overview - club of bologna...report title • club of bologna • 25 5 th annual al meeting of the...

REPORT TITLE

••CLUB of BOLOGNA

•255ththAnnual alMeeting of the Club of of Bologna•November15-16, 2014

•Bologna–EIMA International 2014

Author or ––email

Good AgriculturalPractices, Product Traceability and Food Quality

Prof. Dr. Ir. Josse De BaerdemaekerProf. Dr. Ir. Wouter Saeys, Dr. Ir. Maarten Hertog, Dr. Ir. Bart De Ketelaere

KU Leuven [email protected]

25thAnnualMeeting –November15-16, 2014 November1516, 62014GAP and Traceability

Overview

•GAP and precision agriculture concepts•Data handling•Quality control and evolution in the chain•Traceability


Major concerns:

•Efficient use of resources•Consumer’s concern about the properties of food •Food safety is an important issue•Transparency of production practices•Global resourcing of food•Reduce wastes •Sustainability to feed a growing population

3

GLOBALG.A.P. MISSION

•“Globally connect farmers and brand owners in the production and marketing of safe food to provide assurance for consumers.

•the protection of scarce resources by the implementation of Good Agricultural Practices for a sustainable future.”

4

Holistic Approach to Farm Assurance

•Risk of microbiological contamination

•Plant protection products •Environmental/ resource

impacts •Post-harvest handling•Worker health and safety•Animal welfare

THE GLOBALG.A.P STANDARDS

Traceability46

Workers Welfare21

Environment (inc.Biodiversity)

50

Food Safety117

number of Control Points: 234

© GLOBALG.A.P Secretariat | Page 5

CROPS BASE

CB.1 TRACEABILITY CB.2 PROPAGATION MATERIAL CB.3 SITE HISTORY AND MANAGEMENT CB.4 SOIL MANAGEMENT CB.5 FERTILISER USE CB.6 IRRIGATION/FERTIGATION CB.7 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT CB.8 PLANT PROTECTION PRODUCTS CB.9 EQUIPMENT


•Records of seed/planting rate, sowing/planting date

CB. 3 SITE HISTORY AND SITE MANAGEMENT

•Crop rotation for annual crops where feasible

© GLOBALG.A.P. Secretariat | Page 7


Yield map straw (t/ha)

4022550402260040226504022700402275040228004022850East (°)

324050

324100

324150

324200

324250

324300

324350

324400

North(°)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

herbicide residuals

Soil compaction

high N-residualsafter potato

lower N-content,more exhausted by cichory

shadowof trees

damage ( wild animals)

water erosion

PREVIOUS CULT.

mais silage

cichory roots

cichory

potato

CAUSES

late sowing

8

•Soil map prepared for farm

•Techniques are used to improve/maintain soil structure, avoiding soil compaction

CB.4 SOIL MANAGEMENT



Robots for soil preservation?

Qin ZhangWashington State University, USA

Simon Blackmore [email protected]

•Reduction of soil erosion ( by appropriate cultivation techniques)

CB.4 SOIL MANAGEMENT


•Application of all fertilisers according to the specific needs of the crop and soil condition

CB. 5.1 NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT

CB. 5 FERTILISER USE

•Recommendations for application of fertilizers (organic or inorganic) given by competent, qualified persons?



opticalfibres

Detectionfibre

Directionof travel

Subsoiler

Spectrophotometer

45°

Development of a sensor-basedfertiliser(P) applicator

•Optical Soil sensorto gather the soil P information

•P model to predict soil P from fresh soil;

•Implementation on field machinery

Lens holder

Phosphorus model

Spectrophotometer

P2O5model

•All applications are recorded•Flow rate and GPS with data-

link to farm office?

CB. 5 FERTILISER USECB. 5.3 RECORDS OF APPLICATION

Crop name and/or variety

Application FertiliserMethod of application

OperatorLocationDateTrade

NameTypeConcentrationQuantity

Records of fertiliser applications



Measuringcropnitrogenstatus

Hand held sensorforsampling N statusTractor mounteddevice forcoveringwhole

field. Canbelinkedtoon-lineapplicationof variablenitrogendose

FromYara

http://www.yara.com/products_services/fertilizers/support_services/support_tools/index.aspx

15

CB 6.2.1The producer can justify the methods of irrigation used in light of water conservation.(Major)

CB Annex 2 Responsible Water Use

CB 6. IRRIGATION/FERTIGATION

CB. 7 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENTCB. 7.2 PREVENTION

•show evidence of production practices that reduce the incidence and intensity of pest attacks


CB. 7 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENTCB. 7.3 OBSERVATION AND MONITORING

•Observe extent of pests and their natural enemies to

•plan pest management techniques



Diseasedetectionin cereals

•Spectrography•Thermalimaging•Fluorescence

imaging andkinetics

19

CB. 7 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENTCB. 7.4 INTERVENTION

•Non-chemical approaches must be considered

•Specific pest control just in case of pest attacks affect the economic value of a crop


CB. 8 PLANT PROTECTION PRODUCTS

Crop name and/or variety

Application ProductOperatorJustifica-tion for application

Technical authoriza-tion for application

MachineryPre-Harvest Days LocationDateTrade

NameActive Ingredient

Quantity

Records of plant protection product applications

CB. 7.5 AVOID PEST RESISTANCE DEVELOPMENT


•Pre-harvest interval observation required as stated in product approval.

CB. 8.3 PRE-HARVESTINTERVAL

CB. 8 PLANT PROTECTION PRODUCTS

Pre-harvestInterval

Combinable crops

Potatos14 Days

Vegetables

Onion, Bean, Radish14 Days

Endive, Lettuce, Leek21 Days

Seedling (Green House)N/A

OrnamentalsN/A

Avoid exceeding MRL (maximum residue levels -country specific)


CB. 9 EQUIPMENT

•Kept in good condition, •Verified annually



Needforappropriateequipment forprecisioncropprotection: exampleavoidunwantedspray boom vibrations

Rolling

Yawing

Jolting

24


GAP and precision agriculture•Say what you do•Do what you say•..•Say why•…•Profit? or•License to operate?


Statistical Process Control

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

0102030405060

Temperature

Sample number

Upper tolerance limit

Lower tolerance limit

Upper warninglimit

Lower warning T limit


•The development of data capture tools for use in orchards/fields that will enable real time measurement of (surrogate) indicators of crop condition or fruit quality.

•Tools shoulddistinguishbetweenoptimalconditionorquality(forstorageorforspeedyconsumption).

•Combine on-the-go data capture with previous or stored information: multivariate data analysis

•Real time decision support for immediate or later action

Tacticalvariabilitymanagement basis


•Chocolate eggs…

Precision (Bio-) Process monitoring @ MeBioS

25thAnnualMeeting –November15-16, 2014 6, 62014GAP and Traceability

Precision (Bio-) Process monitoring @ MeBioS•Specific focus on processes that

•Are non stationary•Hard to model•Multivariate

•… typical for biological processes•adaptations needed

25thAnnualMeeting –November15-16 November1516GAP and Trace


•Simple example: daily milk yield

•Large INTER subject variability •detect (often small) abnormal INTRA individual variability

individualcowlimits

cowA

cowB

Global limits

Precision (Bio-) Process monitoring @ MeBioS

25thAnnualMeeting –November15-16, 2014GAP and Traceability

Laying Hen health monitoring


IB Infection

Red Mite InfestationPoor Plumage End

of lay


Monitoring milk production•IMU = individual cow

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Yield (kg)

Control chart Daily Milk Yield

050100150200250300-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

Days In Milk

Cusum

Cplus/CminControl LimitsAlarm

Milk YieldCalculated reference


•The management unit is now a location in a field

•Observations on all locations in a field are now available during a single operation

•Spatial variability•Crop observations repeated at different times

•Temporal variability •Field management as a spatio-temporal statistical process

control challenge

On-the-gocropconditionmonitoring


Deviationfromexpecteddevelopmentover a long period. Reasons? Intervention?

Monitor temporal cropbehavioron the basis of measurements(biomass, groundcover, quality,…)


Fruit trees as individual management units


Production

Exporter

Pack/

Grading

Retail

Importer

Sea/Air

Freight

Consumer

Storage

Tree/vine/area/

block/orchard

Bin

Retail pack/

purchase

Shipping container/

vessel/truck

Individual fruit

Package/tray/carton/bin

Pallet

•Where is it?•Where did it come from?•How cold is it/was it?•Is there a food safety problem with it?

Traceability in Fresh Produce Supply Chains

Frank Bollen, Lincoln Ventures Ltd, Hamilton, New Zealand

Main TRU Transformers


Perishable food products

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?


Intrinsiceproduct

properties

Quality assignments

Product acceptability

Social and psychological influences

Environmentalinfluences

Quality limit

Consumer

Product

Product Quality


Quality change model

Preharvest Postharvest

time

Hue

harvest

P


Fruit-to-fruit variance

0246810 40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Hue

time (days)

Variance in at-harvest colour

Variance in end colour idd


Data interpretation

Chain evaluationTraceabilityIdentifying causes

Product characteristics

Chain conditions

++

Chain innovation

Chain con


Information required? ? ? ?

Conditions OK!6 days remainingCurrent Quality

Quality

StatisticalKeepingQuality


Added Intelligence•Statistical Proces Control Warnings


Added Intelligence•Statistical Proces Control

•PredictingKeepingQuality

Warnings

#daysshelflife


Added Intelligence•Statistical Proces Control

•PredictingKeepingQuality

•PredictingQuality

Warnings

# days shelf life

Specificproduct attributes ngQualityttributes


Conclusions on quality control

•Statistical control models•Proven concept•Parameters industry/product dependent

•Keeping quality model•Accurate integration of sensor data into single Q-number•Generic

•Quality attribute models •Good discrimination between scenarios•Realistic time-lapse of quality attributes•Product specific

•Batch-batch variation•No absolute predictions•Screening logistic chain against ‘ideal’ chain

2425262728293031320

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0204060800

20

40

60

80

modelled

measured

er


Precision agricultureandG.A.P. •Automatic registrationandmonitoring of allcropconditions

andtheirchange•Automatic registrationandmonitoring of allcroptreatments•Tracking andtracingof productsandinformation: fromthe

field tothe retailer tothe consumer… •Precision agriculturetechnologycanbesuccessfulin the

frameworkof G.A.P. •G.A.P. certifiedfarmers have betteropportunities….

•“licensetooperate”: whatandwhyyoudidit

G.A.P= Good Agricultural Practices

47


Precision Agriculture, Food Security•Agriculture needs to produce more food (double by 2020?)

because the world’s population is growing…•It also needs to produce better food that’s more nutritious. •And it needs to find ways to make the process of growing

food more efficient and aligned with our environmental needs,

•So farmers use less water and land, and better utilize things like fertilizer, herbicides and pesticides.

http://www.monsanto.com/improvingagriculture/Pages/why-does-agriculture-need-to-be-improved.aspx


Precision Agriculture, Food Security•Agriculture needs to produce more food (double by 2020?) because

the world’s population is growing…•It also needs to produce better food that’s more nutritious. •And it needs to find ways to make the process of growing food more

efficient and aligned with our environmental needs, •So farmers use less water and land, and better utilize things like

fertilizer, herbicides and pesticides. http://www.monsanto.com/improvingagriculture/Pages/why-does-agriculture-need-to-be-improved.aspx

It is also important that society finds better ways to reduce food waste and losses…

overview - club of bologna...report title • club of bologna • 25 5 th annual al meeting of the...

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