Classification
Notes
TAXONOMY Early Classification:
Over 2,000 yrs ago, Aristotle, a Greek philosopher and naturalist grouped animals and plants according to their structural similarities.
Later Greeks and Romans grouped plants and animals into basic categories such as oaks, dogs, and horses.
Genus – Latin word for group. Groups were given names that were in Latin.
EX: human = Homo sapien
** Homo is the genus
Taxonomy – the science of naming and classify organisms.
Simpler System Carl Linnaeus was a Swedish biologist
who developed a two-word name for each species. His naming system is called binomial nomenclature.
Linnaeus’s system has been universally adopted. Most of the species he described in 1753 still have the two-part names he gave them.
The two-part name that every organism has is its scientific name.
Examples Felis concolor – mountain lion Quercus phellos – willow oak Erithacus rubicula – robin
Genus– the group that the organism belongs to.
Species – most specific in the Linnaeus system of classification.
Writing the Scientific Name
The genus is always capitalized and the species is always lower-case.
The entire name is either written in italics or underlined.
Abbreviating the Scientific Name First letter of the genus name and the
whole species name
Example: Quercus rubra – Q. rubra (red oak)
*** By using this system, scientist all over the world can communicate regardless of their native language.
Classifying Organisms Each living thing is assigned to a series of
groups, beginning with domain (most inclusive) and ending with species (least inclusive).
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Did Korean People Come Over For Gangnam Style By Jacob Garza
Don’t Kill Pablo Cuz Overdose Fool’s Get Slapped By Nick Strauss feat: Jacob Garza (“what what”)
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EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
Phylogeny – is an organism’s evolutionary history
Phylogenetic Tree – displays evolutionary relationships in a branching diagram
sponge
jellyfish
flatwormsmollusk
crab
starfish
Fish
The Six Kingdoms
THE SIX KINGDOMS
1. ANIMAL
2. PLANT
3. FUNGI
4. PROTIST
5. EUBACTERIA
6. ARCHAEBACTERIA
These kingdoms are grouped according to their cell type, complexity, and method for
obtaining nutrition. Cell Type:
Prokaryotic (ex: bacteria) Eukaryotic (ex: humans)
Cell Walls: Present Absent
Body Types: Unicellular Multicellular
Nutrition: Autotrophs – make their own food Heterotrophs – consume their food
3 DOMAINS
Domain Bacteria Kingdom – Eubacteria
Domain Archaea Kingdom – Archaebacteria
Domain Eukarya Kingdoms:
Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
DOMAIN BACTERIA
Kingdom: Eubacteria
Characteristics: Prokaryotes; small; unicellular Found in practically every environment on Earth Autotrophic or heterotrophic Have a cell wall (made of peptidoglycan) Has a single mRNA strand for transcription Most abundant organism on Earth Important as decomposers
*** Although some eubacteria cause diseases, such as strep throat and pneumonia, most bacteria are harmless and many are actually helpful.
DOMAIN ARCHAEA Kingdom: Archeabacteria Characteristic:
Prokaryotes Have a cell wall (not peptidoglycan but lipids) More closely related to
Eukaryotes than bacteria Some live in extreme
environments such as hot springs and salty lakes.
DOMAIN ARCHAEA 3 Basic kinds of Archaebacteria
Methanogens: Live in mud swamps Form methane gas Halophiles – live in extreme salt conditions
Extremophiles: Thermophiles – live in hot places
Nonextreme Archaebacteria: Grow in same environment as bacteria
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DOMAIN EUKARYA Characteristics:
Eukaryotes – cells are larger than prokaryotes Highly organized cell interior Multicellular Sexual reproduction
4 kingdoms have in Domain Eukarya: Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
DOMAIN EUKARYA Protista Characteristics:
Multicellular and unicellular Most are microscopic Some have cell walls Many are aquatic Some are autotrophs and some are heterotrophs Move about using flagella, cilia and pseudopods Important part of the ocean food chain Reproduce asexually but can reproduce sexually
under stress
PROTISTA
Cilia Amoeba- pseudopods
Flagella
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DOMAIN EUKARYA Fungi Characteristics:
Heterotrophic Eukaryotic Cell wall made of chitin Multicellular but one group is unicellular
Yeast cells are unicellular Do not move from place to place Lack chlorophyll therefore they are heterotrophs Obtain food by secreting digestive enzymes on
whatever they grow on Some live on dead organisms and some are parasites
FUNGI
FYI: about 100 people die each year from eating poisonous mushrooms
Other examples: Mold Mildew yeast
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DOMAIN EUKARYA Plant Characteristics:
All mutlicellular Almost all are autotrophs Have specialized cells Cell walls are composed of cellulose Cannot move Spore and seeds allow the dispersal (spread) of
plants They are the “Nutritional Foundation” in an
ecosystem Used as food, Medicine, dye, cloths, paper, etc
PLANTS
Ferns
Flowers Trees
Characteristics of Plants
Primary producers in most ecosystems and provide the nutritional basis in terrestrial ecosystems
Release oxygen to atmosphere
Do you remember the equation for Photosynthesis? Write it below.
6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2
4 Basic Kinds of Plants:
1. Nonvascular Plants-Usually small and lack tissue to transport water and nutrients. They lack roots stems and leaves. Example: mosses.
2. Seedless Vascular Plants-Have roots stems and leaves; reproduce with spores instead of seeds. Examples: Ferns
3. Nonflowering Seed Plants (Gymnosperms)-vascular plants that reproduce using seeds but do not produce flowers-they produce seeds in a CONE.
Example: Pines and Spruces.
Usually have needle like leaves and live in cold dry (arid) environments.
Leaves falling to the ground make the soil very acidic and many plants cannot survive so there is not a lot of diversity.
What does acidic mean? What does diversity mean?
4. Flowering Seed Plants (Angiosperms)-
Plants that produce flowers. Seeds are produced in a fruit. Examples: roses, grasses and oaks.
2 groups of Angiosperms:Monocots-
one cotyledons(seed leaf) flower parts in 3’s leaves with parallel veins vascular tissue is scattered fibrous root systems. Examples: Grains (such as wheat, corn,
rice and grasses)
2. Dicots
two cotyledons(seed leaf) flower parts in 2’s,4’s or 5’s leaves with branching veins vascular tissue is in circular bunches tap root Examples: Daisies, roses, apples, peaches,
potatoes, tomatoes
A Flower contains the reproductive organs of the plant.
Parts of a Flower and Their Functions Sterile parts: (not used in
reproduction)
Petals-usually colorful to attract pollinators
Sepals- often green and cover the bud of a flower and protects it as it develops.
Female parts:
Pistil- includes all female parts; located at the center of the flower
Stigma- sticky part on which pollen lands
Style-connects the stigma to the ovary
Ovary-contains ovules & develops into a fruit
Ovule- structure in which an egg develops and eventually become seeds
Male parts:
Stamen-includes all male parts Anther-
produces pollen Filaments-
supports the anther
Major Parts of A Plant
Major Structures of VASCULAR PLANTS include:
ROOTS, STEMS AND LEAVES.
Roots
Take in nutrients from the ground Anchor plants into the ground Tap root- one central root with tiny
roots branching off Fibrous roots-highly branched made
up of many roots that are the same size Fibrous root Tap Root
Stems Made up of several
types of tissue Supports the leaves
and houses vascular tissue
Phloem-tissue that transports nutrients
Xylem- tissue that transports water
Leaves
Site of food production –photosynthesis Parts of leaf: Cuticle- waxy covering on the leaf that
prevents water loss Stomata- pores on the leaf that prevent
water loss (p503, 561) Guard cells- border each stoma. Stomata open and close as the guard cells
change shape.
Guard cells
Stomata
Stomata Opened
Stomata Closed
Epidermis-outer layer of tissue Mesophyll- packed with chloroplasts; where
photosynthesis occurs
2 Layers of mesophyll: 1.Palisade layer-columnar cells that are right
below the upper epidermis 2. Spongy layer-loosely packed spherical cells
between palisade and lower epidermis
Upper epidermis
Palisade
Vasculartissue
Spongy mesophyll
Lowerepidermis
Guard cells Stomata
Transpiration- loss of water from a plant (THROUGH THE STOMATA)
cotyledon 3’s parallelScattered vascular tissue
Fibrous roots
Tap root
Vascular tissue in bundles
netlike2’s, 4’s or 5’s
cotyledon
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DOMAIN EUKARYA Animal Characteristics:
All are heterotrophs Multicellular Cells are mostly diploid Lack a cell wall Zygotes develop in several stages Have specialized tissues Able to move Most reproduce sexually Most animals are invertebrate and lack a
backbone Animals that have a backbone are vertebrates
ANIMALS
Mammal Arthropod
Snake
Fish