CIVIL ENGINEERING

MATERIALS

Done by Louis wayne

INDEX

• Timber ………………………………… 3-8

• Sand …………………………………. 9- 17

• Aggregate …………………………… 18-29

• Mortar ………………………………… 30-40

• Concrete ……………………………….. 40-50

TimberThe wood suitable for construction of buildings or for other engineering purposes is called timber.

Uses and importance of Timber

• Used as posts, beams, lintels, doors and windows

• Used in floorings, roofing, ceilings etc.,

• Used in rafters , purlins, trusses etc.,

• Used for interior decoration purposes

• Used for making furniture, sport goods, railway sleepers etc.,

TYPES

There are two types of timber:

• Hardwood- Deciduous & having large leaves

- Eg., Teak, sal, Shisham

• Softwood

- Coniferous & having Pointed leaves

- Eg., Deodar, pine, kail

PROPERTIES

• Strength

• Hardness

• Density

• Elasticity

• Texture

• Durability

• Smell, etc.

Requirements

• Durable and effective.

• Able to penetrate from inside.

• Should not adversely affect timber.

• Should not emit any offensive smell.

• Fire-proof.

• Poisonous for fungus, white ants and other insects.

• Cheap.

SANDRequirements, Types, UsesProperty and Importance

Importance of Sand

• Sand is an extremely needful material for the construction but this important material must be purchased with all care and vigilance. Sand which is used in the construction purpose must be clean, free from waste stones and impurities. It is important to know what type of sand is beneficial for construction purpose as sand is also classified into three different forms that make it suitable for specific type of construction.

• Should not contain impurities like Silt, Clay and salts. These impurities can affect physical and chemical properties.

• Free from organic matter.

• Coarse and well graded angular grains in suitable proportions.

• Grains should be hard, strong and durable.

• Free from hygroscopic moisture.

Classification of sand

Sand is classified as:

• Fine Sand (0.075 to 0.425 mm),

• Medium Sand (0.425 to 2 mm)

• Coarse Sand (2.0 to4.75 mm).

However this classification of sand is further has types of sand in particular and on that basis only they are being incorporated in the construction

Pit Sand(Coarse sand)

• This type of coarse sand is procured from deep pits of abundant supply and it is generally in red-orange color. The coarse grain is sharp, angular and certainly free from salts etc which is mostly employed in concreting.

Sea Sand

• The name suggest, sea sand is taken from seas shores and it is generally in distinct brown color with fine circular grains. Sea sand is avoided for the purpose construction of concrete structure and in engineering techniques because it contains salt which tends to absorb moisture from atmosphere and brings dampness. Eventually cement also loses its action when mixed with sea sand that is why it is only used for the local purpose instead of structural construction.

River Sand

• River sand is procured from river streams and banks and is fine in quality unlike pit sand. This type of sand has rounded grains generally in white-grey color. River sand has many uses in the construction purpose such as plastering.

General Requirements

• All the sand particles should have higher crushing strength.

• The surface texture of the particles should be smooth.

• The edges of the particles should be grounded.

• The ratio of fines below 600 microns in sand should not be less than 30%.

• There should not be any organic impurities

• Silt in sand should not be more than 2%, for crushed sand.

• In manufactured sand the permissible limit of fines below 75 microns shall not exceed 15%

AGGREGATEUses, Types, Requirements, Properties

and Importance

Aggregates

Definition - Aggregate is a type of material used in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stones etc.

Requirements of Good

Aggregates

• It should be chemically inactive• It should be sufficiently strong• It should be hard enough• It should be durable• It should have rough surface• It should be of proper shape• It should have limited pores

Types of Aggregates

Classification according to formationClassification according to size

Classification according to formation

Classification according to size

Natural Aggregates Fine Aggregates

•Artificial Aggregates •Coarse Aggregates

According to Formation -

1. Natural Aggregates

Natural aggregates consists of rock fragments that are used in their natural state, or are used after mechanical processing such as crushing, washing, and sizing.

2. Artificial Aggregates

For making special type of concrete we should make special type of artificial aggregates. In these aggregates most are light weight aggregates and heavy weight aggregates.

According to Size -

1. Fine

Aggregates“Fine aggregate” is defined as material that will pass a No. 4 sieve and will, for the most part, be retained on a No. 200 sieve. Some types are sand, stone dust, cinder, surkhi.

2. Coarse Aggregate

Coarse aggregate basic material of the concrete. Crushed stone or gravel used in concrete are called coarse aggregate and it will not, pass when it is dry through a sieve with ¼-inch-diameter. Some types are stone ballast, gravel, clinker etc.

Uses of Aggregates

• In Concrete making,

• In making Roads,

• For laying Railways,

Properties of Aggregates

Aggregates sizesAggregates shapeAggregates surface

textures Specific gravity of

aggregatesWater absorption and

surface moisture

Importance of Aggregates

• Aggregates are the literally the foundation of our economy and society.

• It is used in greater quantities than any other natural resources.

• It is used for building our basic needs like home, office, buildings, bridges, roads, highway etc.

• Almost every field of job depends on aggregate industry.

• Economic growth depends on maintaining a competitive supply of high quality aggregates at a reasonable cost and close to market.

MORTARRequirements, Types, Uses and

Importance

Definition

• Mortar is a workable paste used to bind building blocks such as stones, bricks, and concrete masonry units together, fill and seal the irregular gaps between them, and sometimes add decorative colors or patterns in masonry walls. In its broadest sense mortar includes pitch, asphalt, and soft mud or clay, such as used between mud bricks. Mortar comes from Latin mortarium meaning crushed.

Importance

• To bind together the bricks or stones properly so as to providestrength to the structure.

• To form a homogenous mass of the structure so as to resist all theloads coming over it without disintegration.

• To provide a weather resisting i.e., a durable layer between thedifferent courses of masonry in the structure.

• To hold coarse aggregate together in any concrete so as to form asolid mass. The mortar used in a concrete is termed as matrix.

• To do pointing and plastering to the structure. The mortar used forplastering is known as plaster.

• To fill up empty joints in brick and stone masonry. The mortar usedfor such purposes is a thin liquid mortar which is termed as grout andthe process is known as grouting.

Requirements

• good workability to ease laying work and improve quality of the joints

• good water retentivity to prevent excessive suction of water by bricks that have high initial rate of absorption and retain sufficient water required for hydration of cement

• development of suitable early and final strength

• offers water-tightness and durability to a wall

• good adhesion or bond for bricks

Properties

• Water Retention

• Air content

• Uniformity

• Workability

• Durability

• Bond Strength

TYPES OF MORTAR AND ITS USES:

Cement mortar:•The paste is prepared by mixing cement and sand insuitable proportions in addition to water.•The general proportion is 1 part of cement to 2-8 partsclean sand.•These mortars must be use within half an hour, i.e.; beforeinitial setting time of the cement.•USE-This type is used for all engineering works where highstrength is desired such as load bearing walls, deepfoundations, flooring etc.

Lime mortar:

•The paste is prepared by mixing lime and sand or surkhi insuitable proportions in addition to water.•If surkhi is to be added in lime mortar the equalproportions of sand and surkhi should be mixed with lime.•These mortars are inferior to cement mortars in strengthas well as water tightness.•These mortars should not be used for underground worksas they set in the presence of carbon dioxide and break upin damp conditions.•USE- This type is used for construction work above groundlevel i.e. exposed positions.

Light weight mortar:

•The paste is prepared by mixing wood powder,wood sawing or saw dust with cement or limemortar.•In such mortars fibers of jute coir or asbestos fiberscan also be used.•USE- These are generally used as fiber plasters insound and heat proof construction.

Fire resistant mortar:

•The paste is prepared by mixing aluminouscement and finely crushed fire bricks in suitableproportions in addition to water.•The usual proportion are 1 part aluminouscement to 2 parts of finely crushed fire bricks.•USE-These are generally used for lining furnaces,ovens and fire places with fire bricks.

Mud mortar:

•The paste is prepared by mixing suitable clayeysoil with water.•The soil which is used for preparing mud mortarshould be free from grass, pebbles etc.•These are the cheapest mortars but weakest instrength.•USE- These mortars are used for brickwork ofordinary buildings and for plastering walls in ruralareas.

Pictures

CONCRETETypes, Uses, Requirements, Properties and

Importance

Definition

• It is a mixture of portland cement, water, aggregates, and in some cases, admixtures.

• The cement and water form a paste that hardens and bonds the aggregates together.

• Concrete is often looked upon as “man made rock”.

Portland Cement

Properties

• Concrete has strength, durability, versatility, and economy.

• It can be placed or molded into virtually any shape and reproduce any surface texture.

• Concrete is a versatile construction material, adaptable to a wide variety of agricultural and residential uses.

• The elasticity of concrete is relatively constant at low stress levels but starts decreasing at higher stress levels as matrix cracking develops.

• Concrete has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion, and as it matures concrete shrinks.

Importance

• With proper materials and techniques, concrete can withstand many acids, silage, milk, manure, fertilizers, water, fire, and abrasion.

• Concrete can be finished to produce surfaces ranging from glass-smooth to coarsely textured, and it can be colored with pigments or painted.

• Concrete has substantial strength in compression, but is weak in tension.

• Most structural uses, such as beams, slats, and manure tank lids, involve reinforced concrete, which depends on concrete's strength in compression and steel's strength in tension.

Requirements of a good concrete

• The fundamental requirements of hardened concrete are strength, durability and economy. Fresh concrete must be workable, that is, it must be of such a consistency and physical make-up that it can be readily placed in the form without segregation of the materials and without requiring an excessive amountof spading to completely fill the form. Uniformity in both the fresh and hardened concrete is necessary to secure economy of materials, to facilitate handling and placing and to obtain uniformity in the completed structure. It is particularly important where water tightness is required.

Uses

Concrete has many applications and is used to make:

• pavements,

• pipes,

• structures,

• foundations,

• roads,

• bridges/overpasses,

• walls and

• footings for gates.

Types

There are various types of concrete for different applications that are created by changing the proportions of the main ingredients.

The mix design depends on the type of structure being built, how the concrete will be mixed and delivered, and how it will be placed to form the structure.

• Limecrete• Gypsum concrete• Light-Transmitting Concrete• Regular concrete• Pre-Mixed concrete• High-strength concrete• Stamped concrete• High-Performance concrete• UHPC (Ultra-High

Performance Concrete)• Self-consolidating concretes• Vacuum concretes

• Shotcrete• Cellular concrete• Roller-compacted concrete• Glass concrete• Asphalt concrete• Rapid strength concrete• Rubberized concrete• Polymer concrete• Geopolymer or Green

concrete

Some Examples of types of Concrete.

Pictures