Classification

Notes

TAXONOMY Early Classification:

Over 2,000 yrs ago, Aristotle, a Greek philosopher and naturalist grouped animals and plants according to their structural similarities.

Later Greeks and Romans grouped plants and animals into basic categories such as oaks, dogs, and horses.

Genus – Latin word for group. Groups were given names that were in Latin.

EX: human = Homo sapien

** Homo is the genus

Taxonomy – the science of naming and classify organisms.

Simpler System Carl Linnaeus was a Swedish biologist

who developed a two-word name for each species. His naming system is called binomial nomenclature.

Linnaeus’s system has been universally adopted. Most of the species he described in 1753 still have the two-part names he gave them.

The two-part name that every organism has is its scientific name.

Examples Felis concolor – mountain lion Quercus phellos – willow oak Erithacus rubicula – robin

Genus– the group that the organism belongs to.

Species – most specific in the Linnaeus system of classification.

Writing the Scientific Name

The genus is always capitalized and the species is always lower-case.

The entire name is either written in italics or underlined.

Abbreviating the Scientific Name First letter of the genus name and the

whole species name

Example: Quercus rubra – Q. rubra (red oak)

*** By using this system, scientist all over the world can communicate regardless of their native language.

Classifying Organisms Each living thing is assigned to a series of

groups, beginning with domain (most inclusive) and ending with species (least inclusive).

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Did Korean People Come Over For Gangnam Style By Jacob Garza

Don’t Kill Pablo Cuz Overdose Fool’s Get Slapped By Nick Strauss feat: Jacob Garza (“what what”)

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EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY

Phylogeny – is an organism’s evolutionary history

Phylogenetic Tree – displays evolutionary relationships in a branching diagram

sponge

jellyfish

flatwormsmollusk

crab

starfish

Fish

The Six Kingdoms

THE SIX KINGDOMS

1. ANIMAL

2. PLANT

3. FUNGI

4. PROTIST

5. EUBACTERIA

6. ARCHAEBACTERIA

These kingdoms are grouped according to their cell type, complexity, and method for

obtaining nutrition. Cell Type:

Prokaryotic (ex: bacteria) Eukaryotic (ex: humans)

Cell Walls: Present Absent

Body Types: Unicellular Multicellular

Nutrition: Autotrophs – make their own food Heterotrophs – consume their food

3 DOMAINS

Domain Bacteria Kingdom – Eubacteria

Domain Archaea Kingdom – Archaebacteria

Domain Eukarya Kingdoms:

Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

DOMAIN BACTERIA

Kingdom: Eubacteria

Characteristics: Prokaryotes; small; unicellular Found in practically every environment on Earth Autotrophic or heterotrophic Have a cell wall (made of peptidoglycan) Has a single mRNA strand for transcription Most abundant organism on Earth Important as decomposers

*** Although some eubacteria cause diseases, such as strep throat and pneumonia, most bacteria are harmless and many are actually helpful.

DOMAIN ARCHAEA Kingdom: Archeabacteria Characteristic:

Prokaryotes Have a cell wall (not peptidoglycan but lipids) More closely related to

Eukaryotes than bacteria Some live in extreme

environments such as hot springs and salty lakes.

DOMAIN ARCHAEA 3 Basic kinds of Archaebacteria

Methanogens: Live in mud swamps Form methane gas Halophiles – live in extreme salt conditions

Extremophiles: Thermophiles – live in hot places

Nonextreme Archaebacteria: Grow in same environment as bacteria

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DOMAIN EUKARYA Characteristics:

Eukaryotes – cells are larger than prokaryotes Highly organized cell interior Multicellular Sexual reproduction

4 kingdoms have in Domain Eukarya: Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

DOMAIN EUKARYA Protista Characteristics:

Multicellular and unicellular Most are microscopic Some have cell walls Many are aquatic Some are autotrophs and some are heterotrophs Move about using flagella, cilia and pseudopods Important part of the ocean food chain Reproduce asexually but can reproduce sexually

under stress

PROTISTA

Cilia Amoeba- pseudopods

Flagella

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DOMAIN EUKARYA Fungi Characteristics:

Heterotrophic Eukaryotic Cell wall made of chitin Multicellular but one group is unicellular

Yeast cells are unicellular Do not move from place to place Lack chlorophyll therefore they are heterotrophs Obtain food by secreting digestive enzymes on

whatever they grow on Some live on dead organisms and some are parasites

FUNGI

FYI: about 100 people die each year from eating poisonous mushrooms

Other examples: Mold Mildew yeast

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DOMAIN EUKARYA Plant Characteristics:

All mutlicellular Almost all are autotrophs Have specialized cells Cell walls are composed of cellulose Cannot move Spore and seeds allow the dispersal (spread) of

plants They are the “Nutritional Foundation” in an

ecosystem Used as food, Medicine, dye, cloths, paper, etc

PLANTS

Ferns

Flowers Trees

Characteristics of Plants

Primary producers in most ecosystems and provide the nutritional basis in terrestrial ecosystems

Release oxygen to atmosphere

Do you remember the equation for Photosynthesis? Write it below.

6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2

4 Basic Kinds of Plants:

1. Nonvascular Plants-Usually small and lack tissue to transport water and nutrients. They lack roots stems and leaves. Example: mosses.

2. Seedless Vascular Plants-Have roots stems and leaves; reproduce with spores instead of seeds. Examples: Ferns

3. Nonflowering Seed Plants (Gymnosperms)-vascular plants that reproduce using seeds but do not produce flowers-they produce seeds in a CONE.

Example: Pines and Spruces.

Usually have needle like leaves and live in cold dry (arid) environments.

Leaves falling to the ground make the soil very acidic and many plants cannot survive so there is not a lot of diversity.

What does acidic mean? What does diversity mean?

4. Flowering Seed Plants (Angiosperms)-

Plants that produce flowers. Seeds are produced in a fruit. Examples: roses, grasses and oaks.

2 groups of Angiosperms:Monocots-

one cotyledons(seed leaf) flower parts in 3’s leaves with parallel veins vascular tissue is scattered fibrous root systems. Examples: Grains (such as wheat, corn,

rice and grasses)

2. Dicots

two cotyledons(seed leaf) flower parts in 2’s,4’s or 5’s leaves with branching veins vascular tissue is in circular bunches tap root Examples: Daisies, roses, apples, peaches,

potatoes, tomatoes

A Flower contains the reproductive organs of the plant.

Parts of a Flower and Their Functions Sterile parts: (not used in

reproduction)

Petals-usually colorful to attract pollinators

Sepals- often green and cover the bud of a flower and protects it as it develops.

Female parts:

Pistil- includes all female parts; located at the center of the flower

Stigma- sticky part on which pollen lands

Style-connects the stigma to the ovary

Ovary-contains ovules & develops into a fruit

Ovule- structure in which an egg develops and eventually become seeds

Male parts:

Stamen-includes all male parts Anther-

produces pollen Filaments-

supports the anther

Major Parts of A Plant

Major Structures of VASCULAR PLANTS include:

ROOTS, STEMS AND LEAVES.

Roots

Take in nutrients from the ground Anchor plants into the ground Tap root- one central root with tiny

roots branching off Fibrous roots-highly branched made

up of many roots that are the same size Fibrous root Tap Root

Stems Made up of several

types of tissue Supports the leaves

and houses vascular tissue

Phloem-tissue that transports nutrients

Xylem- tissue that transports water

Leaves

Site of food production –photosynthesis Parts of leaf: Cuticle- waxy covering on the leaf that

prevents water loss Stomata- pores on the leaf that prevent

water loss (p503, 561) Guard cells- border each stoma. Stomata open and close as the guard cells

change shape.

Guard cells

Stomata

Stomata Opened

Stomata Closed

Epidermis-outer layer of tissue Mesophyll- packed with chloroplasts; where

photosynthesis occurs

2 Layers of mesophyll: 1.Palisade layer-columnar cells that are right

below the upper epidermis 2. Spongy layer-loosely packed spherical cells

between palisade and lower epidermis

Upper epidermis

Palisade

Vasculartissue

Spongy mesophyll

Lowerepidermis

Guard cells Stomata

Transpiration- loss of water from a plant (THROUGH THE STOMATA)

cotyledon 3’s parallelScattered vascular tissue

Fibrous roots

Tap root

Vascular tissue in bundles

netlike2’s, 4’s or 5’s

cotyledon

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DOMAIN EUKARYA Animal Characteristics:

All are heterotrophs Multicellular Cells are mostly diploid Lack a cell wall Zygotes develop in several stages Have specialized tissues Able to move Most reproduce sexually Most animals are invertebrate and lack a

backbone Animals that have a backbone are vertebrates

ANIMALS

Mammal Arthropod

Snake

Fish