Client’s Perception of Change As a Result of a Coaching

Relationship

Paul E. Dunn, M.S.

www.DunnCoaching.comThe Business of Personal Development and Achievement

Coaching

Coaching is a rapidly emerging field. A coach is a professional who specializes in

helping people to develop and work toward meaningful goals. The central function of a coaching relationship is to facilitate positive change and stimulate personal growth (Hudson, 1999).

Background

Since 1985, there have been numerous articles published on the subject of coaching, coaching models, and the effects that coaching has on clients.

However, there appears to be a lack of published research demonstrating these effects.

Outcomes

There are a few published outcome studies, most were done using mid-level managers as coaches (Deeprose, 1995; Maxell 1995; Shula & Blanchard, 1995; Graham, Wedman, and Garvin-Kester 1993).

Outcomes

Peterson (1996) cited two empirical studies that his company did that demonstrated support for sustained, long-term changes made by executives who received coaching by his firm. However, both studies were not published.

Outcomes

Hall, Otazo, & Hollenbeck (1999) described the results of a qualitative research study in which they interviewed seventy-five executives, who were receiving coaching, and demonstrated that the executives claimed to have gained new skills and knowledge from their coaching experience.

Rationale for This Study

To date, there are a few published outcome studies available, demonstrating the effectiveness of the coaching process.

With the growing popularity of coaching and the numerous models being used today, as well as the dearth of empirical data supporting the efficacy of coaching, this study was designed to fill the gap in our knowledge of the field.

Hypothesis

Clients who have been coached for at least six months will perceive a meaningful change in the way that they view their problem solving abilities, sense of self-efficacy, and satisfaction with life.

Study Design

This mixed quantitative/qualitative field study examined the effectiveness of the coaching process at causing clients to perceive a meaningful change in the way that they viewed their problem solving abilities, sense of self-efficacy, and satisfaction with life as a result of being coached for at least six months.

Methodology Questionnaire & Survey Instrument

14-item questionnaire Demographic information Specific coaching experiences

Three modified Likert scale surveys were developed from…

Problem solving instrument - Heppner, 1982 Self-efficacy survey - Sherer, 1982 Satisfaction with life scale - Diener, 1985

Problem Solving Twelve survey items were used to investigate perceived changes in the

subject’s ability to perform the tasks involved in the problem solving process as a result of their coaching experience.

Over-all problem solving abilities. Collecting important information. Objectively examining feelings for additional insight. Turning vague ideas into specific terms. Generating creative solutions. Uncovering mistakes in a particular strategy. Remaining persistent and focused until goal attainment.

Self-efficacy Thirteen survey items were used to investigate perceived changes in

the subjects’ sense of self-efficacy as a result of their coaching experience.

Level of self-confidence with over-all abilities to accomplish tasks.

Level of confidence in one’s ability to turn plans and ideas into reality.

Sense of self-reliance. Belief in one’s ability to handling unexpected problems. Comfort level with self when one’s first efforts fail. Courage to learn new things that look difficult. Anxiety level when meeting new people. Willingness to pursue others rather than to wait.

Satisfaction With Life

Five survey items were used to investigate perceived changes in the subjects’ satisfaction with life as a result of their coaching experience.

Overall satisfaction with life. Sense of happiness in general. Whether or not other people in their life had reported to them

that they seem happier. Sense of whether their life had moved closer to their ideal life. Belief as to whether the conditions in their life had improved.

Survey Directions

Please evaluate yourself on the following 30 items according to how youhave changed since receiving coaching.

Please read each statement and indicate the extent to which you agreeor disagree with the statement “since receiving coaching” by circling thenumber underneath the statement using the following options:

1 = Strongly agree2 = Agree3 = Slightly Agree4 = Neither agree nor disagree5 = Slightly disagree6 = Disagree7 = Strongly disagree

Inclusion Criteria

Subjects needed to be working with a master certified coach recognized by the international coach federation for at least the last six months.

At least 18 years of age.

Recruitment The international coach federation endorsed this

research project and helped with the recruitment process by sending out an e-mail invitation to all master certified coaches.

38 master certified coaches. 247 surveys sent out. 86 surveys returned. 80 surveys included.

Demographic and Qualitative Questionnaire Results

Demographic Characteristics________________________________________________________________________ Table 1 Gender of participants (N=80) ________________________________________________________________________ Gender # of participants by gender % of participants by gender ________________________________________________________________________ Female 55 69% Male 25 31%

Average Age 46 years old

Education Level

_______________________________________________________________________

Table 3Survey Participant Educational Level

Highest Degree Earned # of participants % of participants

High School degree (4) 5%Associate degree (1) 1%Bachelor degree (30) 38%Master degree (34) 42%Doctoral degree (11) 14%________________________________________________________________________

Occupation

________________________________________________________________________

Table 4Participants by Occupation________________________________________________________________________

Attorney (2) Chiropractor (1)Corporate Executive (8) Financial Consultant (3)Corporate Manager (4) Engineer (1)Human Resource Manager (4) Consultant (4)Registered Nurse (3) Government Lobbyist (1)HealthCare Administrator (5) Project Manager (1)Entrepreneur (6) Professional Coach (19)*College Professor (1) Sales Representative (8)Psychologist (1) Statistician (1)Seminar Leader (2) Graduate Student (1)Writer (2) Community Development

Professional (1)Information TechnologySpecialist (2)

_______________________________________________________________________* Most of the 19 participants that were professional coaches were transitioning from another profession.

Three Common Reasons for Hiring a Coach.

1. Become more effective at setting and reaching career goals.

2. Create and experience a more fulfilling life.

3. Personal growth.

1. Become More Effective at Setting and Reaching Career Goals.

Participant Quotes

“I started my own business and wanted to make sure I had someone to talkthings over with and guide me towards success.”“Just became a CEO and wanted help clarifying and accomplishing goals.”“I was working in a high profile job and needed someone to confide in.”“Increase my revenue.”“I needed to develop a more structured approach to obtaining andmaintaining business.”“Career planning due to work dissatisfaction.”“I pursued it because of the lack of supervision/mentoring with my job.”“Was having a difficult time with my boss. We had a personality conflict.”“To improve areas which seemed to be holding me back from becoming apartner.”“I needed encouragement and focus in my job. I needed to decide whetheror not to stay in my current position.”“Address management development needs identified in a 360 degreeassessment.”

2. Create and Experience a More Fulfilling Life.

________________________________________________________________________Participant Quotes

________________________________________________________________________“Life/work balance after receiving a promotion.”“To help me achieve important personal goals and break bad habits.”“I felt like my life was out of control, and I couldn’t regain control bymyself.”“To get out of a rut and make life changing decisions and set importantgoals.”“Was very successful, but unhappy.”“I have ADD and wanted help organizing my life.”“To increase my efficiency and effectiveness of my time managementabilities as well as reduce my stress level.”“Wanted someone to be holding me accountable for mypersonal/professional goals.

3. Personal Growth.

Participant Quotes

“To resolve a decision making conflict.”“Self-doubt, with no one to express and explore with.”“To help me increase my self-confidence and personal performance.”“I was having trouble understanding myself and wanted to figure myself out.I wanted someone to guide me through a process of self discovery.”“To clarify my life’s purpose and align my actions with this purpose.”“I wanted another point of view.”“A difficult job transition. Very complicated personal and professionalissues. And for personal growth.”“Needed advice from an unbiased source.”“Reflective thinking opportunities.”“Didn’t want just a therapist and not able to really use a friend.”“I was stuck and the traditional tools I had used to motivate myself were notworking.”“Needed a private situation within which to grow my company and myself.”“I was frustrated with the way my life was going.”

Four Common Experiences Gained From Being Coached*

1. An increased ability to handle problems that occur both in and out of work.

2. A deeper sense of self-awareness and an increased sense of self-efficacy.

3. A positive relationship that encouraged personal growth.

4. Greater satisfaction with life.

1. An Increased Ability to Handle Problems That Occur Both in and Out of Work.

Participant Quotes

“The ability to step back and look objectively and safely at keyissues, both business and personal.”“She helped me deal with a difficult employee who wasdetrimental to the company. She also helped me get unstuck andre-motivated. She helped with my personal life too.”“It has totally changed my outlook and approach to dealing withpeople and managing difficult situations.”“Developed my plan to become self-employed.”“Positive focus and insights both in business and with my personallife.”“Tools to apply to my personal and professional life such asexerting more control over my reaction to situations, focusing myenergy and attention on things over which I have more control.”“I find myself more tolerant of others.”“Greater understanding of my boundaries.”“I have developed an approach to obtaining new business that hasallowed for steady growth of my business.”

2. A Deeper Sense of Self-awareness and an Increased Sense of Self-efficacy.

Participant Quotes

“Greater love and appreciation for who I am and what I have tooffer.”“Increased feelings of confidence in myself.”“Increased courage to deal with difficult managerial issues.”“Greater confidence and a clearer picture of my values and goals.”“Better understanding of myself and my needs, and greaterwillingness to stand up for myself and my needs.”“Greater confidence and motivation to tackle my issues andachieve my goals.”“A deeper sense of myself.”“Better understanding of myself.”“Increased confidence in my ability to choose how to live my life.”

3. A Positive Relationship That Encouraged Personal Growth.

Participant Quotes

“A profoundly safe space in which to grow.”“A fresh, unbiased perspective of my problems and personal issues. Shealways sees and hears things that I do not.”“Help, understand situations / interactions from a point of view not myown.”“He keeps me aware of where I am, where I’ve been, and where I’m going.”“Confirmation.”“A place to go with my feelings that’s safe and at the same timechallenging.” The ability to talk about work/career issues and choices in anenvironment that supports me as a whole person and guides me towards amore balanced life.”“We focus on the issues in my life and business that really matter to me. Itmay have saved my marriage. It certainly has made me a better husband andfather, as well as being more successful in my business.”“Sustained growth, feeling supported.”

4. Greater Satisfaction With Life.

Participant Quotes

“It has changed the way I view the world. Moreover, my life hasbecome very rewarding and satisfying. Therefore, the greatestthing that I have received from coaching is Peace.”“Increased balance in my life.”“I am happier.”“I have a better understanding of people and this helps me in everyaspect of my life.”“I have a more balanced life. My finances and relationships arebetter.”“Made me a better person, employer, etc.” Keeps me balanced andfeeling good.”“My life is my own now that I understand who I am and how Iwant to live. Freedom from stress.”

Survey Results

Problem Solving Survey

Mean = 25.5, SD = 6.5 (range 12-84)

Surveyed sample reported that their problem solving abilities improved as a result of their coaching experience.

Self-efficacy

Mean = 27.1, SD = 8.3 (range 13-91)

Surveyed sample reported that their sense of self-efficacy increased as a result of their coaching experience.

Satisfaction With Life

Mean = 10.4, SD = 4.1 (range 5-35)

Surveyed sample reported that their satisfaction with life increased as a result of their coaching experience.

Seven Common Beliefs*

1. My over-all problem solving abilities have improved since receivingcoaching.

2. I am more capable of dealing with most problems since receivingcoaching.

3. I have experienced a significant increase in my level of confidence withhandling problems since receiving coaching.

4. I am happier in general with my over-all decisions since receivingcoaching.

5. My life has moved closer to my ideal life, since receiving coaching.

6. The conditions of my life have significantly improved since receivingcoaching.

7. I am more satisfied with my life since receiving coaching.

Subgroup Analysis

19 participants (24%) were either studying to become or have already transitioned to working as coaches.

A t-test compared the results of the non-coach-subjects’ responses with the coach-subjects’ responses to see if there were any differences in the way each group reported the effects of being coached.

Subgroup AnalysisDid Coach-subjects Report a Different Experience Than Non-coach-subjects?

Problem solving ability– P(T <= t) two tail = 0.34 (non-significant)

Self-efficacy– P(T <= t) two tail = 0.78 (non-significant)

Satisfaction with life– P(T <= t) two tail = 0.66 (non-significant)

Discussion

Evidence that the hypothesis was true. Open ended responses to question about the greatest

take away experience from being coached. Mean score of “agree” on all three factors.

Four Main Study Limitations

1. Small population. 2. Possible sampling bias. 3. Lack of a single, consistent, rigidly

adhered to coaching model. 4. Lack of parametric statistics

demonstrating statistical significance.

Despite Limitations

Results can serve three important purposes: 1. To assess the likely usefulness of more rigorous

evaluations of the effects of coaching. 2. To search for more promising variables related to

the success of a professional coaching experience. 3. To prepare both coaching-clients as well as

coaches for more evaluations in the future.

Future Direction of Research

Larger field efficacy studies where pre and post assessments are measured and compared to determine significant changes.

Study that distinguished which elements of each factor changed the most.

Future Direction of Research

Studies examining length of time to gain greatest return.

Compare and contrast training and credentialing that coaches undergo and its effects on the quality of service offered.

Thank You.

Any questions?

Paul E. Dunn, M.S.

www.DunnCoaching.comThe Business of Personal Development and Achievement

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