NEW

HORIZONS

IN

FRIENDS'

CIVILIAN,

PUBLIC

SERVICE C.P.S. man sw·veys land for reclamation in North Dakota

Part One: THE NEW PROGRAM By PAU� J. FURNAS

Etcecutive Secretary of Friends' Civilian Piiblfo Service

Friends' Civilian Public Service will continue for tlie coming year on the basis of a new program. No longer should Civilian Public Service be thought of as a num­ber of camps with government work projects and out­of-work-hour individual interest programs, together with various unrelated special service projects. Rather, it should be conceived as an integrated program of service with a plan for the growth and progress of each C.P.S. man in serving human needs, both direct andindirect.The new program, which C.P.S. men, the admin­

istrative staff, Friends' C.P.S. constituency, and as­sociated administrative agencies have developed out ofworking together during the past two months, consistsof eight main points :

1-A statement of definite aims and standards ofadministration.

2-The establishment of a reception center andorientation program.

3-A new general education and religious life pro-gram.

4-A counseling and vocational guidance program.5-Expansion of the special services program.6--A new foreign service training program.7 -The acceptance of greater responsibility in ad­

ministration. 8-The simplification and clarification of administra-

tive machinery.Substantial progress has already been made toward put­ting this new program into effect. The story of the accomplishments to date, together with the aims and procedure for realizing the balance of the program, can best be summarized in the following fashion.

Responsibility and Discipline

The camp directors of Friends' Civilian Public Serv­ice in their conference held at Pendle Hill from Novem­ber 11th to 19th fully undertook the responsibility for

-1-

their part in the n,aintenance of a high standard of discipline within our C.P.S. camps. The acceptance of the requisite responsibility by C.P.S. men for their part in such a standard remains to be shown, but many men have indicated their commitment to the establish­ment of such standards. Standards of satisfactory work and conduct have been defined as a floor upon which to carry on the program. Under the personnel and guidance program which has been prepared, the aim will be to place each man to the best advantage of the work or service project and the man. The camp directors and the administration of Friends' C.P.S. recognize their responsibility in the selection and reten­tion of men in Friends' C.P.S.

Reception Camp and Special Services

Selective Service has agreed to the establishment of Big Flats (New York) Camp as a reception center with an orientation program requiring from two to three months for completion. The program and personnel have been outlined fully by the staff. Thomas I. Potts, now director of the Trenton (North Dakota) Camp, will direct the reception camp. Men from the northeastern United States (bounded by Indiana on the west and Maryland on the south), will be received at this camp. Past experience indicates that this will care for about two-thirds of the men who wish to participate in the Friends' program. Other men electing to go to Friends' camps will be received at southern, midwestern, and western camps, and as adequate a counterpart of the reception camp program as is possible will be given there. Personal counseling will be an important part of the orientation program, and personnel records will be established as an aid in the counseling service.

Selective Service has agreed to a reduction of camp population .and an increase in the variety of Special Service Projects and in number of personnel in 1944. A goal of SO per cent of the 1nen in base camps and SO per cent in Special and Detached Service in 1944 has been agreed upon. Selective Service is sensitive to criticism from public and political sources in regard to men in C.P.S., and it continues to be doubtful of private social service type projects in areas of group and race tension, but it is willing to consider each project proposed on its merits. State hospitals for crippled children, state tubercular hospitals, state train­ing schools for the subnormal and delinquent, and state cancer hospitals have been approved as suitable fields for "work of nation<;tl importance'' in addition to those previously approved. The expansion in num­ber of state agricultural experiment station units has also been approved, with a multiplication of openings in this field of service in immediate prospect.

Selective Service is willing for us to reduce the number of camps and the total number of men in our camps, but obligations to other government departments and agencies make it impracticable to reduce im­mediately the total number of camps. Campton, the first camp selected by us to be eliminated, has now been closed. The Mennonites and the Brethren will take over two of our camps in order that we may reduce

our program, if we ask them to, but it is the considered judgment of the C.P.S. staff and camp directors that we should continue to operate the present camps long enough to make the required reduction through a wise and orderly operation of our orientation and counsel­ling programs before we ask that any of our camps be taken over.

Religious and Vocational Counseling

A complete religious and educational leadership has been developed by the staff. Camp educational secre­taries have been selected and brought to a training school lasting three and one-half weeks, held at Pendle Hill. The response of these men to the opportunity offered was good.

Since Congressional liquidation of'the foreign service training groups the Service Committee has planned its own foreign service training program for those men who want to devote a portion of their time to such study. This training may be taken by individuals or by groups of men wherever they are in Friends' C.P.S. The material is of such a character that acquaintance with it should be valuable to the man expecting to serve on the home front after the war as well as to the camper desiring a foreign assignment.

A personnel program including personal counselling, project and service placement, and post-war occupa­tional counselling has been developed by Elmore Jack­son and members of the C.P.S. staff with the help of Dr. Robert Hoppock of New York University and Dr. David McClelland of Wesleyan University, now giving part time to A.F.S.C. in personnel work. Other Friends who are experienced in this fidd have agreed to help in the program. Elmore Jackson will spend a sub­stantial portion of his time on this program and will shortly start a tour of our camps to assist in its launch­ing. We fully realize that only a spiritual rebirth can breathe the breath of life into these well-thought-out and comprehensive programs.

Direction and Control of Program

How far Selective Service will respond to our desire for greater autonomy only time will prove, but it has on the whole shown a remarkable degree of tolerance and cooperation when we consider the fact that most of our concerns and aims are foreign to its experience, methods, and objectives; and also in view of admitted weaknesses in our administration in the past.

Administrative Machinery

Rightly or wrongly, it was our judgment that we should not undertake the simplification of the admin­istrative machinery and readjustment of the respective responsibilities of the National Service Board for Reli­gious Objectors and the religious administrative bodies until the matters directly related to Selective Service were cared for, at least in their initial phase. We now will undertake this problem. But we should note that this is a matter which is largely within the field of the Historic Peace Churches, and we can count on a spirit of Christian consideration of each other's interests and peculiar concerns in arriving at a decision.

-2-

Photographs-show major Special Service

Projects in which fifty per �ent of C. P.S.

men will be engaged in I944

Part Two \

.,

C.P.S. MEN SPEAK FOR THEMSELVESEdited by Robert S. Vogel and Norman J. Whitfrey*

On August 14th Paul J. Furnas, executive secretary of Friends' Civilian Public Service, wrote to all Friends' camps and units asking an expression of judgment from all groups and interested individuals on whether or not the American Friends Service Committee should con­tinue its responsibility for Civilian Public Service in 1944. Seventy-five communications, rangirig from one page to seven, were received in reply. They were care­fully analyzed and formed one of the chief bases for discussion of policy in the special Evaluation Commit­tee appointed to make recommendations to the Execu­tive Committee and the Board of Directors of the American Friends Service Committee.

In selecting the following excerpts from these com­munications, we have tried to be both impartial and representative. It seemed clear to all who examined the correspondence that the bulk of opinion from the men in Civilian Public Service favored the continuance of American Friends Service Committee administra­tion, though carefully prepared statements of con­siderations in favor of withdrawal were also sent in.

* * * * *

The Pacifist Witness

The majority of men urged that Friends' Civilian Public Service should continue to grow as an essentially pacifist undertaking, financed by pacifists and admin­istered by pacifists. Under those conditions they felt that the contribution of conscientious objectors could be more significant both at the present time and in the future.

"Administration and support of the Civilian Public Service camps is the one strictly pacifist witness that the Service Committee can make during wartime. So long as the war continues, the Committee is necessarily

'* Robert .S. Vogel is a C.P.S. man assigned to special service work with the National Service Board for Religious Objectors. Norman J. Whitney is executive secretary of the New York State Board for Civilian Public Service.

restricted to relief work in our own country and in the countries of our allies. Good though it obviously is, such relief work is not in the strictest sense a pacifist witness. In time of war the only strictly pacifist wit­ness possible is the refusal to partii:;ipate in war. And the support of those who make that refusal is the only strictly pacifist activity open to the Service Committee for the time being." ...

"As a point of witness, Civilian Public S�rvice be­longs to many people outside the camps as well as to the men themselves, a circumstance which mitigates the isolation of the philosophy as a thing peculiar to drafted men in camps and creates a subst,mtial unity which makes that philosophy more general and more under­standable in the eyes of the public." ...

"When the history of this particular era is written from the standpoint of pacifism twenty-five years later, the outstanding fact will be that a cooperative effort by government and religious agencies existed and carried on a program for those opposed to war."

On the other hand, some feel that Civilian Public Service has failed to make a clear witness for pacifism. Selective Service, they indicate, "has steadily narrowed the area of administrative freedom and imposed a puni­tive disciplinary system upon Civilian Public Service which has prevented the evolution of pacifist disciplinary techniques. But, even worse than that, the church agencies have become embroiled in a joint coercive and punitive relationship in which they are allied with Selective Service against individual objectors."

A Democratic Freehold

"If the American Friends Service Committee volun-. tarily gives over the direct administration of the Civilian

Public Service camps into government hands it will have capitulated unnecessarily to a totalitarian tide that it now is stemming with considerable success .... Al­though the Mancos (government-administered) camp seems now to be preserving many of the liberal fea­tures of the Friends' camps, it is largely because of the example of the Friends' camps that this is being clone."

-3-

"Admitting the final and authoritative power of Selec­tive Service over the camp system, Civilian Public Service continues to exist as some sort of democratic freehold, where internal affairs remain the proper con­cern of the men and the administrative agency, where self-discipline and self-government continue practicable and workable." ...

"Under the present set-up we still have freedom of community action and almost unlimited possibilities for rehgious expression. We believe these freedoms are entirely too important to be dismissed merely be­cause we are limited in other realms." ...

"It is true that there have been vexatious di­rectives, but we feel that these are inherent in any large-scale program of an involuntary nature, and more so in a nation at war. Moreover, many of these restrictions are directly traceable to our own mis­conception of adequate or­ganization and administra­tion and consequent fail­

Ministe?'ing to mentally ill.

ure to do what was expected of us." ... "Conscription is part of a situation which exists.

And it exists in spite of our unwillingness to accept it as well as because of our inadequacy in preventing the situation. But out of the situation we wish to shake all that we can of human values and gain what we may rather than chafe because the state does not allow us to feel that we can wholly dissociate ourselves from the present evil."

Some, however, were convinced that the events of the past two and a half years since the inception of Civilian Public Service give ample proof that it is impossible to create something good in a system ( the administration of conscription for a war-making gov­ernment) which inherently is so very bad.

"To become an instrument for administering con­scription endangers the Quaker testimony to the sacred­ness of the individual personality. By undertaking to represent a group without authorization voluntarily given by those who make up that group the Service Committee has repudiated a fundamental tenet of democracy. By acting in collaboration with the state to enforce a law of this nature the Friends have broken with the efficacious principle of church and state separa­tion. Finally, by assisting the state to disburden itself from its obligation to provide for the maintenance and health of those who are conscripted and their dependents the Friends have established an ominous pattern for tyranny in a totalitarian world. . . .

"The pacifist movement and individual pacifists are becoming impoverished fo support a system which offers the conscientious objector no commensurate opportunity for positive service. Time and energy of pacifist lead­ers is dissipated in mere administration of Civilian Public Service while a positive program to eliminate the necessity for conscientious objectors is being neg­lected."

A Proving Ground jor Pacifist Living

"Pacifists here have, willy-nilly, been living together, and learning how to be pacifistic in a gruelling, month­by-month endurance contest." ...

"No one is completely satisfied either with the growth of a pacifist movement or with the individual develop­ment which has taken place, and yet we do feel that progress has been made in both respects. Members of the camps have probably given more consideration to the basic pacifist theories-the creative power of love, reconciliation, non-violence-than they could possibly have given had they not entered the Civilian Public Service system. There has been a searching for a more mature religious philosophy, and the camps have offered the time and numerous resources to aid in the search." ...

"Friends' camps are the only place where this indi­vidual development, which must be more or less un­

directed, can take place and from which the consequent positive influence on society can emanate. While this process is going on material output is bound to be very low. B1,1t to whatever point this process develops, to that extent will it have its effect 011

society, far more valuable than all the manual work that Civilian Public Service men might be able to do." ...

"When any religious body takes upon itself the admin­istration of governmental af­fairs," wrote one, "it invali­dates its religious and moral sanction. When the issue re­gards war through coopera­tion with conscription, thereby forcing the individual in soci­ety to accept a position without alternative, this becomes espe­cially true. The world is to­day in crisis, and what is

"There is much that can be

desperately needed is sanction untainted by error. I firmly believe that in administering conscription the Friends ( although acting in all good faith) have con­tributed to a situation which involves well-nigh ir­reparable loss in validity of sanction." ...

said for the training one gets in working with forestry officials and with difficult as­signees .... The majority of men in camp have failed to live the type of life they claim to be superior. This is shown by the constant trouble with the government men. If we can't get along with them, how can we

-4-

expect to get along with the rest of the world?" . . . "Camp government, while naturally subject to the

defects of inexperience and the exaggerated expecta­tions of its accomplishment, has also been practically educative, although at some cost in the time and energy of a few. The government in this camp has more and more assumed a functional character-business being transacted in response to commonly felt needs . . .. Religious attitudes, too, have unquestionably broad­ened. Group discussions of the issues of religion and religious life are not infrequent, and the quiet example of those who find their religion best embodied in unostentatious practice has been a continued inspiration." ...

Perhaps in such work we can learn the sympathy, understanding, and humility requisite for true Chris­tian service."

To many, however, the Civilian Public Service record of service appears spotty with projects ranging from sheer boondoggling and made work to important social reconstruction. "The large majority of conscientious objectors are not engaged in socially strategic work nor in service of uniquely pacifist nature. The detached

service program has failed to reach a large number of men who have no specialized training nor college education." . . .

"We cannot accept Civilian Public• Service as. it now stands, with only a tiny portion of our men in projects other than forestry, mental hospitals, and dairy farms. Such projects, al­though of real value, do not sufficiently witness to the vital philosophy of pacifism." ...

"The Friends' camps have become a sort of catch-all for all manner of opinion and out­look. Men with widely vary­ing backgrounds and scales of value, men with all sorts of dif ­ferent moral prejudices or lack of prejudice, business men,

Food resecwch and public health service. "The freedom to give greater service is the only freedom we

can allow the American Friends Service Committee or any private agency to buy for us."

artists, laborers, teachers, and impractical dreamers, all rub elbows with each other in Friends ' camps. In­evitably this constant association of unlike minds leads to a wider understanding of humanity on the part of all. If peace is ever to become more than the golden dream it must come out of a wide and realistic under­standing of humanity."

On the other hand, the general conditions and the general attitude of the camp did not appear to some of the men as good either for social living or as a testi­mony of the pacifist philosophy. This unhealthy situ­ation was due, . they believed, to a combination of sev­eral factors : the non-homogeneous social background of the group; in many men an absence of self-discipline; the isolation of the camp from the community; and the lack of stronger leadership among a group of young and somewhat inexperienced men. "As individuals, C.P .S. men are all fine, but collectively they are dis­appointing. Collectively, they should, I believe, consti­tute themselves that elite group which many informed people on the outside believe conscientious objectors to be."

An Outlet to Serve

"The underlying purpose of Civilian Public Service has always been for more service in this country while training ( or as training) for a greater service abroad in war-torn areas. The underlying purpose of a govern­ment program would appear to be to put the conscien­tious objectors some place where they could not cause too much trouble and to forget them as far as possible for the duration. . . . The possibilities of positive domestic service are still great enough to warrant the American Friends Service Committee to continue the program; in fact, to make it a moral imperative for it to continue. Certainly such experiences and service should make us better relief workers after the war.

In Summary: Pro and Con

"Why should a religious body be in this program?" We found a dozen answers :

"To share fellowship with men who hold the same basic convictions regarding war.

To discover, interest, and train relief and reconstruc­tion workers for foreign countries, and leaders at home in the post-war peace.

To evince and develop among campers respect for individual personality.

To instruct individuals in developing a non-violent, pacifist way of life.

To deepen individual reli­gious convictions.

To create a democratic program where many varied elements can mix.

To develop in men re­sponsibility for self-govern­ment.

To go the 'second mile' by financing and administer­mg camps.

Dafryman and milk tester.

To assist young men, through counselling, in what is probably the first and

most important crisis of their lives. To bear testimony to the world and especially to our

own government and communities of the real meaning and import of the Christian message.

To develop a 'beloved community' of common-minded people- a community that would be a pattern for living in a post-war world.

-5-

To serve as custodian of the political concessions g-ained in the past and being gained in the present crisis."

The following reasons were given by those who thought Friends should discontinue their administration of Civilian Public Service:

"The Friends should not administer Civilian Public Service because they should have no part in the con­scription system. It is impossible for Civilian Public Service to be an effective pacifist witness when the men participating are doing so involuntarily.

The money that the American Friends Service Committee spends on Civilian Public Service should be better spent in foreign relief and other services.

The present Civilian Public Service projects are not significant enough to merit continued support by the Friends.

The Friends should not support a sys­tem which avoids the issues of pay for the men and allowances for dependents.

The Friends have not enough control of the administration of Civilian Public Service.' '

tion of the camps and units free from Selective Serv­ice interference. "It seems imperative for the integrity of the program that control of discipline and of trans­fers be given the administrative agencies . When Selec­tive Service can decide what constitutes an 'offense' and how it is to be punished we cannot maintain that we enjoy any great degree of autonomy in the program, especially when the government's vision of pacifism seems to be largely one of mere objection to military service rather than of dynamic social philosophy."

Third, more effective and stringent group discipline should in some way be effected. Many felt that "conscience tended all too often to become license, and that the American Friends Service Committee administrators as well as the individual camp governments were en­tirely too lax and tended to fear the in­dividual conscience of each man rather than to respect it.''

Conditions for Continuation

Out of these penetrating re-evaluations of Civilian Public Service emerged the

A C.P.S. parachute for est fire fighter.

Fourth, in education the Committee should offer Civilian Public Service men "maximum assistance from the central office in the development of the education program in each Civilian Public Servke unit. .. . It should begin by finding out the vocational interest of the men and by providing expert occupational counselling

suggestion that the Service Committee attempt to define a minimum set of conditions for the continued opera­tion of the program. "We wish to cooperate in active testimony to attitudes which can do away with the causes of war, and to do what we can in valid social service. We do not feel that the present program is sufficient for that, and are concerned that effective testimony and service not be thwarted by subservience to authoritarian methods. Therefore we urge that the American Friends Service Committee reaffirm its prin­ciples and insist that conditions in keeping with those principles be met, or else withdraw as administrator from the conscription program and concentrate its funds and efforts in other fields.''

Concrete recommendations were offered as to what these conditions should be.

First, the men urged the rapid opening of new and more im­portant avenues of service, both in camp projects and on detached service. Friends should turn their attention increasingly to projects offering community serv-

and advice. It could contact prospective employers, informing them of the men's qualifications and begin to educate industry as to the character of the men in Civilian Public Service.''

Fifth, the Committee should increase religious min­istry and counselling for Civilian Public Service men. "The men in camps have been placed on their own resources, and this has been a splendid act of freedom, but it leaves many men to seek spiritual assistance from outside sources without adequate help. Certainly part­time permanent personnel should be secured for such services.''

Si::rth, the American Friends Service Committee should "make every effort to secure pay for the men in

, the government camps and so .....-j give every selectee the oppor-

. A tunity of a free and meaningful choice on his acceptance of the 'second mile.' We feel that the results of such a step would be to the advantage of all the men, in both types of camp."

ice and filling a need that the Government has not met- such t . as the hookworm eradication work and community rehabilita­tion now under way in Florida

For medical 1·esearch-,-a C.P.S.

Seventh, there should be at least an . adequate government allowance for dependents of men in Civilian Public Serv­ice. The men do not think their dependent_s should have to suffer.

"guinea pig."

and Puerto Rico, respectively, and work in areas of delinquency and war dislocation.

Second, assurance is needed of significant control by the American Friends Service Committee in the opera-

Responsibility and Obligation In making these recommendations regarding the fu­

ture development of Civilian Public Service many of

-6-

the men acknowledged that a great amount of respon­sibility lay on their shoulders. "We know that Civilian Public Service has not achieved what it might, yet we are asking for the continuance of the opportunity to achieve greater goals than in the past. And in asking for that opportunity, we feel that we are particularly obligated to expend greater effort for the realization of those goals. It is with this in mind that we ask Friends to continue the administration of_ the camps."

Men repeatedly urged that, whatever decisions might be made, the factors 0f their own comfort and con-

vemence not be weighed against "weightier matters," and that the American Friends Service Committee seek above all to implement its underlying spiritual principles through the course adopted.

"Many men in Civilian Public Service look to the American Friends for leadership in expressing the con­viction that there are higher purposes than security or safety, and things worth more than prestige or reputa­tion. They expect from the American Friends Service Committee a genuine call to a higher goal and an un­flinching courage in adhering to it "

Part Three SUPPOR T FOR THE NEW PROGRAM

By PHILIP E. JACOB*

Carrying out the new program designed for C.P.S. depends upon the generous financial support of Friends and all others who respect integrity of conscience and believe that the spiritual forces emerging from humble acts of service can create enduring human fellowship.

Friends' C.P.S. in 1944 will cost $423,000 estimating that there will be 2,000 men in camps and special serv­ices under the administration of the A.F.S .. C.

Churches and individuals other than Friends are expected to contribute $200,000. The share of Meet­ings and individual Friends will be approximately the same as last year-$223,000.

The cost of operating the various public welfare projects and administering the new program of services to men in Friends' C.P.S . is as follows:

1. A "reception camp" for new assignees at Big Flats, N. Y. Total average enrollment of 125 men. $41,000

2. Two Forest Service camps for timber-stand im­provement, reforestation, and fire-fighting: and two soil conservation camps for the reclaiming of 15,000 acres of arid farm land and the dig­ging of a 14-mile drainage canal to salvage swamp land for farming. Average enrollment 705 men. $208,000

3. Four special service camps: a public health project in hookworm control and eradication: a fish and wildlife conservation project; a co­operative service in forest management with farmers and the Government; technical service

* Associate Secretary of Friends' Civilian Public Service.

in erosion control experiments for the Soil Con­servation Service. Average enrollment 136 men. $41,500

A Public Health Service and recreation program involving 35 men in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands is being financed separately.

4. General administration expenses.

5. Interpreting the C.P.S. program financial support.

$41,000

and procuring $25,500

6. Friends' share in the National Service Board administration expenses. $25,000

7. Educational and religious programs and general · supervisory services for the 1000 men who will be serving· in mental hospitals, in training schools for delinquent and feeble-minded youth, on dairy farms, and in medical research experiments as "human guinea pigs." $20,500

8. The educational and religious programs in the camps. $9,800

9. Personal counse!Eng and vocational guidance for men in Friends' C.P.S. $3,300

In addition to this provision, the resources of the A.F.S.C. Personnel Office and of trained C.P.S. assignees are being utilized in this service to each man in the program.

10. Medical and social services : supervision of the men's health, arrangements for medical reclassi­fication, counselling dependents in providing for their support. Additional funds are necessary for actual financial aid to those dependents who have no church or family support. $7,400

-7-

FRIENDS' CIVILIAN PUBLIC SERVICE

FIFTY-ONE PUBLIC WELFARE PROJECTS SERVICED BY 2,000 MEN* U. S. FOREST SERVICE Cooperstown, N. Y. . . . . . . . . . 35 Coleville, Calif. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Glendora, Calif . . . .. . .. .. ... 195

Total ..... . ........ . 435 SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE Coshocton, Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . SO Big Flats, N. Y. ·. . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Powellsville, Md. . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Total .. . .......... .. 375 MENTAL HOSPITALS Williamsburg, Va. . . . . . . . . . . SO Philadelphia, Pa. . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Medical Lake, Wash. . . . . . . . . 25 Middletown, Conn. . . . . . . . . . . 75 Warren, Pa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Concord, N. H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . SO Brattleboro, Vt. . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Total .. ....... . .. . .. 335 GENERAL HOSPITALS New York City, N . Y. . . . . . . 25 NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Gatlinburg, Tenn. . . . . . . . . . . . 170 GENERAL LAND OFFICE E lkton, Oregon ............. 160 FARM SECURITY ADMINISTRATION Trenton, N. D ......... .. . .. 145 AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS Ames, Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 * .As of Decembe1· 15, 1943.

A/o.{)S-o 1-44-2soo.

TRAINING SCHOOLS Cheltenham, Md. . .. ...... . . New Lisbon, N. J. ... . .. . .. . Stockley, Del. . .. .......... .

Total .............. .

PUBLIC HEAL TH SERVICE Orlando, Fla. . .. ........ . . . Zalduondo, P. R. . .. .. . ... . .

Total .... . ......... .

DAIRY FARMS Hartford County, Conn. . .. . . Montgomery Co., Md ....... . Orange Co. , N . J . ...... . .. . Delaware Co., N . Y. ... ... .. .

Total .. ... .... . . ... .

DAIRY TESTING Connecticut .......... . .. .. . Vermont ..... ... .. . ... .. . . Delaware . .. ... . ... ....... . New York . .. .. . . ... ...... . Georgia .......... ..... ... .

Total ... . .......... .

MISCELLANEOUS DETACHED SERVICE Chestnut Hill, Pa . .... . ..... . Harrisburg, Pa. . ... . .. . . .. . Baltimore, Md. . .... .... . .. . Columbus, Ohio .. .. . . ..... . Poston, Ariz. . ............ .

Total ...... ...... .. .

-8-

20 15 5

40

25 10 35

10 2 3 1

16

9 5 1 3 1

19

2 1 1 3 1 8

American Friends Service Committee 2 0 So. 12th St., Philadelphia, Pa.

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE Bowie, Md ....... .... ..... .

MEDICAL -RESEARCH EXPERIMENTS Goldwater Memorial Hospital,

New York City (Altitude and Diet) ........ ... . .. .

Harvard University, Psycho­Acoustic Lab., (High Alti-tude Sound Control) .... . .

Harvard Medical School at Mass. General Hospital (Malaria Plasma) .. ... . . .

Memorial Hospital, New York City (Cancer) .... ... .. .. .

University of Chicago Medical Clinic (Aviation Altitude) .

C.P.S. Unit, Philadelphia State Hospital (Yellow Jaundice)

C.P.S. Camp, Gatlinburg, Tenn. ( Atypical Pneumonia) .. .. .

Total ... ........ . .. .

ADMINISTRATIVE DETACHED SERVICE Philadelphia ..... ..... . . . . . N.S.B.R.O., Wash .... . .... . Syracuse, N. Y. .. ... .. . .. . . Chicago, Ill. . ....... . . .... . Wash~i:igton, D. C . ..... .. . . . Hawa11 ........ .... ....... .

Total ........... . .. .

20

13

8

6

1

1

10

30 69

10 8 1 1 1 2

23