classes & objects representin’ real-world things in code-space brian camodeca, mercyhurst...
TRANSCRIPT
What is a class?
Defines, conceptually, some real-world thing and how the computer can build such a thing; a blueprint.
Consists of state (stuff describing the thing) and behavior (stuff the thing does).
Building a class
Classes have built-in mechanisms for state and behavior
Instance variables represent state Methods represent behaviors Consider this…
Release the hounds
What if our application needs to work with dogs?
Built-in types like integers, strings, and arrays alone can’t really help us here.
But, maybe we can unify them in this new class thingie!
Consider things about a dog…
A Dog
Name Breed Fur Color Weight Temperament Hungry Tired
Bark Beg Eat Chase Tail Fetch Sleep
State Behavior
A Dog…in code
Name : String Breed : String Fur Color : String Weight : int Temperament : String Hungry : boolean Tired : boolean
Building a class
For example, Dog.java public class Dog {
String name, breed;
int weight;
public void bark() {
System.out.println(“Woof”);
}
}
Building a class
Creating a class creates a new type If we name our class “Dog”, we can now
create variables of type Dog Dog fido;
Creating an object
An object is a given instance of a class A class is the abstract idea, an object is
the concrete example Dog fido = new Dog();
“fido” is the object, an instance of the Dog class
Manipulating the object
We can change the state of the object by manipulating its instance variables directly (for now)
For example, Dog someDog = new Dog(); someDog.name =
“Fido”; someDog.weight = 35; System.out.println(someDog.name);
Using the object
We can invoke behaviors of the object by calling its methods by name
For example, someDog.bark(); Prints “Woof!” to the console
Manipulating the object II
Before, we changed the values directly. DON’T ALLOW THIS Set instance variables as “private” and
create public “getter” and “setter” methods
For example…
Manipulating the object II
public class Dog {
private String name, breed;
private int weight;
public void setName(String name) {this.name = name;
}
public String getName() {
return this.name;
}
}
Encapsulation
(Assuming variables are still public) Dog someDog = new Dog(); someDog.name =
“Fido”; someDog.weight = -7; No control over what values get assigned to the instance
variables. If only we had a way to make sure-
“Setters”
Write methods to set instance variables!
public void setWeight (int weight) {
if (weight > 0) {
// phew
this.weight = weight;
}
else {
// AHHHHH! PANIC!!!
// Throw exception
}
}
“Getters”
Uh-oh, only other members of the class can “see” private members. We need a liaison!
public int getWeight() {
return this.weight;
}
The power of instance variables
Make the class dynamic! Consider the correlation between a dog’s
size and the sound of its bark…
The power of instance variables
public void bark() {
if (this.weight > 50) {
System.out.println(“Woof!”);
}
else if (this.weight > 15) {
System.out.println(“Ruff!”);
}
else {
System.out.println(“Yip!”);
}
}
The constructor
Special function that is invoked upon object instantiation
Java convention: named the same as the class’ name, and is that class’ return type
For example…
The constructor
public Dog(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public Dog(String name, String breed) {
this.name = name;
this.breed = breed;
}
The toString() method
A method that returns a string representation of that object.
By default it’s not very helpful, but we can implement our own toString() method!
@Override