Environemental Services

Harboured in GIAHS

Examples and Experiences

Marketing of GIAHS Products and Labels

Parviz Koohafkan

By 2030…

• Global energy demand up by 45%

• Oil price up to USD 180 per barrel (IEA)

• GHG emissions up 45%

• Global average temperature trajectory +6 °C

• Economic losses equivalent to 5-10% of global GDP as compared to the 3% of GDP loss from the current financial crisis;

• Poor countries will suffer costs in excess of 10% of their GDP (Stern)

• Poverty, hunger and violence will become unbar able

• Natural resources degradation, pollution and health hazards may reach tipping point

Source: Prepared by Stern Review, from data drawn from World

Resources Institute, 2006

On a business as usual path…

Unsustainable Take-Make-Waste Model

ECONOMY

SOCIETY

TAKE MAKE WASTE

PRODUCTS WASTE

ENVIRONMENT

WASTE

Increasing

concentrations of waste

from manufacturing,

use, and disposal

Overconsumption and

undermining people’s

ability to meet their needs

Increasing

concentrations

of waste from

extraction

Degradation

of nature by

physical means

Bob Doppelt, The Power of Sustainable Thinking; Peter Senge et al., 2009

STATUS AND TRENDS

GREEN REVOLUTION AND

NATURAL RESOURCES USE

Investment policies in General and particularly

in Developing Countries have favoured: • Industrial and service sector development versus

Agricultural and Rural Sector Development

• Urban development versus Rural Development,

»And Within Agriculture Sector:

• Prime lands and high potential areas VS Low potential areas

• irrigated agriculture VS rain fed agriculture

• Irrigation intensification VS water conservation and water

management

• Single crop production VS total farm productivity

• Land and irrigation development VS land rehabilitation and

water conservation

• Export crops VS food and local crops

The use of resources by agriculture

2011

world’s land surface

12% used for

crop production

total world’s water uses

AG uses

70%

of all water

withdrawn

In the past 50 years…

+12%

+117%

+200%

World’s

cultivated land

Irrigated area

Agricultural

production

Increments in the past 50 years

Land Degradation, Desertification, Climate Change, Poverty and Migration

Proportion of heavy rainfall has increased in most places

Increase in

extreme Weather

Events

Observed

increase in

droughts

(1990 – 2012)

Per Capita GDP Index

Share of Undernourished

Source: The State of Food Insecurity in the World, FAO 2000

Source: Human Development Report, 2001

Those with least

resources have

least capacity to

adapt and are

most vulnerable

0

20

40

60

80

100

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

OECD EEUR LAM SAFR MEA SEAS CASI

GDP Index

% of Population in Agriculture

Source: UN Population Projections, Medium Variant, 2000 Revision

Population growth 1997-2050

Malezas en floracion de las familias compositae o umbeliferae atraen

insectos beneficos en busca de polen y nectar Loss of Functional Biodiversity

Food diversity, Nutrition and Heath

Changing Diet, Nutrition, health and

biodiversity

• Hidden hunger: missing micronutrients

– More than 2 billion worldwide

– Mostly women and children

• Double burden: diseases of “affluence”

– Type 2 diabetes, obesity, heart disease,

cancers

Rice (28 %)

Wheat (28 %)

Maize (33.4 %)

Barley

(6.4 %)

Sorghum

(2.7 %)Millet

(1.4 %)

GLOBAL GRAIN PRODUCTION, FAO 2008

GRAIN CROP DIVERSITY IN FOOD

BASKET

Rice + Wheat + Maize = 89.4 %

Australia - The Browns of River View Food expenditure for one

week:481.14 Australian dollars or US$376.45

Great Britain - The Bainton family of Cllingbourne Ducis Food

expenditure for one week: 155.54 British Pounds or $253.15

China - The Dong family of Beijing

Food expenditure for one week: 1,233.76 Yuan or $155.06

North Carolina, United States : The Revis Family$342 USD

Tingo, Ecuador: The Ayme Family; $31.55 USD Breidjing Camp, Chad: The Aboubakar Family; $1.23 USD

Cairo, Egypt: The Ahmed Family; $68.50 USD

India - The Patkars of Ujjain Food expenditure for one week:

1,636.25 rupees or $39.27

Systems at Risk (at a Glance)

Examples of Land and Water Systems at risk

• Major river basins experiencing reduced flows and

salinity build-up: Indus, Colorado, Yellow River

• Groundwater depletion impacting livelihoods in

water resource poor countries with high population

growth

• Rapidly increasing demographic pressure on

resources in semi-arid tropics

• Glacier and snowmelt systems currently loosing

accumulated reserves

• Climate change impacts is expected to amplify water

scarcity in key basins and deltas, and in small islands

Unique Agricultural Heritage Systems at risk

TOWARDS 2050.....

THE

CHALLENGE

AHEAD

Population increase and urbanization…

Projected Population Increase

Product liter/kg

beef 15 000

cereal 1 500

fruit 1 000

Water and changing diets

Towards 2050… food requirements

food

production

needs

+60% globally

+100% in developing

countries

addressing

food security

and Poverty

While

Sustaining

Natural

Resources Base

A Paradigm Shift in

Development(Agricultural) Policies

Sustainable Development Require:

Best options for the poorest?

Great Success in Past… but Still Nearly 1 Billion People are Hungry!!!

Key questions: – to what extent can we improve food production

with low-cost and locally-available technologies under the climate change Scenarios?

– What impacts do these methods and technologies have on environmental goods and services, and the livelihoods of people relying on them?

Key Responses: – Agro-ecology, Food Sovereignty and local

production

New ways of thinking Ecosystem Services: the benefits people obtain from

ecosystems

Regulating Benefits obtained

from regulation of

ecosystem processes

•• climate regulation

•• disease regulation

•• flood regulation

Provisioning

Goods produced or

provided by ecosystems

• food • fresh water • fuel wood • genetic resources

Supporting

Services necessary for production of other ecosystem services

• Soil formation

• Nutrient cycling

• Primary production

Cultural

Non-material benefits from ecosystems

• spiritual • recreational • aesthetic • inspirational •

educational

Linkages among Biodiversity, Ecosystem

Services, and Human Well-Being

Conservation and Adaptive management of GLOBALLY IMPORTANT AGRICULTURAL HERITAGE SYSTEMS

Policies promoting diversification of production and consumption by including a broader range of species and products in our food basket Linking Biodiversity and Food Diversity Improving health and nutrition, livelihoods, food & nutritional security Strengthening Ecological Resiliencies of Farming Systems through Agro-ecological approaches and our preparedness to Climate Change Combating hidden hunger and offering income generation options at local and national levels

Multiple Wins Policies

Promoting Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development

Be centred on people and based on rights

Adopt an integrated, territorial perspective

Redress power disparities through good governance

Invest in Public Goods Research and Development

Build capacities to manage change

Involve a long term commitment

Be adequately resourced

Promotes public understanding,

awareness, national and international

recognition and support to safeguard the

Agricultural Heritage

Piloting innovative model for engaging

communities, local and national

governments in the adaptive management

of agricultural biodiversity harbored in

agricultural heritage systems

Bringing back the culture and identity of

the local communities

The GIAHS Initiative

Success

and

Lessons from GIAHS

Sorghum Pearl Millet Finger Millet Foxtail Millet

Little Millet Kodo Millet Barnyard Millet Common Millet

Conservation of Minor Millets (Orphan Crops)

Koraput’s biodiversity

• Center of rice genetic diversity

• 340 landraces – lowland rice (aromatic, non-

aromatic, pest and flood resistant)

• Medicinal plants – 1200 species

• Horticulture and ornamental plants – 2500 species

• Oil seed crops, fiber, pulses, etc.

The Koraput Traditional Agriculture - India

Gene Bank Seed Bank Water Bank Grain Bank

Conservation - Cultivation – Consumption - Commerce

Dynamic conservation of GIAHS

TRIBE DISTRICT Medicinal

Plants used

Bhatra Nawarangpur 81

Bhumia Koraput 69

Bonda Malkangiri 55

Gadaba Koraput 83

Gond Nawarangpur 67

Kandha Koraput + Rayagada

124

Koya Malkangiri 48

Paroja Koraput 74

Saora Rayagada 59

9 tribes 4 districts 660 MPs

Cultural & Curative Diversity

the role of GIAHS and the pathways to

conservation

o Cultural Diversity

o Culinary Diversity

o Curative Diversity

o Ecosystem Diversity

Koraput Agriculture, Orissa India

• Conservation and sustainable use of agro-biodiversity

• Adaptation to Climate Change

• Multi-functionalities of ecological agriculture

• Sustainable tourism and heritage management

• Policy, legislation and

management mechanism

GIAHS in China - a mega diverse country, rich in agri-culture…

Eco-food labeling ….

GIAHS set up a new win-win model in China

• Extension of Agro-ecology and

Agricultural local Knowledge

GIAHS is a nationwide accepted concept in

China

Achievements

Distribution of Agricultural Heritage Systems in China

动态保护途径 Dynamic conservation approaches China-NIAHS

Essence of GIAHS conservation

Based on the conservation of Biodiversity and

Cultural Diversity to promote local economic

development and farmers’ livelihoods and to

support modern eco-agricultural development.

• A Platform for agricultural research;

• A Window for revitalizing traditional

agriculture

• A Base for eco-cultural agri-products;

• A Destination for eco-cultural tourism.

Goal: to

promote

farmers’

rights and

benefits.

Peru

Farmers and their Traditional Andean Crops

Cusco and Puno

Terraces and land preparation Agrobiodiversity

Sukakollos - Puno

Working with local communities

Chiloé is one of the centers of origin of

potatoes

Diversified agricultural systems

(crops, livestock, forestry, fishing,

handicrafts)

Agroecological practices based on

traditional knowledge and ingenious

management

Chile – GIAHS site

Training – Capacity Building • Community participatory plant breeding programme - farmers of Chiloé thru their own techniques developing drought-resistant seeds.

• Training of farmers on management and in-situ conservation of the agro-biodiversity of global importance in Chiloé

• Cross-visits (including farmers in other Latin American countries)

Public-Private Partnership

• Building partnerships to promote and safeguard agriculture heritage (local/regional governments, academes and universities, tour operators, hotels, restaurants and other business entities and private groups)

Recognition of Farmers for their important contribution to conserve GIAHS

GIAHS Products and Services - label

• The SIPAM Chiloé brand - registered through the

National Institute of Industrial Property.

Undersecretary of

Agriculture (right),

National Director

INAPI (left) and

Chiloé farmers, Cecilia

Guineo and Rafael

Maripán (center). Photo: MINAGRI,

Chile

Examples of Opportunities for Traditional Farmers through GIAHS

Natives Dates Oases, Tunisia Rice-fish culture products , China

Native potatoes, Peru

Ecological Farming Chiloe

GIAHS represents not only a celebration of the achievements of

our ancestors, but also a guide to achieving sustainable food,

nutrition and livelihoods security. GIAHS helps to make young

people aware of the glory of past agricultural innovations and

stimulates them to make their own contributions to our agricultural

legacy. Above all, it recognises and promotes the rights of the

farmers, particularly the role of women in the origin and

development, diversification and conservation of genetic resources

for food and agriculture.

GIAHS thus serves as the flagship of the ever-green revolution

movement designed to enhance crop productivity in perpetuity

without associated ecological or social harm.

A Summary from

Prof M.S. Swaminathan about GIAHS