civil society participation in giahs conservation in the digital era: … · 2018-09-05 · a case...

Considering Civil Society Participation in GIAHS Conservation in the Digital era: A Case study of Crowdfunding Campaigns in Tokushima, Japan

Naoki Naito, Ph.D

(Tokushima University / University of the Sacred Heart, Tokyo / National Museum of Ethnology, Osaka)

Background 1/2GIAHS Conservation at the Forefront of Super-Aging (or Shrinking) Societies

Fig. Japan's population from 1920 to 2010, with population projections out to 2060 SOURCE:MIAC, Japan 2018

Fig. Japan's population Structure by Age Group

Background 2/2Bio diversity crises in Japan

XMajor causes of bio diversity crisis in Japan (Ishihama 2016)XOveruse of natural resources

XUnderuse of natural resources

XAlien species

XGlobal warmingFig. Trend of Moving-in Population Overrun(1954-2014)

AgendaHow can we (re) organize Civil Society Participation in GIAHS Conservation ?

Rural

Commitment/Participation

Interest/Loyalty weak

strong

weak strong

resident population

non-resident

Fig. urban-rural migration

(tentative/weak commitment)

(permanent/strong commitment)

Urban-tourists and other consumers in urban area

-rural resident

Promote urban-rural migration

Past model

AgendaHow can we (re) organize Civil Society Participation in GIAHS Conservation ?

Rural



strong

weak strong

resident population

non-resident population

non-resident

Fig. conceptual model of non-resident rural population


(continual/intermediate commitment)-urban resident but ‘participate’ in rural governance


Urban

(based on Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications Japan 2017)

-New stakeholders/actors in rural revitalization-How can we define them?

-tourists and other consumers in urban area

-rural resident

Present model

Aim of this Presentation

XConsidering Possibility of Crowdfunding Campaign as a tool for citizen participation in GIAHS Conservation

X ‘the strength of weak tie (Granovetter 1973:1377)’X“The personal experience of individuals is closely bound

up with lager-scale aspects od social structure, well beyond the purview or control of particular individuals”.

XExamine the impact of crowdfunding on wildlife management of GIAHS site in Tokushima.

Overview of the Area:Nishi-Awa Steep Slope Agricultural Heritage System, Tokushima Japan

Landscape of Nishi-Awa• The villages are

distributed across the mountainside

• The elevation of these villages is approx. 300–700 m

• The slope gradient is 30–40˚

• The inhabitants of the lowlands call this mountainous area “sora,” meaning “sky”

Landscape of Nishi-Awa• The villages are distributed

across the mountainside• The elevation of these villages

is approx. 300–700 m• The slope gradient is 30–40˚• The inhabitants of the lowlands

call this mountainous area “sora,” meaning “sky”

• The area’s inhabitants have employed steep-slope agriculture instead of terrace farming

Geological features

⚫ The land of Japan sits on plate boundaries - Subject to serious earthquakes

⚫ Located in the central mountainous area of Shikoku Island

⚫ These mountains sit along the Median Tectonic line

45ﾟ N

35ﾟ N

140ﾟ E

130ﾟ E

Shikokuisland

Hokkaidoisland

Honsyuisland

Kyusyuisland

Plate boundary

Median tectonic line

Fault plane of the fracture zone

Mountainous landscape

Coping with hazards

45ﾟ N

35ﾟ N

140ﾟ E

130ﾟE

B

A

Nishi-AwaPacific Ocean

Median tectonic line

Philippine Sea plateContinental crustOceanic crust

AB

⑴ Fracture Zone formation

⑵ Landslide/Collapse

⑶ Soil formation

⑷ Agricultural land use

Fig. Geological cross-section

Typhoon/Snowfall

Earthquake/Grand deformation

Slope gradient and stability

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

700

750

800

850

900

0 10 20 30 40標高

m地表傾斜度

Alti

tude

(m

)Slope gradient

Stable gradient of slope30-40˚ Habitation in this

mountainous area requires adaptation to the geological and climatological environment.

Fig. Distribution of villages

Using kaya straw to prevent erosion

Covered

Not covered

Covering the ground with Kaya straw stored at conical hay stacks (koeguroor guro)

Making farming implements by local blacksmith

Material culture to prevent erosion and create soil

13

Various farming implements are used to reverse the soil erosion and crush the gravel into soil

Reversing the soil erosion by using an unique farming implement ‘sarae’

Indigenous crop diversity

Millets(finger millet, sorghum, foxtail millet, common millet, Japanese millet)→40 varieties in total

Corn

Potato

Buckwheat

Cucumber

Communal land for kaya straw

The communal land used for kayastraw cultivation supports various kinds of wildlife

Plants: 282 speciesInsects: 241 speciesBirds: 28 species

Co-existing with wildlife

Adonis shikokuensisAccipiter nisus nisosimilis

Socio-cultural practices

OTSUCLE: Academic Crowdfunding Site Founded by Tokushima University, Japan

A Case of Crowdfunding CampaignX Project objective

XCommodify exterminated deerXDecline the costs of wildlife

management in TokushimaX PeriodX2017.10.7-2017.11.12

X GoalXhalf a million JPY

X ResultX0.9 million JPY from 100 donors

18

How can we create the interest of potential participants ?

19

Spacial Distribution of Donors

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31日

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1日

11月

2日

Residential place of Donors（10/6-11/2）

徳島大学関係者徳島県内徳島県外

University staffs

Tokushima Residents

Residents from other area

Creating the network of Interests

■一般社団法人大学支援機構2016 ICT

0 7■学術系クラウドファンディングサイト OTSUCLE

-

P-42 大学生主体のクラウドファンディングによる鳥獣害対策

徳島大学大学院社会産業理工学研究部社会総合科学域内藤直樹（ [email protected]）背景と目的

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速な資金調達

長期的な展望に基づく教育研究リソース獲

得手段としては不向き

クラウドファンディングによる教育研究課題提案の要点

研究計画の妥当性を判断するのは同業者（ピアレビュー）ではなく市民である7市民が「投資してみよう」と思い、行動するような研究計画

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資金提供者の居住地と

属性

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4 .�- 2017

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■調査実習から課外授業としての狩猟免許取得講座へ（ 2014-2017）

NPO

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■模擬会社による狩猟ツアー企画（ 2015-2016）4

■狩猟同好会の立ち上げ（ 2017）

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Challenge

Rural



strong

weak strong

resident population

non-resident population

non-resident

Fig. conceptual model of non-resident rural population


(continual/intermediate commitment)-urban resident but ‘participate’ in rural governance


Urban

(based on Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications Japan 2017)

-tourists and other consumers in urban area

-rural resident

- Crowdfunding campaign created the network of interests- Offered a channel for participation (donating)- Further Participation?

Conclusion：Possibility of Crowdfunding Campaign as a tool for citizen participation in GIAHS ConservationX No Sense of Place (Meyrowitz, J. 1985)

X ‘de-territorialization’

XElectric media have removed barriers and increased access to previously restricted information.

X Crowdfunding campaign created the network of interests both from the urban residents and residents of other rural areas.

XWe should not simply consider crowdfunding as a tool for funding but also as a tool for creating the network of the interests.

civil society participation in giahs conservation in the digital era: … · 2018-09-05 · a case...

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