circulatory and respiratory systems circulatory system (section 1) connects the muscles and organs...

Circulatory and Circulatory and Respiratory SystemsRespiratory Systems

Circulatory System (section 1)Circulatory System (section 1)

Connects the Connects the musclesmuscles and and organsorgans of the body of the body through an extensive through an extensive system of vessels system of vessels that that transport transport blood, a mixture blood, a mixture of specialized of specialized cells,cells, andand fluid.fluid.

Different molecules the move through the Different molecules the move through the cardiovascular system are:cardiovascular system are:

- - Nutrients from digested foodNutrients from digested food

- Oxygen from the lungs- Oxygen from the lungs

- Metabolic wastes (carbon dioxide)- Metabolic wastes (carbon dioxide)

- Hormones- Hormones

- Lastly, it distributes heat more or - Lastly, it distributes heat more or less evenly to maintain constant less evenly to maintain constant

body temperaturebody temperature


AArteriesrteries = blood vessels that carry = blood vessels that carry blood blood AAWAYWAY from the heart from the heart (red on (red on diagrams)diagrams)

CapillariesCapillaries = tiny blood vessels that = tiny blood vessels that allow the exchange of allow the exchange of gases, gases, nutrients, hormonesnutrients, hormones, , and and other other molecules in the bloodmolecules in the blood

VeinsVeins = blood vessels that carry blood = blood vessels that carry blood BACKBACK to the heart to the heart (blue on diagrams)(blue on diagrams)


Your Blood Vessels: Pathways of CirculationYour Blood Vessels: Pathways of Circulation The three The three

main main types of types of blood blood vessels vessels are are arteries, arteries, capillaries, capillaries, and veins.and veins.

AortaLeft pulmonary artery (lung)

Capillaries in lungs

Left pulmonary veins (lungs)

HeartSystemic arteries

Systemic veins

Vena cava

Right pulmonary veins (lungs)

Right pulmonary artery (lung)


A A valvevalve is a is a one-way flap of one-way flap of tissue that tissue that ensures that the ensures that the blood or fluid blood or fluid that passes that passes through through does does notnot flow back. flow back.

Lymphatic SystemLymphatic System

CollectsCollects and and recyclesrecycles fluids that fluids that leaked form the cardiovascular system leaked form the cardiovascular system and is involved in and is involved in fighting infectionsfighting infections..

LymphLymph tissuetissue is located in the: is located in the: spleen, thymus, tonsils, bone spleen, thymus, tonsils, bone marrowmarrow

***Also defends the body against ***Also defends the body against bacteria, virus, other infecting bacteria, virus, other infecting microbes, and cancerous cells (works microbes, and cancerous cells (works with the immune system)with the immune system)

PlasmaPlasma

About About 60%60% of of the total the total volume of volume of blood is blood is plasma (plasma (90%90% water/ 10% water/ 10% solutessolutes))

Three types of cells in bloodThree types of cells in blood

Red blood cellsRed blood cells (RBC = (RBC = erythrocyteserythrocytes)-cells that carry oxygen. )-cells that carry oxygen. Lack Lack nucleinuclei and and cannotcannot make proteins make proteins or repair themselvesor repair themselves– HemoglobinHemoglobin is an iron-containing protein is an iron-containing protein

that binds oxygen in the that binds oxygen in the lungslungs and and transportstransports it to the tissues of the body it to the tissues of the body

– AnemiaAnemia = a condition in which the = a condition in which the oxygen-carryingoxygen-carrying ability of the blood is ability of the blood is reducedreduced

Red blood cells: Oxygen carriersRed blood cells: Oxygen carriers

The round, disk-The round, disk-shaped cells in shaped cells in blood are red blood are red blood cells.blood cells.

Red blood cellsRed blood cells carry oxygen to carry oxygen to body cells.body cells.

Side view

Top view

2.0 micrometers

7.5 micrometers

Three types of cells in bloodThree types of cells in blood

White blood cells White blood cells (leukocytes)(leukocytes) - 1 or - 1 or 2 cells for every 2 cells for every 1,0001,000 RBC and has RBC and has a primary job to a primary job to defenddefend the body the body against disease against disease (works with the (works with the immune system)immune system)

Three types of cells in bloodThree types of cells in blood PlateletsPlatelets – cell – cell

fragments fragments (important for (important for clottingclotting of of blood)blood)

– HemophiliaHemophilia is is a blood clotting a blood clotting disease disease

Blood surface antigens determine blood groupBlood surface antigens determine blood group Blood plasma contains proteins, called Blood plasma contains proteins, called

antibodies (AN tih bahd eez),antibodies (AN tih bahd eez), that are shaped that are shaped to correspond with the different blood surface to correspond with the different blood surface antigens.antigens.

Blood TypeBlood Type Can Receive Can Receive Blood From: Blood From:

Can Donate Can Donate Blood To:Blood To:

AA O, AO, A A, ABA, AB

BB O, BO, B B, ABB, AB

ABAB O, A, B, ABO, A, B, AB ABAB

OO OO O, A, B, ABO, A, B, AB

AB = Universal Recipient

O = Universal Donor

Rh factor = people who have this protien are said to be Rh + and those who lack it are Rh –

Rh factorRh factor

Rh factor can Rh factor can cause cause complications in complications in some some pregnancies.pregnancies.

Mother is Mother is exposed to Rh exposed to Rh antigens at the antigens at the birth of her Rhbirth of her Rh++ baby.baby.

First pregnancy

PlacentaRh+ antigens

Rh factorRh factor

Mother makes Mother makes anti-Rhanti-Rh++ antibodies.antibodies.

During the During the mother’s next mother’s next pregnancy, Rh pregnancy, Rh antibodies can antibodies can cross the placenta cross the placenta and endanger the and endanger the fetus.fetus.

Anti-Rh+ antibodies

Possible subsequent pregnancies

Why is a person with type O blood Why is a person with type O blood considered to be a universal considered to be a universal blood donor? (blood donor? (TX Obj 2; 10ATX Obj 2; 10A))

Question 2Question 2

Type O blood does not contain any antigens, therefore it does not spark an immune response from the body of a person receiving the blood.

What component of blood is responsible What component of blood is responsible for helping your blood clot? (for helping your blood clot? (TX Obj 2; TX Obj 2; 10A10A))


D. platelets

C. plasma

B. white blood cells

A. red blood cells

The answer is D.

The Heart (section 2)The Heart (section 2) The The right side ofright side of the heart is the heart is

responsible for driving the responsible for driving the pulmonarypulmonary circulation loop, which pumps circulation loop, which pumps oxygen-oxygen-poorpoor blood through the pulmonary blood through the pulmonary arteries to the lungsarteries to the lungs

The The left sideleft side of the heart is responsible of the heart is responsible for driving the for driving the systemicsystemic circulation circulation loop, which pumps loop, which pumps oxygen-richoxygen-rich blood blood through a network of arteries to the through a network of arteries to the tissues of the body.tissues of the body.

The Heart (section 2)The Heart (section 2) AtriaAtria = are = are

chambers that chambers that receive blood receive blood returningreturning to the to the heartheart

VentriclesVentricles = thick = thick walled chambers walled chambers that pump blood that pump blood awayaway from the from the heartheart

Summary of Blood FlowSummary of Blood Flow

1. 1. Superior Vena CavaSuperior Vena Cava (upper body) and (upper body) and

Inferior Vena CavaInferior Vena Cava (lower body) – sends (lower body) – sends

oxygenoxygen poor blood to the right atrium poor blood to the right atrium

2. 2. Right AtriumRight Atrium – sends blood to the right – sends blood to the right

ventricleventricle

3. 3. Right VentricleRight Ventricle – sends blood to the – sends blood to the

pulmonarypulmonary artery artery

4. 4. Pulmonary ArteriesPulmonary Arteries - sends blood to the - sends blood to the

lungs to become lungs to become oxygenatedoxygenated

Summary of Blood FlowSummary of Blood Flow

5. 5. Pulmonary VeinsPulmonary Veins – returns blood to – returns blood to the left atrium from the lungsthe left atrium from the lungs6. 6. Left AtriumLeft Atrium – sends blood to the – sends blood to the left left ventricleventricle7. 7. Left VentricleLeft Ventricle – sends blood to the – sends blood to the aortaaorta8. 8. AortaAorta – sends blood to the – sends blood to the coronary coronary arteriesarteries, the brain, and the rest of , the brain, and the rest of

the the body (sends fresh oxygen to body)body (sends fresh oxygen to body)

The passage of bloodThe passage of blood

Inferior vena cava Left lung

Right lung

Capillaries

Pulmonary vein

Pulmonary artery

Superior vena cava

Aorta

RA

LA

LV

RV

Sinoatrial Node (SA/ Sinoatrial Node (SA/ PacemakerPacemaker) = contraction of the ) = contraction of the heart is initiated by a heart is initiated by a small small clustercluster of cardiac muscle cells of cardiac muscle cells

Blood PressureBlood Pressure – is the force – is the force exerted by exerted by bloodblood as it moves as it moves through blood vesselsthrough blood vessels– 120 (systolic) / 80 (diastolic)120 (systolic) / 80 (diastolic)

= good = good readingreading in adultsin adults

Disorders of the HeartDisorders of the Heart Heart attack Heart attack

occurs when an occurs when an area of the area of the heart heart muscle stopsmuscle stops working and diesworking and dies

***NOTE:***NOTE: StrokeStroke is when is when

an area of the an area of the brain diesbrain dies

Why are the walls in ventricles Why are the walls in ventricles thicker and more muscular than the thicker and more muscular than the walls in the atria?walls in the atria?((TX Obj 2; 10ATX Obj 2; 10A))


Section 2 CheckSection 2 Check

Superior vena cava

Right lung

Right atrium

Right ventricle

Right coronary artery

Cut edge of pericardium

Diaphragm

Left coronary artery

Left lung

Rib (cut)Left ventricle

Left atrium

Pulmonary trunkArch of aorta

AnswerAnswer

The Respiratory System The Respiratory System (section 3)(section 3)


1. 1. OxygenOxygen from the from the outside air reaches the outside air reaches the lungslungs

2. The oxygen 2. The oxygen diffusesdiffuses from the alveoli to the from the alveoli to the pulmonarypulmonary capillaries. At capillaries. At the the high oxygen levelshigh oxygen levels that occur in the blood that occur in the blood within the lungs, most within the lungs, most hemoglobinhemoglobin molecules molecules carry a full load of oxygen.carry a full load of oxygen.


3. The 3. The oxygen-richoxygen-rich blood blood then travels to the heart. The then travels to the heart. The heart pumps the blood to the heart pumps the blood to the tissuestissues of the body. of the body.

4. Oxygen diffuses into the 4. Oxygen diffuses into the cells for use during cells for use during aerobic aerobic respirationrespiration. In the . In the tissuestissues, , oxygen levels are lower. This oxygen levels are lower. This causes the causes the hemoglobinhemoglobin to to release its oxygenrelease its oxygen

Hemoglobin


5. In tissues, the presence of 5. In tissues, the presence of carbon carbon dioxidedioxide produced by produced by cellular cellular respirationrespiration makes the blood more makes the blood more acidic and causes the acidic and causes the hemoglobinhemoglobin molecules to assume a different molecules to assume a different shapeshape, one that gives up oxygen , one that gives up oxygen more easily. The more easily. The carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide diffuses from the cells to the diffuses from the cells to the bloodblood..


6. Most of the carbon dioxide 6. Most of the carbon dioxide travels to the heart as travels to the heart as bicarbonate ions.bicarbonate ions.

7. The 7. The heart pumpsheart pumps the blood to the blood to the lungs. In the lungs, carbon the lungs. In the lungs, carbon dioxide is released to its gaseous dioxide is released to its gaseous form to the form to the alveolialveoli..

8. The carbon dioxide is 8. The carbon dioxide is expelledexpelled..

Pharynx

Medulla oblongata

Left lungDiaphragm

Bronchiole

Right lung

Bronchus

Trachea

Esophagus

LarynxEpiglottis

Nasal cavity

The path air takesThe path air takes

Respiration and Lung FunctionRespiration and Lung Function

Click image to view movie.

Diseases of the Respiratory Diseases of the Respiratory SystemSystem

AsthmaAsthma – a – a chronic condition chronic condition in which the in which the bronchiolesbronchioles of of the lungs become the lungs become inflamedinflamed because of their because of their sensitivitysensitivity to to certain stimuli in certain stimuli in the the airair..


EmphysemaEmphysema – a – a chronic chronic pulmonarypulmonary disease resulting disease resulting from chemical from chemical imbalances that imbalances that destroys destroys elastic elastic fibersfibers in the in the lungs.lungs.

Normal

Emphysema


Lung CancerLung Cancer – – oneone of the of the leading causes leading causes

of of deathdeath in the world in the world

todaytoday

Two Kinds of Circulatory Two Kinds of Circulatory SystemsSystems

Open Circulatory SystemOpen Circulatory System – a – a heartheart pumps fluid containing pumps fluid containing oxygenoxygen and and nutrientsnutrients through a series of vessels through a series of vessels out into the out into the body cavitybody cavity. Here the . Here the fluid fluid washeswashes across the body’s across the body’s tissuestissues, supplying them with oxygen , supplying them with oxygen and nutrients.and nutrients.

EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: Earthworms Earthworms

Two Kinds of Circulatory Two Kinds of Circulatory SystemsSystems

Closed Circulatory SystemClosed Circulatory System – a – a heartheart pumps blood through a pumps blood through a systemsystem of of bloodblood vesselsvessels. Here the blood . Here the blood vessels form a vessels form a networknetwork that permits that permits blood flow from the heart to blood flow from the heart to allall of the of the body’s cells and body’s cells and backback again. again.

EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: Humans Humans

Your Blood Vessels: Pathways of CirculationYour Blood Vessels: Pathways of Circulation The three The three

main main types of types of blood blood vessels vessels are are arteries, arteries, capillaries, capillaries, and veins.and veins.

AortaLeft pulmonary artery (lung)

Capillaries in lungs

Left pulmonary veins (lungs)

HeartSystemic arteries

Systemic veins

Vena cava

Right pulmonary veins (lungs)

Right pulmonary artery (lung)

Question 5Question 5 Where does gas exchange occur Where does gas exchange occur

during respiration? (during respiration? (TX Obj 2; 10ATX Obj 2; 10A))

D. in the diaphragm

C. in alveoli

B. in capillaries

A. in the blood

The answer is C.The answer is C. Alveoli are the sacs Alveoli are the sacs of the lungs where of the lungs where oxygen and carbon oxygen and carbon dioxide are dioxide are exchanged.exchanged.

Alveoli

Capillary network

O2 – rich blood

CO2 – rich bloodAlveolus

Question 6Question 6 How does the diaphragm How does the diaphragm

enable enable

your lungs to fill with air when your lungs to fill with air when youyou

inhale? (inhale? (TX Obj 2; 10ATX Obj 2; 10A))

When you When you inhale, the inhale, the diaphragm diaphragm flattens, flattens, enlarging the enlarging the chest cavity and chest cavity and drawing air into drawing air into the lungs.the lungs.

Position of ribs when inhaling

Lung when inhaling

Position of diaphragm when inhaling

circulatory and respiratory systems circulatory system (section 1) connects the muscles and organs...

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