ciara earley vfpms consultant vfpms seminar june 2 nd 2014
TRANSCRIPT
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Ciara Earley VFPMS ConsultantVFPMS Seminar June 2nd 2014
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Types of head injuriesSubdural haematomasControversies in AHTSkull fractures Investigations
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SBS: Parents reunited with children after mistake
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Types of injuries No. of Patients
Subdural Haemorrhage
23 (41%) 13 (56%) bilateral10 (44%) unilateral
Subdural Effusion 10 (17%) 7 (70%) bilateral3 (30%) unilateral
Skull fracture 29 (51%) 18 (62%) isolated skull fracture11 (38%) associated with another intracranial injury
Subgaleal haemorrhage
9 (16%) All associated with other injuries
Extradural haemorrhage
4 (7%) All associated with other injuries3 (75%) unilateral ,1 (25%) bilateral
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Sydney:65 cases over 7 years (Ghahreman et al 2005)
• Subdural haemorrhage most common injury(81.5%)
• 55% evidence of extracranial skeletal findings (20%) clinical evidence
• MRI revealed additional findings in 49%
Ghahreman A, Bhasin V, Chaseling R, Andrews B, Lang E. Non accidental head injuries in children:a Sydney experience. Journal of Neurosurgery. 2005;103(September):213-8.
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“Shaken Baby Syndrome”“Battered Child Syndrome”“Abusive Head Trauma”“Non Accidental Head Injury”
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Annual incidence 12.54/100,000 < 2 years 186 children in total,106 NAHI , rest varied
causes Birth: Can occur post delivery but usually
resolve by 4 weeks and are asymptomatic Location: birth subdurals located more
often in posterior cranium
Whitby E.H. Et al Frequency and natural history of subdural haemorrhages in babies and relation to obstetric factors The Lancet 2004;363:846-51
Hobbs C et al Subdural Haematoma and effusion in infancy: an epidemiological study Arch Dis Child 2005;90:952-955
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Bleeding diathesis/coagulopathyAccidental traumaGlutaric Aciduria Type 1 (cerebral
atrophy, widening of Sylvanian fissures and basal ganglia changes)
Congenital malformations Infectious : meningitis
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The triad: retinal haemorrhages + subdural haemorrhages+encephalopathy
Geddes: “unified hypothesis” pathogenesis of SDH +RH was hypoxia ischaemia not trauma
Dr Squier : raised arterial and venous pressure, quoted mechanical studies
Geddes J.F. et alDural haemorrhage in non-traumatic infant deaths:does it explain bleeding in “shaken baby syndrome”? Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2003,29:14-22
Squier W Shaken baby syndrome;the quest for evidence Dev Med Child Neurol Jan 2008;50:10-14
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UK Court of Appeal – R v Harris, Rock, Cherry and Faulder [2005] EWCA Crim 1980
2 convictions quashed
Squier W,Adams L.B. The triad of retinal haemorrhage,subdural haemorrhage and encephalopathy in an infant associated with evidence of physical injury is not the result of shaking, but is most likely to have been caused by a natural disease J. Prim Health Care 2011:3(2)159-163
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“Subdural Haematomas can result from cortical venous sinus thrombosis”
“Subdural Haematomas and retinal haemorrhages can occur from short distance falls”
“Subdural haemorrhages are rebleeds of old birth subdurals”
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Can result from short vertical falls Accidental usually linear and non
displaced Bone scan insensitive to detect them Unable to age ? Need for further imaging Wood J,Christian C,Adams C Skeletal Surveys in Infants With
Isolated Skull Fractures Pediatrics 2009;123 (Feb)e247-e52
Ruddick C et al Head trauma outcomes of verifiable falls in newborn babies Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2010;95:F144-145
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Skeletal survey and bone scan in children < 2years (UK suggest rpt survey after 2 weeks)
CT brainMRI brainOphthalmology
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Location of subdural in NAHI Interhemispheric, along falxSeveral areas of SDHDiffering densities CT best first line study Early MRI if abnormal CT MRI/DWI ischaemic changes and aids
prognosisKemp a et What neuroimaging should be performed in children in
whom inflicted brain injury is supected? A systematic review Clin Radiol may 1 , 2009; 64(5): 473-83
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Some centres now routinely requesting MRI brain and c spine
Recent studies have suggested that spinal injuries may be more common than previously thought
Structure of the infants neck makes it prone to ligamentous damage.
Kemp A et al What are the clinical and radiological characteristics of spinal injuries from physical abuse: a systematic review Arch Dis Child 2010; 95 (5):355-360
Barber et al Prevalence and relevance of pediatric spinal fractures in suspected child abuse Pediatr Radiol (2013) 43:1507-1515
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Who should do it?When?What do you need to know?
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Pre-retinal or subhyaloid haemorrhages
Intraretinal Subretinal Peripapillary
(around optic nerve head)
RH in macula or peripapillary “posterior pole”
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Can occur after birth but usually resolve by 6 weeks
Significant RH are not seen in coughing,vomiting or seizures
Thought to be secondary to rapid acceleration/deccelaration
RH in NAHI are more often bilateral and involve the pre-retinal layer
Bechtel K, Stoessel K, Leventhal JM, Ogle E, Teague B, Lavietes S, et al. Characteristics that distinguish accidental from abusive injury in hospitalized young children with head trauma. Pediatrics. 2004 Jul;114(1):165-8.
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Hypertension Bleeding disorder Meningitis/sepsis/
endocarditis Vasculitis Cerebral aneurysm Retinal disease
CO poisoning Anaemia Hypoxia/
hypotension Raised ICP Glutaric aciduria OI ECMO Hypo or
hypernatremia
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Current interest in retinal haemorrhages and raised ICP
Terson syndromePutscher’s retinopathyMacular retinoschisis
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FBE, blood filmLFTs,U&E/creatinineCoagulation screen Factor VIII and IX assaysVW screen
Anderst et al Evaluation for Bleeding Disorders in Suspected Child Abuse Pediatrics 2013;131;e1314
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Recommended pathway for evaluation of possible bleeding disorders when child abuse is suspected.
Anderst J D et al. Pediatrics 2013;131:e1314-e1322
©2013 by American Academy of Pediatrics
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ConditionPrevalence of Condition,
Upper LimitsPrevalence of ICH, Upper
Limits Probabilityb
VWD 1/1000 Extremely rare Low
Factor II deficiency 1/1 million 11% 1/10 million
Factor V deficiency 1/1 million 8% of homozygotes 1/10 million homozygotes
Combined factors V and VIII deficiencies
1/1 million 2% 1/50 million
Factor VII deficiency 1/300 000 4%–6.5% 1/5 million
Factor VIII deficiency 1/5000 males 5%–12% 1/50 000 males
Factor IX deficiency 1/20 000 males 5%–12% 1/200 000 males
Factor X deficiency 1/1 million 21% 1/5 million
Factor XI deficiency 1/100 000 Extremely rare Low
Factor XIII deficiency 1/2 million 33% 1/6 million
α-2 antiplasmin deficiency 40 cases reported Not reported Low
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 deficiency
Extremely rare Common Low
Afibrinogenemia 1/500 000 10% 1/5 million
Dysfibrinogenemia 1/1 million Single case report Low
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Pre-analytical variables such as stressful venepuncture
Correctly filled tubesNormal ranges age dependent: some
factors may not reach adult levels until 6 months
Von Willebrand factor normally elevated post birth
Normal ranges in children?
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History: 1)Low height fall 2)No history of trauma
May present with a variety of symptoms
Several factors eg young age more commonly associated with AHT
In children with an intracranial injury apnoea and retinal haemorrhages most predictive feature of iBi
Maguire S et al Which clinical features distinguish inflicted from non-inflicted brain injury? A systematic review Arch Dis Child online June 15 2009
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Important to be aware of other causes of SDH and RH in children
A careful comprehensive assessment is needed
Opinion should be based on the correct interpretation of results of investigations and other clinical information