co 2 mobility control in carbonate cores
DESCRIPTION
CO 2 Mobility Control in Carbonate Cores. Consortium Meeting Apr. 29 th 2013 Presented by Leyu Cui Kun Ma, Ramesh Pudasaini, Maura Puerto and George Hirasaki Sponsored by ADNOC and DOE. Outline. Setup Diagrams Surfactants and Cores C12/DI and CO 2 foam C12/Brine and CO 2 foam - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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CO2 Mobility Control in Carbonate Cores
Consortium Meeting Apr. 29th 2013
Presented by Leyu Cui
Kun Ma, Ramesh Pudasaini, Maura Puerto and George Hirasaki
Sponsored by ADNOC and DOE
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Outline
• Setup Diagrams• Surfactants and Cores• C12/DI and CO2 foam• C12/Brine and CO2 foam• Conclusion
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Outline
• Setup Diagrams• Surfactants and Cores• C12/DI and CO2 foam• C12/Brine and CO2 foam• Conclusion
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Diagram of the high temperature and high pressure core flooding setup
Pumps System
All wetting materials are Hastelloy Alloys, which can work under high P, T, salinity and low pH.
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Pumps system and Core Holder Module
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Pressure Transducer Module
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BPR Module
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8
3400 psi, 82 ˚C (180 ˚F)
Joule-Thomson Expansion
1200 psi, 35 ˚C 1200 psi, 82 ˚C
14 .5psi, 15 ˚C
Joule-Thomson Expansion
Isobaric Heating
Carbon Dioxide: Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram
*Good plant design and operation for onshore carbon capture installations and onshore pipelines, Energy Institute, 2010 09,
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Outline
• Setup Diagrams• Surfactants and Cores• C12/DI and CO2 foam• C12/Brine and CO2 foam• Conclusion
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Surfactant and Brine
• C12: ethoxylated amine from AKZO NOBEL Co. is dissolved in DI water. C12’s molecular weight is 288 g/mol.
R = Coco group (≈ 8 to 16 carbon)
x + y=2
• Brine: 22% TDS (total disolved solids) with high
divalent ions (Ca2+, Mg2+) concentrations.
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Silurian Dolomite Core
• Diameter=1.5 in.• Length= 7.6 cm= 2.99 in.• Permeability is 737 md, measured by water
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 260
2
4
6f(x) = 0.21516648800443 xR² = 0.998503557192073
Superficial Velosity ft/day
Pres
sure
Gra
dien
t ps
i/ft
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Outline
• Setup Diagrams• Surfactants and Cores• C12/DI and CO2 foam• C12/Brine and CO2 foam• Conclusion
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Injection Procedure: a slug of CO2 is injected before C12
2 4 6 8 100
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
ClearCloudy
pH, at room temperature
Tem
pera
ture
()
℃
1% C12 in DI WaterpH is adjusted by acetic acid
WAG is injected to acidify the core to pH <4 before C12 and CO2 co-injection.
Both WAG and Co-injection have the same foam quality.
without CO2 3400 psi CO20
2
4
6
8
10
129.9
3.9pH
pH of water equilibrium with Dolomite
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C12 Plug the Core without CO2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.50
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
PV
App
aren
t Vis
cosi
ty /
cp
WATER C12/DI
C12/DI is saturated with CO2 under 1 atm. The pH is decreased to 5 to dissolved C12 in water at room temperature.
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Normalized Pressure Gradient: Apparent Viscosity
• Apparent viscosity is used to describe the foam strength, which is calculated by Darcy’s law:
where is foam apparent viscosity, is core permeability, is the total superficial velocity and is the pressure gradient.
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C12/DI and CO2 Foam Pressure History at 20 °C and 3400 psi
0 1 2 3 4 5 61
10
100
1000 Co-injectionWAG
TPV
Appa
rent
Vis
cosi
ty /
cp
30% Foam Quality
0 1 2 3 4 5 61
10
100
1000 co-injectionWAG
TPVAppa
rent
Vis
cosi
ty /
cp
50% Foam Quality
0 1 2 3 4 5 61
10
100
1000 co-injectionWAG
TPV
Appa
rent
Vis
cosi
ty /
cp
70% Foam Quality
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.51
10
100
1000co-injectionWAG
TPV
Appa
rent
Vis
cosi
ty /
cp
80% Foam Quality
µ*=78.91 cp µ*=118.30 cp
µ*=139.98 cp
µ*=65.72 cp
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Experimental Data vs. Foam Model for C12/DI and CO2 foam
krw0=0.5; krg0=0.1768; S_wc=0.33; S_gr=0.2; nw=2.8; ng=1.1; (Bennion, 2008) µw=1 cp; µg=0.1025 cp; epdry=200; fmmob=340.99; fmdry=0.39; (Rossen, W. R. and Renkema, W. J. (2007); Ma, K., Lopez-Salinas, J.L and et al., Energy & Fuels (in press).)
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Outline
• Setup Diagrams• Surfactants and Cores• C12/DI and CO2 foam• C12/Brine and CO2 foam• Conclusion
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C12/Brine and CO2 Foam Pressure History at 20 °C and 3400 psi
0 1 2 3 4 5 61
10
100
1000co-injectionWAG
TPV
Appa
rent
Vis
cosi
ty /
cp
µ*=96.11 cp
0 1 2 3 4 5 61
10
100
1000co-injectionWAG
TPV
Appa
rent
Vis
cosi
ty /c
p
µ*=174.42 cp
30% Foam Quality 50% Foam Quality
0 1 2 3 4 51
10
100
1000co-injectionWAG
TPV
Appa
rent
Vis
cosi
ty /
cp
µ*=243.01 cp
70% Foam Quality
0 1 2 3 4 5 61
10
100
1000co-injectionWAG
TPV
Appa
rent
Vis
cosi
ty /
cpµ*=279.65 cp
80% Foam Quality
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Salt may precipitate at high foam quality
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80
100200300400500600700
co-injectionWAGdiscontinued point 1discontinued point 2discontinued point 3
PV
Appa
rent
Vis
cosi
ty /
cp
Salt Precipita-tion?
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80
100200300400500600700
co-injectionWAGDiscontinued Point 1Discontinued point 2Discontinued point 3
PV
Appa
rent
Vis
cosi
ty /
cp
?µ*=149.47 cp
90% Foam Quality
90% Foam Quality
Nadja Mullera, Ran Qib, and et al., CO2 injection impairment due to halite precipitation, Energy Procedia, Volume 1, Issue 1, 2009S. Hurter, D. Labregere, and J. Berge, Simulations for CO2 injection projects with Compositional Simulator, SPE 108540, 2007
Average apparent viscosity
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Experimental data vs. Foam model for C12/Brine and CO2 foam
krw0=0.5; krg0=0.1768; S_wc=0.33; S_gr=0.2; nw=2.8; ng=1.1; (Bennion, 2008) µw=1 cp; µg=0.1025 cp; epdry=10000; fmmob= 549.35; fmdry= 0.37;(Rossen, W. R. and Renkema, W. J. (2007). )
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Comparison of Foam in DI water and brine at room temp.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 110
50
100
150
200
250
300
Foam Quality
App
aren
t vis
cosi
ty (c
p)
Brine (Foam model)Brine (Experiment)DI water (Foam model)DI water (Experiment)
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C12/Brine and CO2 Foam at 120 °C and 3400 psi
60% Foam Quality
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
20
40
60
80
100
0
10
20
30
40
50Co-injectionWAGMPGWAG _P
TPVAppa
rent
vis
cos-
ity /
cp
Pres
sure
Gra-
dien
t / p
si/ftµ*=84.47 cp
0 1 2 3 4 5 60
20
40
60
80
100
01020304050co-injection
WAGMPG
TPVAppa
rent
Vis
cos-
ity /
cp
pres
sure
gra-
dien
t/ps
i/ft
50% Foam Quality
µ*=59.14 cp
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Comparison of viscosity at 20 and 120 °C for C12/Brine and CO2 Foam
krw0=0.5; krg0=0.1768; S_wc=0.33; S_gr=0.2; nw=2.8; ng=1.1; (Bennion, 2008)
µw=0.2381 cp; µg=3.935×10-2 cp;
epdry=10000
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Conclusion• The cloud point of C12 is lower than room temperature at
pH>9. A slug of CO2 should be injected before C12 solution in carbonate reservoir.
• C12 can generate strong foam in a wide range of foam quality. But foam generation is delayed at high foam quality, because the surfactant solution is diluted by residual water.
• The foam is stronger in brine than in DI water for C12 and CO2 foam. The foam strength is reduced at elevated temperature.
• The local equilibrium model can fit our experimental data. But this foam model doesn’t include capillary force, solubility factor, et al. which probably caused the difference between the experimental data and calculation result.
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Questions?
• Thank you!
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Back Up
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Water saturation doesn’t change too much during WAG
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Close to connate water saturation (Swc) at high foam quality
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ESEM photograph of Berea sandstone after 32 hrs of CO2 flooding. Red arrows point at Hopper NaCl crystals. (Nadja Mullera, Ran Qib, and et al., CO2 injection impairment due to halite precipitation, Energy Procedia, Volume 1, Issue 1, 2009)
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Water evaporation to CO2
N. Spycher, K Pruess, J Ennis-King, CO2- H2O mixtures in the geological sequestration of CO2. I. Assessment and calculation of mutual solubilities from 12 to 100C and up to 600 bar,Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67 (16) (2003), pp. 3015–3031
yH2O: mole fraction of H2O in CO2 phase. 0.38% at 20 ˚C and 234 bar.Convert to volumetric fraction=0.15% . TDS increase from 22% to (22%*0.1)/(0.1-0.9*0.15%)=22.3% for 90% foam quality.
The increase of total TDS is negligible. But the local CO2 concentration is probably high and results in the high water evaporation.
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Step Reduce of BPR to Reach MPG
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
20
40
60
80
100
0
10
20
30
40
50C12 and CO2 co-injectionwater and CO2 co-injectionreduce BPR to increase pressure dropback pressureMPG
TPV
Appa
rent
Vis
cosi
ty /
cp
Pres
sure
Gra
dien
t / p
si/ft
or
back
pre
ssur
e ×1
0-2
/ ps
i70% Foam Quality
µ*=44.41 cp
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Increase the flow rate to reach the MPG
0 2 4 6 8 10 120
20
40
60
80
100
water and CO2 at 4 ft/dayC12 and CO2 at 4 ft/dayC12 and CO2 at 8 ft/dayC12 and CO2 at 4 ft/dayDiscontinued point 1
TPV
Appa
rent
vi
scos
ity /
cp
80% Foam Qualityµ*=54.66 cp
µ*=66.56 cp
0 2 4 6 8 10 120
20
40
60
80water and CO2 at 4 ft/dayC12 and CO2 at 4 ft/dayC12 and CO2 at 8 ft/dayC12 and CO2 at 4 ft/dayMPGDiscontinued point 1Discontinued point 2
TPV
Pres
sure
Gra
dien
t /
psi/
ft
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MPG vs. MSV (minimum superficial velocity)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
20406080
100
TPV
Appa
rent
vi
scos
ity /
cp
µ*=71.19 cp80% Foam Quality
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
10
20
30
40
50
WAGCo-injection at 16 ft/dayCo-injection at 4 ft/dayCo-injection at 16 ft/dayCo-injection at 4 ft/dayMPG
TPV
Pres
sure
Gra
dien
t /
psi/
ft
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Injection Strategy: start at high flow rate to reach the MPG
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
20
40
60
80WAGCo-injection at 16 ft/dayCo-injection at 4 ft/dayDiscontinued point
TPV
Appa
rent
vi
scos
ity /
cp
µ*=57.02 cp (not reach the equilibrium)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 70
10
20
30
40
TPV
Pres
sure
Gra
-di
ent
/ ps
i/ft