cirp encyclopedia of production engineering

CIRP Encyclopediaof Production Engineering

The International Academy forProduction Engineering

Luc Laperriere • Gunther ReinhartEditors

CIRP Encyclopedia ofProduction Engineering

With 1145 Figures and 85 Tables

EditorThe International Academy for Production EngineeringParis, France

Editors-in-ChiefLuc LaperriereUniversite du Quebec a Trois-RivieresTrois-Rivieres, QC, Canada

Gunther ReinhartTechnische Universit€at M€unchenM€unchen, Germany

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Preface

Mankind has a long and successful history of continuously adapting to its

changing environment. One of the key elements of this adaptation process is

the development of precise skills to design, shape, and repeatedly produce

objects with various materials that also evolve: from stone to bronze, from

iron to steel, from composite to nano materials, the quest never ends. As

a result of this long evolution process, today we live in a world of global

production: in 2012, for the first time, over 60 million cars were produced

worldwide, and over 415 million mobile phones were produced only in the

first quarter of 2013! Needless to say, the total production of all goods

worldwide has simply become intractable.

It is the thesis of this encyclopedia that in a sustainable world, the knowl-

edge about good design practices, materials, and manufacturing technologies

used to produce goods should be easily available and shared. Production

engineering is a fast evolving area, and the production map on our little

planet, now a global village, has recently undergone very important changes.

New technologies are being deployed while manufacturing strategies are

constantly changing. Global production networks and supply chains are

created and international co-operation is quickly evolving.

Change is certainly not new, but the speed at which it takes place is. Not

surprisingly, the technical vocabulary in this engineering domain also expe-

riences significant expansion. New concepts in the fields of design, optimi-

zation, control, and management of processes, machines, and systems

continuously emerge, thereby increasing the importance of communication

and the need for a rigorous and unified technical terminology.

But one must remember that knowledge, rather than being spontaneous, is

an incremental concept. Therefore, right from the beginning, the vision

behind this encyclopedia was to bring a good balance between fundamental

concepts and new emerging ones. In fact, a good proportion of the terms in

this first edition is a result of the continuous monitoring and update of

established concepts upon which new ones are derived. As such, this ency-

clopedia is an evolving product where current authors will continuously

update their essays based on new technical or economical information,

while at the same time new authors will continuously be appointed to write

about new emerging topics. It is the main objective behind the CIRPEncyclopedia of Production Engineering to provide authoritative, exhaus-

tive, fast, and easy access to such precious, fast evolving information.

v

The target audience includes researchers, engineers, managers, graduate

students, and many others whom day to day work gravitates around produc-

tion engineering technologies in the global market.

CIRP has a long history of standardizing the terminology for technical

terms. Since 1962, CIRP issued a number of trilingual dictionaries of

production engineering in English, French, and German. Not surprisingly,

technical terms are sometimes interpreted differently in their conceptual

contexts in the three languages. The dictionaries took account of this by

including both definitions of the terms and, in some cases, explanatory

illustrations. In this way, CIRP realized one of its fundamental aims, i.e., to

enable correct translation of production engineering terms and to contribute

to a clear, unambiguous professional communication in the three languages.

Throughout the years, some dictionaries were extended to include Danish,

Finnish, Norwegian, Swedish, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, and

Turkish translations.

In 2007, CIRP and Springer discussed the idea of creating an electronic

web version of the dictionaries, referred to as E-dictionaries, where such

things as animations, equations, and cross-links to other relevant terms

could be included to further enhance the understanding of the definition of

each term. As a natural extension, the idea of expanding the definitions into

essays was next discussed. At that time both parties started to refer to the work

as an encyclopedia.

In 2009, a pilot project involving 15 essays, 5 in each section of Forming,

Cutting, and Assembly, was initiated. Later on that year, a wiki platform was

developed and improved by Springer staff according to the feedback and

comments provided by CIRP. After the platform was judged to be at an

acceptable level of functionality, Editors in Chief and Section Editors were

appointed and Authors were invited to start using the platform to submit the

15 pilot essays. A successful demo took place at the CIRP general assembly

in Boston in August 2009. From then on, the Editors in Chief created a list of

256 most relevant technical terms to include in the first edition of what is now

called the CIRP Encyclopedia of Production Engineering. It contains more

than 1300 pages, available both in print and online, organized around

11 chapters:

• Abrasive Processes

• Assembly

• Cutting

• Design

• Electro-Physical and Chemical Processes

• Forming

• Life Cycle Engineering

• Machines

• Precision Engineering and Metrology

• Production Systems and Organizations

• Surfaces

Certainly, the most fundamental aspect behind the CIRP Encyclopedia of

Production Engineering is quality of content. This comprehensive work

involves the contribution of more than 200 authors from all around the

vi Preface

world, mostly CIRP fellows, associates, corporates, or affiliates considered as

leading authorities in their field. A thorough review process of each essay was

established under the leadership of each of the 11 Section Editors. We hope

the reader finds it as useful referring to it as it was a great experience for us

building it.

Professor Luc Laperriere

Professor Gunther Reinhart

Editors in Chief

Preface vii

A word from CIRP

The International Academy for Production Engineering Research, also

known as CIRP1, is the world leading organization for production engineering

research and is at the forefront of design, optimization, control, and manage-

ment of processes, machines, and systems for manufacturing. CIRP promotes

research and development among its members from Academia and Industry

to contribute to the global economic growth and well being of society. In this

context, one of the most fundamental roles of CIRP as a global organization is

to ensure as far as possible that the terminology used be standardized and

common across all nations of the earth.

To date, the main publications of CIRP have been the CIRP Annals

(Manufacturing Technology) and the CIRP Journal of ManufacturingScience and Technology. The CIRP Annals are published under ISI standards

each year in two volumes: Vol. I, with refereed papers presented during the

CIRP General Assembly as well as Vol. II with refereed keynote papers.

The CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology is published

each year in four volumes. CIRP also publishes the trilingual Dictionaries of

Production Engineering. Beside these main publications, a Newsletter

is published twice a year, as well as CIRP Internal Documents and

Reports from CIRP General Assemblies available on the CIRP website

(www.cirp.net). Finally, the Proceedings of CIRP Conferences are available

online on the Procedia CIRP website.

Six years ago, the CIRP Terminology Committee decided to follow

a totally new pathway in answer to the new age of advanced communications

technology, to the advancing internet-age, and to the cloud capabilities. As an

outcome of the work undertaken, an online platform was launched in 2012 for

the provision of authoritative, exhaustive, fast, and easy access to terms,

definitions, and a whole set of information in the field of production/

manufacturing engineering. The CIRP Encyclopedia of ProductionEngineering is now launched and represents the natural extension of the

current CIRP Dictionaries of Production Engineering. This Encyclopedia

consists of a list of essays that describe each term with definitions,

theory, and applications. It is available both in print and on a website

(www.springerreference.com). The definitions are based on the current

1The acronym CIRP comes from the French appellation of the Academy, namely CollegeInternational pour la Recherche en Productique), headquartered in Paris

ix

http://www.cirp.net/

http://www.springerreference.com/

content of the CIRP Dictionaries of Production Engineering, with new terms

being added as required.

This is a new and exciting publication and I believe that it represents an

extremely important contribution to the unification of the terminology used in

the world. We need easy availability of terms using modern communications

devices. With the CIRP Encyclopedia of Production Engineering an impor-

tant step forward, a significant step building on the past and capitalizing on

the capabilities of current and future communications technology has been

achieved.

Professor Gerry Byrne

President of CIRP (2009/10)

x Preface

Acknowledgments

This encyclopedia was initiated from the experience and long term vision of

Professor Hans Kurt Toenshoff. We sincerely acknowledge his dedication

and numerous advices. Thanks to former CIRP President Gerald Byrne, who

believed in the project right from the start and who never missed a chance to

promote it. We also wish to express our gratitude to Thomas Lehnert from

Springer, an initial investigator in this project. We extend our thanks to other

Springer staff, in particular to Lydia Mueller for her management skills, to

Walter Reuss for his dedication in the development of the wiki platform, as

well as to the formidable team made by Barbara Wolf, Melanie Thanner, and

Audrey Ohlig.

xi

About the Editors-in-Chief

Luc Laperriere is a full-time professor in the mechanical engineering

department of Universite du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres since 1991. He received

both his master’s and Ph.D. degrees from McMaster University, Canada, in

1990 and 1992, respectively. He was also appointed Chair of his department

from 2010 to 2013.

During a sabbatical in 1999, he developed a new and original continuous-

discrete simulation software. This was done in collaboration with

a commercial software distributor. The developed modules are now part of

the basic version of a software that is distributed worldwide.

In 2005, he was leading a multidisciplinary engineering team responsible

for the design and implementation of the Distributed Control System (DCS)

of a fully operational pulp and paper mill with a complete paper machine in

a new 11,000 m2 building on campus, representing a total investment of

80 million Canadian dollars, 10 % of which came directly from industry.

This DCS manages over 3,000 I/Os and 500 control loops and its flexibility is

still unique worldwide.

In 2010, he became the Founding Director of the Laboratory of Mechanics

and Eco-Materials (LMEM). He helped develop a new type of eco-composite

material from amix of long and short natural fibers that decreases the inherent

variability of the final part properties.

He has filed two patents, published close to 100 papers in leading

trade journals and international refereed conferences, and supervised over

40 master’s and Ph.D. students.

xiii

Gunther Reinhart is full professor for Industrial Management and Assembly

Technology and director of the iwb (Institute for Machine Tools and Indus-

trial Management) at Technische Universit€at M€unchen. After studying

mechanical engineering with the emphasis on design and development,

he was research assistant at iwb from 1982 to 1988 with Prof. Dr. Joachim

Milberg. During the last 2 years, he was in charge of the assembly automation

department. After receiving his Ph.D. from Technische Universit€at M€unchen,

Prof. Reinhart started his industrial career with the BMW Group, initially as

head of the handling and welding engineering department and subsequently

as director of the body paint shop. In 1993, he returned to university to

become professor and director of the iwb.

From March 2002 to February 2007, Prof. Reinhart took a sabbatical from

university to become a member of the executive board of IWKACorporation,

a large German supplier of engineering, robotics, and plant equipment with

13,000 employees worldwide. He was in charge of Technology and Market

(CTO) focused on the discovery of new global market opportunities, the

establishment of an internal auditing system, and the development of the

IWKA packaging technology group.

In 2007, Prof. Reinhart returned to university and has served with

Prof. Michael F. Z€ah as co-director of the Institute for Machine Tools and

Industrial Management (iwb) with more than 100 employees and two loca-

tions: Garching near Munich and Augsburg. He is also the chairman of

the Bavarian Cluster for Mechatronics and Automation e.V. and since

January 1, 2009, head of the Fraunhofer IWU research-department for

Resource-Efficient Converting Machines (RMV).

Gunther Reinhart is married and has three children. He is member of

multiple scientific societies and associations, e.g., acatech, WGMHI, CIRP,

WGP, and WiGeP. He has approximately 300 publications in leading trade

journals to his credit and is author or editor of ten books and two series. He

has also supervised the research projects and the doctoral theses of some

100 research associates.

xiv About the Editors-in-Chief

Section Editors

Jan Aurich University of Kaiserlautern, Director of Centre of Production

Technology FBK, Kaiserlautern, Germany

Abrasive Processes

Christopher A. Brown Worcester Polytechnic institute, Worcester,

MA, USA

Surfaces

xv

Erhan Budak Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci

University, Manufacturing Research Lab., Orhanli, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey

Machines

M. Alkan Donmez National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST),

Gaithersburg, MD, USA

Precision Engineering and Metrology (A-L)

xvi Section Editors

S. Jack Hu College of Engineering Industrial & Operations Engineering,

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Assembly

Sami Kara School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering,

The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Life Cycle Engineering

Section Editors xvii

Eric Lutters University of Twente, Faculty of Engineering Technology

Laboratory of Design, Production and Management, AE Enschede,

The Netherlands

Design

Ludger Overmeyer Institute of Transport and Automation Technology,

Garbsen, Germany

Electro-Physical and Chemical Processes

xviii Section Editors

Robert Schmitt RWTH Aachen, Chair for Production Messurement and

Quality Management, Lab for Machine Tools, Aachen, Germany

Precision Engineering and Metrology (M-Z)

G€unther Schuh WZL of the RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany

Production Systems and Organizations

Section Editors xix

A. Erman Tekkaya Institute for Forming and Lightweight Construction,

University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany

Forming

Hans Kurt Toenshoff Institute of Production Engineering and Machine

Tools, Leibniz University Hannover, Garbsen, Germany

Cutting

xx Section Editors

Topical Outline of Entries

Abrasive Processes

Abrasive Material 1

Bonding Materials 105

Centerless Grinding 135

Chip Formation (Abrasive Process) 177

Dressing 408

Gear Grinding 576

Grinding 586

Grinding Fluids 589

Grinding Monitoring 592

Grinding Parameters 597

Grinding Wheel 601

Honing 659

Lapping 733

Nozzle Design 918

Ploughing (in Grinding) 950

Polishing 957

Residual Stress (Abrasive Processes) 1050

Superabrasives 1174

Superfinishing 1180

Ultraprecision Grinding 1273

Water-Jet Cutting 1297

AssemblyAssembly 50

Assembly Automation 52

Assembly Line 55

Assembly Representation 60

Bonding 102

Handling 615

Human-Machine Collaboration 668

Inspection (Assembly) 706

Laser Welding 744

Maintenance 818

Manual Assembly 825

Material Flow 844

Robot 1068

Sensor (Assembly) 1096

Welding 1305

Cutting

Adiabatic Shearing in Metal Machining 27

Broaching 109

Burr 118

Cemented Carbides 127

Ceramic Cutting Tools 138

Cermets 152

Chatter Prediction 169

Chip-forms, Chip Breakability and Chip

Control 178

Coated Tools 208

Composite Materials 239

Cutting Edge Geometry 294

Cutting Edge Influence on Machining Titanium

Alloy 299

Cutting Fluid 311

Cutting Force Modeling 315

Cutting of Inconel and Nickel Base

Materials 329

Cutting Temperature 334

Cutting, Fundamentals 345

Deep Hole Drilling with Small Diameters 371

Diamond Machining 390

Drill Milling 413

Drilling 416

Fine Finishing of Holes 504

Five-Axis Tool Path Generation 514

Gear Cutting 569

Geometric Modeling of Machining 583

Groove Milling 605

Hard Material Cutting 619

Heat Partitioning in Dry Milling 627

High Speed Cutting 632

Hybrid Cutting 671

xxi

Machinability 769

Machinability of Aluminum and Magnesium

Alloys 770

Machinability of Carbon Steel 776

Machinability of Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced and

GLARE Materials 782

Machinability of High-Alloyed Steel and

Stainless Steel 787

Machining of Spheroidal Ductile Iron 802

Micromachining 873

Milling of Titanium 883

Modeling of Face Milling 888

Molecular Dynamics for Cutting Processes 897

Monitoring 901

Process Chain Design 975

Process Optimization via Feedrate Scheduling

in Milling 979

Superhard Tools 1183

Surface Integrity 1188

Sustainability of Machining 1204

Tool Holder 1245

Turning with Rotary Tools 1255

Twist Drill Geometry Optimization 1262

Ultraprecision Machining 1277

Ultra-small Micro End Mills 1280

Wear Mechanisms 1302

DesignAugmented Reality 66

Axiomatic Design 72

Computer-Aided Design 252

Conceptual Design 275

Decision Making 363

Design Methodology 386

Design Verification 388

Detail Design 388

Information Management 700

Knowledge Management 723

Modular Design 895

Product Architecture 987

Product Development 991

Prototyping 1008

Requirement Specification 1047

Reverse Engineering 1064

Roundness 1082

Straightness 1158

Synthesis 1214

Tolerancing 1230

Tolerancing (Kinematic Approach to) 1237

Virtual Reality 1294

What-If Design 1310

Electro Physical and Chemical ProcessesAdditive Manufacturing Technologies 20

Electric Discharge Machining 439

Electroforming 443

Electron Beam Machining 446

Electroplating 452

Etching 483

Eutectic Bonding 488

Induction Heating 692

Ion Beam Machining 717

Laser Ablation 736

Laser Beam Machining 739

Microwave Radiation 877

Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) 939

Pulse 1010

Rapid Tooling 1025

Specific Energy 1124

Sputtering 1138

Forming

Anisotropy 40

Bar Extrusion 77

Bending (Sheets) 86

Bending (Tubes, Profiles) 92

Cold Forging 226

Deep Drawing 367

Deformation (Dislocations) 379

Drawing (Wire, Tube) 405

Flow Stress, Flow Curve 530

Formability (Damage) 539

Forming Presses (Hydraulic, Mechanical,

Servo) 547

Forming Tools (Die, Punch, Blank Holder) 554

Hot Forging 665

Hydroforming (Sheets and Tubes) 674

Incremental Forming 689

Metal Spinning 866

Residual Stress (Forming) 1053

Roll Forming 1076

Shear Forming 1115

Springback 1133

Stress, Strain 1159

Stretching 1163

Yield Criteria 1315

xxii Topical Outline of Entries

Life Cycle Engineering

Cleaner Production 205

Disassembly 395

Eco-efficiency 437

Energy Efficiency 461

Environmental Impact 463

Environmental Impact Assessment 465

EOL Treatment 469

Life Cycle Cost 751

Life Cycle Engineering 757

Product Life Cycle Management 992

Recycling 1039

Remanufacturing 1044

Resource Efficiency 1061

Reuse 1061

Sustainability 1203

Sustainable Manufacturing 1208

MachinesActuator 9

Adaptive Control 17

Bearing 80

Chatter 163

Computer Numerical Control 249

Control 281

Damping 359

Dynamics 422

Finite Element Method 508

Hydrostatic Bearing 682

Machine Tool 792

Magnetic Bearing 815

Mechanism 857

Mechatronics 861

Open Architecture 925

Sensor (Machines) 1105

Servo System 1112

Spindle 1128

Stability 1143

Structural Analysis 1165

Thermal Error 1224

Ultraprecision 1269

Vibration 1289

Precision Engineering and Metrology (A–L)

Accuracy 6

Atomic Force Microscopy 62

Computed Tomography 242

Coordinate Measuring Machine 285

Error 478

Form Error 535

In-Process Inspection 702

Inspection (Precision Engineering and

Metrology) 708

Interferometry 710

Precision Engineering and Metrology (M–Z)

Measurement Uncertainty 852

Metrology 869

Positioning 962

Precision 968

Quality 1017

Quality Assurance 1021

Resolution 1056

Scanning Electron Microscope 1085

Scanning Tunneling Microscope 1090

Traceability 1251

Production Systems and Organizations

Agent Theory 33

Artificial Intelligence 47

Autonomous Production Control 67

Capacity Planning 123

Changeable Manufacturing 157

Cladistics for Products and Manufacturing 194

Coevolution of Manufacturing Systems 219

Complexity in Manufacturing 231

Computer-Aided Manufacturing 254

Computer-Aided Process Planning 266

Computer-Integrated Manufacturing 271

Cost 289

Distributed Manufacturing 400

Emergent Synthesis 458

ERP Enterprise Resource Planning 472

Facility Planning 493

Factory 500

Flexible Manufacturing System 524

Fuzzy Logic 562

Holonic Manufacturing Systems 654

Industrial Product-Service System 696

Knowledge-Based System 729

Learning Organization 749

Logistic Curves 759

Logistics 762

Management of Production Enterprises 821

Manufacturing 828

Manufacturing System 830

Topical Outline of Entries xxiii

Mass Customization 836

Neural Network 911

Optimization in Manufacturing 929

Optimization in Manufacturing Systems,

Fundamentals 932

Planning 946

Process 973

Production 995

Production Planning 1003

Productivity 1006

Reconfigurable Manufacturing System 1035

Scheduling 1092

Simulation of Manufacturing Systems 1120

Statistical Process Control 1150

System 1218

Surfaces

Ellipsometry 453

Functional Correlation 557

Reflectivity 1042

Roughness 1080

Surface Parameter 1199

xxiv Topical Outline of Entries

Contributors

Eberhard Abele Institut f€ur Produktionsmanagement, Technologie und

Werkzeugmaschinen, Technische Universit€at Darmstadt, Darmstadt,

Germany

Kosmas Alexopoulos Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems and Automa-

tion (LMS), Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics,

University of Patras, Patras, Greece

Tarek AlGeddawy University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, USA

David Allen (Formerly) Materials Department, Cranfield University,

Bedfordshire, UK

Julian Allwood Department of Engineering, Cambridge University,

Cambridge, UK

Yusuf Altintas Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia,

Vancouver, BC, Canada

Tojiro Aoyama System Design Engineering, Keio University, Yokohama,

Kanagawa, Japan

Jan Aurich Institute of Manufacturing Technology and Production

Systems, University of Kaiserlautern, Kaiserlautern, Germany

Dorel Banabic CERTETA-Research Center in Sheet Metal Forming,

Technical University of Cluj, Romania, Cluj Napoca, Cluj, Romania

Dev Banerjee Kennametal Shared Services GmbH, F€urth, Germany

John Barry Element Six Ltd, Shannon, Ireland

Raouf Ben Amor Kennametal Shared Services GmbH, F€urth, Germany

Alain Bernard IRCCyN UMR CNRS 6597 – System Engineering –

Products, Performances, Perceptions, Ecole Centrale de Nantes, Nantes,

France

Dirk Biermann Institut f€ur Spanende Fertigung, Technische Universit€atDortmund, Dortmund, Germany

Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Dortmund ISF, Dortmund,

Germany

xxv

Martin Bohley Institute of Manufacturing Technology and Production


Volker Boß IFW, Leibniz Universit€at Hannover, Germany

Wolfgang Boos Laboratory for Machine Tools and Production Engineering

RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany

Emmanouil Bouzakis Laboratory for Machine Tools and Manufacturing

Engineering and Fraunhofer Project Center Coatings in Manufacturing

(PCCM)/Mechanical Engineering Department, Aristoteles University of

Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

Konstantinos-Dionysios Bouzakis Laboratory for Machine Tools and

Manufacturing Engineering and Fraunhofer Project Center Coatings in

Manufacturing (PCCM)/Mechanical Engineering Department, Aristoteles

University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

Alan Bramley Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, UK

G€unter Br€auer Fraunhofer-Institute for Surface Engineering and Thin

Films IST, Braunschweig, Germany

Christian Brecher Werkzeugmaschinenlabor der RWTH Aachen, Aachen,

Germany

Bernd Breidenstein Institut f€ur Fertigungstechnik und Werkzeug-

maschinen, Garbsen, Germany

Ekkard Brinksmeier LFM – Labor f€ur Mikrozerspanung, Bremen,

Germany

Alexander Brosius Institut f€ur Fertigungstechnik, Professur Formgebende

Fertigungsverfahren, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany

ChristopherA. Brown Worcester Polytechnic institute,Worcester, MA, USA

Christoph Brummer Lasermaterialbearbeitung, Fraunhofer-Institut f€urProduktionstechnologie, Aachen, Germany

Erhan Budak Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci

University, Istanbul, Turkey

Andreas Bund FG Elektrochemie und Galvanotechnik, Institut f€urWerkstofftechnik, Technische Universit€at Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Germany

Alessandra Caggiano Fraunhofer Joint Laboratory of Excellence on

Advanced Production Technology, Department of Chemical, Materials and

Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy

Yu Cai Laboratory for Machine Tools and Production Engineering, RWTH

Aachen University, Aachen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany

Jian Cao Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston,

IL, USA

xxvi Contributors

Simone Carmignato University of Padova, Vicenza, Italy

Elisabetta Ceretti Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering,

University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy

Sami Chatti Institut f€ur Umformtechnik und Leichtbau, Technical Univer-

sity of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany

Tom Childs Faculty of Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

Francois Christophe Department of Engineering Design and Production,

Aalto University School of Engineering, Aalto / Espoo, Finland

George Chryssolouris Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems and

Automation (LMS), Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronau-

tics, University of Patras, Patras, Greece

Eric Coatanea Department of Engineering Design and Production, Aalto

University School of Engineering, Aalto / Espoo, Finland

Marcello Colledani Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di

Milano, Milan, Italy

Doriana Marilena D’Addona Department of Chemical, Materials and

Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy

Roy Damgrave Laboratoy of Design, Production andManagement, Univer-

sity of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands

Winnie Dankers Laboratory of Design, Production and Management,

University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands

Jean-Yves Dantan ENSAM, Metz, France

Ahmed M. Deif Industrial & Service Engineering Program, Nile University

School of Engineering & Applied Science, Cairo, Egypt

Gino Dini Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, Universita di

Pisa, Pisa, Italy

Claus Dold Inspire AG, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH),

Z€urich, Switzerland

David Dornfeld University of California, Berkley, CA, USA

Welf-Guntram Drossel Fraunhofer Institute for Machine Tools and

Forming Technology IWU, Chemnitz, Germany

Joost Duflou Centre for Industrial Management, Department of Mechanical

Engineering, KU Leuven, Heverlee - Leuven, Belgium

Jan D€using Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Hannover, Germany

Christian Effgen Institute of Manufacturing Technology and Production


Contributors xxvii

Konstantinos Efthymiou Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems and

Automation (LMS), Department of Mechanical Engineering and

Aeronautics, University of Patras, Patras, Greece

Hoda ElMaraghy Canada Research Chair in Manufacturing Systems,

Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Intelligent Manufactur-

ing Systems (IMS) Centre, University of Windsor, ON, Canada

Waguih H. ElMaraghy Industrial & Manufacturing Systems Engineering

(IMSE), University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada

Toshiyuki Enomoto Department of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka,

Japan

Huseyin Erdim Manufacturing and Automation Research Center, Koc

University, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey

Kaan Erkorkmaz Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering, University of

Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada

W. Tyler Estler Estler Associates, National Institute of Standards and

Technology (retired), Adamstown, MD, USA

Christopher J. Evans Department of Mechanical Engineering and

Engineering Science, The William States Lee College of Engineering,

University of North Carolina at Charlotte, UNCCharlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA

Fengzhou Fang College of Precision Instruments and Opto-electronics

Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China

Klaus Feldmann Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg,

Institute for Factory Automation and Production Systems, Erlangen,

Germany

Luigino Filice Department of Mechanical Energy and Management

Engineering, The University of Calabria, Rende, Italy

Antonio Fiorentino Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering,

University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy

Joerg Franke Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg,

Institute for Factory Automation and Production Systems, Erlangen,

Germany

Vikki Franke M€unsingen, Germany

Livan Fratini Department of Chemical, Management, Computer System,

Mechanical Engineering, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy

Javier Fuentes Institute for Machine Tools and Factory Management,

Technische Universit€at Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Makoto Fujishima Mori Seiki Company, Aichi, Japan

xxviii Contributors

Apostolos Fysikopoulos Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems and

Automation (LMS), Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronau-

tics, University of Patras, Patras, Greece

Robert Gao Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs,

CT, USA

Andreas Gebhardt Chair of Advanced Fabrication Technologies, Aachen

University of Applied Sciences, Aachen, Germany

Christoph Gey Kennametal Shared Services GmbH, F€urth, Germany

Claudio Giardini Department of Design and Technologies, University of

Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy

Markus Groppe Sandvik Coromant GmbH, D€usseldorf, Germany

Wit Grzesik Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Production

Automation, Opole University of Technology, Opole, Poland

Peihua Gu Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering,

University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada

Han Haitjema Mitutoyo RCE, Best, The Netherlands

Adam Hansel Mori Seiki Company, Aichi, Japan

Markus Hatzenbichler Institute of Material Science and Technology,

Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria

Michael Hauschild Management Engineering, Technical University of

Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark

Robert Heinemann School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineer-

ing, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

Carsten Heinzel IWT, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany

Jan Henjes IFW, Leibniz Universit€at Hannover, Garbsen, Germany

Christoph Herrmann TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany

Jan-Steffen Hoetter Chair of Advanced Fabrication Technologies, Aachen

University of Applied Sciences, Aachen, Germany

Hans-Werner Hoffmeister IWF, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig,

Germany

S. Jack Hu Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of

Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Margot Hutchins Lawrence Livermore, Livermore, CA, USA

Juan Manuel Jauregui-Becker Laboratoy of Design, Production and

Management, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands

I. S. Jawahir Institute for Sustainable Manufacturing, College of Engineer-

ing, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA

Contributors xxix

Jack Jeswiet Queens University, Kingston, ON, Canada

Andreas Jørgensen Management Engineering, Technical University of

Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark

Francesco Jovane Dipartimento di Meccanica, Politecnico di Milano,

Milano, Italy

Bingfeng Ju Department of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University,

Hangzhou, China

Sami Kara School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, The

University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Bernhard Karpuschewski Institute of Manufacturing Technology and

Quality Management, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany

Karel Kellens Centre for Industrial Management, Department of Mechan-

ical Engineering, KU Leuven, Heverlee - Leuven, Belgium

Sang-Gook Kim Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of

Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

Tae Hyung Kim Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of

Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Benjamin Kirsch Institute of Manufacturing Technology and Production


Andreas Klink Laboratory for Machine Tools and Production Engineering,

RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany

Inge Klobasa Germanischer Lloyd Industrial Services, Renewables Certifi-

cation, Hamburg, Germany

Fritz Klocke Fraunhofer-Institut f€ur Produktionstechnologie, Aachen,

Germany

Wolfgang Knapp IWF, ETH Zurich, Head Metrology, Schleitheim,

Switzerland

Jens Kohler Institut f€ur Fertigungstechnik und Werkzeugmaschinen,

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universit€at Hannover, Garbsen, Germany

Ralf Kolleck Institute of Tools and Forming, Graz University of Technol-

ogy, Graz, Austria

Carol Kong Centre for Materials and Structures, University of Liverpool,

Liverpool, UK

Yoram Koren J.J. Duderstadt Distinguished University, NSF Center for

Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems, The University of Michigan, Ann

Arbor, MI, USA

Joerg Krueger IWF, Technische Universit€at Berlin, Berlin, Germany

xxx Contributors

Gisela Lanza Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Produc-

tion Science (wbk), Karlsruhe, Germany

Luc Laperriere Universite du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres, Trois-Rivieres, QC,

Canada

Bert Lauwers Production Engineering, Machine Design and Automation

(PMA), KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium

Seyed Ehsan Layegh Khavidaki Manufacturing and Automation Research

Center, Koc University, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey

Ismail Lazoglu Manufacturing and Automation Research Center, Koc


Armin Lechler ISW, Institute for Control Engineering of Machine Tools

and Manufacturing Units University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany

Ming Leu Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Missouri

University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA

Terje K. Lien Department of Production and Quality Engineering, Norwe-

gian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

Mathias Liewald Institute for Metal Forming Technology, University of

Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany

Barbara Linke Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of

California Davis, Davis, CA, USA

James Lucas Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics,

University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

Karsten Luebke Bremen Institute of Metrology, Automation and Quality

Science, Universitiy of Bremen, Bremen, Germany

Dieter Lung Department of Cutting Technology, WZL of the RWTH

Aachen University, Aachen, Germany

Eric Lutters Faculty of Engineering Technology, Laboratory of Design,

Production and Management, University of Twente, Enschede, The

Netherlands

Sotiris Makris Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems and Automation

(LMS), Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, University

of Patras, Patras, Greece

Ali Mamedov Manufacturing and Automation Research Center, Koc


Francesco Marinello TeSAF, Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-

Forestali, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy

Paul Mativenga School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering

(MACE), The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

Contributors xxxi

Joseph Anthony McGeough School of Engineering, University of

Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

Horst Meier Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany

Marion Merklein Lehrstuhl f€ur Fertigungstechnologie, Erlangen, Germany

Nikolaos Michailidis Physical Metallurgy Laboratory and Fraunhofer

Project Center Coatings in Manufacturing (PCCM)/Mechanical Engineering

Department, Aristoteles University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

George Michalos Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems and Automation



Hans-Christian Mohring Institute of Manufacturing Technology and

Quality Management (IFQ), Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg,

Magdeburg, Germany

Laszlo Monostori Department of Manufacturing Science and Technology,

Engineering and Management Intelligence, Budapest University of Technol-

ogy and Economics, Computer and Automation Research Institute, Hungar-

ian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary

Karla P. Monroy Vazquez Center for Innovation in Design and Technol-

ogy, Institute Technologic y de Studios Superiors de Monterrey- MX,

Monterrey, NL, Mexico

Masahiko Mori Mori Seiki Company, Aichi, Japan

Dimitris Mourtzis Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems and Automation



Omer Music Metal Forming Centre of Excellence, Atilim University,

Ankara, Turkey

Aydin Nassehi Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath,

Bath, UK

Andre Neumeister Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Hannover, Germany

Loring Nies Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA

Peter Nyhuis Institute of Production Systems and Logistics, Leibniz

University Hannover, Garbsen, Niedersachsen, Germany

Garret E. O’Donnell Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

Akira Okada Department of Mechanical Engineering, Okayama Univer-

sity, Okayama, Japan

Chinedum Okwudire Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan,

Ann Arbor, MI, USA

xxxii Contributors

Katherine Ortegon Ecological Sciences and Engineering, Purdue Univer-

sity, West Lafayette, IN, USA

Ludger Overmeyer Institute of Transport and Automation Technology,

Leibniz Universit€at Hannover, Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Garbsen,

Germany

Claudia Pagano Institute of Industrial Technologies and Automation, CNR,

Milan, Italy

Sirko Pamin Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Hannover, Germany

Nikolaos Papakostas Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems and Automa-

tion (LMS), Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics,

University of Patras, Patras, Greece

John Paralikas Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems and Automation



Jef Peeters Centre for Industrial Management, Department of Mechanical

Engineering, KU Leuven, Heverlee - Leuven, Belgium

Gianluca Percoco Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy

Dr. Nicolas Perry I2M -Mechanical and Engineering Institute of Bordeaux,

Art et Metiers ParisTech, Talance, France

Steven Peters Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of

Production Science (wbk), Karlsruhe, Germany

James A. Polyblank Department of Engineering, Cambridge University,

Cambridge, UK

Mohammad Rabiey Manufacturing Technology, ABB Turbocharger,

Zurich, Aargau, Switzerland

Ingo Reichenbach Institute of Manufacturing Technology and Production


Gunther Reinhart Institute of Industrial Engineering and Assembly

Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University

M€unchen, Garching, Bavaria, Germany

R€udiger Rentsch IWT, Bremen, Germany

Loukas Rentzos Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems and Automation



Sebastian Richarz Institute for Machine Tools and Factory Management,


Konstantinos Salonitis Manufacturing and Materials, Cranfield University,

Cranfield, Bedfordshire, UK

Contributors xxxiii

Fiona Sammler Institute for Machine Tools and Factory Management,


Michael Schmidt Institute of Photonic Technologies, Friedrich–Alexan-

der–University Erlangen–Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany

Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT),

Friedrich–Alexander–University Erlangen–Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany

Bayerisches Laserzentrum GmbH, Erlangen, Germany

Robert Schmitt Chair for Metrology and Quality Management, Laboratory

for Machine Tools and Production Engineering WZL, RWTH Aachen

University, Aachen, Germany

Bernd Scholz-Reiter Department of Planning and Control of Production

Systems, University of Bremen and BIBA, Bremen, Germany

G€unther Schuh Production Engineering, RWTH Aachen University,

Aachen, Germany

Volker Schulze Institute of Production Science (wbk), and Institute for

Applied Materials IAM–WK, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT),

Karlsruhe, Germany

Tiziana Segreto Fraunhofer Joint Laboratory of Excellence on Advanced

Production Technology, Department of Chemical, Materials and Production

Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy

G€unther Seliger Technische Universit€at Berlin, Institut f€ur Werkzeug-

maschinen und Fabrikbetrieb Montagetechnik und Fabrikbetrieb, Berlin,

Germany

Burak Sencer Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

Eiji Shamoto Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

Hidenori Shinno Precision and Intelligence Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of

Technology, Yokohama, Japan

Georgios Skordaris Laboratory for Machine Tools and Manufacturing

Engineering and Fraunhofer Project Center Coatings in Manufacturing

(PCCM)/Mechanical Engineering Department, Aristoteles University of

Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

Jens Solter Manufacturing Technologies, Stiftung Institut f€ur

Werkstofftechnik, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany

Fabio Sousa Mechanical Engineering, University of Kaiserslautern FBK,

Kaiserslautern, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany

Celal Soyarslan Institut f€ur Umformtechnik und Leichtbau, Technische

Universit€at Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany

xxxiv Contributors

Dieter Spath Institute of Human Factors and Technology Management

Institute Fraunhofer IAO (Fraunhofer Gesellschaft), University of Stuttgart,

Stuttgart, Germany

J€urgen Stampfl Institute of Material Science and Technology, Vienna

University of Technology, Vienna, Austria

Giuseppe Stecca National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Industrial

Technologies and Automation (CNR-ITIA), Montelibretti (Rome), Italy,

Italy

Gabor Stepan Applied Mechanics, Budapest University of Technology and

Economics, Budapest, Hungary

Andreas Sterzing Fraunhofer Institute for Machine Tools and Forming

Technology, Chemnitz, Germany

Tobias Surmann Institut f€ur Spanende Fertigung, Technische Universit€at

Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany

Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Dortmund ISF, Dortmund,

Germany

John W. Sutherland Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue

University, West Lafayette, IN, USA

A. Erman Tekkaya Institute of Forming Technology and Lightweight

Construction, Technical University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany

Roberto Teti Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineer-

ing, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy

Hans Kurt Toenshoff Institute for Production Engineering and Machine

Tools, Leibniz University Hannover, Burgwedel, Germany

Tullio Tolio ITIA Institute of Industrial Technologies and Automation,

CNR National Research Council, Milan, Italy

Guido Tosello Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical Univer-

sity of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark

Mitchell M. Tseng College of Engineering Industrial & Operations

Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hongkong

Kanji Ueda The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan

Takashi Ueda School of Mechanical Engineering, Kanazawa University,

Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan

Eckart Uhlmann Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design

Technology, Berlin, Germany

Institute for Machine Tools and Factory Management, Technische

Universit€at Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Contributors xxxv

Luis Uriarte IK4-Tekniker, Eibar, Spain

Anna Valente ISTePS, Institute of Systems and Technologies for Sustain-

able Production, SUPSI, Manno, Switzerland

Hendrik Van Brussel Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Belgium,

Heverlee (Leuven), Belgium

Jozsef Vancza Research Laboratory of Engineering and Management

Intelligence, Institute for Computer Science and Control, Hungarian

Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary

Paul Vanegas Centre for Industrial Management, Department of Mechani-

cal Engineering, KU Leuven, Heverlee - Leuven, Belgium

University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador

Toshiaki Wakabayashi Faculty of Engineering, Kagawa University,

Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan

Chenjie Wang The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology,

Hongkong

Yixiao Wang Institute of Transport and Automation Technology, Leibniz

Universit€at Hannover, Garbsen, Germany

John A. Webster Cool-Grind Technologies Connecticut USA, Storrs

Mansfield, CT, USA

Albert A. Weckenmann Chair Quality Management and Manufacturing

Metrology, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany

Konrad Wegener Institute of Machine Tools and Manufacturing (IWF),

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Z€urich, Switzerland

Eduardo Weing€artner Institute of Machine Tools and Manufacturing

(IWF), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Z€urich, Switzerland

Rafael Wertheim Fraunhofer Institute for Machine Tools and Forming

Technology IWU, Chemnitz, Germany

Engelbert Westk€amper Fraunhofer-Institute IPA, University Stuttgart

Graduate School for advanced Manufacturing Engineering, Stuttgart,

Germany

Hans-Peter Wiendahl Institut f€ur Fabrikanlagen und Logistik, Leibniz

Universit€at Hannover, Garbsen, Niedersachsen, Germany

Katja Windt Global Production Logistics, School of Engineering and

Science, Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany

WesselW.Wits Laboratoy of Design, Production andManagement, Faculty

of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The

Netherlands

Tim Wolfer Institute of Transport and Automation Technology, Leibniz

Universit€at Hannover, Garbsen, Germany

xxxvi Contributors

Z. Cedric Xia Research and Innovation Center, Ford Motor Company,

Dearborn, MI, USA

Zongwei Xu College of Precision Instruments and Opto-electronics Engi-

neering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China

Jose A. Yag€ue-Fabra Design and Manufacturing Engineering, Universidad

de Zaragoza Instituto de Investigacion en Ingenierıa de Aragon (I3A),

Zaragoza, Spain

Hitomi Yamaguchi Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of

Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

Jun Yanagimoto Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo,

Tokyo, Japan

Andreas Zabel Institute f€ur Spanende Fertigung, Technische Universit€at

Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany

Michael Zaeh TU M€unchen, iwb - Institut f€ur Werkzeugmaschinen und

Betriebswissenschaften, Munich, Germany

Mikel Zatarain IK4-Ideko, Elgoibar, Gipuzkoa, Spain

Contributors xxxvii