Cinda Sheldon

CELLSCELLS

Cell Structure and Function

Cinda Sheldon

SIZE COMPARISONSSIZE COMPARISONSREPRESENTS 10 MICRONS 0.5-.05 microns-VIRUSO.5-1.5 microns-BACTERIA 5 microns-RED BLOOD CELL 5-8 microns-LYMPHOCYTE 60 microns-HUMAN SPERM

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CELL STRUCTURECELL STRUCTURE

GET OUT YOUR COLORED PENCILS

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Prokaryotic Cell (bacteria)Prokaryotic Cell (bacteria)

No true nucleus

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NucleoidNucleoid

Coiled DNA-not in a membrane

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CapsuleCapsule

Sticky, helps the cell adhere to surfaces

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ProkaryoticProkaryotic

Here’s streptococcus, anthrax, and meningitis bacteria

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EukaryoticEukaryotic

DO HAVE A TRUE NUCLEUSWITH A MEMBRANE– Plants– Animals– Fungi– Protists

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Eukaryotic CellsEukaryotic Cells

Have a true nucleus bound by a membrane

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EUKARYOTIC CELLSEUKARYOTIC CELLS

You will make an edible cell model block day – Nov. 29 + 30

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NUCLEUSNUCLEUS

Houses the genetic material: DNA

Control center

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The NucleusThe NucleusNuclear

Envelope-double membrane with pores to let materials in and out

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DNADNA

Chromatin = DNA attached to protein as long, thin fibers

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NucleusNucleus

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How Are They Related?How Are They Related?

Chromatin-loose-made of DNA, RNA, and proteins

Chromosomes-compact, tight-when cell is going to divide

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ChromosomeChromosomeCoiled up

chromatin

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NucleolusNucleolus

LOCATION:small dark area inside the

nucleusFUNCTION:makes ribosomes

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Go Bucks! We Beat Michigan!Go Bucks! We Beat Michigan!

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Plasma MembranePlasma Membrane

LOCATION: Surrounds the cellFUNCTION: Sets off the cell

from its environmentControls what

goes in/out of the cell

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PLASMA MEMBRANEPLASMA MEMBRANE

Double Membrane

Material Exits the Membrane Protein Channel Animation

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PiliPili

Short projections of membraneHelp hold onto surfaces

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FlagellaFlagella

Longer Projections

Propel through water

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FlagellumFlagellum

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9 + 2 arrangement9 + 2 arrangement

* a cylindrical array of 9 filaments

* a pair of single microtubules running up through the center of the bundle

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CiliaCiliaShorter

ProjectionsUsually many of

them

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How do they move?How do they move?

Flagella and Cilia Animation (Click)

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Cell WallCell Wall

Protects cell helps it maintain

its shapeOutside the

cell membrane

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CELL WALL: only in plant cells + prokaryotes

CELL WALL: only in plant cells + prokaryotes

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CapsuleCapsule

Sticky outer coatHelps glue it to surfaces (like

sticks, rocks, human tissue)Only in prokaryotes (bacteria)

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CapsuleCapsule

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CytoplasmCytoplasm

Fluid filled region between the plasma membrane and nucleus

(jello)

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OrganellesOrganelles

“little organs”most are membranous

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What goes on in them?What goes on in them?

Cellular metabolism

Chemical activities of the cell

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What advantage is having organelles?

What advantage is having organelles?

Separate the chemicals of cellular metabolism (some may be toxic)

Increases the membrane surface area

(this is where most processes occur)

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RibosomesRibosomes

Small (21-25 nm)

assemble amino acids into polypeptides

(protein)

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RIBOSOMESRIBOSOMES

Assembles the proteins

Has two subunits

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RibosomeRibosome

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Endomembrane SystemEndomembrane System

(Organelles that are formed by membranes)– endoplasmic reticulum

– Golgi apparatus

– lysosomes

– vacuoles

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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUMENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Channels within the cell

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ERER

SMOOTH ER = Has no ribosomes embedded in it

Makes lipids

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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUMENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Channels to bring materials to ribosomes

Assemble proteins

ROUGH ER

= has ribosomes embedded in it

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Rough ER Rough ER

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Path of ProteinsPath of ProteinsER collects proteins creates a bubble around it

(transport vesicle) then to cell membrane or the

Golgi apparatus

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GOLGI COMPLEX(Golgi apparatus, Golgi

Bodies)

GOLGI COMPLEX(Golgi apparatus, Golgi

Bodies)Sacs are not

interconnectedLooks like

flattened stacks of pita bread

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Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus

“Molecular warehouse and finishing factory”

Repackage proteins

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Golgi apparatusGolgi apparatus

Also known as

Golgi body

Golgi complex

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Making A Golgi VesicleMaking A Golgi Vesicle

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Vesicle Animations (Click)Vesicle Animations (Click)

Vesicle Budding and Fusing vesicle animation Push the finger to the

vesicleRediscovering Biology - Unit 10 Neurobi

ology: Animations and Images (click on synaptic vesicles)

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Golgi BodiesGolgi BodiesMaking vesicles to carry out repackaged proteins

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LYSOSOMELYSOSOME

Vesicles that package the enzymes that break up large molecules.

“clean-up crew”

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Breakin’ it DownBreakin’ it Down

WHAT? Food + damaged organelles + bacteria

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LYSOSOMESLYSOSOMES

Lysosome Animations

HOW DO THEY FORM?WHAT IS THEIR JOB?

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PeroxisomesPeroxisomes

Form in an oxygen –rich environment

(adds H to O to make H2O2, hydrogen peroxide)

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VACUOLES: Food or WaterVACUOLES: Food or Water

contain water and/or storage materials

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Food Vacuole (b) in AmoebaFood Vacuole (b) in Amoeba

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Food Vacuole MoviesFood Vacuole Movies

Phagocytosis (click) phagocytosis movie (click)

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VACUOLESVACUOLES

Vacuoles are usually larger than vesicles + lysosomes

Largest structure in a plant cell

Smaller in animal cells

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Central Vacuole in PlantsCentral Vacuole in Plants

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Full and Not Full VacuolesFull and Not Full Vacuoles

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Contractile VacuoleContractile VacuoleCollect water and expel it to the

outside(click)Click

on Contractile Vacuole of Paramecium

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CHLOROPLASTSCHLOROPLASTS

Only in plants

green

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CHLOROPLASTSCHLOROPLASTS

Convert light energy to chemical energy (sugars)

WHERE PHOTOSYNTHESIS TAKES PLACE

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ChloroplastChloroplastGranum =

stack of disks where chloroplasts store energy

stroma=area between grana

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MITOCHONDRIAMITOCHONDRIA

“cellular respiration” here

Note the inner folded area to increase surface area

“powerhouse”(break down

fuel for energy)

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MITOCHONDRIA“cell’s powerhouse”

MITOCHONDRIA“cell’s powerhouse”

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MitochondriaMitochondria

Combines food with oxygen to release energy (such as ATP)

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Mitochondrion (note folds)Mitochondrion (note folds)

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CytoskeletonCytoskeleton

Support frame- work

for the cell

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CytoskeletonCytoskeleton

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CytoskeletonCytoskeleton

Microtubules 20 to 25 nanometers

Microfilament 3 to 6 nanometers

Found in bothPlants andanimals

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MicrotubuleMicrotubule

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Actin stretching fibersActin stretching fibers

In muscles

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Conveyor Belts in the cellConveyor Belts in the cell

Actin (red)Microtubules (green)

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Cytoskeleton: CentriolesCytoskeleton: Centrioles

Only in animal cellsUsed in cell division (act as

poles)

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CentriolesCentrioles

Found perpendicular in pairs

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Microfilaments + Tubules“cytoskeleton”

Microfilaments + Tubules“cytoskeleton”

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Cinda Sheldon

Name the OrganellesName the Organelles

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Interactive CellsInteractive Cells

Cell Models: An Interactive Animation (click)

A Typical Animal Cell - Learning Activity - Fla - Flash Player Installation (click)

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Cell JunctionsCell Junctions

Structures that hold the cells together:

Plant cells = plasmodesmaAnimal cells = extracellular

matrix

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“holes in the wall”“holes in the wall”

Plasmodesma(plural) =

Holes that allow water to pass through

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Note the channels between cells

Plasmodesmata (sing.)

Note the channels between cells

Plasmodesmata (sing.)

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Extracellular MatrixExtracellular Matrix

Some anchor, communicate with other cells, or offer leakproof covering

Cinda Sheldon

Name the

parts

Name the

parts