CIVIL WAR AND CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTIONRECONSTRUCTION

Unit IVBUnit IVB

AP United States HistoryAP United States History

Fundamental Question

►How did the Civil War change the political, social, and economical landscape of the United States?

►Did the Civil War and Reconstruction solve the problems and conditions that led to the sectional conflict?

Confederate Constitution► We, the people of the Confederate States, each State acting in its sovereign and

independent character, in order to form a permanent federal government, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity invoking the favor and guidance of Almighty God do ordain and establish this Constitution for the Confederate States of America.

► Three-Fifths Clause► The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers; and shall have

the sole power of impeachment; except that any judicial or other Federal officer, resident and acting solely within the limits of any State, may be impeached by a vote of two-thirds of both branches of the Legislature thereof.

► Line-item veto for President► To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises for revenue, necessary to pay the

debts, provide for the common defense, and carry on the Government of the Confederate States; but no bounties shall be granted from the Treasury; nor shall any duties or taxes on importations from foreign nations be laid to promote or foster any branch of industry; and all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the Confederate States.

► Congress cannot “facilitate commerce”► The importation of negroes of the African race from any foreign country other than the

slaveholding States or Territories of the United States of America, is hereby forbidden; and Congress is required to pass such laws as shall effectually prevent the same.

► No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law denying or impairing the right of property in negro slaves shall be passed.

► Single six-year term for President► The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of citizens in

the several States; and shall have the right of transit and sojourn in any State of this Confederacy, with their slaves and other property; and the right of property in said slaves shall not be thereby impaired.

► State legislatures solely responsible for amendments

Prelude to War

► After Lincoln’s election in 1860, several southern states seceded as warned

► Lincoln promised not to interfere with slavery in the South, but explained secession was unconstitutional and prohibited Warned about the use of force to preserve the

union and placed the blame toward the secessionists

“a more perfect union”► Southern states argued for their sovereignty

and had a right to secede Explained how war was another forceful attempt

by the North and the South would defend its soil

Fort Sumter► April 12, 1861 in South

Carolina► CSA confiscated federal

forts in southern territory► Lincoln sent provisions to

fort and CSA fired upon the fort thus sparking the Civil War

► Four more southern states joined Confederacy afterwards

► Sparked nationalism in the North and South and led to massive enlistment

North vs. South

► California, Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Wisconsin

► Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Florida, Louisiana, Texas

Border States

► Delaware remained extremely loyal to the Union despite being a slave state

► Maryland suffered through riots and disagreement between pro-CSA and pro-Union Lincoln established martial law and suspended habeas

corpus for pro-CSA members and citizens Persuaded Maryland to be pro-Union through force

► Missouri voted pro-Union, but had to deal with pro-CSA leadership; remained Union

► Kentucky proclaimed neutrality, but after a CSA invasion chose the Union

► Virginia divides in 1863 Counties in northwest Virginia voted for pro-Union and

broke away to form West Virginia

Union Advantages over CSA

► 22 million in Union population (71% of USA) 9 million in CSA population (29% of USA)

►3.5 million of which are slaves

► Union controlled most of the banking and capital

► Union owned 90% of total factories and manufacturing, 70% of railroad lines, 65% of farmland, 97% of firearm production

► Loyalty of the U.S. Navy to the Union► Educational and commercial advantages

Confederate Advantages over

Union► Defensive war

Union needed to invade and control

► Geography Rivers and terrain Indented coastline

► Cotton exports could lead to financial support

► Hoped for recognition by European powers

► States’ rights prevented one solid voice

► Hoped for public opinion to build against Lincoln

Confederate Hopes and Liabilities

Volunteers and Conscription

► At first, citizens enthusiastically volunteered for the war Established at more local levels

► Conscription legislation Union

►Enrollment Act of 1863 “poor man’s fight”

Confederacy►Conscription Act

► Supplying the military Confederacy’s Impressment Act

Union Strategy

► Anaconda Plan Naval blockade

surrounding the CSA

► Mississippi River Divide the CSA in

two

► Richmond Capture the capital

with trained urban fighters

Eastern Theater► First Battle of Bull Run (July 1861)

First major battle of the war Demand for a quick attack, inexperienced Union troops sent in retreat by

CSA’s Stonewall Jackson Myth of quick war leads to realization of long and costly war

► Union’s Peninsula Campaign (March-July 1862) Failed attempt to capture Richmond as Union McClellan is repulsed by

CSA’s Lee► Second Battle of Bull Run (August 1862)

CSA’s Lee pushed Union Pope back into Washington► Antietam (September 1862)

CSA wanted recognition as a nation but needed decisive, big victory CSA’s Lee invaded Maryland but pushed back by Union McClellan Bloodiest day in war: 22,000 killed or wounded

► Fredericksburg (December 1862) Lopsided loss by Union: 12,653 casualties to 5,377

► Chancellorsville (May 1863) CSA’s Lee’s “perfect battle” over Union Hooker Loss of Stonewall Jackson, Lee’s “right arm”

► Gettysburg (July 1863) CSA’s Lee’s offensive into Pennsylvania to force peace by the Union or earn

foreign support Pickett’s Charge and failure and near destruction of CSA military Deadliest battle of the entire war: over 50,000 casualties

Gettysburg Address► Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a

new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation, so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

► But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate, we can not consecrate, we can not hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

Western Theater

► Pea Ridge (March 1862) Solidified Union support and control in Missouri

► Heartland Offensive (August 1862) Invasion of Kentucky leading the state to support

the Union► Shiloh (April 1862)

“I can’t spare this man; he fights.” – Lincoln on Grant

► Vicksburg (May-July 1863) Union control of the Mississippi River, cutting the

CSA in two

Monitor vs. Merrimac► Epic battle

between ironclad vessels (Battle of Hampton Roads)

► Monitor fought to uphold the Union naval blockade

► Merrimac fought to break and disrupt the naval blockade to send exports and receive supplies and provisions

► Ended in a draw in battle, but preserved the Union naval blockade

The Civil War and the World

► The Confederacy had two foreign priorities: Foreign recognition by European powers Economic dependency (cotton market)

► Great Britain and the Civil War Trent Affair (1861) British shipbuilders and Confederate raiders

► CSS Alabama► France and the Civil War

Sympathy for Confederacy, but conquered Mexico► Cotton Diplomacy

South believed in continued European dependency on its cotton Embargoed cotton to force economic depression in Europe - FAIL “King CORN”

► Union victories delayed or prevented recognition

Slavery During the War► Slavery continued in the Confederacy as it

was the backbone of its society Dissolution of master-slave relationship Inefficiency and destruction of plantations

► Confederate “control” Fear of slave revolts forced plantations east Tighter slave codes and scare tactics

► Loyalty or Freedom? Most remained on plantations due to strong

loyalty or slim chance of escape Approaching Union forces allowed for better

chances “If slaves will make good soldiers, our whole

theory of slavery is wrong.” - Georgia general

The Union and Blacks/Slaves► The idea of ending slavery was difficult for Lincoln

Border states were slave states, ex. Kentucky Slavery is constitutional Racism in the North and among Democrats Re-election in 1864?

► Confiscation Acts First Confiscation Act (1861)

► “contraband of war” - cannot apply slavery as property to states that seceded Second Confiscation Act (1862)

► Freed slaves of rebels► Emancipation Proclamation (January 1, 1863)

“freed” slaves in Confederate states Slavery became an “official” cause of war Opened the door for black participation in war

► Blacks in the Union military - Army of Freedom 54th Massachusetts (Glory) 200,000 participants; 37,000 casualties

► Thirteenth Amendment (December 1865) Abolished slavery throughout the nation

Women During the War

►Managed and worked farms and factories as men went to battle

►Helped develop and strengthen medical field, ex. Nurses

►Woman’s National Loyal League (1863) Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony End slavery, fight for women’s suffrage

►Back to tradition after the war

Andersonville Prison Camp

► Established as a Confederate POW camp in February of 1864 in Georgia

► Under command of Captain Henry Wirz

► “no man’s land,” conditions, Raiders vs. Regulators

► Approx. 13,000 out of 45,000 died from conditions

Politics During the War► Lincoln and Congress

Since the South seceded, Republicans gained control of Congress in 1860 and dominated throughout

War Democrats► Against secession but supported

pro-Democratic platform Copperheads/Peace Democrats

► Peace with Confederacy and return to pre-Civil War situation

► Constitutional Rights Suspension of habeas corpus, ex.

Maryland Ex parte Milligan (1864)

► The Draft Riots of 1863 in New York City► Election of 1864

Unionist (Republican) vs. Democrats Lincoln selected Democrat Andrew

Johnson as VP

Copperhead Propaganda

Election of 1864

Republicans (or Federalists/Nat. Rep./Whigs?) and U.S. Still Has a Destiny

► Financial Development Sale of government bonds Use of Greenbacks and the National Banking System Morrill Tariff Act (1861)

► Infrastructure Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)

►Technical and agricultural colleges► Visions West

Homestead Act (1862)►160 acres per family to settle and develop

Pacific Railway Act (1862)►Transcontinental railroad connecting California and East

Ending the War

► Vicksburg and Gettysburg signaled the end for the Confederacy

► General Ulysses S. Grant launches total war► General William Tecumseh Sherman and the

March to the Sea Scorched earth policy and confiscation from Tennessee-

Atlanta-Savannah-Columbia► Appomattox - April 9, 1865

Lee surrenders to Grant► Confederates until the very end…

Guerilla tactics and “The South will rise again!”

Cost of the War► Union:

110,000 KIA 250,000 Died from war

effects 275,200 wounded

► Confederacy: 93,000 KIA 167,000 Died from war

effects 137,000 wounded

► TOTAL DEAD: 620,000► North Cost: $2.3B or $54B► South Cost: $1B or $23B► South Destruction: $1.5B

or $35B

► American Revolution: 4,453*

► War of 1812: 2,260*► Mexican-American

War: 13,283► World War II: 407,316► TOTAL: 427,312*

Lincoln’s Plan for Restoration/Reconstruction

► Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (1863) Full presidential pardons for 1. Oath of allegiance, 2. Accept end of

slavery Confederate state reestablished once 10% of voters affirmed

allegiance and loyalty► Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

Bill required 50% voters to swear oath and non-Confederates► Second Inaugural Address

“with malice toward none; with charity for all” Louisiana as example of reconstructed state

► Lincoln’s Assassination April 14, 1865 by John Wilkes Booth in Ford’s Theater Johnson and rise of Radical Republicans…

Freedmen’s Bureau

► Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands in March 1865

► Food, shelter, medicine for freed blacks and displaced whites

► Education of blacks and colleges

► Viciously attacked and ridiculed by Northern racists and bitter Southerners

Reconstruction, Phase 1Andrew Johnson’s Plan

► About Andrew Johnson Tennessee Democrat and Lincoln’s

VP Represented more for poor whites

against Southern “aristocracy” White supremacist

► Reconstruction Plan Pardons for loyalty oath No pardons for Confederate leaders

and owned $20,000 taxable property

Admitted Confederate states with appointed governors who established voting procedures for state legislatures

States must abolish slavery and secession clauses

Result of Johnson Plan► Return of former Confederate leaders

Alexander Stephens, CSA VP, elected Georgia senator► Readmitted states complied but did not provide

provisions for blacks to vote► Black Codes

Prohibited renting or borrowing to buy land Work contracts No testifying against whites

► Election of 1866 and the Radical Republicans The Johnson Vetoes

►Funding for Freedmen’s Bureau►Civil rights bill

Racism vs. “Bloody Shirts” Republicans controlled 2/3 of both houses

Reconstruction, Phase 2Radical Plan

►Republicans led by Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner overrode Johnson’s vetoes

►Confederate leaders disavowed►Johnson-based state governments replaced

with military districts►U.S. military used in South to enforce

legislation and protection of blacks►States admitted if accept Fourteenth

Amendment

Radical Legislation► Civil Rights Act of 1866

Blacks as American citizens and end of Black Codes

► Fourteenth Amendment (1868) Anyone born or naturalized was American

citizen States must respect rights with “equal

protection” and “due process” Disavowed Confederate leaders; not paying

state debt; penalty for preventing voters► Johnson Impeachment

Political ploy by Republicans Acquitted by ONE vote… twice

► Fifteenth Amendment (1869) Blacks have right to vote

► Civil Rights Act of 1875 Equal accommodations for blacks;

participation on juries► Other goals and reforms

Infrastructure, penal and institutional development and codification, women property rights, public education

Southern Life► Freedmen in the South

Political Recognition► Elected to state and national legislatures► Right to vote► Anger and resentment by Southern whites

New way of life?► Desire for autonomy: independent churches,

schools, move out West► Sharecropping

White landowners provided seed and farm supplies for as much as half of production ----> led to dependency

Only 5% of southern blacks claimed economic independence

► Republicans and Northerners in the South Scalawags: Southern Republicans fostering

“American system-type programs Carpetbaggers: Northerners investing in “New

South,” reformers/provide aid, squatters and plunderers

► Paramilitary groups based on white supremacy White League

► Openly criticized, attacked, killed Republicans and freedmen

Ku Klux Klan (1867) by Nathaniel Bedford Forrest► “invisible empire” to scare or destroy

Republicans and freedmen► Still fighting the war OR The South Will Rise

Again!

The North► As the South struggled to recover,

Republicans pursued economic expansion through industry and infrastructure

► Political and Financial Corruption Abuse of patronage (spoils system) Grant’s connection to stock market

speculation, tax fraud, embezzlement► Political Machines

Provide for underprivileged, immigrants, businesses in return for votes

William “Boss” Tweed and Tammany Hall

► Reaction to Radical Republicanism Racism entrenched in the North Immigrants and poor whites feared

losing economic opportunities to freedmen and entitled blacks

Evolution of Northern Attitude Toward Blacks During Reconstruction

“And Not This Man?”August 1865

“This Is A White Man’s Government”September 1868

“Colored Rule in aReconstructed State”March 1874

Shown through the political cartoons of Thomas Nast of Harper’s Weekly

Election of 1868

Grant and the Republicans► Civil War hero, but no political

experience; linked with moderates and Radicals

► Becomes engrossed in corruption links and charges

► Split in Republicans Fractured by Liberal Republicans

who forged coalition with Democrats► Panic of 1873

Driven by railroads collapse, overspeculation, and overexpansion

Leads to end of Greenbacks► Amnesty Act of 1872

Led to Southern Democrats to retake state governments and replace black legislators

“Election” of 1876

► Republicans struggle to nominate “boring” Rutherford B. Hayes► Democrats nominate solid and popular Samuel J. Tilden► Tilden won the popular vote solidly and needed only 1 more electoral

vote for majority► Contested electoral votes in 3 Reconstruction states (Louisiana, South

Carolina, Florida)► Electoral Commission rewarded 3 sets of electoral votes to Hayes

SamuelTilden(D)

Rutherford B.Hayes(R)

Election of 1876

Compromise of 1877

► Angry Democrats and riots around the nation due to Hayes’ “victory” forced a deal

► Hayes will become president, if… Remove federal troops from the South Help develop infrastructure in South, ex. railroads

► End of Reconstruction With no enforcement by federal troops, civil rights

limited or eliminated in the South Democrats return to power in the South