climate change, energy system, co2 emissions, ccs and ccu3. ccs 1500+ meter deep post-combustion...

Climate change, energy system, CO2 emissions, CCS and CCU

Marco Mazzotti

ETH Zurich

February 17th, 2020

Marco Mazzotti - ETH Zurich - 17.02.2020

1. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions


40 billion tons CO2 per year

50 million tons CO2 per year

6 tons CO2 per year per person

(9 t in EU28; 16 t in USA)

Swiss energy mix (power): 130 g CO2/kWh; EU28: 400 g CO2/kWh

6 tons CO2 per year per person

1. CO2 emissions per year per person

Marco Mazzotti - ETH Zurich - 17.02.2020120 m2; 300 m3

6 tons CO2 per year = 3000 m3 per year per person

3000 m3

CO2

700 kg waste per year per person= 3 m3 per year (4 persons)

… 10 days

… 100 years

3 m3

To fill the house one needs…

1. CO2 emissions: where from?


https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg3/introductory-chapter/Fig. 1.3

buildings

industry

transport

agriculture

power and heat

1. Direct and indirect emissions


CO2

Gasolinedistribution

Power plant and electricity grid

Oil productionand refining

CO2

1. Primary energy sources


solar

wind

nuclear

coal, oil & gas

biomass

hydropower

fuels (liquid & gas)

power andheat

Intermittentrenewablesneed storageof heat andpower

1. Primary energy sources (2008 data)


https://www.ipcc.ch/report/renewable-energy-sources-and-climate-change-mitigation/renewable-energy-and-climate-change/Fig. 01.10

Renewable energy sources may be not carbon-neutral.To assess the carbon-footprint of power generation a LCA is needed

1. The complexity of the energy system


https://www.ipcc.ch/report/renewable-energy-sources-and-climate-change-mitigation/renewable-energy-and-climate-change/Fig. 01.22

To determine thecarbon footprint ofthe energy system

requires a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

1. Carbon footprint of power generation


https://www.ipcc.ch/report/renewable-energy-sources-and-climate-change-mitigation/summary-for-policymakers/Fig. SPM.08

Renewableenergy sources

are notcarbon-neutral.

CCS ?!?LC

Aca

rbo

nfo

otp

rin

t[g

CO

2eq

/kW

h]

Renewable energy sources Coal, oil & gas, and nuclear

1. Automobile: ICE or BEV?


180,000 km total

http://www.sccer-hae.ch/wpp2x.php Fig. 6.1

It depends…

http://www.sccer-hae.ch/wpp2x.php

The global carbon cycle


IPCC, 2013: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis

Atmosphere: 800 Gt

Hydrosphere: 40,000 Gt Lithosphere: 65,000,000 Gt

Biosphere: 2,500 GtAnthroposphere: 2-3 Gt

Natural fluxes: 100 Gt/aAnthropogenic GHG: 10 Gt/a

CCS

2. A limited carbon-budget

IPCC WG1 AR5 SPM

IPCC, 2013: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis

The Paris Agreement commits to hold global warming to below 2°C, possibly below

1.5°C (Dec. 2015)


http://www.ipcc.ch/report/sr15/

2. Net-zero-CO2 emissions world and NETs


Energy systems:• more complex;• decentralized;• prosumers;• mgmt of provision

and demand;• multi-energy grids.

Net-zero-CO2

emissions solutions, in all sectors and for

everybody

Decarbonization of:• Power generation;• Mobility;• Households;• Industry (– 75-90%);• Agriculture;• Lifestyle.

Negative emissions (100-1000 GtCO2):• Bio-Energy w/ CCS;• Direct Air Capture

(DAC) w/ CCS;• ( CCS = Carbon

Capture & Storage. )

© Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute Ltd 2016

Europe plans to have a CO2 storage hub in the North Sea from 2023 (Northern Lights)

3. CCS (Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage)


3. CCS

•120 MW net coal-fired power plant

•PCC of 1 Mt CO2/y, with Cansolvamine scrubbing

•Storage in aquifer or for EOR

•Operational since October 2014© Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute Ltd 2016

Post-Combustion Capture

1500+ meter deep


3. CCS

1500+ meter deep

•120 MW net coal-fired power plant

•PCC of 1 Mt CO2/y, with Cansolvamine scrubbing

•Storage in aquifer or for EOR

•Operational since October 2014

Direct Air Capture

•DAC of 1.5 kt CO2/y in Hinwil, ZH

•Vacuum-Temperature Swing Adsorption

•Regeneration w/ or w/o steam at 100°C

•CO2 fed to greenhouse nearby

•Operational since May 2017

1 €10 €



3. CCS at the Sleipner gas-field, Norway

The world’s first and longest lasting commercial storage project(since 1996, 20+ Mt CO2 stored).



Natural gas with ~9% CO2

CO2 injection in the Utsira formation

~ 2500 m

~ 1000 mCO2 separation from gas

~ 3000 m

Gas

CO2

Source: StatoilHydro



4D-Seismic, powerful monitoring technique, shows that CO2 migration follows design specs.

Top: vertical slices through seismic volumes

Bottom: horizontal slices through seismic data at the indicated horizon in time

Source: Boait et al. 2012. J Geophys Res 117. B03309.


10 m3

3. Geological storage of CO2


6 ton CO2 per person: from 3000 m3 to 10 m3 per year 3000 m3

120 m2; 300 m3

To fill the space at home: from 10 days to 10 years

3. CCS

1500+ meter deep


IS UNDEGROUND STORAGE OF CO2 SAFE?

1.Climate protection: ‘Putting CO2 in deep geological

formations is a lot safer and better than putting the same

CO2 into the atmosphere.’

2.Physical basis: ‘CO2 is trapped in microscopic rock pores

by the same process that has trapped natural gas for

millions of years.’

3.Operational experience: ‘We know from 20+ years of

operations at Sleipner and elsewhere that CCS works.’

4.Geophysical monitoring: ‘We can see where the CO2 is

(with some uncertainty) and show it is safely stored in

the intended reservoir unit.’

5.Regulatory compliance: ‘We can demonstrate regulatory

conformance with the Norwegian and EU CO2 storage

directives.’


2. CO2conversion

C-rich product

3. Product utilization

C-rich waste

1. CO2capture

CO24. Disposal

of CO2

4. The CCU system

2.2. H2synthesis

H22.3. CO2 +

H2 reaction2.1. RES

harvestingpower

CCU CYCLES• Energy cycle• Carbon cycle• Material cycles

WG VIEW: SOCIETAL SERVICES• power generation and distribution;• fuels (and power) for transport;• long-term long-range RES storage;• industrial products and materials.


4. C-neutral Methanol

CCS-DAC Bio

CCU-DACBAU

2500 m2/(t/y)

70 m2/(t/y)

today net-zero-CO2

0

2

4

6

8

10

BAUCCS-DAC

CCU-DACBio

Energy requirements (C-free) [MWh / tMeOH]

Power Heat

Gabrielli, Gazzaniand Mazzotti (2019) submitted


4. C-neutral Methanol


5. Trade-offs (food)


Pound of food consumed

Les Diablerets

Trondheim

ETH

0.84 t CO2 eq.

Melbourne

5. Trade-offs (CCS conf‘s 2018-19)source: myclimate (car or single return flight, economy)

ETH emissions per FTE per year (air travel) ≈ 2 t CO2 eq.

CH air travel emissions per capita per year ≈ 0.6 t CO2 eq.0

5

10

15

20

US EU China CH India

An

nu

al

CO

2em

issi

on

s p

er

cap

ita [

t C

O2

eq

.]

source: World Bank 2014

6.8

0.17 t CO2 eq.

6.2 t CO2 eq.

• network• visibility• learning• time• money• footprint


5. Trade-offs (rock-climbing)Boulderanlage

Hönngerberg

Matterhorn

Cerro Torre

More fulfilling experiences

Larger environmental footprint


5. Books on climate change

• Jonathan Franzen „The end of the end of the Earth“

• Jonathan Safran Foer „We are the weather - Saving the planet beginsat breakfast“

• Amitav Ghosh „The great derangement“

• Dale Jamieson „Reason in a dark time“

• David Wallace-Wells „The uninhabitable Earth. Life after warming“

• Naomi Oreskes & Eric M. Conway „Merchants of doubt – How a handful of scientists obscured the truth on issues from tobacco smoke to global warming“



CCS

“If it’s your job to eat a frog, it’s best to do it first thing in the morning.” (Mark Twain)

climate change, energy system, co2 emissions, ccs and ccu3. ccs 1500+ meter deep post-combustion...

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