climate change introduction section 0 lecture 1 slide 1 lecture 24 slide 1 introduction to modern...
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Climate Change
Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 1
Lecture 24 Slide 1
INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710
Fall 2004
Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800
Spring 2009
Physics of Technology
PHYS 1800
Lecture 24
Climate Change
Climate Change
Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 2
Lecture 24 Slide 2
INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710
Fall 2004
Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800
Spring 2009
PHYSICS OF TECHNOLOGY Spring 2009 Assignment Sheet
*Homework Handout
PHYSICS OF TECHNOLOGY - PHYS 1800 ASSIGNMENT SHEET
Spring 2009 Date Day Lecture Chapter Homework Due Feb 16 17 18 19 20
M Tu W H F*
Presidents Day Angular Momentum (Virtual Monday) Review Test 2 Static Fluids, Pressure
No Class 8 5-8 5-8 9
-
Feb 23 25 27
M W F*
Flotation Fluids in Motion Temperature and Heat
9 9 10
6
Mar 2 4 6
M W F*
First Law of Thermodynamics Heat flow and Greenhouse Effect Climate Change
10 10 -
7
Mar 9-13 M-F Spring Break No Classes Mar 16 18 20
M W F*
Heat Engines Power and Refrigeration Electric Charge
11 11 12
8
Mar 23 25 26 27
M W H F*
Electric Fields and Electric Potential Review Test 3 Electric Circuits
12 13 9-12 13
-
Mar 30 Apr 1 3
M W F
Magnetic Force Review Electromagnets Motors and Generators
14 9-12 14
9
Apr 6 8 10
M W F*
Making Waves Sound Waves E-M Waves, Light and Color
15 15 16
10
Apr 13 15 17
M W F*
Mirrors and Reflections Refraction and Lenses Telescopes and Microscopes
17 17 17
11
Apr 20 22 24
M W F
Review Seeing Atoms The really BIG & the really small
1-17 18 (not on test) 21 (not on test)
No test week 12
May 1 F Final Exam: 09:30-11:20am * = Homework Handout
Climate Change
Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 3
Lecture 24 Slide 3
INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710
Fall 2004
Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800
Spring 2009
The Flow of Heat
– In radiation, heat energy is transferred by electromagnetic waves.
• The electromagnetic waves involved in the transfer of heat lie primarily in the infrared portion of the spectrum.
• Unlike conduction and convection, which both require a medium to travel through, radiation can take place across a vacuum.
• For example, the evacuated space in a thermos bottle.
• The radiation is reduced to a minimum by silvering the facing walls of the evacuated space.
428
4
/107.5 KmW
TA
B
BtQ
Climate Change
Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 4
Lecture 24 Slide 4
INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710
Fall 2004
Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800
Spring 2009
What heat-flow processes are involved in the greenhouse effect?
Heat Flow and the Greenhouse Effect
EinEout
Climate Change
Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 5
Lecture 24 Slide 5
INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710
Fall 2004
Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800
Spring 2009
j ~ T 4
Energy Balance(Conservation of Energy)
IN OUT
energy
temperature
Climate Change
Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 6
Lecture 24 Slide 6
INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710
Fall 2004
Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800
Spring 2009
Energy Balance(Energy Conserved)
IN OUT
Constant Temperature(Equilibrium)
Climate Change
Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 7
Lecture 24 Slide 7
INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710
Fall 2004
Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800
Spring 2009
Energy Balance(Excess Energy)
IN OUT
Warming
Climate Change
Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 8
Lecture 24 Slide 8
INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710
Fall 2004
Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800
Spring 2009
Energy Balance(Energy Deficit)
IN OUT
Cooling
Climate Change
Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 9
Lecture 24 Slide 9
INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710
Fall 2004
Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800
Spring 2009
IN
Source: NOAA
Solar Input
EinEout
Climate Change
Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 10
Lecture 24 Slide 10
INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710
Fall 2004
Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800
Spring 2009
Blackbody Radiation Problem
The peak wavelength isE
ne
rgy
de
nsi
ty (
J/cm
3 )Wavelength (m)
max
mmT
898.2max
Wien’s law
Observations:
Stephan-Boltzmann Law:
KmW
ATTQ
PowerTotal B
28
4
106703.5
All bodies at T>0 K emit EM radiation. This process is called blackbody radiation. The hotter the body, the more intensity and the higher the average frequency of the emitted light.
Blackbody radiation spectrum depends only on the temperature of the surfaces of the object.
Climate Change
Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 11
Lecture 24 Slide 11
INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710
Fall 2004
Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800
Spring 2009
IN
Solar Input
The peak wavelength is
mmT
898.2max
Wien’s law
The peak of the solar spectrum is at ~0.450 um wavelength (in the green).This corresponds to a solar temperature of ~5800 K.
Stephan-Boltzmann Law:
KmW
ATTQ
PowerTotal B
28
4
106703.5
For a solar radius of 7·108 m, and radiating surface area of 4/3 π r2, the solar irradiance is JSun= W .
Climate Change
Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 12
Lecture 24 Slide 12
INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710
Fall 2004
Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800
Spring 2009
IN
Solar Input
The energy density at the average Earth radius is
Power Density at Earth’s Radius Power Input for Earth
The total power intercepted by the Earth is
2
2
34
34
EarthSun
Sun
SunED
RJJ
2EarthEarthEarth RJP
Climate Change
Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 13
Lecture 24 Slide 13
INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710
Fall 2004
Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800
Spring 2009
OUT
Visible Reflection
Infrared Emission
Infrared Trapping
EinEout
Climate Change
Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 14
Lecture 24 Slide 14
INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710
Fall 2004
Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800
Spring 2009
OUT
Visible Reflection
EinEout
Table 1. Surface Albedos
Surface AlbedoVegetation 0.2
Pale soil 0.3
Dark soil 0.1
Water 0.1
Clouds 0.5-0.9
Climate Change
Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 15
Lecture 24 Slide 15
INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710
Fall 2004
Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800
Spring 2009
OUT
Infrared Emission
EinEout
Stephan-Boltzmann Law:
KmW
ATTQ
PowerTotal B
28
4
106703.5
Here use the surface area of the Earth and the equilibrium temperature of the Earth.
Climate Change
Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 16
Lecture 24 Slide 16
INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710
Fall 2004
Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800
Spring 2009
OUT
Infrared Trapping
EinEout
This is the greenhouse effect.
First solve the equilibrium problem without this term and then with it.
Climate Change
Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 17
Lecture 24 Slide 17
INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710
Fall 2004
Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800
Spring 2009
OUT
Without Infrared Trapping
EinEout
CKD
RTT
so
RTRD
RT
PP
EarthSun
SunSunEarth
EarthEarthBEarth
EarthSun
SunSunB
OutIn
72802
4
21
2
242
2
24
Climate Change
Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 18
Lecture 24 Slide 18
INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710
Fall 2004
Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800
Spring 2009
OUT
WithInfrared Trapping
EinEout
Measured average T is ~ 298 K = 25 C
Difference due to greenhouse effect is ~12 C
Climate Change
Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 19
Lecture 24 Slide 19
INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710
Fall 2004
Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800
Spring 2009
0100,000200,000300,000400,000500,000600,000
300
500
400
600
180
200
220
240
260
280
CO
2
Con
cen
tratio
n
Projected Concentration After 50 More Years of Unrestricted Fossil Fuel BurningProjected Concentration After 50 More Years of Unrestricted Fossil Fuel Burning
CO
2 [
pp
mv]
Paleo climateTem
pera
ture
Years Before Present
Climate Change
Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 20
Lecture 24 Slide 20
INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710
Fall 2004
Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800
Spring 2009
0100,000200,000300,000400,000500,000600,000
300
500
400
600
180
200
220
240
260
280
CO
2
Con
cen
tratio
n
Projected Concentration After 50 More Years of Unrestricted Fossil Fuel BurningProjected Concentration After 50 More Years of Unrestricted Fossil Fuel Burning
CO
2 [
pp
mv]
Gla
cia
l
Paleo climate
Years Before Present
Tem
pera
ture
Climate Change
Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 21
Lecture 24 Slide 21
INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710
Fall 2004
Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800
Spring 2009
feedbackstriggers
Sun
Climate Change
Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 22
Lecture 24 Slide 22
INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710
Fall 2004
Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800
Spring 2009
MarsMarsEarthEarthVenusVenusMercuryMercury333° F +855° F 59° F -67° F
Climate Change
Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 23
Lecture 24 Slide 23
INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710
Fall 2004
Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800
Spring 2009
feedbackstriggers
Sun
Climate Change
Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 24
Lecture 24 Slide 24
INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710
Fall 2004
Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800
Spring 2009
0100,000200,000300,000400,000500,000600,000
300
500
400
600
180
200
220
240
260
280
CO
2
Con
cen
tratio
n
Projected Concentration After 50 More Years of Unrestricted Fossil Fuel BurningProjected Concentration After 50 More Years of Unrestricted Fossil Fuel Burning
CO
2 [
pp
mv]
Paleo climateTem
pera
ture
Years Before Present
Climate Change
Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 25
Lecture 24 Slide 25
INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710
Fall 2004
Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800
Spring 2009
0100,000200,000300,000400,000500,000600,000
300
500
400
600
180
200
220
240
260
280
CO
2
Con
cen
tratio
n
Projected Concentration After 50 More Years of Unrestricted Fossil Fuel BurningProjected Concentration After 50 More Years of Unrestricted Fossil Fuel Burning
CO
2 [
pp
mv]
Paleo climateTem
pera
ture
Years Before Present
Climate Change
Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 26
Lecture 24 Slide 26
INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710
Fall 2004
Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800
Spring 2009
0100,000200,000300,000400,000500,000600,000
300
500
400
600
180
200
220
240
260
280
Today’s CO2 ConcentrationToday’s CO2 Concentration
Projected Concentration After 50 More Years of Unrestricted Fossil Fuel BurningProjected Concentration After 50 More Years of Unrestricted Fossil Fuel Burning
CO
2 [
pp
mv]
CO
2
Con
cen
tratio
nTem
pera
ture
Years Before Present
Climate Change
Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 27
Lecture 24 Slide 27
INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710
Fall 2004
Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800
Spring 2009
MODELS
Climate Change
Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 28
Lecture 24 Slide 28
INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710
Fall 2004
Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800
Spring 2009
Climate Change
Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 29
Lecture 24 Slide 29
INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710
Fall 2004
Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800
Spring 2009
feedbackstriggers
Sun
Climate Change
Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 30
Lecture 24 Slide 30
INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710
Fall 2004
Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800
Spring 2009
1980
Climate Change
Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 31
Lecture 24 Slide 31
INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710
Fall 2004
Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800
Spring 2009
2007
Climate Change
Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 32
Lecture 24 Slide 32
INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710
Fall 2004
Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800
Spring 2009
0100,000200,000300,000400,000500,000600,000
300
500
400
600
180
200
220
240
260
280
Today’s CO2 ConcentrationToday’s CO2 Concentration
Projected Concentration After 50 More Years of Unrestricted Fossil Fuel BurningProjected Concentration After 50 More Years of Unrestricted Fossil Fuel Burning
CO
2 [
pp
mv]
CO
2
Con
cen
tratio
nTem
pera
ture
Years Before Present
Climate Change
Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 33
Lecture 24 Slide 33
INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710
Fall 2004
Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800
Spring 2009
0100,000200,000300,000400,000500,000600,000
300
500
400
600
180
200
220
240
260
280
After 45 More Years of current energy use patterns After 45 More Years of current energy use patterns
CO
2 [
pp
mv]
Today’s CO2 ConcentrationToday’s CO2 Concentration
300
CO
2
Con
cen
tratio
nTem
pera
ture
Years Before Present
Climate Change
Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 34
Lecture 24 Slide 34
INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710
Fall 2004
Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800
Spring 2009
WARMING
groundobservations
satelliteobservations
balloondata
sea surfacetemps
permafrost melt
mtn. glacierretreat
polar ice capretreat
continentalice sheetretreat
tree rings
coral reefcores
oceansediment
cores
ice cores
BIOLOGICAL DATA
Climate Change
Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 35
Lecture 24 Slide 35
INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710
Fall 2004
Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800
Spring 2009
A Preponderanceof
Evidence
Climate Change
Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 36
Lecture 24 Slide 36
INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710
Fall 2004
Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800
Spring 2009
These folks agree ...
Source: IPCC TAR
National Academy of Sciences (United States of America)Royal Society (United Kingdom)Royal Irish AcademyAcademié des Sciences (France)Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina (Germany)Accademia dei Lincei (Italy)Royal Swedish Academy of SciencesRoyal Society of CanadaRussian Academy of SciencesRoyal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Sciences and the ArtsScience Council of JapanChinese Academy of SciencesIndian National Science AcademyAustralian Academy of SciencesAcademy Council of the Royal Society of New ZealandAcademia Brasliiera de Ciências (Brazil)Caribbean Academy of SciencesIndonesian Academy of SciencesAcademy of Sciences Malaysia
Climate Change
Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 37
Lecture 24 Slide 37
INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710
Fall 2004
Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800
Spring 2009
And these folks...American Meteorological Society (AMS)American Geophysical Union (AGU)NASA's Goddard Institute of Space Studies (GISS)National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)State of the Canadian Cryosphere (SOCC)Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society (CMOS)Geological Society of AmericaGeological Society of London
Climate Change
Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 38
Lecture 24 Slide 38
INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710
Fall 2004
Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800
Spring 2009
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)American Physical Society / American Institute of PhysicsAmerican Chemical Society
And these folks...