club of bologna

Modeling ofSoil and Powered-Disc Interactions

forDevelopment of a Powered-Disc Harrow

CLUB of BOLOGNAGiuseppe Pellizzi PhD Prize 2012

23rd Annual Meeting of the Club of BolognaNovember 9, 2012

[email protected]

SPACE FOR PHOTO

Modeling of Soil and Powered-Disc Interactions for Development of a Powered-Disc Harrow

IntroductionObjectivesPart I Soil – disc interaction study

– Material and Methods– Results

Part II – Powered harrow– Development & Evaluation– Results

Conclusions

- Slide 2

OutlineOutline


Tillage accounts ½ of energy used in crop production Tillage objectives

– Improves infiltrability, effective rooting, soil structure– Helps for organic matter incorporation and decomposition

Excess tillage– Accelerates soil erosion– Destroys of organic matter and soil structure– Results compaction– Deteriorates soil productivity

Current trend shifting to conservation / No – till practices These practices results heavy crop residues, those are

required to be handled

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Why ??Introduction


Major problems in handling heavy crop residues– Labour intensive and time consuming– Less management time available– No adequate machinery is available

Farmers mostly follow on field burning practice

23%, 48% and 95% of residues found to be subjected toopen field burning in India, Thailand & Philippines resp.

Open field burning emits air pollutants such as CO2, CO,CH4, NOx, SO2 etc

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Present residue managementIntroduction


Burning sugarcane residues

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Burning paddy residues

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Properties– Most versatile implements– Cut through crop residues– Roll over the roots and other obstructions– Can operate in nonscouring soils– Free rolling mode is not enough for effective residue

management

P.T.O. driven– Improves performance– Offers best potential for many tillage tasks all year around

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Why disc imPlements ??Introduction


Standard discs– Unable to penetrate under heavy residue conditions

Notched disc– Improves penetration but exerts impact loads

Spiral disc– Shear cutting action, hence provide cutting smooth operation

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tyPes Of tillage discsIntroduction

Standard Notched Spiral Notched


Hence,

This study was aimed at studying interaction between soiland three different types of tillage discs in powered andfree rolling mode followed by the development ofpowered disc harrow for achieving improved residuemanagement and better input efficiency.

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Phd researchObjectives


Soil – Disc Interaction

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Part i


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exPerimental setuPSoil – disc interaction


Soil parameters– Soil type - Sandy loam soil– Compactness - Maintained same– Soil moisture - Maintained below plastic limit

Disc parameters– Types - Standard, notched, spiral-notched– Disc angle - 23, 28 and 33 degree– Tilt angle - 0 degree

System parameters– Depth - 16 cm– Forward speed - 0.05 m/sec– Disc rotational speed - 75, 100 and 125 rpm

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exPerimental ParametersSoil – disc interaction


Observations– Soil reaction– Torque– Soil behaviour

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exPerimental ObservatiOnsSoil – disc interaction

Data Acquisition System Spider-8

Computer

InstrumentationDouble Extended Octagonal

Ring TransducerTorque

Transducer


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sOil bin exPerimentSoil – disc interaction


Standard disc

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sOil behaviOurResults of soil – disc interaction study

Unpowered

Powered


Notched disc

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Unpowered Powered


Spiral-notched disc

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Unpowered Powered


Draft

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sOil reactiOnsResults of soil – disc interaction study

Notched

Spiral Notched

Standard

D = Da x β - Dr x RPM + Constant


Vertical force

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Notched

Spiral Notched

Standard

V = Va x β + Vr x RPM + Constant

+Ve = Resultant directed downward


Side force

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Notched

Spiral Notched

Standard

S = Sa x β - Sr x RPM + Constant


Torque

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Notched

Spiral Notched

Standard

T = Ta x β - Tr x RPM + Constant


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Powered Harrow

Part ii


Design considerations– Type of the disc - Spiral-notched disc– Gang angle (degree) - 30– Disc rpm - 100– Type of harrow - One way disc harrow– Implement category - II– Number of discs - 6– Disc spacing (cm) - 23– Power source - P.T.O.– Power transmission - Chain and sprocket drive– Hitch - Three point rear mounted– Harrow frame - Rigid

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design & develOPmentDesign and development of powered disc harrow


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design & develOPmentDesign and development of powered disc harrow


Constant factors– Field conditions - Natural unplowed

– Working depth - 16 cm Variable factors

– Tractor operating gear - 1L, 2 L, 3 L @ 1800 rpm– Operational mode - Powered, free rolling

Observations– Operational parameters – Width, depth, speed, slip– Soil reactions & P.T.O. torque– Fuel consumption– Quality of the work

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evaluatiOn ParametersField performance evaluation of powered disc harrow

(MC -19.66%(db); CI -1.815 kN/m2)


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fields testingField performance evaluation of powered disc harrow


Depth and Width of operation

Speed and slip during operation

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ObservatiOnsResults of field performance evaluation

Operating gear

Powered mode Free rolling / unpowered modeDepth (cm) Width (cm) Depth (cm) Width (cm)

1L 18.70 122.00 10.00 119.002L 18.33 119.67 9.67 117.003L 15.88 121.33 8.67 116.67

Gear Working speed (km/hr) Slip (%)Powered Unpowered Powered Unpowered

1L 1.85 1.82 3.85 5.062L 2.77 2.72 5.77 7.553L 5.14 4.97 7.14 10.34


Total draft & Specific draft

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sOil reactiOnsResults of field performance evaluation


Vertical force

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Total and specific side force

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Percentage inversion in 1L, 2L and 3L– Powered » 86.98%, 92.03% and 89.29%– Unpowered » 69.32%, 66.81% and 65.66%

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Quality Of WOrkResults of field performance evaluation


PART I– Irrespective of disc type, driving tillage disc by an external

power reduces resultant forces acting on it, consequentlyimproves its performance.

– Furthermore, vertical forces of free rolling discs were directedupward restricting depth of penetration, conversely poweredmode reversed direction of vertical force, in-turn facilitatingworking depth.

– The spiral notched disc showed lower values of soil reactionsthan notched and standard discs.

– Moreover, spiral shaped cutting edge provided smootheroperation and it’s cutting action was identified as the shearcutting action, which is mostly preferred for cutting the cropresidues.

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summaryConclusions


PART II– Field evaluation confirmed same results as that of soil-bin.– Powered operation reduced resultant soil reactions and

reversed vertical force to facilitate penetration.– Moreover, operating gear 2L at rated engine rpm to achieve

540 P.T.O. rpm is recommended for the effective and safeoperation of the powered disc harrow.

– Finally, powered harrow with spiral notched disc was revealedadvantageous for the conservation tillage practice in terms ofthe excellent penetration, smooth tillage operation, reduceddraft, improved cutting and mixing of weeds, improved soilinversion and better energy utilization.

– This innovation could facilitate adaption of conservationalpractices.

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summaryConclusions


Article published in, Nov 6, 2012

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Present realityConclusions


Article published in ToI, Nov 6, 2012

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Present realityConclusions

Present Implement• Require High HP• Specific function

Proposed• No – till seed drill for

low HP tractors• Multi purpose


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