Christians

• Europeans gain technology from Muslims

• Intolerance and prejudice displayed by Christian crusaders left bitterness and hatred among the Muslims, which continues to present day.

The Knights Templar

• Organization created by the Pope during the Crusades to protect pilgrims journeying to the Holy Land.

• 9 Monks called the Poor Knights of Christ and the Temple of Solomon were sent to protect the travelers.

• They lived inside the Temple of Solomon.

• While maintaining their vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, the Knights quickly became the fiercest warriors of their time.

• Later became known as Knights Templar

Knights’ power grows

• The Knights Templar grew in power, wealth, and in political power.

• It is rumored that the Knights Templar discovered gold and treasure under the ruins of the Temple of Solomon that had been hidden for thousands of years. – Arc of the Covenant – Holy Grail

The Temple of Solomon

• Philip IV of France was deeply in debt and turned toward the Knights Templar for money.

• The Knights Templar didn’t give him any.

• Philip IV convinced the Pope, Clement V, to excommunicate the entire order of the Knights Templar.

King Phillip IV of France was also known as “Philip the Fair”

Clement V

Templars Disbanded

• On Friday, October 13th, 1307, Pope Clement V charged the Knights Templar with heresy and decreed that every Knight Templar in France be arrested.

• All over Europe, the same fate awaited other Templars.

• King Robert the Bruce of Scotland had already been excommunicated.

• He allowed the Templars into this country.

King Robert I

Jacques de Molay

• Knights Templar Grand Master, Jacques DeMolay, was burned at the stake for heresy

• Pope Clement V died one month later in a fire.

• The Knights Templar who were captured were burned at the stake for heresy.

• Many believed the group disbanded, but others believe they continued to live underground.

• Some say their treasure is spread throughout Scotland and Ireland.

• Some say the treasure even came to Nova Scotia (New Scotland)

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a-51-j_MAS0

Assignment:

• Summarize:

the differences in Romanesque and Gothic style architecture

• Illustrate examples of both